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Sociolinguistic Styles Language in Society 19 Linguistic Variation and Change, James Milroy GENERAL EDITOR 20 Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume I: Peter Trudgill, Chair of English Linguistics, Internal Factors, William Labov University of Fribourg 21 Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (third edition), Ron Scollon, Suzanne ADVISORY EDITORS J. K. Chambers, Professor of Linguistics, University Wong Scollon, and Rodney H. Jones of Toronto 22 Sociolinguistic Theory: Language Variation and Ralph Fasold, Professor of Linguistics, Georgetown Its Social Significance (second edition), University J. K. Chambers William Labov, Professor of Linguistics, University 23 Text and Corpus Analysis: Computer‐assisted of Pennsylvania Studies of Language and Culture, Michael Stubbs Lesley Milroy, Professor of Linguistics, University 24 Anthropological Linguistics, William Foley of Michigan, Ann Arbor 25 American English: Dialects and Variation (third edition), Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling Launched in 1980, Language in Society is now 26 African American Vernacular English: Features, established as probably the premiere series in the Evolution, Educational Implications, broad field of sociolinguistics, dialectology and John R. Rickford variation studies. The series includes both textbooks 27 Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The and monographs by Ralph Fasold, Suzanne Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten Romaine, Peter Trudgill, Lesley Milroy, Michael High, Penelope Eckert Stubbs, and other leading researchers. 28 The English History of African American 1 Language and Social Psychology, edited by English, edited by Shana Poplack Howard Giles and Robert N. St Clair 29 Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume II: Social 2 Language and Social Networks (second edition), Factors, William Labov Lesley Milroy 30 African American English in the Diaspora, Shana 3 The Ethnography of Communication (third Poplack and Sali Tagliamonte edition), Muriel Saville‐Troike 31 The Development of African American English, 4 Discourse Analysis, Michael Stubbs Walt Wolfram and Erik R. Thomas 5 The Sociolinguistics of Society: Introduction to 32 Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Volume I, Ralph Fasold Language in the Justice System, John Gibbons 6 The Sociolinguistics of Language: Introduction 33 An Introduction to Contact Linguistics, Donald to Sociolinguistics, Volume II, Ralph Fasold Winford 7 The Language of Children and Adolescents: 34 Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation, The Acquisition of Communicative Competence, Lesley Milroy and Matthew Gordon Suzanne Romaine 35 Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in 8 Language, the Sexes and Society, Philip M. Smith Discourse Analysis, H. G. Widdowson 9 The Language of Advertising, Torben Vestergaard 36 Clinical Sociolinguistics, Martin J. Ball and Kim Schrøder 37 Conversation Analysis: An Introduction, 10 Dialects in Contact, Peter Trudgill Jack Sidnell 11 Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Peter Mühlhäusler 38 Talk in Action: Interactions, Identities, and 12 Observing and Analysing Natural Language: Institutions, John Heritage and Steven Clayman A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method, 39 Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume III: Lesley Milroy Cognitive and Cultural Factors, William Labov 13 Bilingualism (second edition), Suzanne Romaine 40 Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, 14 Sociolinguistics and Second Language Observation, Interpretation, Sali A. Tagliamonte Acquisition, Dennis R. Preston 41 Quotatives: New Trends and Sociolinguistic 15 Pronouns and People: The Linguistic Implications, Isabelle Buchstaller Construction of Social and Personal Identity, 42 The Sociophonetics of Perception, Peter Mühlhäusler and Rom Harré Valerie Fridland 16 Politically Speaking, John Wilson 43. Practical Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction 17 The Language of the News Media, Allan Bell to Corpus‐Based Language Analysis, 18 Language, Society and the Elderly: Discourse, Martin Weisser (forthcoming) Identity and Ageing, Nikolas Coupland, Justine 44. Conversation Analysis ‐ An Introduction (second Coupland, and Howard Giles edition), Jack Sidnell (forthcoming) Sociolinguistic Styles Juan M. Hernández‐Campoy