DOCSLIB.ORG

The Strategic Leadership and Direction of the Royal Air Force Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany from Inception to 1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Strategic Leadership and Direction of the Royal Air Force Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany from Inception to 1945 THE STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DIRECTION OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE STRATEGIC AIR OFFENSIVE AGAINST GERMANY FROM INCEPTION TO 1945 By PETER WILLIAM GRAY A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham October 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the strategic leadership, and the high level direction, of the Royal Air Force’s contribution to the strategic air offensive against Germany. It takes the conceptual thinking, the organisational aspects and the leadership required to bring it into being, from its inception in the First World War through to 1945. The thesis uses modern understanding of strategic (or senior) leadership as an analytical tool. The realm of strategic leadership is complex, and ambiguous, and the senior leaders required high levels of intellectual capacity to cope with the survival of the force and its subsequent rapid to meet the rising threat from Germany. The senior leaders, political and military, acknowledged that their methods of warfare must be just, and the thesis examines the legality and morality of the planning and conduct of the offensive. A key facet of strategic leadership is the setting of the vision and purpose of the enterprise and the thesis examines the challenges that arose from the competing views on how the offensive should be waged. Genuine strategic leadership requires dexterity in working at the interfaces with other organisations, or Allies, and the thesis examines the complexities of the Combined Bomber Offensive and Overlord. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the memory of all of the men and women who served in Bomber Command from 1936 to 1945. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I had the privilege to be awarded the first Chief of the Air Staff’s Portal Fellowships to assist in the completion of this thesis and I would like formally to acknowledge the support of Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy and Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton. I am also most grateful for the support, and friendship, of the past and present Directors of Defence Studies (RAF) and their staffs; in particular Air Commodore Neville Parton and Group Captain Al Byford. I would also like to acknowledge the advice, friendship and guidance given, over many years, by Seb Cox and his staff in the Air Historical Branch. I am also grateful to Peter Elliott and his colleagues in the Royal Air Force Museum archives; to Chris Hobson and his fellow librarians at the Joint Services Command and Staff College; to Rachel Johnston and her colleagues in Christ Church Library Oxford; and to the staff at The National Archives at Kew. I must also add that Professor Gary Sheffield has kept me on the straight and narrow since our earliest work when we taught together on the Higher Command and Staff Course; his supervision of this thesis has been the right touch of the light hand and appropriate encouragement. Finally, my gratitude must go to my colleagues at the University of Birmingham and to those in the wider world of air power studies who have guided, motivated and influenced me over the last decade. CODEWORDS Arcadia First Washington Conference Bodyline Attack on the production of V weapons Bolero Build up of US ground forces in Britain Crossbow Attack on V weapon launching sites Eureka Ground Radio transmitter for guiding aircraft to targets Gee Radio Navigational aid Gymnast Takeover of French North West Africa which became Torch Haddock Bombing Operations against Italy in 1940 Oboe Blind bombing radar device Octagon Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 Overlord Invasion of North Western Europe Pointblank Directive for the Combined Bomber Offensive, June 1942 Quadrant First Quebec Conference, August 1943 Sickle Build up of American Bomber Force Sextant Cairo Conference November-December 1943 Sledgehammer Early plans for a bridgehead in France Symbol Casablanca Conference Thunderclap Bombing Berlin to bring about surrender Torch Allied invasion of French North West Africa in 1942 Trident Third Washington Conference May 1943 ABBREVIATIONS ACAS Assistant Chief of the Air Staff ACAS (I) Assistant Chief of the Air Staff - Intelligence ACAS (O) Assistant Chief of the Air Staff – Operations ACAS (P) Assistant Chief of the Air Staff - Policy ACM Air Chief Marshal AD Air Defence AEAF Allied Expeditionary Air Forces AM Air Marshal AVM Air Vice-Marshal CAS Chief of the Air Staff C-in-C Commander-in-Chief COS Chiefs of Staff COSSAC Chiefs of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander D. B. Ops Director of Bomber Operations DCAS Deputy Chief of the Air Staff JIC Joint Intelligence Committee JPS Joint Planning Staff MAP Ministry of Aircraft Production MEW Ministry of Economic Warfare MRAF Marshal of the Royal Air Force PM Prime Minister PUS Permanent Under-Secretary RAF Royal Air Force RFC Royal Flying Corps RNAS Royal Naval Air Service RUSI Royal United Services Institute SASO Senior Air Staff Officer S of S Secretary of State USAAF United States Army Air Forces VCAS Vice Chief of the Air Staff CONTENTS Chapter1: Introduction Page 1 The Literature 5 Terminology 24 Senior Leadership – The Underpinning Theory 29 Thesis Content 33 Chapter 2: THE INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT Page 38 Leadership Thinking and Teaching 41 The Contemporary Thinking on the Ethical and Legal Use of Armed Force 50 Air Doctrine and Strategy 