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The Routledge Handbook of Spanish

Sonia Colina, Fernando Martínez-Gil, Manel Lacorte, Javier Muñoz-Basols

Consonant

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315228112-4 Carolina González Published online on: 12 Dec 2019

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 84 ‘el vino’ [el. ˈß perseveratory consonantassimilationinSpanish. Compare, forexample, ‘vino’ [ˈbi.no] Spirantization, whichinvolves assimilationofthefeature [], isthemainexampleof precedes thetarget.the trigger This isalsothecasecross-linguistically (Gordon 2017: 124). assimilation ismore prevalent in Spanish thanperseveratory (progressive) assimilation, where ing assimilation)becomesmore similartothefollowing (the ‘trigger’). Anticipatory ever, attested forvowels inSpanish(JiménezandLloret, thisvolume). andthetargetare phoneticallyseparatedbywhere thetrigger oneormore segments, is, how- are immediately adjacent.of assimilation and its trigger Nonlocal, or ‘at-a-distance’, assimilation, Consonant assimilationinSpanishislocal, withinandacross word boundaries, sincethetarget (see Colina, thisvolume, andHualde, thisvolume). et al.see Martínez-Celdrán 2003; Campos-Astorkiza2012; Hualde2014). In(1a)resyllabification applies across words ish. Unlessnoted, examplesare conveyed Peninsular) conventions, inCastilian(North-Central Spanish(fortranscription inthischapterare Phonetic givenAll transcriptions theInternational Alphabet (IPA). Notethat/d, t/are dentalinSpan- (1) the following consonant(1a, b). dental andinterdental consonant, respectively, are as realized withthesameplaceofarticulation (1c). Inaddition, theword-internal codasin ‘Andalucía’ and ‘Valencia’, whichoccurbefore a nounced asbilabial[m]before abilabialconsonant(1b), andasvelar [ŋ]before avelar consonant preposition ‘en’ place assimilationinSpanish(Navarro Tomás 1918; Quilis1993). The -final nasal inthe segment, beitconsonantalorvocalic. Take, forexample, thedatain(1), whichexemplifies nasal when a consonantbecomesmoreConsonant assimilation occurs similar to a nearby or adjacent 1. Introduction Nasal place assimilation is anticipatory (regressive),Nasal place assimilation is anticipatory since the ‘target’ (the segment undergo- c. b. a. en Cataluña en Valencia en Andalucía ̞ i.no] in, realized asanalveolar nasal[n]inisolationorbefore avowel (1a), ispro- the wine. Inthe secondexample, ‘’ isrealized asanapproximant because the /en kataluɲa/ /en balenθia/ /en andaluθia/ Consonant assimilation [eŋ.ka.ta.ˈlu.ɲa] [em.ba.ˈlen [e.nan ̪ .da.lu.ˈθi.a] ̟ .θja] in Catalonia in Valencia in Andalucia Carolina González wine vs. 3 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 main pointsofthischapterandprovides investigation. somedirections forfurther provides acasestudyofvelar palatalizationinChileanSpanish, the andsection 5summarizes from processes theconsiderationofassimilatory inSpanish. issuesarising some critical Section 4 and consonants(Martínez-Gil, thisvolume). Fuenzalida 1953: 161; seealsosection 1.3). Inaddition, by spirantizationistriggered bothvowels front vocoids inChileanSpanish(cf. ‘reloj’ [re.ˈlox] bytriggered consonants(asin1), vocoids, orboth. For example, /kɡx/are palatalizedbefore onlybytriggered anadjacentconsonant, assimilationcanbeperseverative partial andmay be (D’Introno et al. 1995: 291). andcanbe While totalassimilationinSpanishisanticipatory tion. Oneexampleis ‘mismo’ /mismo/same, realized insomeSpanishdialectsas[ ˈmĩm.mo] are assimilated.some orallsegmentalcharacteristics Total assimilationisalsoknown asgemina- incontinuancywhich agrees withthepreceding nasal. ˈbi.no] and perseveratory assimilationapply, mutual orreciprocal assimilationarises, asin ‘un vino’ [um. preceding soundis[+continuant] (seealsoMartínez-Gil, thisvolume). When bothanticipatory More information ongeminationinSpanishdialectsisgivenMore insection 2.4. information recently beendocumentedindetailforadditionaldialectalareas, includingMurcian Spanish. and . Geminationhasaroused much interest inSpanishphonology andhas onset, asin ‘carne’ [ˈkan.ne] section 2.3. forSpanishintheliteraturetional examplesofmannerassimilationphenomenareported in (this volume) provides adetailedexaminationofspirantizationinSpanish. We indicateaddi- which is perseveratory and involves the feature [continuant], as already mentioned. Martínez-Gil the latter(Gordon 2017). The maintypeofmannerassimilationinSpanishisspirantization, ofvoicing assimilationinSpanishisprovideddetailed description insection 2.2. la]. Voicing by assimilation inSpanishcanbetriggered voiced consonantsandvowels. A more segment. Oneexampleistheword ‘isla’ island, pronounced inmany Spanishdialectsas[ˈiz. don 2017: 127, 128), refers toachange inconsonantalvoicing duetotheinfluenceofanearby Peninsularin North-Central Spanish. indetailsection 2.1. Placeassimilationisdescribed tal before afront vocoid, andforcodainterdentalization of/ptk/, asin ‘actor’ [aθ.