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Home , Araliaceae, Aspidosperma spruceanum, Bladen Nature Reserve, Critonia, Maya Mountains, Miconia ciliata

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Plant Records from Natural Communities in the Bladen , ,

Article · January 1995

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Plant Records from Natural Forest Communities in the , Maya Mountains, Belize

1 2 1 SUSAN IREMONGER, R ON L IESNER, AND R OGER SAYRE

1 The Nature Conservancy, Latin America and Caribbean Division, 1815 North Lynn St., Arlington, Virginia 22209 2 Missouri Botanical Garden, Research Division, PO. Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166-0299

ABSTRACT. —During 1993 a study was carried out in the Bladen Nature Reserve, which lies in the Maya Mountains of the of Belize. Eight main vegetation types were distinguished during two field trips. A total of 24 detailed vegetation records were made in the Reserve, and approximately 300 plant specimens were identified. A total of 218 were reported, representing 70 families, in addition to nine fern species. Astrocaryum mexicanum and Cecropia sp. were the only recorded from more than three community types. A small number of plants represent new records for Belize. Three species appeared to be certainly new to Belize, and perhaps new to science.

INTRODUCTION ing from their sources near the main divide south to the southwest-to northeast-flow- The Maya Mountains lie in the west of ing Bladen Branch. The Reserve is under- the Toledo District of Belize, and extend lain by both and volcanic sub- into eastern (Fig. 1). They sup- strata. Elevation ranges from about 50m in port much of the remaining moist sub- the main river valley to over 1000m in the tropical broadleaf forest in Belize, and northwest. The vegetation changes with much of the area is protected to varying altitude and with substratum (Iremonger degrees by law. In most other parts of Cen- and Sayre, 1994). tral America the native have been Until the 20th Century there was not heavily impacted by human activity and much collecting of plant specimens done are not as extensive as those in Belize. Of in Belize. In 1933-1934 Schipp published all the protected areas in the Maya Moun- “Flora of British ”, which was su- tains, the Bladen Nature Reserve has the perseded by Standley and Record (1936). strictest protection status. This Reserve was Much collecting of plants occurred sub- the site of two recent ecological surveys sequently, building an information base (Iremonger and Sayre, 1994; Brokaw and which has recently been published in the Lloyd-Evans, 1987). The vegetation anal- form of two checklists, one for monocot- ysis and botanical data from the 1993 sur- yledons (Spellman et al., 1975), and the vey are reported in the present publica- other for dicotyledons (Dwyer and Spell- tion. man, 1981). The number of monocotyle- The Bladen Nature Reserve (BNR), at dons in Belize is estimated at about 1500. about 350km2, is the largest Nature Reserve The number of dicotyledons is about 2500. in Belize. This Reserve is essentially the A flora of Guatemala, completed in 1977 watershed for the Bladen Branch of the (Standley et al., 1946-1977) included the , and is almost completely geographical area that is Belize. surrounded by other Reserves (Fig. 2). The Most plants growing in Belize have a northern boundary with the Chiquibul wide distribution along the Atlantic slope National Park follows the “main divide”, of , many extending into a series of peaks dividing the Bladen Branch southern and some into northern watershed from the Chiquibul Branch wa- . Thus the character of the tershed. A number of smaller rivers and flora is predominantly Mesoamerican. The creeks feed into the Bladen Branch, flow- Yucatan Peninsula extends into the north- 30 PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 31

FIG. 2. The Bladen Nature Reserve and surround- ing protected areas. Inset shows the four survey sites (outlined with dotted line) in the vicinity of Ramos Creek.

FIG. 1. Position of Maya Mountains in Belize (OP). Exact Latitude and Longitude were recorded at a number of these- OPs, using ern half of Belize, as does much of its flora. a Global Positioning System. In cases where Standley and Record (1936) suggested that an exact reading was not obtained, the ap- the Yucatan Peninsula should be consid- proximate location was pinpointed on a ered a distinct floristic area. Belize also sup- 1:50,000 map. At a number of these OPs ports plants which have not been found 20m × 20m plots were laid out and per- elsewhere in Central America but are rep- manently marked. Detailed records of the resented in the floras of West Indian is- plant species, diameter and height lands. Dwyer and Spellman (1981) stated were made within these plots. All that although a number of species in their with diameter at breast height (dbh) over list would most probably be reduced to 10cm were measured and identified to spe- synonymy by specialists, there would be cies. Species in the understory, shrub lay- other species added to the list through fur- er(s) and herb layer(s) were also recorded. ther botanical exploration of relatively sel- Specimens were collected if there was un- dom-visited areas, such as the Maya Moun- certainty about the identity of a plant. The tains. This was confirmed later by Parker number of OPs and detailed plots recorded et al. (1993), Brokaw and Lloyd-Evans for each survey site are: (1987), Gerrit Davidse (pers. comm.). 1. Ramos Creek: 8 Observation Points, 2 The present investigation centered on 2 Plots (at OPs 7 and 8) an area of about 16km within one day’s 2. Maya-Ramos: 9 Observation Points, 3 hike from the confluence of Ramos Creek Plots (at OPs 6, 8 and 9) and the Bladen Branch. 3. Ramos-South: 4 Observation Points, 3 M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS Plots (at OPs 2, 3 and 4) 4. Ramos-East: 3 Observation Points, 3 Plots Field work took place between 9-19 (at OPs 1,2 and 3) March 1993. One-day excursions were made from a base camp at the confluence of Ra- Specimens collected were numbered mos Creek and the Bladen Branch. Four with tags and stored between sheets of “survey sites” were investigated (Fig. 2). A newspaper sprinkled with alcohol and record was made of the vegetation struc- wrapped in a plastic bag. They were sub- ture and condition, soil, bedrock, aspect sequently pressed and dried and sent to and slope at each of 24 Observation Points the Missouri Botanical Garden for identi- 32 S. IREMONGER ET AL.

