DOCSLIB.ORG

R Graphics Output

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
R Graphics Output 1 unit=100years 1 unit=200years 1 unit=400years 1 unit=10years 1 unit=20years 1 unit=25years 1 unit=50years 1900 1500 1000 1000 2000 4000 2000 AD AD AD AD BC BC BC 0 Canada Mississippian Hopewell United States Anasazi Mexico Aztec Toltec Maya Olmec =Tsardom R. =Republic;S.Sultanate;T. K.=Kingdom; E. =Empire;Kh.Khaganate; C. =Caliphate;D.Dynasty;Du.Duchy; nomadicandpastoralgroupsnotincluded many pre−modern groupsbasedonrecordedsettlementsandhistoricalimpact; Guatemala Tarascan Zapotec Belize El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Suriname Guyana Venezuela Wanka Colombia Muisca Ecuador Chimu Wari Peru Inca Lambayeque Nazca Chavin Bolivia Moche Paraguay Chile Tiwanaku Argentina Uruguay Brazil Cuba Dominican Republic Haiti Bahamas Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Barbados Dominica Grenada St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Anglo−Saxons Ireland Iceland Norway Vikings Sweden Finland Denmark Kalmar Union Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg France Capetian D. Carolingian D. Franks Andorra Holy Roman E. Spain Phoenicians Portugal K. Portugal Germany Alemanni Switzerland Swiss Federation Liechtenstein Austria Lombards Italy Romans Monaco Vatican Papal states San Marino Malta Etruscans Cyprus Greece Greece (Ancient) Minoan Czechia Czechoslovakia K. Bohemia Moravia States Major CivilizationsandModern Slovakia Du. Prussia Slovenia Novrogod R. Hungary K. Hungary Huns Poland Poland−Lith. K. Poland Goths Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia K. Serbia Byzantine Albania Odrysian K. Mycenaen Macedonia Macedonia Bulgaria Bulgaria E.II Bulgaria E.I Greater Bulgaria Lydians Mittani Romania Volga Bulgaria Moldova Phrygians Ukraine of An IllustratedTimeline Belarus Lithuania Latvia Estonia Russia Soviet Russia (USSR) Russian E. T. Russia Grand Du. Moscow Kievan Rus Georgia K. Georgia K. Abkhazia Armenia Bagratid Armenia K. Armenia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kazar Kh. Rouran Kh. Kyrgyzstan Eucratids Tajikistan Euthydemides Uzbekistan Indo−Scythian K. Turkmenistan Greco−Bactrian K. Turkey Ottoman E. Ghaznavids D. Turkic Kh. Hittites Syria Seljuks Assyria Lebanon Jordan Israel Egypt Mamluks Egypt (Ancient) Libya Algeria Tunisia Fatimid C. Morocco Almohad C. Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman U.A.E. Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Buyid D. Iraq Ayyubid C. Samanid E. Rashidun C. Parthian Chaldeans Sumer Iran Abbasid C. Ummayad C. Sassanian E. Seleucid Achamenid Kassites Amorites Akkhadia Afghanistan Durrani D. Hotak D. Delhi S. Indo−Parth. Indo−Greek K. Gandhara Pakistan Sikh E. Mughal E. Satavahana E India Maratha E. Vijayanagara E. Pala E. Gupta E. Kushan E. Maurya D. Indus River Sri Lanka Kandy Polonnaruwa Anuradhapura Maldives Lavo K. Sudan Funj S. Abdallab E. Makuria Nobatia K. Kush K. Kerma Eritrea Aksum E. Numidia Djibouti Ethiopia Solomonic D. Zagwe D. Somalia Ajidan S. Kenya Tanzania Burundi K. Burundi Rwanda K. Rwanda Uganda D.R. Congo Kongo R. Congo Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Equatorial Guinea Sokoto C. Cameroon Oyo E. C.A.R. Luba Chad Alodia Niger K. Nri Nigeria Kanem E. Benin Benin Togo Ghana Ashanti Ghana E. Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Kong Liberia Sierra Leone Guinea Cayor Guinea Bissau Kaabu Gambia Songhai Senegal Jolof Cape Verde Mali Mali E. Mauritania K. Mauretania Angola Lunda Zambia Mutapa Malawi Mozambique Zimbabwe Butua K. Zimbabwe Botswana Rozvi E. Namibia South Africa Zulu K. Swaziland Lesotho Madagascar Mauritius Comoros Seychelles Mongolia Timurid D. Mongols Baekje K. China Qin, Han, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song D. Xia, Shang, Zhou D. Taiwan Srivijaya Nepal Malla D. Thakuri D. Tibetan E. Bhutan Bhutan Bengal S. Bangladesh Lan Xang Chola Myanmar Kongbang D. Taungoo D. Pagan D. Laos Rattanakosin K. Ayutthaya K. Vietnam Ngyen D. Dai Viet Nam Viet Cambodia Khmer Chenla Funan K. Thailand Sukothai K. Malaysia Champa Singapore K. Singapura Indonesia Sunda Tarumanagara Philippines Majapahit K. Medang Brunei Brunei S. Japan Yayoi civ.−Ashikaga North Korea Lan Na K. Silla K. South Korea Joseon K. Koryo D. Balhae K. Goguryeo K. Papua New Guinea Australia New Zealand Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu (330 AD)Romedivided ofJesus (33 BC)Crucifixion Cleopatra (69 BC)b. JuliusCaesar (100 BC)b. Sulla (139 BC)b. ofChina (204 BC)GreatWall (264 BC)FirstPunicWar theGreat Alexander (356 BC)b. Socrates (470 BC)b. Xerxes (519 BC)b. SiddharthaGautama (563 BC)b. (776 BC)FirstOlympicgames (1000 BC)BirthofHinduism (1800 BC)EpicofGilgamesh (2630 BC)Earliestpyramids (1993 AD) Formation of European Union (1993 AD)Formation Union dissolved (1991 AD)Soviet ofBerlin Wall (1989 AD)Fall (1979 AD)IranianRevolution War (1955 AD)Vietnam War (1950 AD)Korean Conference (1945 AD)Yalta II War (1939 AD)World (1936 AD)SpanishCivilWar (1929 AD)GreatDepression ofVersailles (1919 AD)Treaty inRussia (1917 AD)CommunistRevolution I War (1914 AD)World ofChineseRepublic (1912 AD)Beginning (1884 AD)CongoConference (1861 AD)AmericanCivilWar Spain (1808 AD)Napoleoninvaded (1789 AD)FrenchRevolution NapoleonBonaparte (1769 AD)b. (1765 AD)AmericanRevolution (1740 AD)ReignofFredericktheGreat (1688 AD)GloriousRevolution (1682 AD)ReignofPetertheGreat ofWestphalia (1648 AD)Treaty (1643 AD)ReignofLouisXIV (1620 AD)PigrimslandatPlymouth War (1618 AD)StartofThirtyYears' Co.founded (1600 AD)EastIndiaTrading Shakespeare (1564 AD)b. ofProtestantReformation (1517 AD)Beginning (1513 AD)'ThePrince'writtenbyMachiavelli expedition (1492 AD)Columbus ofConstantinople (1453 AD)Fall ofprintingpress (1440 AD)Invention ofSpanishInquisition (1428 AD)Beginning JoanofArc (1412 AD)b. War (1337 AD)StartofHundredYears' (1300 AD)SpreadofBlackPlague (1215 AD)MagnaCarta GengisKhan (1162 AD)b. (1147 AD)SecondCrusade (1096 AD)FirstCrusade (1066 AD)NormanConquest (1054 AD)GreatSchism (800 AD)CoronationofCharlemagne Mohammad (570 AD)b..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Testimony of the Hoofprints: Danish Legends About the Medieval Union Queen Margrethe
    John Lindow 2021: The Testimony of the Hoofprints: Danish Legends about the Medieval Union Queen Margrethe. Ethnologia Europaea 51(1): 137–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/ee.1899 The Testimony of the Hoofprints Danish Legends about the Medieval Union Queen Margrethe John Lindow, University of California, Berkeley, United States, [email protected] Barbro Klein’s “The Testimony of the Button” is still, fifty years after it appeared, a fundamental study of legends and legend scholarship. Inspired by Klein’s article, I analyze legends about “lord and lady” Margrethe (1353–1412), who reigned for decades as the effective ruler of the medieval union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Proceeding through various groups of related legends, I show how these legends were adapted to Margrethe’s anomalous status as a female war leader, including their cross-fertilization with robber legends and the use of a ruse usually associated with male protagonists. This article ends by indicating the importance of place within history as articulated in legends. Ethnologia Europaea is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by the Open Library of Humanities. © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. OPEN ACCESS 138 “The Testimony of the Button”: Legend and History Barbro Klein’s “The Testimony of the Button” (1971) remains an important landmark in legend studies.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