ˈtoɾ], reported for velar palatalizationinChileanSpanish, whereby velar /k ɡx/are realized aspala- are associatedwithspecificdialects.assimilation phenomenatargetingobstruents Thisisthecase to the following onset, appear to be common across Spanish . On the other hand, place nasal placeassimilation, andlateralplaceassimilation, whereby acodalateralassimilatesinplace linguistically aswell (Gordon 2017: 127, 128). Placeassimilationtargetingsonorants, suchas assimilation,partial whilethelastentailstotalassimilation. (ii) assimilation, (iii)mannerassimilation, and(iv) . threeThe first typesinvolve Four maintypesofconsonantassimilationcanbeconsidered for Spanish: (i)placeassimilation, 2. Section 2 previews themaintypesof consonant assimilation in Spanish. Section ,Consonant assimilationinSpanishcanbepartial asin(1),total, or dependingonwhether Last but not least, gemination, orthetotalassimilationofacodaconsonant tothefollowing Typologically, geminationandmannerassimilationappeartoberelatively rare, particularly Voicing assimilation, secondonlyto place assimilationinfrequency cross-linguistically (Gor- Place assimilationisthemostcommonlyattestedtypeofinSpanish, andcross- Main typesofconsonantassimilationinSpanish a (glassof)wine. Inthiscase, thenasalassimilates inplacetothefollowing consonant, meat, iswidespread inseveral dialectalareas, includingCaribbean with watch ‘relojes’ [re.ˈlo.çes] Consonant assimilation ;watches Silva- 3 examines 85 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 (2) Tomás 1996: 110; 1969; Harris Hooper1972; Cressey 1978, amongothers). respectively. As mentionedearlier, nasalplaceassimilationinteractswithspirantization(Navarro (2, 3) illustrate nasal place assimilation across all places of articulation, across and within words, have nasalplaceassimilation(previewed in(1))andlateralplaceassimilation. The examplesin Place assimilationinSpanishcantargetbothsonorantsandobstruents. group Within thefirst we 2.1. Carolina González 86 (4) with 5b). 1981, amongothers). Lateralplaceassimilation blocks spirantizationbefore /d/(cf. 5e interdental, dental, or(pre)palatal; 4, 5)(Navarro Tomás 1996; Alarcos Llorach1950; Quilis ner) assimilation(seealsosection 2.3; cf. Honorof 1999forPeninsular Spanish). except before ,Spanish is categorical (man- and that it goes hand in hand with stricture Kochetov and Colantoni(2011)findthatnasal placeassimilation in Argentinianand Cuban no] student(Hualde2014: 172). An exceptiontonasalplaceassimilationwithinwords iswhen/m/immediatelyprecedes /n/, asin ‘alumno’ [a.ˈlum. (3) Note thatbefore apalatalconsonant, asin(2g), /n/tendstoberealized asapalatalizednasal[n 2014: 173). a fullypalatalnasal[ɲ Coda laterals assimilate in toafollowingCoda lateralsassimilateinplaceofarticulation (i.e. a. h. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. c. a. f. e. d. b. a. g. h. f. e. c. b. g. d. Place assimilation en Andalucía en Cataluña en Bilbao en Finisterre en Zaragoza en Toledo en Sevilla en Lleida manga menfis ala mansa manta manzana envidia mana mancha alcohol alta alza elfa alma colcha falsa ], unlessitprecedes apalatalnasal, asin ‘un ñame’ ayam (Quilis1993: 229–230; Hualde /ala/ /alkool/ /alta/ /alθa/ /elfa/ /alma/ /kolt /falsa/ /manɡa/ /mansa/ /manta/ /manθana/ /menfis/ /enbidia/ /mana/ /mantʃa/ ∫ /en andaluθia/ /en kataluɲa/ /en bilbao/ /en finistere/ /en θaɾɡoa/ /en toledo/ /en sebiɟa/ /en ɟeida/ a/ [ [ [al. [ [ [ [ [ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ kol al al fal.sa] el.fa] al.ma] a.la] ̪ ̟ .ta] .θa] ׀ kol] [ˈmaŋ.ɡa] [ˈman.sa] [ˈman [man [ˈmeɱ.fis] [em.ˈbi.ð [ˈma.na] [ˈman j .t ∫ a] ̟ .ˈθa.na] ̪ .ta] j .tʃa] [e.nan [eŋ.ka.ta.ˈlu.ɲa] [em.bil.ˈ ß [eɱ.fi.nis.ˈte.re] [en [en [en.se.ˈß [en quilt alcohol tall- raise! fake elf- soul wing ̞ ja] ˖ ̪ .θa.ɾˈɣ fem .to.ˈle. j .ˈɟej.ð fem ̪ .da.lu.ˈθi.a] . stain sleeve jealousy docile- blanket Memphis it flows apple . ̞ i.ʝa] ̞ ð a] ̞ ̞ ao ̞ o] o. ̯ ] θa] fem . in Lleida in Andalucia in Catalonia in Bilbao in Finisterre in Saragossa in Toledo in j ] ratherthanas Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 (7) pronounced ordeleted. faithfully rare before /s/, where deletiontendstotake place. Inaddition, word-final /k/tendsto be either from onlinemisspelling shows thatinterdentalization of/k/ismore frequent before /t/, and Word-internally, coda/ptk/canonlybefollowed by coronal consonants/θtsn/. Evidence with mannerdissimilation(cf. Antón 1994; approaches). 