TABLE 1. Number of observation points (OP) and plots recorded in each vegetation type, by survey site. BAF = Bottomland Alluvial Forest, STV = Streamside Vegetation, LHF = Limestone Hill Forest, LKF = Limestone Knoll Forest, MLSF = Mountain Limestone Scrub Forest, LSF = Limestone Forest, MTF = Mountain Thatch Palm Forest, MPS = Mountain Scrub Forest.

Survey No. of No. of site name OPs Plots BAF STV LHF LKF MLSF LSF MTF MPS Ramos Creek 8 2 2 2 2 2 Maya-Ramos 9 4 1 2 2 4 Ramos-South 4 3 2 1 1 Ramos-East 3 3 2 1 Totals 24 12 4 2 6 3 2 1 2 4 fication. The specimens were then sent back Vegetation Descriptions to Belize to be lodged in the herbarium of 1. Communities over alluvium the Forest Conservation Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources in Belmo- Bottomland alluvial forest pan. A few duplicate specimens were kept Tall forest with a species-diverse canopy at the Missouri Botanical Garden herbari- 15-25m or higher, a palm-dominated un- um. Vegetation data were analysed visu- derstory 4-10m, shrubs 1.5-3m and a mixed ally for patterns subsequent to the iden- herb layer at 30cm-lm. Thick-stemmed li- tifications. anas frequent to abundant, epiphytes rel- atively scarce. Maximum dbh recorded was R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION 1.6m, for a large Ficus; otherwise maximum Natural Communities dbh was 68cm. Average dbh was 27cm, number of trunks per hectare was 500. Communities were described based on In terms of canopy tree diversity, this information gathered during our surveys, was the most diverse community recorded. as well as by extrapolating from previous Species frequent to abundant were Spon- descriptions of natural communities cur- dias mombin, Ficus sp., Dialium guianense, rently in the BNR and adjoining areas Cymbopetalum penduliflorum, Pouteria durlan- (Wright et al., 1959; Brokaw and Lloyd- dii subsp. durlandii, Stemmadenia donnell- Evans, 1987; Standley and Record, 1936; smithii, and Quararibea funebris. In some ar- Parker et al., 1993). The community de- eas Orbignya cohune formed almost a mono- scriptions were grouped into categories ac- culture in other areas it was absent. Per- cording to which substratum they overlay; haps its dominance is the result of distur- Alluvium, Limestone or Granitic-Volcanic. bance earlier in this century, when there A list of the vegetation types is given be- were activities in parts of the BNR low, followed by a description of each type. (map in Forest Dept., 1940). The subcanopy The number of records made in each veg- species were almost all , e.g., As- etation type is outlined in Table 1, along with the survey site and OP number. trocaryum mexicanum, Bactris trichophylla, Chamaedorea neurochlamys, as well as some Vegetation Types young Orbignya cohune. In areas where O. cohune was dominant, the shrub layer was 1. Communities over alluvium—Bottom- composed almost entirely of Arecaceae, land alluvial forest, Streamside vegetation. whereas under the more diverse canopy, 2. Communities over limestone – Lime- there were a mixture of plant families rep- stone hill forest, Limestone knoll forest, resented, including Rubiaceae, Acantha- Mountain limestone scrub forest, Lime- ceae and , and some ma- stone sinkhole forest. crophyll herbs. The lower herb layer was 3. Communities over granitic-volcan- composed mainly of Selaginella umbrosa and ics —Mountain thatch palm forest, Moun- other pteridophytes, as well as Spathyphyl- tain pine scrub forest. lum blandum. Thick-stemmed lianas were PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 33 abundant, including Desmoncus sp. and Limestone knoll forest Philodendron sp. Canopy height 15-18m, relatively open, understory at about 6m, shrub layer(s) at Streamside vegetation l-2m and a varyingly dense herb layer 30- This vegetation was structurally diverse, 50cm, Maximum dbh recorded 50cm. Soils ranging from graminoid-dominated swale represented by pockets of organic matter to scrub and forest. Substrata were gen- or humus in limestone rock. Outcrops of erally composed of sand, gravel and mixed limestone on these knolls were the most rocks with little organic matter. Tree spe- prominent feature, differentiating them cies present were as in the Bottomland al- from other community types. The nature luvial forest, as well as species of disturbed of the substratum gave rise to a particular areas such as Cecropia sp., Ochroma lagopus, structure and species composition (lower Virola spp., Guazuma sp., and Leguminosae. canopy, abundance of epilithic plants). Among the shrubs and tall herbs were Lou- Tree species were much the same as in teridium donnell-smithii, Justicia magniflora, Limestone hill forest, except for a more Croton schiedeanus, Heliconia spp., Costus spp., constant occurrence of Clusia sp., and fewer Anthurium sp., Cyperaceae and Poaceae. (or no) palms. Aphelandra scabra was well Epiphytes were frequent on the trees over- represented in the shrub or herb layers. hanging the streams, and Pitcairnia sp. and Philodendron sp. occurred both as a ground- Begonia sericoneura were frequent on rocks. covering plant and as a climber, and other species in the herb layer were Orchidaceae, , Begonia sericoneura, Anthuri- 2. Communities over limestone um schlechtendalii, Peperomia spp. and Piles Limestone hill forest sp. Species of Piles were not recorded in Canopy trees generally 15-24m high, other community types, and in this one with an understory about 10-15m. Shrub were present only in a very open plot near layer(s) one or two, between 1 and 4m, a cave. Large and small Bromeliaceae and herb layer usually scant, at about 30cm. some Orchidaceae occurred as epiphytes. Soils well drained, loam, silty loam or or- ganic loam. Maximum dbh recorded 71cm, Mountain limestone scrub forest average 27cm, with densities of 400-675 Low scrub forest with canopy 5-8m, trunks per ha. One plot seemed to have shrub layer at 2–3m and some herbs; climb- sustained hurricane damage (probably from ing plants absent, epiphytes frequent. , 1961). It had more low Maximum dbh 25cm, average 15, with a lianas than the other observation points, a density of 1,100 trunks per ha. Soil was a lower canopy, and more dead wood on the well-drained loam over limestone. ground. Glossostipula concinna, Byrsonima bucidae- Calophyllum brasiliense, Sabal morrisiana, folia, Amyris rhomboids, Clusia massoniana, Pouteria durlandii subsp. durlandii, Trichilia and Guettarda sp. were the woody species minutiflora and Manilkara zapota, along with recorded; graminoids and Gymnosiphon di- some Myrtaceae, were relatively constant varicatus were recorded from the herb lay- in the tree layers. Palms such as Cryosophila er, and there were epiphytic Orchidaceae, argentea and Astrocaryum mexicanum oc- Bromeliaceae and lichens. curred in the shrub layer, along with Ru- biaceae and Melastomataceae. Justicia mag- niflora was found in the herb layer, as well Limestone sinkhole forest as juvenile trees and shrubs, and some Tall forest, canopy to 24m or more, no ferns. Lianas were frequent, some large, distinct understory but the canopy with a such as Dioscorea sp. and Bauhinia guianensis, range of heights, shrub layer at 3m, herb and . Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae layer 20cm-1m. Thick-stemmed lianas and Peperomia rotundifolia were recorded as abundant, few epiphytes. Maximum dbh epiphytes, but epiphytes were not partic- 63cm, average 35cm, trunk density 325 per ularly abundant in this forest type. ha. Soil silty loam with moderate drainage. 34 S. IREMONGER ET AL.

