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Carbon Measurement of the Natural Forest Arboreo Stratum, Tinajillas-Limon Indanza

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Carbon Measurement of the Natural Forest Arboreo Stratum, Tinajillas-Limon Indanza Scientific paper / Artículo científico FOREST ECOLOGY pISSN:1390-3799; eISSN:1390-8596 http://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n27.2018.04 CARBON MEASUREMENT OF THE NATURAL FOREST ARBOREO STRATUM, TINAJILLAS-LIMON INDANZA MEDICIÓN DE CARBONO DEL ESTRATO ARBÓREO DEL BOSQUE NATURAL TINAJILLAS-LIMÓN INDANZA,ECUADOR Carlos Alberto Jumbo Salazar1;2∗, Carla Daniela Arévalo Delgado2, Lenin J. Ramirez-Cando3 1∗Research Group on Ecology and Management of Natural Resources (GIERENA), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Av. Mo- rán Valverde s/n and Rumichaca, Quito, Ecuador. 2 Tropical Cordillera Foundation 3 Environmental Research Group for Sustainable Development (GIADES), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Av. Morán Val- verde s/n and Rumichaca, Quito, Ecuador *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Article received on August 13, 2018. Accepted, after revision on November 23, 2018. Published on March 1, 2018. Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the monitoring of good livestock practices of small and medium milk producers in the province of Carchi, with a entailment project under an inter-institutional agreement between the Salesian Polytechnic University, the Alpina Foundation and the Provincial Autonomous Decentralized Government of the Carchi (GADPC). Two samplings were carried out at 630 productive units to determine the hygienic, sanitary and physico-chemical quality of the milk. With the results of the first phase, a technical intervention was made to the farmers through field visits, lectures and technical advice for the diagnosis of mastitis and integral quality of the milk. In the next phase of the project, the second sampling was carried out where laboratory tests were applied such as pH, cryoscopy, lacto fermentation and reductase. The most relevant results of the study were; in terms of compositional quality, more than 90% of the producers comply with the NTE INEN 9 standard for raw milk; it was also observed that 6.3% of the farmers improved the hygienic quality with bacterial counts <600,000 IBC / ml; in sanitary quality there was no improvement in the reduction of somatic cell contents. Keywords: Forest, climate change, Carbon, Forestry species, gases of the greenhouse efect. LA GRANJA: Journal of Life Sciences 27(1) 2018:49-61. 49 c 2018, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador. Scientific paper / Artículo científico Carlos Alberto Jumbo Salazar, Carla Daniela Arévalo Delgado Lenin J. Ramirez-Cando FOREST ECOLOGY Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el seguimiento de las buenas prácticas pecuarias de pequeños y medianos productores de leche de la provincia del Carchi, con un proyecto de vinculación bajo convenio interinstitucional entre la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Fundación Alpina y el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Provincial del Carchi (GADPC). Se realizó dos muestreos a 630 unidades productivas para determinar la calidad higiénica, sanitaria y físico- química de la leche. Con los resultados de la primera fase se realizó una intervención técnica a los productores mediante visitas de campo, charlas y asesoramiento técnico para el diagnóstico de la mastitis y calidad integral de la leche. En la siguiente fase del proyecto se procedió a realizar la segunda toma de muestras donde se aplicaron las pruebas de laboratorio como pH, crioscopía, lacto fermentación y reductasa. Los resultados más relevantes del estudio fueron; en cuanto a calidad composicional más del 90% de los productores cumplen la norma NTE INEN 9 para leche cruda; se observó también que el 6.3% de los ganaderos mejoraron en la calidad higiénica con conteos bacterianos <600.000 IBC/ml; en la calidad sanitaria no hubo una mejora en la reducción del contenidos de células somáticas. Palabras claves: bosques, cambio climático, carbono, especies forestales, gases de efecto invernadero. Suggested citation: Jumbo Salazar, C. A., Arévalo Delgado, C. D. and Ramirez-Cando, L. J. 2018. Carbon measu- rement of the natural forest arboreo stratum, tinajillas-limon indanza. La Granja: Journal of Life Sciences. Vol. 27(1):49-61. http://doi.org/10.17163/lgr.n27.2018.04. LA GRANJA: Journal of Life Sciences 27(1) 2018:49-61. 50 c 2018, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador. Carbon measurement of the natural forest arboreo stratum, tinajillas-limon indanza 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Location of the study area Climate change is a phenomenon that alters the The forest is located to the south of the Eastern Cor- behavior of different ecosystems globally. This dillera of the Andes, in the Limón Indanza canton, change is attributed to human activities and natu- province of Morona Santiago, it contains 118 ha and ral causes, highlighting a predominance of the for- includes the plant formations Evergreen montane mer; from which, there are several effects that de- forest and evergreen low montane forest. rive, such as the increase in climatic events, these are droughts and intense rainfall (Riebeek, 2005). 