1999fornonassimilatory Martínez-Gil Hualde 2014). However, González(2008)arguesthatplaceassimilationisinvolved, concurrently influencearegest thathypercorrection behindinterdentalization ororthographic (Lapesa1981; stops (7)(Navarro Tomás 1996; D’Introno et al. 1995: 264; Quilis1964). sug- Someauthors tory. These obstruents, especially /k/, are realized by some speakers as [θ]before all voiceless Guinea(Quilis1993:rial 325andreferences therein). Spanish dialects, includingJudeo Spanishanddialects spoken inareas ofMexicoandinEquato- others). A similar phenomenonisattestedforthesequence[li]followed by vowel invarious Note thatbefore apalatalconsonant, asin(4g, 5g), /l/tendstoberealized aspalatalized[l (5) to] with[i by sinceitistriggered diphthongsbeginning tobeassimilatory appears Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, thePhilippines, andareas ofMexico, nasalpalatalization interacts withspirantization, resulting in[ɟ before front vocoids (6)(Lenz1940; Silva-Fuenzalida 1953; Oroz 1966). For /ɡ As mentionedintheintroduction, velar /kɡ obstruents (6) see section 4. Unusually inSpanish, velar palatalizationinvolves onsettargetsandvocalic triggers. For details, and as well (Zamora Vicente 1967: 389; 1988: Greet Cottonand Sharp 286; RAE2011). 2003:torino 52). Velar attestedinareas palatalizationisreportedly ofColombia, Peru, Mexico, [ʎ] (Quilis1993: 310–311; cf. Hualde 2014: 178). Interdentalization of /p t k/ in North-Central PeninsularInterdentalization of /p t k/ in North-Central Spanish might also be assimila- Palatalization ofonsetnasals is foundin and Castilla-León Spanish.Asturias Rico, In Puerto nephew,[an ‘Antonio’ a. a. f. e. d. c. b. a. c. b. h. e. f. g. d. c. b. óptico adicto étnico el amor jota gente gafa higuera corto quiso el calor el dolor el sabor el llanto el celo el furor el valor /optiko/ /adikto/ /etniko/ /xota/ /xente/ /ɡafa/ /iɡeɾa/ /koɾto/ /kiso/ /el amoɾ/ /el kaloɾ/ /el doloɾ/ /el saboɾ/ /el ɟanto/ /el θelo/ /el fuɾo/ /el baloɾ/ ̪ .̍ to. ɲo] (Quilis1993: 242–243; Córdova 1996; RAE2011: 243, among [ [a. [ [ˈxo.ta] [ˈçen.te] [ˈɡa.fa] [i.ˈʝe. [ˈkoɾ.to] [ˈci.so] ׀ ׀ eθ.ni.ko] oθ.ti.ko] ׀ ð [e.la. [el.ka. [el [el.sa. [el [el [el.fu. [el. ß ̞ iθ.to] ̪ ̟ j .do. . ɾa] . ׀ ׀ θe.lo] ɟan ̞ ׀ a. moɾ] ׀ ׀ ß ׀ ɾo] ׀ ̪ loɾ] ׀ loɾ] loɾ] .to] ̞ oɾ] jay people glasses fig tree short (s)he wanted ] afternasalorpauseand[ʝ addict ethnic optical the weeping the zeal the pain the taste the heat the fury the courage the love x/inChileanSpanishare palatalized ] elsewhere (MoralesPet- j ] ratherthanasafullypalatal Consonant assimilation ̯ ], asin ‘nieto’ [ˈɲe. /, palatalization 87 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 2011: 143). lation interactswithvelarization: ‘absoluto’ [ak.so. ˈlu.to] (9) (10) more details, 1991, seeMartínez-Gil 1999, 2003; González2002). interacts withspirantization(10a, c) and, insomecases, (cf. withcodafricativization 10b, d)(for 1991, 1999; 2002a; Morris RAE2011: 148). InCastilianSpanish, codastopvoicing assimilation coda stopsoptionallyassimilateinvoicing tothefollowing onset(Hualde1989a; Martínez-Gil (8a, d). 2014: 156; see also section in thisposition. Inaddition, itdoesnotapplytocoda/x/, alsorelatively rare inSpanish(Hualde 282–283; RAE2011: 189). beforeit occurs /u/and/orallbackvowels: ‘perfumar’ [peɾ.hu.ˈma] ing in [h], [x], or [ħ], in to be assimilatory appears and other dialects, since or ‘fuego’s/he went to be assimilatory in , inCaribbean to beassimilatory more sinceitoccurs frequently before [u or ‘desvelo’ slippery (gemination) isamore frequent outcome, atleastforcoda/k/(section 2.4). and González2015). Ongoingresearch suggeststhatinBasque-speakingareas, totalassimilation 1983;rias, Martín (Martínez Burgos)thanintheBasquecountry Antón 1994, 1998; Barbero Carolina González 88 (8) 1991,Martínez-Gil 2003; Campos-Astorkiza2014, inpress, amongothers). (Navarro Tomás 1996; 1969; seealsoHarris Hooper1972; Hualde1989b; cf. Torreblanca 1978; /f (θ)sx/assimilateinvoicing toafollowing voiced consonant, withinandacross words (8, 9) nants andvowels. We willdiscusseachcase inturn. As already mentioned, voicing by assimilationinSpanishcanbetriggered bothvoiced conso- 2.2. A similarvoicing assimilationprocess isattestedin Venezuelan Spanish, where voicing assimi- Voicing aswell. assimilationcantargetnoncontinuant obstruents InsomeSpanishdialects, Voicing assimilationisextremely rare forcoda/f/(8a), becausefew Spanishwords have /f/ Finally, inBolivian Spanish/s/becomeslabiodentalbefore /f/inwords suchas ‘resbaloso’ Interdentalization tobemore appears pervasive Spain(Astu- insomeareas ofNorth-Central In somedialectsmaintaining/s/inthecoda, ofSpain, asinMexicoandparts codafricatives d. c. a. b. a. b. Voicing assimilation d. c. b. a. las gardenias las rosas musgo muesli afgana jazmín actor acne adquirir admirar sleeplessness (Coello Vila 1996). In addition, labialization of /f/ to [ɸ] appears /musɡo/ /muesli/ /afɡana/ /xaθmin/ fire (Vaquero 1996; RAE2011: 187). Similarly, of/f/, dorsalization result- /aktoɾ/ /akne/ /adkiɾi/ /admiɾa/ /las ɡaɾdenias/ /las rosas/ 2.2). Note that voicing assimilation interacts with spirantization in [ˈmuz.