Species composition had affinities with mum dbh was 42cm, average dbh was 19cm the Bottomland alluvial forests, with Or- and number of trunks per ha was 1275. bignya cohune and Spondias mombin present In this community there was one abun- in the canopy, as well as Erblichia odorata, dant canopy species which was not iden- Protium schippii and Cecropia sp. Several tifiable from the sterile specimens collect- plant families were represented in the di- ed. Two other tree species were not posi- verse shrub layer, such as Rubiaceae, Ur- tively identified, and fertile specimens of ticaceae, Araliaceae, Arecaceae and a tree all of these need to be collected. Other spe- fern, Cyathea schiediana. The herb layer was cies common in the canopy were Pinus car- also diverse, with a number of ferns, two ibaea var. hondurensis, Quercus sapotifolia, Tradescantia spp., Spathiphyllum blandum, Purdiaea belizensis, Ilex guianensis, Ormosia Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Selaginella sp. and velutina, Myrcia leptoclada and Roupala mon- other plants. Climbers were thick-stemmed tana. Melastomataceae and Clusia masson- and abundant, and Peperomia distachya and iana were recorded in the shrub layer, as P. rotundifolia grew epiphytically near well as Ternstroemia tepezapote and Podo- ground level. carpus guatemalensis (juvenile). Rhynchos- pora exaltata dominated the Cyperaceous 3. Communities over granitic-volcanics herb layer (see above), and Dicranopteris flexuosa the fern-dominated one. However, Mountain thatch palm forest both plants occurred in both community Canopy 7-16m, no distinct understory, variants. Orchidaceae, both epiphytic and shrub layer 1.5–4m, herb layer 50–75cm. ground-dwelling, were remarkably abun- Lianas occasional. Soil organic loam, well dant in this community type. Some of these drained, over igneous bedrock. were Arpophyllum giganteum, Sobralia sp., The dominant tree was a thatch palm, Scaphyglottis behrii, S. prolifera and Encyclia Schippia concolor, identified from sterile ma- cf. bractescens. The climbing orchid Vanilla terial and therefore needing confirmation. fragrans was also recorded. Also present were various broadleaf trees, including Calophyllum brasiliense and Myr- Flora cia leptoclada. Shrub layer was composed of Approximately 300 plant specimens were juvenile palms, Rubiaceae, ciliata, identified (Appendix). Plants readily iden- Russelia sarmentosa, Bredemeyera lucida and tifiable were not collected. All plants re- Lisianthius sp. The herb layer was domi- corded are listed in Table 2 for each com- nated by graminoids Ichnanthus lanceolatus, munity type. A total of 218 flowering plant Rhynchospora spp., and Scleria latifolia. Also species were recorded, representing 70 present were Canna tuerckheimii and the families. Nine fern species were recorded. parasitic Helosis cayennensis var. cayennensis. The total number of species recorded for Lianas Dioscorea sp. and some Araceae were each vegetation type (Table 2) should not present, and a hemi-parasitic Phoradendron be taken as a general indication of the rel- sp. was recorded. ative species richness of each type. Deter- mining the relative species richness of each Mountain pine scrub forest community was not an objective of this Canopy 5-10m, fairly open, no distinct study, so sampling strategy was not de- understory, shrub layer at 1.5–2m and herb signed for this. layer 30-60cm. Soil well drained sandy Of the 209 flowering plant species re- loam or sandy clay loam over igneous bed- corded (includes species from which no rock. Two distinct variants were recorded, specimens were taken and excludes unlo- one with a Cyperaceae herb layer, the oth- calized specimen records), most were only er with a dense fern herb layer. In the for- recorded from one community (153; 73%). mer, maximum dbh was 30cm, average dbh This indicates a strong possibility of find- was 16cm and number of trunks per ha was ing good “character species” for each com- 750. In the latter there were a notable num- munity type. Some species can be used for ber of multitrunked individuals, maxi- quick recognition of a particular vegeta- PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 35 S. IREMONGER ET AL. PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 37 S. IREMONGER ET AL. 39 40 S. IREMONGER ET AL. 41 42 S. IREMONGER ET AL. PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 43 44 S. IREMONGER ET AL. tion type and may also be used to name charis salicifolia (recently collected by G. the