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The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Phonology Consonant Assimilation This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 27 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Phonology Sonia Colina, Fernando Martínez-Gil, Manel Lacorte, Javier Muñoz-Basols Consonant assimilation Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315228112-4 Carolina González Published online on: 12 Dec 2019 How to cite :- Carolina González. 12 Dec 2019, Consonant assimilation from: The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Phonology Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315228112-4 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 Consonant assimilation Carolina González 1. Introduction Consonant assimilation occurs when a consonant becomes more similar to a nearby or adjacent segment, be it consonantal or vocalic. Take, for example, the data in (1), which exemplifies nasal place assimilation in Spanish (Navarro Tomás 1918; Quilis 1993). The syllable-final nasal in the preposition ‘en’ in, realized as an alveolar nasal [n] in isolation or before a vowel (1a), is pro- nounced as bilabial [m] before a bilabial consonant (1b), and as velar [ŋ] before a velar consonant (1c). In addition, the word-internal codas in ‘Andalucía’ and ‘Valencia’, which occur before a dental and interdental consonant, respectively, are realized with the same place of articulation as the following consonant (1a, b). (1) a. en Andalucía /en andaluθia/ [e.nan̪ .da.lu.ˈθi.a] in Andalucia b. en Valencia /en balenθia/ [em.ba.ˈlen̟ .θja] in Valencia c. en Cataluña /en kataluɲa/ [eŋ.ka.ta.ˈlu.ɲa] in Catalonia All transcriptions in this chapter are given the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Note that /d, t/ are dental in Span- ish. Unless noted, examples are conveyed in Castilian (North-Central Peninsular) Spanish (for transcription conventions, see Martínez-Celdrán et al. 2003; Campos-Astorkiza 2012; Hualde 2014). In (1a) resyllabification applies across words (see Colina, this volume, and Hualde, this volume). Consonant assimilation in Spanish is local, within and across word boundaries, since the target of assimilation and its trigger are immediately adjacent. Nonlocal, or ‘at-a-distance’, assimilation, where the trigger and the target are phonetically separated by one or more segments, is, how- ever, attested for vowels in Spanish (Jiménez and Lloret, this volume). Nasal place assimilation is anticipatory (regressive), since the ‘target’ (the segment undergo- ing assimilation) becomes more similar to the following segment (the ‘trigger’). Anticipatory assimilation is more prevalent in Spanish than perseveratory (progressive) assimilation, where the trigger precedes the target. This is also the case cross-linguistically (Gordon 2017: 124). Spirantization, which involves assimilation of the feature [continuant], is the main example of perseveratory consonant assimilation in Spanish. Compare, for example, ‘vino’ [ˈbi.no] wine vs. ‘el vino’ [el. ˈß̞ i.no] the wine. In the second example, ‘v’ is realized as an approximant because the 84 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 Consonant assimilation preceding sound is [+continuant] (see also Martínez-Gil, this volume). When both anticipatory and perseveratory assimilation apply, mutual or reciprocal assimilation arises, as in ‘un vino’ [um. ˈbi.no] a (glass of) wine. In this case, the nasal assimilates in place to the following consonant, which agrees in continuancy with the preceding nasal. Consonant assimilation in Spanish can be partial, as in (1), or total, depending on whether some or all segmental characteristics are assimilated. Total assimilation is also known as gemina- tion. One example is ‘mismo’ /mismo/ same, realized in some Spanish dialects as [ˈmĩm.mo] (D’Introno et al. 1995: 291). While total assimilation in Spanish is anticipatory and can be triggered only by an adjacent consonant, partial assimilation can be perseverative and may be triggered by consonants (as in 1), vocoids, or both. For example, /k ɡ x/ are palatalized before front vocoids in Chilean Spanish (cf. ‘reloj’ [re.ˈlox] watch with ‘relojes’ [re.ˈlo.