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Existentials and Locatives in Romance Dialects of Italy OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, Spi

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Existentials and Locatives in Romance Dialects of Italy OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, Spi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi Existentials and Locatives in Romance Dialects of Italy OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi Existentials and Locatives in Romance Dialects of Italy DELIA BENTLEY, FRANCESCO MARIA CICONTE, AND SILVIO CRUSCHINA 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX26DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Delia Bentley, Francesco Maria Ciconte, and Silvio Cruschina 2015 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording or otherwise, for commercial purposes without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Enquiries concerning use outside the scope of the licence terms should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the above address Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015933305 ISBN 978–0–19–874526–6 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR04YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi Contents List of figures and tables viii List of abbreviations ix Dialect maps xiii 1 Existentials and locatives in Romance dialects of Italy: Introduction 1 Delia Bentley 1.1 An overview of existentials and other there sentences 1 1.1.1 Existentials: Romance and beyond 5 1.2 Scope and objectives of the volume 21 1.3 Authorship, methodology, theoretical underpinnings of the research 25 1.3.1 The Manchester projects on existential constructions 25 1.3.2 Role and Reference Grammar 27 1.4 Acknowledgements 40 1.5 Outline of the volume 41 2 Focus structure 43 Silvio Cruschina 2.1 Introduction 43 2.1.1 The notions of focus and topic 44 2.1.2 Focus structure types 47 2.2 Sentence-focus existentials with no overt topic 49 2.2.1 Morphosyntactic properties 54 2.2.2 Stage-level topics and contextual domain 59 2.3 Existentials with an overt topic 63 2.3.1 Locative aboutness topics 63 2.3.2 Partitive topics and the split-focus structure 69 2.4 Argument-focus there sentences 72 2.4.1 Inverse locatives 73 2.4.2 Deictic locatives 89 2.5 Presentational there sentences 91 2.6 Conclusion 97 3 Predication and argument realization 99 Delia Bentley 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 The locative hypothesis 101 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi vi Contents 3.2.1 The correspondence of copulas and proforms 102 3.2.2 The definiteness effect on word order 115 3.3 The pivot-as-predicate hypothesis 119 3.3.1 Finite agreement 119 3.3.2 Supporting evidence 129 3.3.3 Challenges 137 3.3.4 Synopsis 145 3.4 Predication and argument realization in there sentences 146 3.4.1 Two types of existential construction 146 3.4.2 The correspondence of copulas and proforms revisited 150 3.4.3 Argument structure and predication in other there sentences 152 3.4.4 Synopsis 160 3.5 Conclusion 160 4 Definiteness effects and linking 161 Delia Bentley 4.1 Defi niteness effects: the Romance puzzle 161 4.2 Subject canonicality and word order 164 4.3 Subject canonicality and agreement 169 4.3.1 The differential marking of the post-copular noun phrase 170 4.3.2 The case of pivots with inde-cliticization 177 4.3.3 Specificity effects 180 4.3.4 Beyond existential sentences 183 4.3.5 Agreement and the impersonal hypothesis 194 4.3.6 Synopsis 200 4.4 Semantics–syntax linking in there sentences 200 4.4.1 Linking in existential there sentences 201 4.4.2 Linking in other there sentences 206 4.5 Conclusion 214 5 Historical context 217 Francesco Maria Ciconte 5.1 Introduction 217 5. 2 There sentences in Latin 220 5.2.1 Classical Latin 220 5.2.2 Existential vs. attributive and locative constructions 222 5.2.3 Late Latin 228 5.3 There sentences in early Italo-Romance 231 5.3.1 Typology of there sentences in early Italo-Romance 233 5.3.2 The emergence of the proform 239 5.3.3 Evidence from early Tuscan 241 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi Contents vii 5.3.4 The reanalysis of the proform 244 5.3.5 Copulas and agreement 249 5.3.6 Expletives 256 5.4 Conclusion 260 6 Conclusion 261 Delia Bentley Appendix 1: Early Romance sources 269 Appendix 2: Latin sources 275 References 277 Index of languages 295 Index of names 299 Index of subjects 303 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi List of figures and tables Figures 1.1 Layered Structure of the Clause with Constituent Projection 30 1.2 Semantics–syntax linking: transitive 38 1.3 