community, instead of using clumsy Davidse), Critonia belizeana (recently split English names (such as are of necessity used off from another species), lundellii in this text). More research will be needed (previously recorded as Zyzyxia lundellii, before an alternative phytosociological no- also collected by G. Davidse), Telanthophora menclature can be used, in particular an bartlettii (name changed from Senecio mon- analysis of the relative abundance of each tadorensis), and the pteridophytes Blechnum species and its importance in the com- gracile (previously recorded as Blechnum munity (for examples, see Grabherr and fraxinetum) and Cyathea schiedeana (previ- Kojima, 1993; Borhidi, 1991). Forty-seven ously recorded as Trichipteris schiedeana). species were recorded from two of the Acknowledgements. —We thank USAID for community types (22%) nine from three its support of the PACA project, which (4%), and only two from four (l%). The funded this study. We also thank the staff latter two species were an understory palm, of the Belize Audubon Society, Program Astrocaryum mexicanum and a secondary for Belize, the Conservation So- forest species Cecropia sp. No species were ciety, the Forestry Department and the common to more than four communities. Land Information Centre of the Ministry At least three species appear to be new of Natural Resources, Belize, the British to Belize and possibly new to science, but Forces (Belize), Doug Baker of the Latin they need to be collected in flower or . American and Caribbean Division of the One is a bromeliad in the Aechmea, Nature Conservancy, and the staff of the and two are unknown tree species (speci- Missouri Botanical Garden, particularly men #s: 1B, 515a, 522, 596, 603, 601 and those identified in the Appendix. 757). The two trees were collected in the Mountain pine scrub forest, the bromeliad in the adjacent Mountain thatch palm for- LITERATURE CITED est. These were the most remote areas vis- Borhidi, A. 1991. Phytogeography and vegetation ited during the fieldwork, and they sup- ecology of Cuba. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. 857pp. ported a little-investigated flora with many Brokaw, N.V.L. and T.L. Lloyd-Evans. 1987. The epiphytes. Other plants apparently unre- Bladen Branch wilderness. Manomet Obser- corded from Belize were: # 706 Araceae: vatory, Massachusetts. 44pp. Anthurium huixtlense Matuda, # 681 Are- Dwyer, J.D. and D.L. Spellman. 1981. A list of the Dicotyledoneae of Belize. Rhodora 83 (834), 161- caceae: Geonoma interrupta (R.& P.) Mart., 236. # 487a Bombacaceae: Pseudobombax ellipti- Grabherr, G. and S. Kojima. 1993, Vegetation diver- coideum A. Robyns (if really distinct from sity and classification systems. In: A.M. Solomon P. ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand), # and H.H. Shugart (eds.) Vegetation dynamics and 581,582,583,653,684 Meliaceae: Trichilia global change, pp. 219-232. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Chapman and Hall, quadrijuga Kunth (probably subsp. cineras- New York. cens (C. DC) Pennington) (if really distinct Hartshorn, G. S., et al. 1984. Belize: Country envi- from T. erythrocarpa Lundell), # 526 Or- ronmental profile. A field study. Robert Nicolait chidaceae: Arpophyllum giganteum Hartw. and Associates, Ltd., Belize City, Belize. 151pp. Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical ex Lindl., # 645b Orchidaceae: Epidendrum Science Center, San Jose, . 206pp. diffusum Sw., # 588 Orchidaceae: Mesan- Iremonger, S. and R. Sayre 1994. A Rapid Ecological denella sp. (no Mesandenella genus recorded Assessment of the Bladen Nature Reserve. The Na- before), # 488 Orchidaceae: Sarcoglottis ture Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia. 77pp. sceptrodes (Reichb. f.) Schltr., # 707 Piper- Parker, T.A. III, B.K. Hoist, L.H. Emmons and J.R. Meyer. 1993. A biological assessment of the Co- aceae: Peperomia distachya (L.) A, Dietrich, lumbia River Forest Reserve, Toledo District, Be- # 619 : ekmanii (I. Ur- lize. Conservation International, Washington DC. ban) Alain. 81pp. Plants which appeared not to have been Spellman, D. L., J,D. Dwyer and G. Davidse, 1975. A list of the Monocotyledoneae of Belize including recorded before from Belize because of a historical introduction to plant collecting in Be- name changes or because of their relatively lize. Rhodora 77:105-140. recent collection were the Bac- Standley, P.C. and S.J, Record. 1936. The forests and PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 45