69 Chapter 3: THE ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT Page 82 The Constitutional and Legal Basis 84 The Cabinet Committees and the Chiefs 87 The Air Ministry 93 The Independent Force 102 Organisational Survival 107 Chapter 4: FROM DISARMAMENT TO THE OUTBREAK OF WAR Page117 The Geneva Disarmament Conference 118 The Need for Rearmament 131 The Formation of Bomber Command 142 The Road to War – Vision and Purpose of the Bomber Force 146 The Legalities and Legitimacy 152 Munich to War 158 Conclusions 161 Chapter 5: FROM THE OUTBREAK OF WAR TO AREA BOMBING Page 163 Relationships with Allies 165 Vision, Purpose and Direction – Portal and Invasion 176 Vision and Purpose – The Coming of Area Bombing 185 Morality and Legality 196 Concluding Comments 203 Chapter 6: THE STRATEGIC AND GRAND STRATEGIC DIMENSIONS 1942-45 Introduction – The Strategic Level Page 205 Prelude to the Combined Bombing Offensive 207 Planning the Offensive – Washington to Casablanca 213 Casablanca 221 Washington and Pointblank 227 Strategic Assets for Overlord – Command and Control 231 Strategic Assets for Overlord – Targeting Policy 238 D-Day to Dresden 244 Conclusions 250 Chapter 7: THE STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL INTERFACE 1942-45 Page 251 Introduction – The Interface between the Politicians, the Air Ministry and Bomber Command 251 Churchill and his Bomber Barons 253 The Relationship between the Air Ministry and Bomber Command 257 Area Bombing 261 Diversions and Panaceas 270 The Bomber Offensive as a Guerre de Course? 273 The Debate over Perceptions of the Campaign 276 The Vulnerability of German Morale 280 Overlord 284 Oil 288 Conclusions 297 Chapter 8: THE STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE Page 300 Appendices: 1. Definitions of Leadership, Management and Command 2. Biographical Notes 3. Legal Texts Bibliography Chapter One INTRODUCTION Leadership, the so-called Warrior‟s Art, has been an inherent part of military consciousness for as long as historians, and warriors themselves, have been recording their thoughts.1 For example, Kolenda quotes from Xenophon to explain that leaders needed mental agility as well physical might in order to achieve great deeds.2 The requirement for intellectual capacity at senior levels is a recurring theme in this analysis. The American historian, turned leadership writer, James MacGregor Burns wrote: „Leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth‟.3 This may be so; the extensive literature on leadership seems to confirm Burns‟ statement, but the association of good leadership with achievement of results also remains a consistent theme. People look to their leaders for an appealing vision and trust them to take them in the direction most likely to achieve mutually beneficial results. In more extreme circumstances, leaders are required to build trust, set standards of performance, display personal courage and rationalise sacrifice.4 There are many definitions of leadership, to the point that almost every author has his or her own.5 For the purposes of this dissertation the definition of leadership espoused by the United Kingdom Defence Leadership and Management Centre (DLMC) will be used: 1 Christopher D. Kolenda, (ed.), Leadership: The Warrior’s Art (Carlisle PA: Army War College Foundation Press, 2001). 2 Kolenda, ibid., „What is Leadership? Some Classical Ideas‟, p. 3. General Barry R. McCaffrey (US Army, Retired) in the Foreword also appeals to the Ancients with mention of Plato: p. xi. 3 James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper, 1979), p. 2. 4 Lieutenant General Walter F. Ulmer Jr., „Introduction‟, in Kolenda, Leadership: The Warrior’s Art, p. xxxi. 5 Burns, Leadership, p.2. 1 Leadership is visionary; it is the projection of personality and character to inspire the team to achieve the desired outcome. There is no prescription for leadership and no prescribed style of leader. Leadership is a combination of example, persuasion and compulsion dependant on the situation. It should aim to transform and be underpinned by individual skills and an enabling ethos.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inscribed 6 (2).Pdf
    Inscribed6 CONTENTS 1 1. AVIATION 33 2. MILITARY 59 3. NAVAL 67 4. ROYALTY, POLITICIANS, AND OTHER PUBLIC FIGURES 180 5. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 195 6. HIGH LATITUDES, INCLUDING THE POLES 206 7. MOUNTAINEERING 211 8. SPACE EXPLORATION 214 9. GENERAL TRAVEL SECTION 1. AVIATION including books from the libraries of Douglas Bader and “Laddie” Lucas. 1. [AITKEN (Group Captain Sir Max)]. LARIOS (Captain José, Duke of Lerma). Combat over Spain. Memoirs of a Nationalist Fighter Pilot 1936–1939. Portrait frontispiece, illustrations. First edition. 8vo., cloth, pictorial dust jacket. London, Neville Spearman. nd (1966). £80 A presentation copy, inscribed on the half title page ‘To Group Captain Sir Max AitkenDFC. DSO. Let us pray that the high ideals we fought for, with such fervent enthusiasm and sacrifice, may never be allowed to perish or be forgotten. With my warmest regards. Pepito Lerma. May 1968’. From the dust jacket: ‘“Combat over Spain” is one of the few first-hand accounts of the Spanish Civil War, and is the only one published in England to be written from the Nationalist point of view’. Lerma was a bomber and fighter pilot for the duration of the war, flying 278 missions. Aitken, the son of Lord Beaverbrook, joined the RAFVR in 1935, and flew Blenheims and Hurricanes, shooting down 14 enemy aircraft. Dust jacket just creased at the head and tail of the spine. A formidable Vic formation – Bader, Deere, Malan. 2. [BADER (Group Captain Douglas)]. DEERE (Group Captain Alan C.) DOWDING Air Chief Marshal, Lord), foreword. Nine Lives. Portrait frontispiece, illustrations. First edition.