ɣ [ˈmwez.li] [av. [xað.ˈmin] [ak.ˈtoɾ] [aɣ [aθ.ki.ˈɾiɾ] [að ˈɣ ̞ ̞ ̞ a.na] .ˈne] .mi.ˈɾaɾ] ̞ o] [laz. [laz. ˈro.sas] moss muesli Afghan- jasmine ˈɡaɾ.ð actor acne to acquire to admire ̞ e.njas] fem absolute;[ˈeɡ.ni.ko] ‘étnico’ . the gardenias the roses to perfume(Quilis1993: ̯ e], asin ‘fue’ ethnic (RAE Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 (13) targets bothvoiced andvoiceless stopsinthislanguageandcanresult invoiced/voiceless outcomes. 1986; Torreira 2012). andErnestus Rican Spanish,Islands and Puerto /s/ and /f/ undergovoicing in thiscontext (Torreblanca Catalan Spanish, /s/istypicallyvoiced between vowels (García Mouton1994), andinCanary undergo thistypeofassimilation(Bradley 2007; HualdeandSaul 2011, amongothers). In Bradley 2005; Colina2009a; Chappell2011). InIstanbul Judeo-Spanish, both/s/and/ʃ final /s/assimilatesin voicing toafollowing vowel Spanish(Lipski1994: inEcuadorian 248; other placeassimilationphenomenainSpanish. assimilationisinvolved,raises thequestionofwhethermanner/stricture andunderreported, in in Cubanand Argentinian Spanishisaccompaniedby (‘manner’)assimilation. stricture This also common(Hualde2014: 155). which would be an instance of total assimilation (section (11) (11) (Navarro Tomás 1996: 107, 156; D’Introno et al. 1995: 290). in Spanish. Oneexampleistherealization ofcoda/s/asthefricative rhotic[ɹ Aside from spirantization(Martínez-Gil, thisvolume), mannerassimilationisratherinfrequent 2.3. ing ratherthanassimilation. 1993: 222–223; Vaquero 1996; RAE2011: 138–139, amongothers). asconsonantalweakenThis isgenerallyunderstood - Onset voiceless stopsare realized asvoiced inseveral Spanish dialects(Torreblanca 1976; Marrero Aguiar 1988; Quilis (12) Hernández-Campoy 2015: 230, 231). for /mn/assimilatetothefollowing onset, withinandacross words (12, 13)(Monroy and assimilation ofacodatothefollowing onset. For example, inMurcian Spanishallcodasexcept or ‘obvio’perennial geminatesdonotexistinSpanish,Phonological words except forafew learned suchas ‘perenne’ 2.4. Gemination ever, voicing assimilationgoesintandemwith/s/rhoticization. As discussedinsection 2.2, codafricatives canassimilateinvoicing toafollowing voiced consonant. Before atrill, how- Note thatunlike forfricatives, whichare voiceless phonologically inSpanish, voicing assimilation As mentionedearlier, voicing by assimilationcanalsobetriggered vowels inSpanish. Word- As noted insection 2.1, Kochetov that nasal place assimilation and Colantoni (2011)report /s/ canalternatively berealized asatrill: [ir.ra. ˈel], [lar.ˈrej.nas] (D’Introno et al. 1995: 290), Manner assimilation c. b. a. c. b. a. a. b. Israel las reinas los vasos las manos los pies absurdo atmosfera aptitud obvious (Hualde2014; cf. Baker 2004). However, viacomplete they canarise /israel/ /las reinas/ [lɔb. [læm.ˈmæ.nɔ] [lɔp. [as.ˈsuɾ.ðo] [æm.ˈmɔf.fe.ɾa] [at.ti.ˈtuð] ˈpje] ˈbæ.sɔ] [iɹ [laɹ ̝ .ra.ˈel] ̝ .ˈrej.nas] the glasses the hands absurd the feet atmosphere aptitude Israel the queens 2.4). Deletion of /s/ in this context is Consonant assimilation ̝ ] before a trill ] before atrill 89

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 30% [k], and13%otherrealizations). eight speakers ofthisdialect; mostoccurbefore [t](cf. 23%deletion, 11%interdentalization, in Basque Spanish, geminated outcomes in 23% of tokens González (2015) reports analyzed for Central Peninsular 2017, Spanish(Martínez-Gil p.c.). Inanongoingacousticstudyoncoda/k/ total assimilationmightbemore pervasive thanpreviously ofNorth- thoughtinsomevariants ˈme. dialectal areas, withacodanasal orstop: particularly ‘actor’ [at.ˈtoɾ] Chile (RAE 2011: 230). Gemination of coda /ɾ is also attested in and other 1985;Harris Núñez-Cedeño1994; ofPanama, 2012)andinparts Martínez-Gil Colombia, and (14) 1958; Hualde1989a, 1989b; Gerfen2001, 2002; amongothers). Finally, iftheonsetisavoiced , ageminatedvoiceless results (14c)(Alarcos preaspiration may result (14a). Iftheonsetisasonorant, devoicing partial cantake place(14b). consonant (14). Inaddition, ifthefollowing onsetisavoiceless stop, completeassimilation with ish, completeassimilationof/s/tothefollowing regardless onsetmay ofthefollowing arise targets /s/before aconsonant(see, forexample, RAE2011: 200). Focusing on Andalusian Span- in (13c)(Monroy andHernández-Campoy 2015: 235andreferences therein). vowel asclosed[e]. istranscribed Inaddition, vowel takes orplurality, harmony