Semantics–syntax linking: passive 39 4.1 Semantics–syntax linking: non-referential pivot 203 4.2 Semantics–syntax linking: referential pivot (habere –Agr) 204 4.3 Semantics–syntax linking: referential pivot (esse +Agr) 205 4.4 Semantics–syntax linking: referential pivot (esse –Agr) 206 4.5 Semantics–syntax linking: inverse locatives (esse +Agr) 208 4.6 Semantics–syntax linking: predicate-focus locatives 209 4.7 Semantics–syntax linking: inverse locatives (habere –Agr) 210 4.8 Semantics–syntax linking: deictic locatives (habere –Agr) 212 4.9 Semantics–syntax linking: presentational there sentences 214 Tables 3.1 Patterns of number agreement control in sentence-focus intransitives 123 4.1 Dialect typology based on copula agreement with post-copular NP in there sentences 170 4.2 Definiteness of NP and control of finite number agreement 176 4.3 Patterns of copula agreement with inde-cliticized pivots 179 4.4 Specificity of NP and control of finite number agreement 182 4.5 Patterns of number agreement control in sentence- and argument-focus intransitives 185 5.1 Frequency of patterns with indefinite and definite NPs in early Italo-Romance there sentences 240 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi List of abbreviations * ungrammatical form or usage ?? dubious form or usage > indicates relative prominence on a hierarchy # grammatical form which is infelicitous in the given context = separates a cliticized form from its host 1 first person 2 second person 3 third person predicate which is unspecified in logical structure or displaced from the syntactic Nucleus acc accusative case acs accessible act active ade adessive case ADJ adjective agr agreement AGX Agreement Index Node arg argument art article AT actor of transitive AUX auxiliary cl clitic cond conditional mood Contr. controller of agreement COP/cop copula CP complementizer phrase dat dative case DEC declarative illocutionary force def definite deic deictic dim diminutive OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi x List of abbreviations DP determiner phrase d-S derived subject of passive escl expletive subject clitic ex.neg existential negation expl expletive subject f feminine foc focus marker fut future gen genitive case ger gerund if illocutionary force imp imperative impers impersonal ina inactive ind indicative mood inf infinitive Infl Inflection position instr instrumental case LDP/ldp Left Detached Position link linker loc locative m masculine NEG/neg negation, negative nom nominative case nonpst non past NP noun phrase Nuc Nucleus OApul. Old Apulian OBL oblique case OCamp. Old Campanian OCat. Old Catalan OFr. Old French Old Abr. Old Abruzzese OLig. Old Ligurian OLomb. Old Lombard OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi List of abbreviations xi ONav.-Arag. Old Navarro-Aragonese OPied. Old Piedmontese OProv. Old Provençal ORom. Old Romanesco OSic. Old Sicilian OTusc. Old Tuscan OUmbr. Old Umbrian OVen Old Venician pa verb class marker in Ulwa parag paragogic form part partitive case pass passive p.c. personal communication Pd possessed Per Periphery perf perfective pf proform pfp perfect participle pl plural PoCS Post-Core Slot poss possessive form PP prepositional phrase Pr possessor PrCS Pre-Core Slot PRED/pred predicate prep preposition pro silent variable whose value is provided by verb inflection or by a controller, or otherwise is retrieved from discourse prop proprietive verb prs present PSA Privileged Syntactic Argument pst past ptcp participle QP quantifier phrase RDP/rdp Right Detached Position OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi xii List of abbreviations refl reflexive clitic RRG Role and Reference Grammar RP referential phrase S Privileged Syntactic Argument (subject) of intransitive SA actor of intransitive SAP Speech Act Participant sbjv subjunctive mood scl subject clitic sent-ka sentential ka marker in Ulwa sg singular sm subject marker ss same subject switch reference marker SU undergoer of intransitive SVO subject-verb-object order ta verb class marker in Ulwa tam tense-aspect-mood marker top topic marker UT undergoer of transitive uv undergoer voice V verb wom word order marker OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi Dialect maps OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 4/9/2015, SPi xiv Dialect maps 39 59 45 63 17 42 28 53 3 24 30 41 31 22 48 64 35 46 19 40 9 4 29 7 6 37 5 14 43 21 16 15 55 57 23 61 25 51 26 50 11 62 33 56 60 18 58 49 52 54 20 34 1 13 38 2 44 47 8 36 27 12 10 32 = dialects with proform = dialects with proform which also exhibit another pattern = dialects with no proform MAP 1.
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