Echi Danteschi / Dantean Echoes

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Echi Danteschi / Dantean Echoes Quaderni di cultura italiana 3 Echi danteschi / Dantean Echoes Testi di Giuliana Adamo, Roberto Bertoni, Maryvonne Hutchins-Boisseau, Ciaran Carson, Giuseppe Conte, Seamus Heaney, Corinna Salvadori Lonergan, Daragh O’Connell, Cormac 6 Cuilleanain, Giovanni Pillonca, Marco Sonzogni Trauben in association with Department of Italian Trinity College Dublin © Department of Italian, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland Tel. and fax: (+353)(1) 6082062 Internet: http://www.tcd.ie/Italian © Trauben edizioni, via Plana 1, 10123 Torino, Italy ISBN 8888398422 Indice p.7 Preface p.9 Giuliana Adamo Sulla soglia iniziale della Commedia p.31 Roberto Bertoni Messaggi dall’inferno di Manganelli e Dante p.47 Maryvonne Hutchins-Boisseau Ciaran Carson’s Inferno. A translator’s choices p.61 Ciaran Carson Siege p.63 Giuseppe Conte Le verit~i di Dante p.71 Corinna Salvadori Lonergan "E quindi uscimmo a riveder le stelle". - But there are no stars. Dante in Beckett’s Endgame p.85 Daragh O’Connell Consolo’s "trista conca". Dantean anagnorisis and echo in I1 sorriso dell’ignoto marinaio p.107 Cormac 0 Cuillean~iin Dante in The Zebra-Striped Hearse p. 125 Giovanni Pillonca "Marking time". Some remarks on Seamus Heaney’s reading of Dante’s Purgatoly p.137 Seamus Heaney A dream of solstice (translated by Marco Sonzogni) Preface This volume of "Quaderni di cultura italiana~’ was edited by Roberto Bertoni. Contributors teach or have taught in the Italian Department (Trinity College Dublin), or are in various ways associated with it. Writings by academics and poets are included. Writers from different cultures, mostly Irish and Italian, are discussed. One of the aims of this research project was to promote a discussion among the authors about Dante’s legacy. Even though this Quaderno does not aspire to confront the problem of Dante’s influence on modern writers in a systematic form, it is hoped that the fragments contained here may constitute a small but stimulat- ing contribution to the general mosaic, and thus be of interest also to readers outside the authors’ circle. The publication of this book was made possible by a grant provided by Trinity College. Dublin, l ~h July, 2003 Giuliana Adamo (Department of Italian, Trinity College Dublin) Sulla soglia iniziale della Commedia "Allot si mosse, e io li tenni dietro" [Inferno, 1.136] 1.0. In troduzione Nei prossimi paragrafi discuter6 alcune questioni di teoria letteraria particolarmente significative per mettere a fuoco il problema del co- minciare una narrazione. Mi soffermero, in particolare, sull’incipit della Commedia (opera che costituisce il trait d’union fondamentale tra mondo classico e mondo moderno) per mettere in evidenza le opera- zioni essenziali compiute da Dante nel linten esordiale pifl famoso del- la letteratura occidentale. Nel tentativo di identificare che cosa effetti- vamente caratterizzi l’inizio della Commedia ho analizzato la trattazio- ne teorica, retorica e poetica riservata dagli antichi agli inizi e alle fini di un discorso (orale o scritto). A questo proposito mi sono servita sia dei trattati di retorica dell’antichitfi classica concentrandomi sulla pre- cettistica dell’exordium e della conclusio nonch6 dell’initium e della finis narrationis nel discorso oratorio forense, sia dei trattati di poetica soffermandomi sulla descrizione delle tecniche di apertura e chiusura del testo letterario.1 Lo scopo di questo articolo 8 di tracciare un quadro dei modi di a- pertura di un testo cosi come si sono codificati attraverso l’etfi classica, giungendo, quindi, a Dante per poi, grazie alla sua lezione geniale, di- venire un paradigma di riferimento a cui tutt’oggi non ci si pu6 sot- trarre. 9 2.0. L ~nizio nel mondo classico Una delle colonne portanti della tradizione classica e medievale 6 l’exordium, quale summa ideologica e stilistica messa in apertura di testo. Attraverso questo locus testuale privilegiato l’autore circoscrive il proprio componimento e offre ai lettori la chiave per decodificarlo. Per avere un’idea pifl precisa della funzione dell’exordium, occorre una rapida panoramica sul terreno dell’antica retorica. Ricordo che, accanto a exordia e conclusiones, parti ritenute non necessarie dell’orazione, sono di grande interesse le prescrizioni relati- ve alla narratio che ne ~, invece, parte fondamentale,z La narratio ave- va, infatti, un inizio, un mezzo, e una fine che dovevano essere chiari, brevi, verisimili. Sull’initium narrationis la precettistica latina e peren- toria: doveva cominciare dal punto dei fatti che ha importanza perch~ il giudice potesse emettere il suo verdetto e non partire dalla loro prei- storia.3 Si consigliava di cominciare dagli elementa narrationis, che e- rano almeno sei: persona, causa, tempus, locus, materia, res.4 In so- stanza, in nome della brevitas la narratio doveva cominciare laddove era necessario, senza risalire alle origini prime dei fatti. Le indicazioni per la felicit~ dell’initium narrationis, bench~ concepite per l’oratoria forense, si rivelarono valide; e lo sono tutt’oggi, anche per il testo scrit- to, appartenente alla sfera letteraria: l’armamentario della retorica, sia pur mutato o diversamente inteso, continua, infatti, a mostrare sino ai nostri giorni la sua utilit~ descrittiva. La descrizione delle tecniche era stata fatta cosi bene da poter valere anche quando gli scopi dell’analisi sono venuti a mutare. Sul versante della poetica ~ stato Orazio a trasportare nella latinit/l, con inevitabile semplificazione e contaminazione, la teoria aristotelica dell’unit/~ del m#thos (favola) in cui si sosteneva che le favole non de- vono cominciare e finire dove capita e si elogiavano gli inizi epici di Omero di contro a quelli dei poemi ciclici.