placewhencoda/s/indicatesperson as roy andHernández-Campoy 2015: 233, 235). Itisunclearfrom thesource whetherthisiscategorical; in(13a)thelast In , /aeo/are realized reportedly asopen[æɛ Carolina González 90 ˈkuɾo/ tion tonearby sounds. isobvious Coarticulation whenwe gesture isolatethefirst of ‘curo’ / speech, inrunning ments are typicallycoarticulated frequently resulting inorcausingassimila- toit(Junleading orcontributing 1995, 2004). are prevalent; factors Articulatory speechseg- assimilation isgroundedinphonetics, witharticulatory, perceptual, andaerodynamic factors retical analysis. it iscategorical. fordescriptive reasons,This isimportant andalsohas implicationsforitstheo- whenwe examineconsonantassimilationinSpanishistheextenttowhich One issuethatarises 3.1. ing thesephenomena. dialects. andtheoretical issuesthatstandoutregardThis sectiondiscussesanumber ofempirical - ish, withanumber ofvoicing, place, andmanner assimilationphenomenaattestedinseveral As shown intheprevious section, consonant assimilationispervasive inSpan- andmultifaceted 3. Postaspiration isalsoattestedinsome Andalusian varieties. For details, see Torreira (2012). Gemination also targets liquids in coda position in Caribbean Spanish (Guitart 1976, Spanish(Guitart Gemination alsotargetsliquidsincodapositionCaribbean 1980; In many dialects, includingCaribbean, Andalusian, andNew MexicanSpanish, gemination Like phenomena—such asweakening otherphonological orstrengthening—consonant Critical issues ð ̞ i.ko] Empirical issues c. b. a. I heal, which hasliprounding. Compare with ‘quita’ /ˈkita/ rasgo abismo visto a doctor(Oroz 1966; Quilis1993; D’Introno et al. 1995; RAE2011: 256). Inaddition, [ˈraɡ.o] [a.ˈß [ˈbit.to] ̞ im.mo] [a.ˈß [ˈrax.xo] [ˈbi h ̞ t.to] im ̥ .mo] seen abyss feature ɔ] whenthecodaisnotpronounced (12b, 13a–c)(Mon- take off( actor, ‘un médico’ [um. imp .), where /k/is Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 evidence isneeded, especiallyindialects otherthan Spanish. Andalusian orCaribbean tobemoretion alsoappears extended thanotherwisethought; more acousticandarticulatory andCentralSpain.common inBasque-speaking areas asinotherareas ofNorthern Gemina - detail. Ongoingresearch by the present authorsuggeststhatinterdentalization mightnotbeas insimilarways,of obstruents andhow voicing assimilationinteractswithotherphenomena. stops inagiven whethervoicing dialectal area assimilationtargetsbothtypes isneededtoclarify 2002a).Morris Detailedacousticinvestigation ofbothcodafricatives andvoiced and voiceless coda voiced stopsasvoiceless 1999; fricatives inCastilianSpanish(Martínez-Gil González2002; assimilation canalsointeractwithcodadevoicing andspirantization, which ‘conspire’ to realize stops, includingnotonlyvoicing assimilationbut alsointerdentalization andgemination. Voicing or such asCaribbean Andalucian Spanish), several outcomesare possible assimilatory forcoda coda fricatives undergovoicing assimilation, dialects, (orgeminationincertain whichisgradient fricatives andstopsdoindeedundergovoicing assimilationinsimilardialectalareas. Whereas viewed insection 1. Another, issuetoinvestigate more specificempirical iswhether further assimilate invoicing, orcompletelyassimilatetothefollowing onset. in thesamecontext, aswithcodastopsinPeninsular Spanish, whichoptionallyinterdentalize, Spanish.Caribbean relevantThis issueisparticularly whenseveral typesofassimilationcanapply discussed inthischapterappeartobeoptional, exceptingperhapsgeminationin Andalusian or tory, andwhichare relatively more prevalent. Practicallyalltypesofconsonantassimilation prosodic domains. andsensitivetion isgradient toprosody, sinceitismore likely withinwords thaninhigher (2014) provides Peninsular acoustic evidence that in North-Central Spanish, voicing assimila- strong, blocks voicing oremphaticarticulation forcoda/sθ/. More recently, Campos-Astorkiza 1969;lation (Harris seealsosection 2.2). Navarro Tomás (1996: 95, 108)observed thataslow, place assimilation. orgradient,phenomenon iscategorical asshown by Kochetov andColantoni(2011)fornasal to allowtoo close to the larynx for sustained voicing. Aerodynamics can alsoimpact whether a tion: voicing isleastconducive forvelar cross-linguistically, obstruents is sincetheirconstriction affects allcodafricatives exceptfor/x/. Aerodynamic reasons canexplainthisapparent excep- ening. Lastbut notleast, aerodynamics isrelevant incasessuchasvoicing assimilation, which to thefollowing onsetisonepossible outcome, together withneutralization, deletion, orweak- to accuratelyperceive voicing andplacecuesinthisposition(Quilis1993: 363). Assimilation Perception alsoplays arole processes inassimilatory thathave codasastargets, sinceitisharder to palatalizationphenomenaacross (Guion1998; seealsoZampaulo, thisvolume). that velars are likely tobeperceived aspalatalsbefore front vowels andglides, whichcontributes are observed whendirectionality (Gordon asymmetries particularly 2017: 123). Itiswell known (quasi-)categorical. gradient, whereas velar phenomenaare and phonological palatalizationandotherassimilatory ena inSpanish, mostnotably velar palatalization. isby Butcoarticulation nature phoneticand in ‘quita’[ˈk vowel (expressed with /k/ labialization in in narrow transcription ‘curo’ [ˈk pronounced withlipspreading. This shows withthefollowing that/k/istypicallycoarticulated Interdentalization ofcodavoiceless stopsandgeminationalsoremain tobeexplored inmore Gradience andoptionalityneedtobeinvestigated inmany ofthephenomenapre further - phenomenaare optionalratherthanobliga tonotewhichassimilatory - It isalsoimportant isfricative voicing and/or gradient tobepartial assimi- One case of assimilationthatappears toconsonantassimilation,Perception leadingtoorcontributing factor isanotherimportant j i.ta]). Coarticulation underpins various types of consonantal assimilatory phenom- i.ta]). typesofconsonantalassimilatory various underpins Coarticulation Consonant assimilation w u.ɾo] and fronting 91 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 (15) /isla/ specifications between segments. Inconsonantassimilation, with theadjacentconsonant, leadingtoaviolationofhigher-ranked 2011). Future work shouldexplore whether cross-linguistically,metrical assimilationsare seldom attested(Bateman2007; andcertain Zsiga tional andgenerally ‘blind’ (but seesection 4). tofeature binarity However, assimilationisasym - and aerodynamics, theirlackofphoneticgroundingmightbeanadvantage. They are nondirec- ticulation imperative (González2014), but sinceassimilationcanalsobegroundedinperception phenomena. From approaches with ies ofconsonantassimilation, andanimproved ofthetypology understanding ofassimilatory section. Inaddition, thepasttwo stud- decadesthere during hasbeenanincrease inempirical different realizations. phonological Examplesofbothwillfeature inthecasestudynext which may withdifferent offormality, correlate degrees tempo, thatunderlie orotherfactors ‘tie’ between optimalcandidates. Another optionisconstraintreranking inrelated grammars, accounted forinOT ishaving two (ormore) constraintsranked similarly. This canresult ina models(Coetzee2016). inphonological be incorporated Oneway canbe inwhichvariation should variation and nongrammatical whetherbothgrammatical account for variation—and [voice] >> Because with Agreement ( with Agreement around constraints(typically Identity; theinteractionoffaithfulness 1995) McCarthy andPrince rankings ofuniversal constraints. The prevailing way tocapture assimilationinOT revolves 1993a,McCarthy andPrince 1993b; andSmolensky1993), Prince isbased on -specific voice] (de)voicing. forpartial assimilationoutcomes,also capture partial viadouble linked specificationssuchas[+voice], [− nodes (suchas ‘place’) (Hualde1989b; 1991; Martínez-Gil NúñezCedeño2014). They could isolatedfeaturesdelinking andspreading (e.g. ofdifferent nodescomprising ‘voice’) orfeature 1972). Autosegmental approaches could capture assimilation more effectively through the couldnotcapture itsimply(see,Sound Pattern ofEnglish(SPE)formalism forexample, Hooper 1969;ticularly fornasalplaceassimilation(Harris Cressey 1978; NúñezCedeño1980), sincethe Modeling assimilationproved underrule-based, challenging lineargenerative approaches, par- 3.2. Carolina González 92 I A only thelower-ranked (c) achieves voicing theonsetinputspecification, by agreement changing violatingtop-ranked  Candidates dent gree One of the most important issuesinthetheoretical analysisofassimilationishowOne ofthemostimportant tobest A One exampleisprovided in(15), focusingonvoicing assimilation. The ranking The most influential phonological frameworkThe mostinfluentialphonological sincethe1990s, Optimality (OT; Theory gree c. b. a. -O Theoretical issues (seePiñeros 2006andsection 4forexamples). A nset is.l iz.la is.la constraintsare notphonetically grounded. They asexpressing canbeunderstood acoar- gree → [ˈiz.la]‘island’ A ̥ a gree [voice]. constraintsare nondirectional, I dent A [voice] >> gree - O I dent ) nset constraints(Lombardi 1999, 2001). The latterenforce similarfeature *! [voice]. invoicing because[s]disagrees Faithfulcandidate(a)fails [voice] I dent L [voice] selects candidate (b) as the winner, since it violates azy A constraints(Kirchner 1998; Baker 2004)andgestural gree A gree [voice] *! I dent constraintsare idealtocapture assimilation. constraintsrelevant outrank tothetrigger I dent A [voice] gree * * outranksIdentity( A gree [voice]. Candidate I dent -O I dent nset ) .

