Prosody in Spanish-Portuguese Contact Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades der Doktorin der Philosophie bei der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Elena Kirilova Kireva (Haskovo, Bulgarien) Hamburg, 2016 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Christoph Gabriel Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Trudel Meisenburg Datum der Disputation: 15. September 2015 Angenommen von der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg am: 16. September 2015 Veröffentlicht mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg am: 01. September 2016 To my grandparents Elenka Petkova and Yordan Petkov i Abstract The contact varieties Olivenza Portuguese and Olivenza Spanish, spoken in the border area between Extremadura (Spain) and Alto Alentejo (Portugal), have long been disregarded in research on both intonation and speech rhythm. The present work aims to fill this gap by in- vestigating the intonation and the speech rhythm of Olivenza Portuguese spoken by bilingual speakers and of Olivenza Spanish spoken by monolingual speakers and by offering a detailed description of the intonational and rhythmic patterns of these two contact varieties. Such a description contributes, first, to a better knowledge of the varieties spoken in the Romance space, second, to a documentation of a dying variety, namely Olivenza Portuguese, and third, to a better understanding of how prosodic systems in language contact situations change. To achieve the goals presented above, semi-spontaneous speech recorded from ten bi- lingual speakers of Olivenza Portuguese and ten monolingual speakers of Olivenza Spanish was examined. The material analyzed with respect to both intonation and speech rhythm in- cludes neutral and biased declaratives, neutral and biased yes-no questions, neutral and biased wh-questions, echo questions, and imperatives. The intonational analysis, carried out within the Autosegmental-Metrical model and the ToBI framework (cf. Pierrehumbert 1980; Beck- man & Pierrehumbert 1986; Silverman et al. 1992; Ladd 1996, 2008; Beckman et al. 2005, among many others), provides a description of the phonetic realization and the phonological representation of pitch accents and boundary tones. The rhythmic analysis is based on the calculation of the following rhythm metrics: %V, VarcoV, VarcoC, VnPVI, CrPVI, and CnPVI (cf. Ramus et al. 1999; Grabe & Low 2002; Dellwo & Wagner 2003; Ferragne & Pel- legrino 2004; Dellwo 2006; White & Mattys 2007a; Kinoshita & Sheppard 2011, among oth- ers). According to the findings of this study, Olivenza Portuguese and Olivenza Spanish show similarities concerning, first, the prosodic phrasing and the durational properties of neu- tral SVO declarative sentences, second, the tonal realization of numerous sentence types (e.g., neutral SVO declarative sentences, contrastive focus statements, exclamative statements, in- formation-seeking yes-no questions, exclamative yes-no questions with counterexpectational meaning, confirmation-seeking yes-no questions, information-seeking wh-questions, exclamative wh-questions, imperative wh-questions, echo yes-no questions, echo wh- questions, and commands), and third, the rhythmic properties of declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. ii The discussion of the results of the present work in the light of language contact allowed the assumptions that, first, the prosody of the current variety of Olivenza Portuguese can be in- terpreted as the outcome of wholesale convergence between the (Olivenza) Portuguese and the Spanish prosodic systems, and second, the prosody of the current variety of Olivenza Spanish can be interpreted as the outcome of both substratum transfer and convergence processes. Fur- thermore, it can be suggested that all kinds of prosodic features can result from transfer and/or convergence. Finally, on the basis of the assumptions made concerning the change of the intonational system of Olivenza Portuguese, the following hierarchy was proposed (the symbol ‘>’ means ‘more sensitive to change than’): Prenuclear accents > Focus markers > Nuclear configurations > Prosodic phrasing > IP-final lengthening used to convey sentence modality contrasts. Keywords: Olivenza Portuguese, Olivenza Spanish, contact varieties, intonation, speech rhythm, prosodic variation and change iii Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my first supervisor Christoph Gabriel: thank you so much not only for the many fruitful discussions we had and the numerous com- ments you gave me, which enriched and improved the present work, but also for your pa- tience! Many thanks also to my second supervisor Trudel Meisenburg: thank you for your support, comments, and advice! Further thanks go to my colleagues with whom I had the possibility to discuss my study: Andrea Pešková, Maria del Mar Vanrell Bosch, Rafèu Sichel-Bazin, Laura Morgenthaler García, Johanna Stahnke, Manuel Jesús Sánchez Fernández, Jeanette Seoudy, Jorge Vega Vilanova, Marc-Olivier Hinzelin, Jonas Grünke, Carolin Buthke, Paolo Roseano, Marisa Cruz, Susann Fischer, and Liefka Würdemann. I would also like to express my gratitude to Vasyl Druchkiv for his help with the statis- tical analyses and to Kirsten Brock and Derek Fobaire for proof-reading my PhD. It is a great pleasure for me to give my special thanks to all Olivenza Portuguese and Olivenza Spanish speakers whom I recorded. Furthermore, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Alba Herrero Núñez, Joachín Núñez, María Luisa Saimero, Antonio Olivera Vas- co, and Alba Olivera for their substantial help and assistance during my fieldwork in Olivenza. Last but not least, I would like to thank my husband Angel Bakardzhiev for his infinite love, support, and patience! Thank you for being you! Thank you also to my mom, Diana Kireva, my dad, Kiril Kirev, and my sister, Yordanka Kireva, for their infinite love! Thank you, Olivenza! ¡Un pueblo que enamora! iv Index Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iii List of Abbreviations and Symbols ......................................................................................... vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xv 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Olivenza: Historical background and language contact ......................................... 9 2.1 Geographic location and historical background ..................................................... 9 2.2 Language contact between Portuguese and Spanish in Olivenza ......................... 12 3. Theoretical background and description of Castilian Spanish and Standard European Portuguese intonation and speech rhythm ............................ 16 3.1 Intonation ............................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Models of intonation and annotation systems ...................................................... 16 3.1.1.1 Autosegmental-Metrical model ............................................................................ 19 3.1.1.2 ToBI ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Intonation of Castilian Spanish and Standard European Portuguese ................... 28 3.1.2.1 Inventory of pitch accents and boundary tones .................................................... 31 3.1.2.2 Intonational tunes in Castilian Spanish and Standard European Portuguese ....... 33 3.2 Prosodic structure and phrasing ........................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Prosodic structure ................................................................................................. 39 3.2.2 Prosodic phrasing in Castilian Spanish and Standard European Portuguese ....... 41 3.3 Speech rhythm ...................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Approaches to rhythm and rhythm metrics .......................................................... 44 3.3.2 Rhythm patterns of Castilian Spanish and Standard European Portuguese ......... 51 3.4 Language contact .................................................................................................. 55 3.4.1 Language contact: Key terms and approaches ..................................................... 55 3.4.2 Language contact: Phonological transfer and convergence ................................. 63 3.4.3 Transfer and convergence of prosodic features (case studies) ............................. 64 3.4.3.1 Intonation .............................................................................................................. 64 3.4.3.2 Speech rhythm ....................................................................................................... 69 4. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 76 4.1 Speakers ...............................................................................................................