This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ , UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ , UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ , UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Juan M. Hernández‐Campoy to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Hernández Campoy, Juan Manuel, author. Title: Sociolinguistic styles / Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy. Description: Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley-Blackwell, [2016] | Series: Language in society | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015043775 (print) | LCCN 2015051359 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118737644 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118737613 (ePub) | ISBN 9781118737736 (Adobe PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Rhetoric–Social aspects. | Discourse analysis–Social aspects. | Language and logic. | Sociolinguistics. | BISAC: LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Sociolinguistics. Classification: LCC P301.5.S63 H47 2016 (print) | LCC P301.5.S63 (ebook) | DDC 808–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043775 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Diana Ong, Communication Red, 1999 (detail). © 2010 SuperStock Set in 9.5/11.5pt Ehrhardt by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 To my parents, Manuel Hernández‐Carrillo and Juana Campoy‐Gonzálvez, with eternal gratitude for having defined my personal style Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xiv Series Editor’s Preface xvi Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xviii Part I The Concept and Nature of Style 1 1 The Concept of Style 3 1.1. Style in Rhetoric 3 1.1.1. Ancient Greece 4 1.1.2. The Roman world 7 1.1.3. The Middle Ages and modern times 10 1.2. Style in Stylistics and Semiotics 17 1.2.1. Textualists 19 1.2.2. Contextualists 24 1.2.3. Recent Developments 28 1.3. Style in Sociolinguistics 29 Notes 31 2 The Nature of Style 33 2.1. The Linguistic Meaning of Style: Resources and Mechanisms 33 2.1.1. Style, Register and Diaphasic Variation 33 2.1.2. Style, Dialect and Accent 36 2.1.3. Style and Genre 39 2.1.4. Style, Register, Slang, Cant and Jargon 41 2.1.5. Stylistic Devices 43 2.1.6. Style and the Study of Language Change 49 2.2. The Social Meaning of Style: Motivations 51 2.2.1. Style and Identity 54 2.2.2. Style and Ideology 57 Notes 61 viii Contents Part II Sociolinguistic Models of Style‐Shifting 63 3 Situation‐centered Approach: Attention Paid to Speech 65 3.1. Social Determinism and Positivism 65 3.1.1. Sociolinguistic Tenets 65 3.1.2. Sociolinguistic Patterns 69 3.2. The Formality Continuum 77 3.2.1. Casual Style 78 3.2.2. Formal Style 78 3.2.3. Passage Reading Style 78 3.2.4. Word List Style 79 3.2.5. Minimal Pairs Style 80 3.2.6. The Style Decision Tree 80 3.3. Audio‐monitoring: The Universal Factor 82 3.3.1. The Principle of Graded Style‐shifting 83 3.3.2. The Principle of Range of Variability 84 3.3.3. The Principle of Socio‐stylistic Differentiation 85 3.3.4. The Principle of Sociolinguistic Stratification 87 3.3.5. The Principle of Stylistic Variation 90 3.3.6. The Principle of Attention 90 3.3.7. The Vernacular Principle 90 3.3.8. The Principle of Formality 91 3.4. Limitations 91 Notes 93 4 Audience‐centered Approach: Audience Design 95 4.1. Behaviorism and Social Psychological Theories 95 4.1.1. Language Attitudes 97 4.1.2. Social Identity Theory and the Linguistic Marketplace 99 4.1.3. Communication Accommodation Theory 101 4.2. Bakhtin and Dialogism 105 4.2.1. Centripetal and Centrifugal Language Forces 105 4.2.2. Heteroglossia and Multiple Voicing 107 4.2.3. Addressivity and Response 108 4.3. The Style Axiom: Audienceship and Responsiveness 109 4.3.1. Relational Activity 116 4.3.2. Sociolinguistic Marker 116 4.3.3. Responsiveness and Audienceship 118 4.3.4. Linguistic Repertoire 119 4.3.5. Style Axiom 120 4.3.6. Accommodative Competence 122 4.3.7. Discoursal Function 123 4.3.8. Initiative Axis 124 4.3.9. Referee Design 125 4.3.10. Field and Object of Study 126 4.4. Limitations 128 Notes 129 Contents ix 5 Context‐centered Approach: Functional Model 131 5.1. The Context of Situation and Contextualism 131 5.2.
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  • Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories

    Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories

    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.