    A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term
    [Show full text]
  • Towards the Kalmar Union
    S P E C I A L I Z E D A G E N C I E S TOWARDS THE KALMAR UNION Dear Delegates, Welcome to the 31st Annual North American Model United Nations 2016 at the University of Toronto! On behalf of all of the staff at NAMUN, we welcome you to the Specialized Agency branch of the conference. I, and the rest of the committee staff are thrilled to have you be a delegate in Scandinavia during the High Middle Ages, taking on this challenging yet fascinating topic on the futures of the three Scandinavian Kingdoms in a time of despair, poverty, dependence and competitiveness. This will truly be a new committee experience, as you must really delve into the history of these Kingdoms and figure out how to cooperate with each other without sending everyone into their demise. To begin, in the Towards the Kalmar Union Specialized Agency, delegates will represent influential characters from Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which include prominent knights, monarchs, nobles, and important religious figures who dominate the political, military and economic scenes of their respective Kingdoms. The impending issues that will be discussed at the meeting in Kalmar, Sweden include the future of the Danish and Norwegian crowns after the death of the sole heir to the thrones, Olaf II. Here, two distant relatives to Valdemar IV have a claim to the throne and delegates will need to decide who will succeed to the throne. The second order of business is to discuss the growing German presence in Sweden, especially in major economic cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Scandinavia's Game of Thrones
    Learning from Scandinavia’s By John Bechtel, Freelance Writerr either heritage nor history are boring, arcane subjects best suited for Heritage is about memories and identities; it seductively promises to aging seniors with nothing better to do than take dreamy trips down answer the question, where do I belong? Heritage is about geography and nostalgia lane. The only thing that can be said to be boring about topography and landscapes of the familiar; it is about emotional attachments to history from time to time is its teachers, who fail to communicate that history land and language and places; it is about our personal history and experiences does in fact repeat itself, its lessons lost upon successive generations who with such places and things, especially from an early age. But our attitudes and cannot remember yesteryear’s unkept political promises and failed ideologies. longings are also affected by others, outsiders, who may visit but who never lived it, who have other memories of other places. Both the insider’s viewpoint History is a living art; what we do, think, and act out today is tomorrow’s and the tourist’s perceptions can be valuable, because there is a certain amount history. How can that be boring? History is about taking nothing for granted, of mythmaking and whitewashing in all heritage stories. To truly benefit making no assumptions about the present or the future. History is an antidote from our heritage, we need to do more than romanticize the past. We need to to overconfidence by today’s ideologues. History is about insatiable curiosity experience it as closely as possible to the way it was to live it, not just by the about how we got to where we are, and the interplay of ideas, people—human elites of the day, but at all levels of society.