flora of British Honduras. Field Museum of Nat- 484 Combretaceae Bucida buceras L. ural History, Botanical Series XII. Chicago. 432pp. 485 Piperaceae Peperomia sp. (A) (same as Standley, P. C., J.A. Steyermark and L.C. Williams. # 571) 1946-1977. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana Botany 486 Bignoniaceae Tabebuia roses (Bertol.) DC. 24, Parts I-XII. 487 Sapindaceae Alophyllus sp. Wright, A. C. S., D. H. Romney, R. H. Arbuckle, and 487a Bombacaceae Pseudobombax elIipticoideurn V. E. Vial, 1959. Land in British Honduras. The A. Robyns report of the British Honduras Survey 488 Orchidaceae Sarcoglottis sceptrodes Team. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. (Reichb. f.) Schltr. 400pp. 489 Orchidaceae ? Spiranthes, s.1. 490 Moraceae Ficus sp. 491 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell 492 Sapotaceae Pouteria izabalensis (Standl.)Baehni A PPENDIX 493 Stemmadenia donnell-smithii (Rose) Woods. Plant Specimen Identifications 493a Meliaceae Guarea glabra Vahl Identified at Missouri Botanical Garden by Ron 494 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell Liesner, aided by S. Iremonger. Other specialists who 495 Meliaceae Guarea glabra Vahl carried out identifications were: 496 Moraceae Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Standley R. Noyes 497 Lauraceae G. Davidse 498 Burseraceae Protium copal (Schlecht. & J. Pipoly Chain.) Engler P. Goldblatt 499 Bombacaceae Quararibea funebris (Llave) B. Hammell Vischer ssp. funebris B. Hoist 500 Clusiaceae Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) C. Taylor Hammel R. Moran 501 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell R. Dressier 502 Annonaceae Cymbopetalum penduliflorum T. Croat (Dunal) Baill. Specimen numbers are S. Iremonger’s collection 503 Araceae Spathiphyllum blandum numbers. Schott 505 Polygonaceae Coccoloba sp. No. Family Species 1B Needs re-collecting-cannot det. from this 506 Annonaceae Guatteria sp. (B) material (same as specimens 515a, 596 and 507 Sapotaceae Pouteria durlandii (Standley) 603) Baehni subsp. durlandii 1B Arecaceae ? Schippia concolor Burret 509 Aquifoliaceae Ilex belizensis Lundell 470 Asteraceae Critonia belizeana B. Turner 510 Melastomataceae Miconia ? holosericea (L.) 471 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (C) DC. 472 Rubiaceae Psychotria fruticetorum 510a Euphorbiaceae Drypetes brownii Standley Standl. 510b Rubiaceae AIseis yucatanensis Standl. 473 Acanthaceae Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) 511 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea latifolia Sw. Sm. 511a Cyrillaceae Purdiaea belizensis (Smith & 474 Lauraceae Standley) Thomas 475 Rubiaceae Guettarda macrosperma J. D. 512 Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sp. Smith 512a Annonaceae Guatteria sp. (C) (same as 476 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (A) 548) 477 Acanthaceae Odontonema callistachyum 513 Fagaceae Quercus sapotaefolia Liebm. (Schlecht. & Chain.) Ktze. 514 Meliaceae Trichilia minutiflora Standley 478 Rubiaceae Psychotria pleuropoda J.D. 514a Aquifoliaceae Ilex guianensis (Aubl.) Smith Kuntze 479 Clusiaceae Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) 515 Burseraceae Protium copal (Schlecht. & Hammel Cham.) Engler 480 Sapotaceae Pouteria durlandii (Standley) 515a Same as lB, 596 and 603. Needs fertile Baehni subsp. durlandii material for identification. (= Peteniodendron belizense 516 Myrtaceae Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) Lundell) McVaugh 481 Araceae Anthurium schlechtendalii 516a Oleaceae Chionanthus oblanceolatus Kunth (Robinson) P. S. Green 482 Acanthaceae ]usticia bartlettii (Leonard) 516b Arecaceae Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii D. Gibson H. A. Wendl 483 Acanthaceae Aphelandra scabra (Vahl) 517 Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. Sm. 517a Cyperaceae Rhynchospora exaltata Kunth 46 S. IREMONGER ET AL.