çes] watches; Silva- Fuenzalida 1953: 161; see also section 1.3). In addition, spirantization is triggered by both vowels and consonants (Martínez-Gil, this volume). Section 2 previews the main types of consonant assimilation in Spanish. Section 3 examines some critical issues arising from the consideration of assimilatory processes in Spanish. Section 4 provides a case study of velar palatalization in Chilean Spanish, and section 5 summarizes the main points of this chapter and provides some directions for further investigation. 2. Main types of consonant assimilation in Spanish Four main types of consonant assimilation can be considered for Spanish: (i) place assimilation, (ii) voice assimilation, (iii) manner assimilation, and (iv) gemination. The first three types involve partial assimilation, while the last entails total assimilation. Place assimilation is the most commonly attested type of assimilation in Spanish, and cross- linguistically as well (Gordon 2017: 127, 128). Place assimilation targeting sonorants, such as nasal place assimilation, and lateral place assimilation, whereby a coda lateral assimilates in place to the following onset, appear to be common across Spanish dialects. On the other hand, place assimilation phenomena targeting obstruents are associated with specific dialects. This is the case for velar palatalization in Chilean Spanish, whereby velar obstruents /k ɡ x/ are realized as pala- tal before a front vocoid, and for coda interdentalization of /p t k/, as in ‘actor’ [aθ.ˈtoɾ], reported in North-Central Peninsular Spanish. Place assimilation is described in detail in section 2.1. Voicing assimilation, second only to place assimilation in frequency cross-linguistically (Gor- don 2017: 127, 128), refers to a change in consonantal voicing due to the influence of a nearby segment. One example is the word ‘isla’ island, pronounced in many Spanish dialects as [ˈiz. la]. Voicing assimilation in Spanish can be triggered by voiced consonants and vowels. A more detailed description of voicing assimilation in Spanish is provided in section 2.2. Typologically, gemination and manner assimilation appear to be relatively rare, particularly the latter (Gordon 2017). The main type of manner assimilation in Spanish is spirantization, which is perseveratory and involves the feature [continuant], as already mentioned. Martínez-Gil (this volume) provides a detailed examination of spirantization in Spanish. We indicate addi- tional examples of manner assimilation phenomena reported for Spanish in the literature in section 2.3. Last but not least, gemination, or the total assimilation of a coda consonant to the following onset, as in ‘carne’ [ˈkan.ne] meat, is widespread in several dialectal areas, including Caribbean and Andalusian Spanish. Gemination has aroused much interest in Spanish phonology and has recently been documented in detail for additional dialectal areas, including Murcian Spanish. More information on gemination in Spanish dialects is given in section 2.4. 85 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 Carolina González 2.1. Place assimilation Place assimilation in Spanish can target both sonorants and obstruents. Within the first group we have nasal place assimilation (previewed in (1)) and lateral place assimilation. The examples in (2, 3) illustrate nasal place assimilation across all places of articulation, across and within words, respectively. As mentioned earlier, nasal place assimilation interacts with spirantization (Navarro Tomás 1996: 110; Harris 1969; Hooper 1972; Cressey 1978, among others). (2) a. en Andalucía /en andaluθia/ [e.nan̪ .da.lu.ˈθi.a] in Andalucia b. en Bilbao /en bilbao/ [em.bil.ˈ ß̞ ao̯ ] in Bilbao c. en Finisterre /en finistere/ [eɱ.fi.nis.ˈte.re] in Finisterre d. en Zaragoza /en θaɾaɡoθa/ [en˖.θa.ɾa.ˈɣ̞ o.θa] in Saragossa e. en Toledo /en toledo/ [en̪ .to.ˈle.ð̞ o] in Toledo f. en Sevilla /en sebiɟa/ [en.se.ˈß̞ i.ʝa] in Seville g. en Lleida /en ɟeida/ [enj.ˈɟej.ð̞ a] in Lleida h. en Cataluña /en kataluɲa/ [eŋ.ka.ta.ˈlu.ɲa] in Catalonia Note that before a palatal consonant, as in (2g), /n/ tends to be realized as a palatalized nasal [nj] rather than as a fully palatal nasal [ɲ], unless it precedes a palatal nasal, as in ‘un ñame’ a yam (Quilis 1993: 229–230; Hualde 2014: 173). (3) a. mana /mana/ [ˈma.na] it flows b. envidia /enbidia/ [em.ˈbi.ð̞ ja] jealousy c. menfis /menfis/ [ˈmeɱ.fis] Memphis d. manzana /manθana/ [man̟ .ˈθa.na] apple e. manta /manta/ [ˈman̪ .ta]
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