    [Show full text]
  • Kalmar Konstmuseum Bita Razavi Same Song, New Songline 2016 Photo by Jaakko Karhunen
    SONGLINES FOR A NEW ATLAS June 18 – September 18, 2016 Kalmar konstmuseum Bita Razavi Same Song, New Songline 2016 Photo by Jaakko Karhunen Nadia Kaabi-Linke Meira Ahmemulic Bani Abidi Bita Razavi Karel Koplimets Malene Mathiasson Dzamil Kamanger/Kalle Hamm Linda Persson Curator Torun Ekstrand “I speak to maps. And sometimes they say something back to me. This is not as strange as it sounds, nor is it an unheard of thing. Before maps the world was limitless. It was maps that gave it shape and made it seem like territory, like something that could be posses- sed, not just laid waste and plundered. Maps made places on the edges of the imagination seem graspable and placable.” Abdulrazak Gurnah, By the Sea This summer’s group exhibition at Kalmar konstmuseum takes its point of departure in demarcation lines and in the maps, networks, contexts and identities that can arise in a society in times of migration and refugee ship. Artists have challenged ideas about identity and belonging in all times and can give us new perspectives on questions of place and mobility. “When the Berlin Wall came down in 1989 there were 16 large border barriers between territories world- wide. Today there are 65 of them, either already existing or under construction.” This can be read in an article from the TT News Agency, from the end of last year. Meanwhile, there are almost 60 million refugees in the world. Many historical maps are artworks in themselves. Some maps have changed how we look upon the world. Other maps have been used in warfare, or as tools in the hands of colonial powers.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Scandinavia?
    What is Scandinavia? What unifies Scandinavia? Geography Facts and Figures Culture Geopolitics What separates the nation’s of northern Europe? Language Identity History Viking Age (793-1016) Medieval Period Protestant Reformation Age of Nationalism The Wars The Welfare State 1 Geography • Definining characteristics of Scandinavia’s location • Climate • Maritime access • Landmass • Forests • Not a “crossroads” • No Roman history Scandinavia on the northern margin of Europe, alongside Russia and Germany 2 Facts and Figures • Denmark • Norway • Copenhagen • Oslo • Danish • Trondheim • 5 million • Christiania • Finland • Norwegian • Helsinki • 4.5 million • Finnish/Swedish • Sweden • 5 million • Stockholm • Iceland • Göteborg • Reykjavik • Malmö • Icelandis • Swedish • 250,000 • 9 million 3 Culture • What do we mean by culture? • Organic implications • Culture as construct • “High Culture • “Anthropological culture” • Institutions as key construction sites • Unifying elements of Scandinavian culture • History • Not a part of Roman Empire • Vikings circa 800-1100 • Kalmar Union 1397-1512 • Language • Lutheran church • Constitutional Monarchies 13th-century Stavkirke, Norway • Universal welfare state 4 Geopolitics Finnish soldiers during the Continuation War, 1941-1944 • What is geopolitics? • Multiple causes for institutional (state) behavior • What relations of economics and geography together explain policy • Scandinavia on the Margins • Relatively limited sources of wealth • Small population dispersed over poor agricultural land • Location
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden, Norway & Denmark Information
    Sweden, Norway & Denmark Information Sweden, Norway and Denmark are highlighted by charming, pristine cities, spectacular fjords, and a smorgasbord of cultural traditions. From Viking lore to pop culture icons and unmatched hospitality, these Nordic lands are sure to enthrall and delight. And with surroundings as serene as this, you’ll come to understand how they became host to the world’s most revered peace prize. History As merchant seamen, well known for their far-reaching trade, the Nordic Vikings dominated Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries. Many historians credit the Vikings with the first European discovery of the Americas, with the exploits of Leif Ericsson around 1000. In 1397, Queen Margaret of Denmark united Sweden (which included Finland), Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Greenland and other territories into the Kalmar Union. Tension within the countries gradually led to open conflict and the union split in the early