~ Descrivendo quale sia la miglior tecnica per cominciare a narrare, Orazio conia l’opposizione, celeberrima, di inizio ab ovo ed inizio in medias res, che tanta fortuna avra dopo di lui: "Non fumum ex fulgore, sed fumo dare lucern cogitat, ut speciosa dehinc miracula promat Anfiphatem Scyllamque et cum Cyclope Charybdin. Nec reditum Diomedis ad interitu Meleagri, nec gemino bellum Troianum orditur ab ovo. Semper ad eventum fesfinat, et in medias res non secus ac notas auditorem rapit, et quae 10 desperat tractata nitescere posse, relinquit atque ira mentitur, sic veris falsa remiscet primo ne medium, medio ne discrepet imum"fi Le narrazioni devono cominciare in medias res, perch6 l’ordine poetico non coincide con quello storico-cronologico, ed inoltre bisogna fare sempre in modo che l’unita e l’organicitfi della favola siano salve (cfr. l’ultimo verso sopra citato). I1 problema dell’ordine poetico 6 di fondamentale importanza. La parola, ancora una volta, ad Orazio: "Ordinis haec virtus erit et venus (aut ego fallor) Ut jam nunc dicat, jam nunc debentia dici Pleraque differat et praesens in tempus omittat, Hoc amet, hoc spernat promissi carminis auctor".~ Questi versi contengono un fertile insegnamento che i posteri fa- ranno germogliare. Uno dei punti pi/~ importanti dell’antica dispositio era, infatti, quello relativo alla scelta dell’ordine da seguire nella narra- zione, o, come si legge nella Rhetorica ad Herennium [III.9,6]: "Natura- lis ordo est si quis narret rem ordine quo gesta est; artificialis ordo est si quis non incipit a principio rei gestae, sed a medio, ut Virgilius in Aeneide quaedam in futuro dicenda anticipat et quaedam in praesente dicenda in posterum differt". Se prendiamo questi antichi, essenziali assunti e ne ampliamo la prospettiva, adottando la terminologia dei formalisti russi sull’opposi- zione fabula / intreccio,s risulta chiaro, per esempio, che l’apertura di un intreccio narrativo 6 sempre, tipicamente, m medias res, laddove quella della fabula non puo che essere ab ovo. E questo, Dante, nel suo tempo e alla sua maniera, lo sapeva gi~ molto bene. 2.1. Dante di fronte al limen: il modello virgiliano Nel comporre l’incipit della Commedia Dante, secondo a nessuno in conoscenza, competenza e padronanza delle convenzioni espressive e stilistiche del suo tempo, aveva davanti a s6 una tastiera di elementi narrativo-esordiali imprescindibili che, da gran innovatore rispettoso della tradizione qual era, suon6 con maestria straordinaria. Filtrati dal suo genio, vennero tradotti in terzine incatenate quegli elementi esor- diali che secoli di teorie e generi letterari avevano definito e fatto sfilare l! davanti agli occhi di chiunque si accingesse a comporre un’opera lette- raria. Penso, in particolar modo: 1. alla funzione esordiale della captatio benevolentiae che, con il suo valore pragmatico di aggancio del destinatario, bench~ origina- riamente retorica, si rivelo vitale nei testi letterari; 2. ai sei elementa dell~nitium narrationis che attraverso la codifica- zioone medievale vennero trasformate in una sorta di promemoria per ben esporre e che, ridotte di numero, sono fondanti dell’ inizio di un testo, locus deputatus della triade incipitaria costituita dalle risposte al "c hi ?" (persona), "dove ?" ( locus), "quando ?" (tempus); 3. alla definizione di inizio in medias res che tanta fortuna avr~ nella produzione romanzesca seriore; 4. all’individuazione ealla scelta dei due ordini espositivi classici (naturalis e artificialis) che, in qualche modo, anticipano l’opposizione fabula/intreccio della narratologia del Novecento. Queste, in modo stringato, le principali indicazioni teoriche desunte dai trattati di retorica e poetica dell’et/~ classica. Si tratta ora di vedere che cosa effettivamente Dante ha fatto in apertura del canto proemiale della Commedia. Ma, prima di andare avanti, bisogna soffermarsi, questa volta nel- l’ambito della produzione poetica classica, sul grande, essenziale debito contratto da Dante nei confronti di Virgilio, il suo maestro ed il suo au- tore, da cui il poeta fiorentino aveva tolto "lo bello stilo che m’ha fatto onore" [Inferno, 1.87]. Non sono una dantista e non mi azzardo neppu- re a sfiorare l’immenso problema del rapporto tra Dante e Virgilio su cui ~ stato scritto tanto. Quello che vorrei cogliere ~ quanto giunge a Dante dall’incipit dell’Eneide. Cosi l’attacco dell’Eneid~.
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