518 Acanthaceae ]usticia magniflora (Blake) D. 556 Clusiaceae Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Gibson Hammel 518a Papilionaceae Ormosia velutina Rudd 557 Rubiaceae Psychotria acuminata Benth. 519 Apocynaceae Stemmadenia donnell-smithii 558 Urticaceae Myriocarpa longipes Liebm. (Rose) Woods. 559 Combretaceae Terminalia amazonia (J. F. 519a Melastomataceae Miconia ciliata (L. C. Rich.) Gmel.) Exell DC. 560 Bombacaceae Bernoullia flammea Oliver 520 Bromeliaceae bulbosa Hook, 561 Lauraceae or 521 Orchidaceae Scaphyglottis behrii (Reichb. Myristicaceae f.) Benth. & Hook. 562 Rubiaceae Psychotria marginata Jacq. 523 Melastomataceae Miconia ciliata (L. C. Rich.) 563a Asteraceae Telanthophora bartlettii DC. Robinson & Brettell 525 Melastomataceae Clidemia pustulata DC. 563 Clusiaceae Clusia chanekiana Lundell 526 Orchidaceae Arpophyllum giganteum 564 Mimosaceae Inga belizensis Standley Hartw. ex Lindl. 565 Lauraceae 528 Balanophoraceae Helosis cayennensis (Sw.) 566 Marcgraviaceae Ruyschia enerva Lundell Spreng. var. cayennensis 567 Rubiaceae Psychotria nervosa Sw. Hansen 568 Meliaceae Trichilia minutiflora Standley 529 Orchidaceae Encyclia ? bractescens 569 Clusiaceae Clusia quadrangular Bartlett (Lindl.) Schlt. 570 Begoniaceae Begonia sericoneura Liebm. 530 Orchidaceae Scaphyglottis prolifera Cogn. 571 Piperaceae Peperomia sp. (A) (=485) 530a Arecaceae ? Schippia concolor Burret 572 Orchidaceae Pleurothallis sp. 531 Poaceae Ichnanthus lanceolatus 574 Rubiaceae Alseis yucatanensis Standl. Scribner & J. G. Smith 575 Polygonaceae Coccoloba belizensis Standl. 531a Cannaceae Canna ? tuerckheimii 576 Rubiaceae Antirrhea lucida (Sw.) Benth. Kranzlin & Hook. 532 Theaceae Ternstroemia tepezapote 577 Piperaceae Piper yucatanense C.D.C. Schlecht. & Chain. 578 Myrtaceae Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. 533 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora cephalotes (L.) 579 Acanthaceae Justicia bartlettii (Leonard) Vahl D. Gibson 533a Orchidaceae Sobralia sp. 580 Mimosaceae Acacia sp. 534 Clusiaceae Clusia massoniana Lundell 581 Meliaceae Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth. 535 Myrtaceae Myrcia Ieptoclada DC. 582 Meliaceae Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth. 535a Bromeliaceae Aechmea sp. (does not 583 Meliaceae Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth. match any C. A. specimens 584 Arecaceae Chamaedorea oblongata Mart. in MBG) 585 Caesalpiniaceae ? Cynometra hemitomophylla Pteridophyte Dicranopteris flexuosa (J.D.Sm.) Britt. & Rose (Schrader) Underw. (need fertile material) guatemalensis 536 586 Rubiaceae Alseis yucatanensis Standl. Standl. 587 Flacourtiaceae Laetia thamnia L. Encyclia cochleata (L.) 537 Orchidaceae 588 Orchidaceae Mesadenella sp. Lemee 589 Bromeliaceae Bromelia sp. (probably) 538 Pteridophyte Selaginella umbrosa Lemaire 590 Rubiaceae Psychotria poeppigiana ex. Hieron. Muell. Arg. 539 Malpighiaceae Hiraea reclinata Jacq. (=H. 591 Myrtaceae Myrcia Ieptoclada DC. obovata Nied.) 592 Podocarpaceae Podocarpus guatemalensis Spondias mombin L. 540 Anacardiaceae Standl. 541 Meliaceae Trichilia minutiflora Standley 593 Asteraceae Oyedaea Iundellii H. Rob. 542 Papilionaceae Dalbergia sp. 593a Rubiaceae Psychotria glomerulata (J.D. 543 Sapotaceae Smith) Steyermark 545 Myrtaceae Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill Clusia massoniana Lundell 546 Pteridophyte Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. Sm. 594 Clusiaceae Appunia .guatemalensis J.D. 548 Annonaceae Guatteria sp. (C) (same as 595 Rubiaceae 512a) Smith “ 549 Polygonaceae Coccoloba ? tuerckheimii 596 Same as specimens lB, 515a and 603. Needs Dorm. Sm. collection of fertile material 550 Celastraceae Wimmeria bartlettii Lundell 597 Myrtaceae Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) 552 Acanthaceae Ruellia matagalpae Lindau McVaugh 553 Piperaceae Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) 598 Cyrillaceae Purdiaea belizensis (Smith & HBK Standley) Thomas 554 Piperaceae Piper tuerckheimii C.D.C. ex 598a Melastomataceae Miconia ? holosericea (L.) Donn. Smith DC. 555 Iridaceae Neomarica variegata 599 Theaceae Ternstroemia tepezapote (Martens & Galeotti) Schlecht. & Chain. Henrich & Goldblatt 601 Chrysobalanaceae? Licania morii Prance? could PLANT RECORDS FROM THE MAYA MOUNTAINS 47

