Encyclopédie Berbère, 7 | 1989 Augustin (Saint) 2
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Der Hellenismus
Τ STUDIA H I S O R I C A 3 DER HELLENISMUS IN KLEINAFRIKA Ν DER GRIECHISCHE KULTUREINFLUSS IN DE ΝΖΕΝ RÖMISCHEN ΡROVI NORDWESTAFRIKAS νοκ WALTER THIELING D8 ρΗΙΙι EDIZIONE ANASTATICA "L'ERMA" dí BRETSCIINEIDER - ROMA 1964 HERRN PROFESSOR DR B. KEIL 11 DANKBARER VERERRTJIG ZIIGEEIGNET VORWORT. Die Tatsache des griechischen Kultureinflusses in den romische πΡ: Provinzen Nordwestafrikas en sich ist mehrfach in der modernen Literatur über die nordafrikanischen Linder gestreift worden. Bisher fehlte jedoch eine zusammenbiegende Betrachtung dieses Problems. Ein Versuch, diese Lücke auszufüllen, ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. Sie baut sich im wesentlichen auf das Materi al der Inschril%en Nordwestafrikas auf, von denen ich ausging. Da die Abschnitte über die Literatur und Archiologie lediglich als absehlieBender Rahmen für das Gesamtbild gedacht sind, habe ich dort auf eingehende eigene Untersuchungen verzichtet und mich im wesentlichen auf die vor- handene oder erreichbare Literatur besebrinkt. Scheinbar berührt sich diese Arbeit in einigen Punkten sprach- licher Untersuchung mit dem Buche von L. Bertholon „Origine et Ε. formation de la langue berbère ( Paris 1907, Leroux)" als zweiter Teil von „Les premiers colons de souche européenne dans l'Afrique du Nord." Aber das Ergebnis Bertholons klingt jedem Fachmanne unglaublich. Der heutige libysch-berbische Dialekt, der im wesent- δ lichen dem der r mischen Kaiserzeit noch entspricht, lißt sich nach ο ο Berth l n als urgriechischer, phrygischer Dialekt nachweisen. Darauf wird die Theorie von einer Ureinwanderueg giiechiseh-phrygischer Stimme nach Nordafrika gegründet und deren Dialekte ein Einfluß auf die Grazisierung der lateinischen Sprache in der Provinz zu- gewiesen. Diese Auffassung wird aber hinfällig, sobald wir erkennen, seit wann sich griechischer KultureinfluB in Nordwestafrika bemerk- bar macht, und auf welche Kreise er sich vorzugsweise erstreckte. -
The Real Life Behind the Shield 3
08.2021 Gladiators THE REAL LIFE BEHIND THE SHIELD 3 1 2 Driving discovery further than ever before. National Geographic and Hyundai have teamed up to bring you Outside Academy–an immersive augmented reality (AR) adventure offering in-depth educational experiences from America’s national parks. Visit Yosemite National Park and activate AR hotspots throughout the park on Instagram, or bring the park to you with AR Anywhere. And now, the first-ever TUCSON Plug-in Hybrid takes your sense of discovery further in style, all while keeping in harmony with the environment around you. Reimagining how far your mind will take you, it’s your journey in the first-ever TUCSON Plug-in Hybrid. 1 Unlock the secrets of Yosemite at Yosemite Falls. 2 Learn about the park’s wonders from Tunnel View. 3 Tap to place a bighorn sheep in any meadow. Visit Yosemite Find @NatGeo Search for National Park. on Instagram. the effects. FURTHER AUGUST 2021 On the Cover CONTENTS Ready for combat, a heavily armed Thraex gladiator holds up his shield and sica, a short sword with a curved blade, in the amphitheater at Pompeii. FERNANDO G. BAPTISTA PROOF 1EXPL5ORE THE BIG IDEA The Dog (et al.) Days If we love holidays and we love animals, it’s no surprise that we’d love animal- themed holidays. BY OLIVER WHANG INNOVATOR 28 The ‘Gardening’ Tapir DECODER This animal is key to Space Hurricane reviving Brazil’s wet- A vortex of plasma lands after wildfires, spins up to 31,000 says conservation ecol- miles above Earth. ogist Patrícia Medici. -
The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine ..................................................................................... -
Reexaming Heresy: the Donatists
Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II Volume 11 Article 9 2006 Reexaming Heresy: The onD atists Emily C. Elrod Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Elrod, Emily C. (2006) "Reexaming Heresy: The onD atists," Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II: Vol. 11 , Article 9. Available at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/historical-perspectives/vol11/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Perspectives: Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Elrod: Reexaming Heresy 42 Historical Perspectives March 2006 Reexamining Heresy 43 Reexamining Heresy: The Donatists sure to bear upon the clergy,” so as “to render the laity leaderless, and . bring about general apostasy.”5 The clergy were to hand over Scriptures to the authori- Emily C. Elrod ties to be burnt, an act of desecration that became On the first day of June in A.D. 411, Carthage, two known by the Donatists as the sin of traditio. Bishops hostile groups of Christians faced off in the summer who committed this sin had no spiritual power and heat to settle their differences. They met at the mas- 1 became known as traditores; Mensurius, the Bishop of sive Baths of Gargilius (Thermae Gargilianiae). On Carthage who died in 311, stood accused of traditio. -
Inscriptions Latines De La Tunisie
INSCRIPTIONS LATINES DE LA TUNISIE Ouvrage publié sous les auspices de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Fondation DOURLANS) INSCRIPTIONS LATINES DE LA TUNISIE par Alfred MERLIN Membre de l'Institut Conservateur au Musée du Louvre Directeur honoraire des Antiquités de la Tunisie PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE FRANCE 108, BOULEVARD SAINT-GERMAIN, PARIS 1944 DÉPOT LÉGAL 1 édition 15 novembre 1944 TOUS DROITS de traduction, de reproduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays COPYRIGHT by Presses Universitaires de France, 1944 A LA MÉMOIRE DE RENÉ CAGNAT POUR TOUT CE QUE LUI DOIT L'ÉPI GRAPHIE LATINE D'AFRIQUE INTRODUCTION Le présent ouvrage fait suite au recueil des Inscriptions laiines d'Afrique qu'ont publié en 1923 R. Cagnat, A. Merlin et L. Chatelain, et qui groupait les textes épigraphiques de la Tripolitaine, de la Tunisie et du Maroc non compris dans les suppléments du tome VIII du Corpus Inscriptionum latinarum. Depuis longtemps déjà il était en projet et nous avions, R. Cagnat et moi, commencé les dépouillements qui sont utilisés ici et dont, après le décès du maître regretté, en 1937, j'ai dû exécuter seul la plus grosse partie. Il est en principe conçu selon les mêmes principes que son devancier. Il se distingue cependant de son prédécesseur sur plusieurs points : en premier lieu, nous n'avons donné place qu'aux inscriptions latines de la Tunisie, écartant celles de la Tripolitaine actuelle et du Maroc ; pour la Tripolitaine, il appartiendra à d'autres, mieux informés que nous ne pouvons l'être, de réunir les textes recueillis dans ce pays ; pour le Maroc, M. -
Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies
Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Dr. Cheryl Walker, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies by Hunter M. Bruno May 2018 Copyright by Hunter Bruno © 2018 ABSTRACT Sustainability and ‘The Fall of the Western Roman Empire’: Grain, Labor Markets, and Military Policies A thesis presented to the Graduate Program in Ancient Greek and Roman Studies Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Hunter M. Bruno The issue of societal sustainability is relevant to both modern and ancient civilizations. Ancient Rome was defined and influenced by the issue of sustainability because it was integral to the fundamental structure of the Roman society. In the 5th Century CE, the fall of the Western Roman Empire took place because of consequences that resulted from the issue of sustainability. The societal factors of grain production, military policy, and labor markets all served to influence the sustainability of the Roman West. Roman military policy defined the nature of the Roman economy and established the type of labor system that it employed. Free and unfree labor markets structured the agrarian economy and formed the Roman system of internal taxation and rent collection. Local and commercial grain producers were relied upon to maintain the populations of the Roman West, uphold the Roman military, and sustain the growing servile populations. -
Christian and Muslim Perspectives