sixteenth century. A long-lived rivalry ensued with Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. During the seventeenth century, Sweden-Finland emerged as a great power. Its contributions during the Thirty Years’ War under Gustavus Adolphus determined the political, as well as religious, balance of power in Europe. At its zenith in 1658, Sweden ruled several provinces of Denmark, as well as parts of present-day Germany, Russia, Estonia and Latvia. In 1813, Sweden joined the allies against Napoleon, which resulted in the acquisiton of Norway from Denmark (an ally of Napoleon). The merger lasted until 1905, when Norway peaceably gained its independence. Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Denmark and the Crusades 1400 – 1650
    DENMARK AND THE CRUSADES 1400 – 1650 Janus Møller Jensen Ph.D.-thesis, University of Southern Denmark, 2005 Contents Preface ...............................................................................................................................v Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 Crusade Historiography in Denmark ..............................................................................2 The Golden Age.........................................................................................................4 New Trends ...............................................................................................................7 International Crusade Historiography...........................................................................11 Part I: Crusades at the Ends of the Earth, 1400-1523 .......................................................21 Chapter 1: Kalmar Union and the Crusade, 1397-1523.....................................................23 Denmark and the Crusade in the Fourteenth Century ..................................................23 Valdemar IV and the Crusade...................................................................................27 Crusades and Herrings .............................................................................................33 Crusades in Scandinavia 1400-1448 ..............................................................................37 Papal Collectors........................................................................................................38
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Culture in Norway
    LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN NORWAY EVAMAAGER0 Vestfold University College, Faculty of Education, Tjilnsberg (Noruega) PRESENTACIÓN Eva Maagerjil es profesora de lengua de la Universidad de Vestfold en Noruega. La Universidad de Valencia tiene establecido con esta universidad un convenio de intercambio de alumnos y profesores dentro del programa Sócrates-Erasmus. En este contexto hemos entablado relaciones prometedoras con profesores del área de lengua y literatura de dicha institución y estamos estudiando la puesta en marcha de un grupo conjunto de trabajo en tomo al bilingüismo. En una reciente visita a Valencia la profesora Maagerjil impartió una conferen­ cia sobre la diversidad lingüística y cultural en Noruega y su tratamiento en la escuela. En Noruega conviven diversos dialectos orales del noruego junto con dos versiones oficiales de lengua escrita y dos lenguas no indoeuropeas de las minorías étnicas lapona y finlandesa, a las que hay que añadir las múltiples len­ guas de las minorías de inmigrantes. El interés del tema, la singularidad del caso noruego y la oportunidad de estar preparando este número monográfico de Lenguaje y textos nos movieron a pedirle un artículo para incluir en nuestra revista. Creemos que puede constituir una interesante contribución al debate en tomo al tratamiento de la diversidad lingüística y cultural. Departamento de Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura. Universidad de Valencia Palabras clave: dialecto, lengua escrita, lengua oficial, plurilingüismo, inter­ culturalidad, lengua y escuela, lengua e identidad. Key words: Dialect, written language, officiallanguage, multilingualism, inter­ culture, language and school, language and identity. 1. INTRODUCTION Only 4,5 million Norwegians, two written Norwegian languages, a lot of dialects which have such a strong position that they can be spoken even from the platform in the parliament, and no oral standard language which children are taught in school.