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 and consonantsare targets, two typesof (17) tion canbecaptured through theinteractionof It isproposed thatvelar palatalizationinvolves thefeature [+front]. Both fronting andpalataliza- latter [+front]. Ontheotherhand, velars are [+back, −front]. in the hard palate areconsonants articulated [−back], being[−front] andthe withthe former [±front]. Thus, /a, o, u/are [−front, +back], and/e, i/are [+front, −back].velar Fronted andpalatal andpalatalconsonants. Italsoproposes thatvowels consonants are anddorsal specifiedfor fully palatalizethem, canbecaptured inarelated mannerwith tendencytofrontlatory backconsonants, phenomenonto assimilatory anda(quasi-)categorical volume). The remainder ofthissectiondraws from thisanalysis. Itshows thatageneral,- coarticu onthelatter,tion (formore information seeBaker andHolt, thisvolume, andZampaulo, this which compares synchronic velar palatalizationinChilean Spanishwithdiachronic palataliza- palatalization hasgainedgroundandacquired overt prestige inChilesincethe1990s. that velar palatalizationisprevalent across theupperandmiddleclassesconcludesthatvelar atloweris almostcategorical socioculturallevels, but optionalotherwise, Flores (2016)reports nomenon inChile. Ontheotherhand, while Wagner (1996: 227)statesthatvelar palatalization or educational level;formality Tapia and Valdivieso (1997: 136) also consider it a general phe- palatalization ofvelar asaphenomenoncommoninallareas ofChile, obstruents regardless of tion inChileanSpanishcanbeconsidered (quasi-)categorical. Rabanales(1980: 447, 448)lists 4. according toitsconstraintviolationsandtheweights ofthoseconstraints. SeePater (2009)andCoetzee(2016)fordetails. Grammar,In Harmonic constraintweighting replaces constraintranking, score calculatedforeachcandidate withaHarmony consonant assimilation. 2016), OT continues toprovide promising avenues ofinvestigation in variation toincorporate Ent models(Hayes and Wilson 2008), Grammar(Pater 2009; and(noisy)Harmonic Coetzee OT (Bradley 2014a, 2014b)tostochasticOT 1997; (Boersma andHayes Boersma 2001), Max- 1996), asintheword ‘quita’ [k Spanish, velar are slightlyfronted obstruents before front vocoids across dialects(Navarro Tomás section 2.1. Velar palatalization is commoncross-linguistically (Bateman2007; Gordon 2017). In This sectionwillfocusontheanalysisofvelar palatalizationin ChileanSpanish, introduced in (16) the [ʝ]elsewhere. phenomenon as ‘velar palatalization’. For /ɡ/, afteranasalorpause, theallophone[ɟ]occurs and palatal before front vocoids inChileanSpanish(Lenz1940; Oroz 1966). We willrefer tothis tendencyas coarticulatory ‘velar fronting’. Incontrast, however, velar /kɡx/are (pre) obstruents Following Calabrese (2005), velar fronting iscaptured through theinvolvement of[−back]. The analysisassumesthatvowels are(Sagey dorsal 1986), therefore specifiedas[±back], asare A theoretical account ofthisphenomenon, couchedinOT, isgiven inGonzález(2014), Available studies on thisphenomenon from years suggestthatvelar the past forty palataliza- Case study:velarpalatalizationinChileanSpanish I c. b. a. dent gente page usted quiso -C: Corresponding [+consonantal] inputandoutputsegments have the samefeatures. Corresponding ‘Preserve thefeature values ofconsonants.’ /ˈxente/ /ˈpaɡe usted/ /ˈkiso/ j i.ta] take offmentionedinsection 3.1. We willrefer tothis general I dent [ˈçen [ˈpa.ʝeu [ˈci.so] ̪ constraintsare proposed, basedon Telfer (2006). .te] I ̯ s.ˈte] dent and you (formal) payyou (formal) wanted (3rd personsg.) people A gree A gree . Because vocoids are triggers constraintsinOT. Consonant assimilation 93 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 (23) /ɡala/ →[ˈɡa.la]gala (a, b)violatehigher-ranked constraints, agreement while(d)losesonadouble violation of (22) /xente/ does notviolateany constraints in theevaluation. not apply. Inthiscase, candidate(a)isselectedasthewinner; faithful unlike itscompetitors, it realized withfullpalatalizationoftheinputvelar, violating constraints,agreement velar palatalizationarises, asshown in(22). The winningcandidate(c)is (21) /xente/ has changeditsinputspecificationinbacknessandfronting). (d). Notethat(d)achieves through agreement adouble violationof fronted velar, isoptimalsinceitviolateslow-ranked constraints, unlike candidates(a), (c), and fronting, commoninmostSpanishdialects, asshown in(21). Notethatcandidate(b), witha (18) Carolina González 94 I (19) avoids generatingconsonantretraction ofpalatals. constraints singlesout±feature specifications, whichcaptures velar palatalizationinSpanishand (20)    Candidates Candidates Candidates dent The ranking These constraintsinteractwith If I d. c. b. a. d. c. b. a. d. c. a. b. -V. The tableau in(23)shows theevaluation fortheword /ɡala/, where palatalizationdoes dent A A I dent gree gree ˈx ˈxe ˈxon ˈçen xon çen xe x ɡo.la ɟa.la ɡ ɡa.la -C isdemotedbelow j en j j en n a.la -V: n ̪ ̪ → [ˈçen → [ˈx [+front]: [−back]: ̪ ̪ ̪ ̪ .te .te ̪ .te ̪ .te .te .te .te .te I dent Corresponding [−consonantal]inputandoutputsegmentshave thesamefeatures. Corresponding ‘Preserve thefeature values ofvocoids.’ j I en dent I ̪ I dent ̪ .te] people dent .te] people -V >> *! *! *! That is, *[−front] [+front], *[+front] [−front] ‘If asegmentis[+front], adjacentsegmentsare [+front].’ That is, *[−back][+back], *[+back][−back] ‘If asegmentis[−back], adjacentsegmentsare [−back].’ -V -V -V A A A gree A gree A gree gree A gree gree *(!) [−back]>> [−back] *! *(!) [ [ *! −back] [+front], rankingbetween andthere isno crucial both −back] [−back]and A A I gree dent gree I dent **! * A *(!) [+front] *(!) gree -C [+front] *! -C >> I dent [+front]. ofthese The formulation A gree A -C. Incomparison, candidates I gree dent I [+front] dent * * I ** * dent ** * [+front] captures velar -C -C -V (sincethevowel Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 palatalizing (fordetails, seeGonzález2014). palatals diachronically inHispano-Romance, whichwent through afronting phasebefore fully Spanish dialects. With someadditions, thesebasicrankingscanaccountforthedevelopment of display nofronting whatsoever before fronted vowels. ment constraints. questionwhetherthere are Spanishdialectswhere Itisanempirical velars instances of velar faithfulness, constraints would since both faithfulness rank over- both agree needed ontherelevance of[±front] inotherareas ofSpanishphonology. consonants,it dependsonspecifyingdorsal andvowels, with[±front]. More investigation is tion isneededonwhetherspecificationtoaccountforotherphenomena. Inaddition, nature ofthistypeassimilation;which accountsforsomeoftheasymmetrical more investiga - palatalized outcomesinChileanSpanishthisanalysis. Baker, K. Gary 2004. Antón, Marta. 1998. Delusosociolingüísticodelasoclusivas posnucleares enelespañolpeninsularnorteño. Antón, Marta. 1994. Sociolinguistic PhonologicalPhenomena in Aspects ofPost-nuclear .Asturian Doctoraldis - Alarcos Llorach, Emilio. 1958. Fonología y fonética: a propósito de las vocales andaluzas. Alarcos Llorach, Emilio. 1950. Fonologíaespañola(segúnelmétododelaescuelaPraga). Madrid: Gredos. References totherefinementgreatly and/ordevelopment theoretical ofcurrent modelsin phonology. andoptionalityinSpanishconsonantassimilationphenomenawillcontribute ing ofgradience less investigated cases, such as interdentalization or gemination. In addition,- a better understand nomena in Spanish, such as voicing or nasal place assimilation, more research is needed regarding interdentalization). nasal andlateralplaceassimilation), dialects(suchas someappeartobespecificcertain phenomena are pervasivewhile sometypesofassimilatory across Spanishdialects(suchas unusual in that itinvolves assimilationof manner (more specifically, continuancy). Finally, adjacent consonantscross-linguistically. Spirantization(seeMartínez-Gil, thisvolume) isalso Spanish involve place, followed by voicing, themostcommonfeatures thatassimilatebetween both sonorantsandobstruents, albeitindifferent ways. Mostcasesofconsonantassimilationin more prone changes. to undergoing phonological Consonant assimilation in Spanish targets ing sincealargebodyofresearch shows thatcodasare weaker inmany ways thanonsetsand andtendstoinvolvegenerally anticipatory codatargetsandonsettriggers. - This isnotsurpris in Spanish. The preview offered insection 1shows thatconsonantassimilationinSpanishis The goalofthischapterwas toprovide acomprehensive overview ofconsonantassimilation 5. Conclusion ondary, fronted placeofarticulation. The ranking palatalized velars ashaving bothaconsonantalandvocalic placeofarticulation. The latterwould toasec- correspond tothefeature [front],One possible alternative analysiswithoutrecurring suggestedby(p.c.), Martínez-Gil considers Hispania 84(4).949–958. sertation, University ofMassachusettsat Amherst, MA. Gainesville, Florida. This approach involves of specificationoffeatures intheformulation The related rankings in (21, 22) represent similar, in various but nonidentical grammars Finally, theranking Although much phe- work typesofconsonantalassimilatory hasbeenconducted oncertain Palatal Phenomena in Spanish phonology . Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, I dent - V, V, - I dent -C >> A gree [back]>> A gree [+front], D ep -V-P lace A >> gree I dent [−back]would capture Consonant assimilation [back]would capture fully A 8.191–203. Archivum gree constraints, 95 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 07:46 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315228112, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315228112-4 Córdova, Carlos Joaquín. 1996. Ecuador. In Manuel Alvar (ed.), Chappell, Whitney. 2011. The intervocalic Spanish. voicing of/s/ inEcuadorian InJimMichnowicz, Colina, Sonia. 2009a. Sibilant Voicing inEcuadoranSpanish. StudiesinHispanicandLusophoneLinguistics Coetzee, A. 2016. 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