17463-Justice&Rights 8/21/09 1:26 PM Page i Justice and Rights Copyright © 2009 by Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by Georgetown University Press. Further distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of Georgetown University Press. 17463-Justice&Rights 8/21/09 1:26 PM Page ii Copyright © 2009 by Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by Georgetown University Press. Further distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of Georgetown University Press. 17463-Justice&Rights 8/21/09 1:26 PM Page iii Justice and Rights CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES A record of the fifth “Building Bridges” seminar held in Washington, D.C., March 27–30, 2006 MICHAEL IPGRAVE, EDITOR Georgetown University Press / Washington, DC Copyright © 2009 by Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by Georgetown University Press. Further distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of Georgetown University Press. 17463-Justice&Rights 8/21/09 1:26 PM Page iv Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C. www.press.georgetown.edu © 2009 by Georgetown University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information stor- age and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. -
Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum Compiled by R.B
Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum Compiled by R.B. Hitchner, 1997 Introduction (See Map 32) Directory All place names are in Tunisia unless otherwise noted Abbreviations AAA S. Gsell, Atlas archéologique de l’Algérie, Algiers and Paris, 1911 AAT I E. Babelon, R. Cagnat and S. Reinach, Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1:50,000), Paris, 1892-1913 AAT II R. Cagnat and A. Merlin, Atlas archéologique de la Tunisie (1:100,000), Paris, 1914-32 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D1 A(...) RL Ksar Mdoudja AAT II, 30.133 H2 Acholla HRL Ras Botria Desanges 1980, 306 A2 Ad Aquas Caesaris RL Youks ALG AAA 28.253 B1 Ad Arvalla? RL near Koudiat-es-Snouber AAA 19.159 ALG F4 (Ad) Oleastrum? RL Henchir-Ferchatt-Zabouza Trousset 1992 F2 Aeliae? RL Henchir-Mraba ItAnt 55.4; AAT I, 73.19-20 G1 Aggar? HR? Henchir-Maklouba AAT I, 74.41; EncBerb 2 E1 Agger HRL Henchir-Sidi-Amara or AAT II, 30.262; Sebaï 1988; EncBerb 2 Henchir-el-Khima Aggar B2 Ain-Bou-Driès RL ALG AAA 40.62; Pringle 1981, 178-79 C1 Ain-el-Hamedna R? AAT II, 35.113 E1 Ain-es-Sif RL AAT I, 48.31-32 H1 Alipota?/ H/ Salakta Tissot 1888, 176; AAT I, 74.49 Gummi RL? C1 Althiburos HRL Medeina / Mdeina AAT II, 29.97 B1 Ammaedara RL Haidra AAT II, 40.5; Lepelley 1981, 64-68; EncBerb 4 H2 Ammonos Balithonos HR/ Ras Kapoudia EncBerb 12 Caput Vada Akra/ Caput Vada L § Brachodes Akra Ptol. 4.3.2 E1 Aquae Regiae RL AAT I, 63.43-44 (near); Lancel 1991, 1311-12 B1 Ardalius fl. -
A Few Remarks on the Ancient History of the City of Hadrumetum
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 9 Issue 7 Ser. II || July 2020 || PP 66-77 A few remarks on the ancient history of the city of Hadrumetum Jaroslaw Nowaszczuk University of Szczecin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 14-07-2020 Date of Acceptance: 29-07-2020 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------- I. INTRODUCTION Soussa (or Sousse), a city located on the Tunisian coast of the Mediterranean Sea, is mostly known as a tourist destination. Apart from enjoying excellent weather and mild climate which is characteristic of this area, visitors can see historical objects testifying to the former magnificence of the entire region. Many artefacts have been collected in an archaeological museum. The Christian catacombs are also a peculiarity with an ancient origin. To a present day traveller, the north–African location seems to be quite exotic because of the differences that exist between the commonly adopted habits and religions. It has been truly surprising to discover that Hadrumetum – as the city was called at that time – was embraced in the ancient times, as part of the great Roman Empire, by the same culture as Europe. Furthermore, events which have gone down in history took place there. The purpose of this article is to present some of them in a diachronic manner. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH Distant Beginnings Gaius Sallustius Crispus, a Roman politician and historiographer in the times of Julius Caesar, states in his description of a war with Jugurtha, a Numidian king, that Phoenicians built several cities on the coast of Africa. -
Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire
Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire by Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto © Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning 2016 Roman Ludi Saeculares from the Republic to Empire Susan Christine Bilynskyj Dunning Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation provides the first comprehensive analysis of the Roman Ludi Saeculares, or “Saecular Games”, from their mythic founding in the sixth century bce until their final celebration in 248 ce. The Ludi Saeculares were a series of religious celebrations held at Rome every saeculum (“age”, “generation”), an interval of 100 or 110 years. The argument contains two major threads: an analysis of the origins and development of the Ludi Saeculares themselves, and the use of the term saeculum in imperial rhetoric in literary, epigraphic, and numismatic sources from early Republic to the fifth century ce. First, an investigation into Republican sacrifices that constitute part of the lineage of the Ludi Saeculares reveals that these rites were in origin called “Ludi Tarentini”, and were a Valerian gentilician cult that came under civic supervision in 249 bce. Next, it is shown that in his Saecular Games of 17 bce, Augustus appropriated the central rites of the Valerian cult, transforming them into “Ludi Saeculares” through a new association with the concept of the saeculum, and thereby asserting his role as restorer of the Republic and founder of a new age. The argument then turns to the development of saeculum rhetoric throughout the imperial period, intertwined with the history of the Ludi Saeculares. -
Augustine Letters 211-270
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com 3 Letters Augustinian Heritage Institute, Inc. Board of Directors + John E. Rotelle, O.S.A. (1939-2002), founding director Michael T. Dolan Daniel E. Doyle, O.S.A. Joseph T. Kelley Patricia H. Lo Thomas Martin, O.S.A. Jane E. Merdinger Boniface Ramsey Translation Advisory Board Gerald Bonner Maria Boulding, O.S.B. Allan D. Fitzgerald, O.S.A. Edmund Hill, O.P. Joseph McGowan Boniface Ramsey Roland J. Teske, S.J. THE WORKS OF SAINT AUGUSTINE A Translation for the 21st Century Part II - Letters Volume 4: Letters 211 - 270, 1* - 29* THE WORKS OF SAINT AUGUSTINE A Translation for the 21st Century Letters 211 - 270, 1* - 29* (Epistulae) II/4 translation and notes by Roland Teske, S.J. editor Boniface Ramsey New City Press Hyde Park, New York rsfik ■$ f '"* Published in the United States by New City Press 202 Cardinal Rd., Hyde Park, New York 12538 ©2005 Augustinian Heritage Institute Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. The works of Saint Augustine. "Augustinian Heritage Institute" Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: — pt. 3, v . 1 5. Expositions of the Psalms, 1 -32 — pt. 3, v. 1. Sermons on the Old Testament, 1-19. — pt. 3, v. 2. Sermons on the Old Testament, 20-50 — [et al.] — pt. 3, v. 10 Sermons on various subjects, 341-400. 1 . -
The Two Mauretaniae: Their Romanization and The
THE TWO MAURETANIAE: THEIR ROMANIZATION AND THE IMPERIAL CULT by CLAUDIA GIRONI submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject ANCIENT HISTORY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR : PROF. U.R.D. VOGEL JOINT SUPERVISOR : DR M. KLEIJWEGT Date submitted November 1996 SUMMARY The 'Romanization' of the African provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis was in fact a two-way process of exchange between Roman and African elements which resulted in a uniquely Romano-African civilization. The imperial cult highlights issues common to all Romanization processes, such as ruler-subject interaction and the role of local initiative in bringing about change, as well as unique issues such as the impact of politics on emperor-worship. The success of the imperial cult was hampered by the fact that only a select few - notably the wealthy local elite - derived direct benefit from the process, and by the fact that, because the pre-Roman Mauretaniae had no established ruler-cults, the imperial cult failed to assimilate with local tradition. As a result, the cult was unable either to make a decisive impact on the Romanization of the Mauretanians, or to achieve any real religious unity among them. KEY TERMS Romanization; Imperial cult; North African history; Roman empire; Mauretania Tingitana; Mauretania Caesariensis; Mauri; Religious syncretism; Roman gods; Roman priests; African religion, ancient. DECLARATION I declare that "The two Mauretaniae : their Romanization and the imperial cult" is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.