    [Show full text]
  • 'King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends'... What About the Finns
    ‘King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends’... What about the Finns?: Investigating Finland’s absence from Swedish royal titulature in medieval and Early Modern Sweden Caroline Wilhelmsson University of Aberdeen Abstract: This article is about Swedish royal titulature and Finland’s absence from it. It is concerned with understanding why Finland, which was officially integrated into the Swedish kingdom in the thirteenth century, was never acknowledged in the short form of the Swedish royal title although others were, despite not being officially Swedish subjects. The article looks at the development of early medieval royal titles, including their meaning, and the context of their introduction and use. It then proposes several theories to try and address Finland’s lack of representation. These hypotheses require an investigation of alternative historical definitions of some of the ethnonyms used in royal titulature, and revaluate our understanding of Finland’s relationship with Sweden in the medieval and Early Modern periods. The study concludes that while a definite answer cannot be given, Finland’s native population might have been eclipsed from public view by the cultural Swedish elite. In addition, a historically negative reputation may have encouraged its exclusion from royal honours. It is also possible that Finland was included under a different terminology born out of the Early Modern Period’s reinterpretation of the past. Finally, evidence points to Finland being treated as its own entity separate from the rest of the kingdom. 46 Wilhelmsson, ‘Investigating Finland’s Absence from Sweden’s Royal Titulature’ 1. INTRODUCTION Upon his accession to the throne in 1973, the current Swedish monarch, Carl XVI Gustaf, altered his official title to become known only as ‘King of Sweden’.1 Until then, the monarch’s official, shortened title had traditionally been ‘(By God’s grace) King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends’.2 Unsurprisingly, royal titles in Sweden have not always been the same throughout the centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Christina, Queen of Sweden by Peter E
    Christina, Queen of Sweden by Peter E. Lewis Queen Christina (detail of a riksdaler) HRISTINA was an amazing woman. Swedish Church separated from the under Swedish control. Thus the foun - CShe was born in 1626 and was the Roman Catholic Church. All the proper - dation was laid for the Swedish Empire. queen of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. Coin ties of the Roman Catholic Church were (Figure 1 – map ) collectors are fortunate because a lot of confiscated, which added greatly to the Gustav Adolf ( Figure 2 ) became king coins and medals were issued during kingdom’s wealth. Today the state Church in 1611. In 1630 he intervened in the her lifetime. is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Thirty Years War in Europe by landing Before the reign of Gustav Vasa (1523- Sweden, and about 90 percent of the with his Swedish army in northern Ger - 1560) Sweden was ruled by the king of population belong to it although in recent many. He advanced southward taking Denmark as part of the Kalmar Union, years a large number of Muslims have Frankfurt, Munich and other major cities, which consisted of Denmark, Sweden migrated to Sweden. but in 1632 he was killed in a fierce battle and Norway. The Kalmar Union was Gustav Vasa’s son Eric (1560-1568) that was actually a victory for Sweden. dissolved in 1523, and under Gustav Vasa promoted trade by gaining control of By the Peace of Westphalia at the end of and his descendants Sweden became the Baltic Sea ports. Sweden was rich in the war in 1648 Sweden gained most of a great power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the Scandinavian Languages Ivar Berg ([email protected]) Norwegian University of Science and Technology
    The Making of the Scandinavian Languages Ivar Berg ([email protected]) Norwegian University of Science and Technology Note: This is a ostprint version of an article in Metalinguistic Perspectives on Germanic Languages. European Case Studies from Past to Present! ed. by Gi#sbert $u%en and &ristine 'orner! . ()*)). +,ford- .eter /ang, 0123. 4or citation! lease consult the published version. 1 Introduction The Scandinavian languages of 5anish! Swedish and Norwegian are 6utually intelligible! and have been so throughout their e,istence.2 In the ter6inology of 'einz &loss they are not recognized as se arate languages because of linguistic distance (Abstand)! but because they are Ausbau languages that function as o8cial and ad6inistrative languages of the res ective national states (&loss 29:;- 01:). This shows the truth in the <ui o ularized by =ax >einrich that a language is a dialect with an ar6y and a navy.0 'owever! the Scandinavian lan? guages have diverged fro6 a single arent language! and in the oldest 6edieval sources no distinction is 6ade between the6. This is an a%e6 t to trace their develo 6ent towards recognition as se arate languages. This rocess rests on 6etalinguistic ideas rather than linguistic structure! ideas that are intertwined with conce tions of national identities and o osi? tions. >inge (0113- @:) clai6s that language in the re?national world was A ri6arily a 6eans of co66unication. BCD +nly with the develo 6ent of national identity did language beco6e art of national heritage! ins iring the need to assert its uni<uenessE. This clai6 will be investigated through a discus? sion of available 6etalinguistic infor6ation in 6edieval and early 6odern sources! and it see6s clear that 6etalinguistic ideas were indeed closely linked to the e6ergence of 6odern states.
    [Show full text]