be new species/record for Belize (need 640 Burmanniaceae Gymnosiphon divaricatus fertile material) (Benth.) Benth. & Hook. 601a Theaceae Ternstroemia tepezapote 640a Orchidaceae Schlecht. & Cham. 641 Rubiaceae Erithalis fruticosa L. 602 Rubiaceae Appunia guatemalensis J.D. 641a Orchidaceae Scaphyglottis sp. Smith 641b Euphorbiaceae 603 Same as specimens lB, 515a and 596. Needs 642 Bromeliaceae Tillandsia sp. (probably juv. collection of fertile material. of T. dasylirifolia Baker) 604 Proteaceae Roupala montana Aubl. 643 Arecaceae Chamaedorea graminifolius 605 Sapotaceae Pouteria durlandii (Standley) H.A. Wendl. Baehni subsp. durlandii 644 Rutaceae Amyris rhomboids Standl. 605a Pteridophyte Dicranopteris f7exuosa 645 Rubiaceae Glossostipula concinna (Schrader) Underw. (Standl.) Lorence 606 Melastomataceae Mouriri exilis Gleason 645a Bromeliaceae Tillandsia dasyliriifolia Baker 607 Bombacaceae Quararibea funebris (Llave) 645b Orchidaceae Epidendrum diffusum Sw. Vischer ssp. funebris 646 Malpighiaceae Byrsonima bucidifolia Standl. 608 Meliaceae Guarea glabra Vahl 647 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (A) 609 Clusiaceae Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) 648 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (A) Hammel 649 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (B) (aff. E. 610 Meliaceae Guarea glabra Vahl confusa DC, but this is an 611 Araliaceae arboreus (L.) Antillean sp., not Decne. & Planch. otherwise known from 612 Lauraceae C. A.) 613 Rubiaceae Simira salvadorensis (Standl.) 650 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (A) Steyerm. 651 Myrtaceae Eugenia sp. (A) 614 Annonaceae Cymbopetalum penduliflorum 652 Celastraceae Maytenus schippii Lundell (Dunal) Baill. 653 Meliaceae Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth. 615 Rubiaceae Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) 654 Lauraceae R. & S. 655 Rubiaceae Alseis yucatanensis Standl. 616 Araceae Spathiphyllum blandum 655a Mimosaceae Acacia collinsii Safford Schott 656 Chrysobalanaceae Hirtella americana L. 617 Piperaceae Piper marginatum Jacq. 657 Meliaceae Trichilia minutiflora Standley 618 Araceae Philodendron aurantiifolium 680 Euphorbiaceae Croton schiedeanus Schlecht. Schott 681 Arecaceae Geonoma interrupts (R. & P.) 619 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum ekmanii Mart. (1. Urban) Alain 682 Moraceae Poulsenia armata (Miq.) 620 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell Standl. 621 Arecaceae Bactris ? trichophylla Burret 683 Sapotaceae Pouteria izabalensis 623 Arecaceae Chamaedorea neurochlamys (Standley) Baehni Burret Trichilia quadrijuga Kunth. 624 Clusiaceae Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) 684 Meliaceae Guatteria sp. (A) Hammel 685 Annonaceae 686 Annonaceae Guatteria amplifolia Tr. & P1. 625 Sapotaceae Pouteria durlandii (Standley) Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana Baehni subsp. durlandii 687 Arecaceae (Linden & H. Wendl.) H. 626 Sapotaceae Pouteria durlandii (Standley) Wendl. Baehni subsp. durlandii 627 Apocynaceae ? megalocarpon 687a Meliaceae Guarea glabra Vahl Muell. Arg. 691 Euphorbiaceae Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 628 Mimosaceae Acacia collinsii Safford 629 Burseraceae Protium copal (Schlecht. & 693 Pteridophyte Adiantum macrophyllum Sw. Chain.) Engl. 694 Pteridophyte Blechnum gracile Kaulf. 630 Myrtaceae Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill 695 Commelinaceae Tradescantia zebrina Bosse 631 Apocynaceae Aspidosperma spruceanum 696 Commelinaceae Tradescantia zanonia (L.) Sw. Benth. ex Muell. Arg. 697 Arecaceae CaIyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana 632 Sapotaceae Pouteria ? unilocularis (Linden & H. Wendl.) H. (Dorm. Sm.) Baehni Wendl. 633 Euphorbiaceae Alchornea Iatifolia Sw. 698 Piperaceae Peperomia ? rotundifolia (L.) 634 Oleaceae Chionanthus oblanceolatus HBK (Robinson) P.S. Green 699 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell 635 Nyctaginaceae Neea psychotrioides Dorm. 700 Lauraceae or Smith s.l. Sapotaceae 636 Rutaceae Amyris rhomboidea Standl. 701 Turneraceae Erblichia odorata Seemann 637 Rubiaceae Guettarda sp. 701a Piperaceae Peperomia sp. (B) 638 Bromeliaceae 702 Pteridophyte Cyathea schiediana (C. Presl.) 639 Clusiaceae Clusia massoniana Lundell Domin 48 S. IREMONGER ET AL.