2.2 Stratification of the study area For its part, greenhouse gases (GHGs) also increa- se, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by hu- The area was delimited from topographic maps. man activities, fossil fuel consumption, deforesta- The perimeter was defined by georeferencing, using tion and land use change. At the same time, there tools from the Geographic Information System and are some peculiarities that generate climate change cartography, supported by GPS equipment, inter- such as: the general and gradual increase in tempe- pretation of satellite images and aerial photos. For rature, changes in rainfall behaviors and increase in the stratification the “Guide for the determination extreme events (IPCC, 1995). of carbon in small rural properties” was applied (Rügnitz Tito et al., 2009) which considers the fun- One way to mitigate these effects is the CO2 de damental factors as: areas with similar management absorption capacity of the atmosphere and fix the practices and history of land use, soil characteris- carbon in the forest biomass, which happens th- tics, microclimate, relief, existing tree species, sta- rough the process of photosynthesis (FAO, 2006; Yá- te of forest maturity, among others, which affect ñez Sandoval, 2004). Therefore, forests play an im- the amount of carbon, preliminary stratification and portant role, taking into account that vegetation and preparation of the stratification map of the area. soil exchange approximately 80% of carbon with the atmosphere. Thanks to this process, they store 2.3 Determination of the design of the sam- quantities of carbon in the biomass of their leaves, pling site branches, stems and roots, while releasing oxygen into the atmosphere, acting as carbon sinks (Pardos, For the definition of the type and sampling design, 2010). the following procedure was followed: The stored carbon is found in the biomass of the 2.3.1 Type of plot trees and corresponds to the organic matter produ- ced in a forest, standing out four types of biomass: Sampling technique was used, installing Perma- living biomass, underground biomass, dead orga- nent Sampling Plots (PPM), for being more efficient nic matter and biomass in the soil (FAO, 2002), va- and for making future measurements (Corral-Rivas riables which are considered in the present investi- et al., 2013), In order to determine the dynamics of gation, in order to determine the volumes of carbon the forest in its natural state, with respect to carbon stored in forest ecosystems. fixation. The importance of carrying out this type of 2.3.2 Sampling design measurements in natural forests to determine the carbon stored is that they play a crucial role in A conglomerate was installed, consisting of 4 plots the environment because of the services they offer. of 60 x 60 m, placed in the shape of an “L” (Figure Among the most significant are: the protection of 1), giving an area of 14 400 m2, spaced 250 m apart. watersheds, hydrological services, carbon capture, The conglomerate was implemented for an area of landscape beauty, biodiversity (Robertson y Wun- 100 ha, as indicated in the Field Manual for the Na- der, 2005). tional Forestry Evaluation 2012 (MAE, 2012). LA GRANJA: Journal of Life Sciences 27(1) 2018:49-61. 51 c 2018, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador. Scientific paper / Artículo científico Carlos Alberto Jumbo Salazar, Carla Daniela Arévalo Delgado Lenin J. Ramirez-Cando FOREST ECOLOGY Figure 1. Conglomerate design in the shape of “L” 2.3.3 Measurement of the plots 2.4.1 Estimation of the basal area The plots were measured with respect to a hori- The basal area was calculated applying the follo- zontal plane. Because the terrain has an irregular wing formula: topography, the Slope Correction Factors, establis- p hed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture AB = × DAP2 (1) 4 Organization-FAO (FAO, 2004), were applied. The plots were installed applying the Arcgis and GPS Where: program, whereby the location was identified and 2 the central point of each plot was determined in or- AB = basal area, m . p der to have the reference to establish the form and 4 = constant 0,7854. limits of each unit of measurement. DAP2 = diameter at chest height, m 2.3.4 Installation of the plots 2.4.2 Volume estimation The volume was determined by the following for- The plots were projected using the belt or rail met- mula: hod (FAO, 2015a) as shown in Figure1. These plots were subdivided into 3 lanes of 20 x 60 m each. Volume = AB × H × f f (2) Where: 2.3.5 Edge effect of the parcels 2 To avoid the edge effect, the trees that were found AB = basal area, m . within the plot were measured, starting at 10 m H = total height of the tree, m. from its central axis and the trees located outside ff = orm factor (Broadleaves: 0,5). this distance were not considered, with this, it was ensured that the trees did not are near the outer ed- 2.4.3 Estimation of forest biomass ge of the forest.
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