704 Theophrastaceae Deherainia smaragdina 736 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. (Planch.) Decne. 737 Melastomataceae Miconia impetiolaris (Sw.) 705 Burseraceae Protium schippii Lundell D. Don 706 Araceae Anthurium huixtlense 738 Moraceae ? Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Matuda 739 Arecaceae Chamaedorea neurochlamys 707 Piperaceae Peperomia distachya (L.) A. Burret Dietrich 740 Arecaceae Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii 711 Polygalaceae Bredemeyra lucida (Benth,) H. Wendl. K. & Hassk. 741 Urticaceae Boehmeria ulmifolia Weddell 712 Gentianaceae Lisianthius sp. 742 Tiliaceae Heliocarpus donnell-smithii 713 Melastomataceae Miconia ciliata (L.C. Rich.) Rose DC. 743 Araceae Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) 714 Loranthaceae Phoradendron sp. Engl. 715 Cyperaceae Scleria latifolia Sw. 744 Araliaceae capitatus (Jacq.) 716 Russelia sarmentosa Jacq. Decne & Planch. 720 Moraceae Ficus insipida Willd. 745 ? Cynometra hemitomophylla 721 Meliaceae Trichilia havanensis Jacq. (J.D.Sm.) Britt. & Rose 722 Asteraceae Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & 746 Pteridophyte Selaginella pallescens (C. Paron) Pers. Presl.) Spring in Mart. 723 Fabaceae Inga lirrdeniana Benth. 747 Orchidaceae Encyclia polybulboa (Sw.) 725 Apocynaceae Aspidosperma megalocarpon Dressl. Muell. Arg. 748 Pinaceae Pinus caribaea var. 726 Bromeliaceae hondurensis (Serecl.) Barr. & Brongn. ex Mez Golf. 727 Bromeliaceae Tillandsia schiedeana Steudel 749 Clusiaceae Clusia minor L. 729 Bromeliaceae Tillandsia bulbosa Hook, 750 Simaroubaceae Simarouba ? glauca DC. 730 Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) 751 Acanthaceae Ruellia matagalpae Lindau A. Gentry 752 Musaceae Heliconia aurantiaca Ghiesb, 730 Pinaceae Pinus caribaea var. 753 Arecaceae ? Schippia concolor Burret hondurensis (Senecl.) Barr. & 754 Urticaceae Pilea pubescens Liebm. Golf. 755 Araceae Anthurium lucens Standl. 732 Bromeliaceae Tillandsia bulbosa Hook. 756 Lauraceae 733 Pinaceae Pinus caribaea var. 757 Anacardiaceae? hondurensis (Senecl.) Barr. & 758 Pteridophyte Cyathea myosauroides Golf. (Liebm.) Domin 734 Capparidaceae Forchhammeria trifoliata 759 Moraceae Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Radlk. Standl. 735 Liliaceae Smilax ? domingensis Wind. 760 Clusiaceae Clusia massoniana Lundell

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