    [Show full text]
  • Staffp2facts May06
    STAFF CADET PART II FACT SHEET HQ Kent Wing Air Training Corps Yeomanry Cottages, Boxley Road, Maidstone, Kent ME14 2AR Officer Commanding Wing Commander A. Atkins RAFVR(T) Wing Administrative Officer Squadron Leader R. Bushby RAFR (Including co-ordination of Camps and AEF) Wing Hon Chairman Squadron Leader R. E. Fawkes RAFVR(T) (Retd) Wing Chaplain Reverend D. Barnes Squadrons: 36 Staff Numbers: Officers: 63; Adult SNCOs: 68; Civilian Instructors 146 (correct at 20-Mar-06) Number of Cadets: 1115 enrolled and probationers (correct at 30-Sep-05) Wing Staff and Duties (as at 01-Jan-05) Post Duties WSO1 Squadron Leader V. R. Beaney RAFVR(T) Deputy Adventure Training Technical Officer, BELA Course Director, Duke of Edinburgh’s Award & Area 1 Staff Officer WSO2 Squadron Leader C. Hatton RAFVR(T) Gliding Liaison, Health and Safety, Airshows, Aircraft Recognition, Aeromodelling, AWO/Adult SNCO Liaison & Area 2 Staff Officer WSO3 Squadron Leader B. J. Fitzpatrick RAFVR(T) Classification and Syllabus Training (inc. BTECs), Pre-Adult and Adult Training Courses, Marconi-Elliott and Clarke Competitions, Bands & Area 3 Staff Officer WSO4 Squadron Leader R. C. Goodayle RAFVR(T) Deputy OC Wing, Adventure Training Technical Officer, Green Camps and ACF Liaison, PMC, Pentathlon & Area 4 Staff Officer WSO5 Flight Lieutenant D. C. Horsley RAFVR(T) Corporate Communications, Radio Communications, Flying Development and Flying Opportunities, Work Experience and Station Visits, Elworthy Trophy & Special Projects WSO6 Squadron Leader P. Atkins RAFVR(T) Cadet NCO Training Courses, Adult and Cadet First Aid Training, Techniques of Instruction, Nijmegen, Overseas Visits & Sun’n’Fun WWO AWO H. Hollamby Area Warrant Officers Wing Duties Performed by Squadron Staff Shooting Flight Lieutenant M.
    [Show full text]
  • Suez 1956 24 Planning the Intervention 26 During the Intervention 35 After the Intervention 43 Musketeer Learning 55
    Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd i 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East Louise Kettle 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiiiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Louise Kettle, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/1 3 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3795 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3797 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3798 1 (epub) The right of Louise Kettle to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iivv 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Learning from History 1 Learning from History in Whitehall 3 Politicians Learning from History 8 Learning from the History of Military Interventions 9 How Do We Learn? 13 What is Learning from History? 15 Who Learns from History? 16 The Learning Process 18 Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 21 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Ellen Meiksins Wood
    EMPIRE OF CAPITAL V EMPIRE OF CAPITAL ------------♦------------ ELLEN MEIKSINS WOOD V VERSO London • New York For George Comninel, with thanks for many years of conversation First published by Verso 2003 © Ellen Meiksins Wood 2003 This paperback edition first published by Verso 2005 © Ellen Meiksins Wood 2005 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted 13579 10 8642 Verso U K: 6 Meard Street, London w i f o e g USA: 180 Varick Street, New York, n y 10014-4606 www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books i s b n 1-84467-518-1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Wood, Ellen Meiksins Empire o f capital 1. Capitalism— History 2. Imperialism 3. Globalization 4. International relations 5. Imperialism— History I. Title 330.l'22 ISBN 1844675181 Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset by SetSystems Ltd, Saffron Walden, Essex Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Son, USA CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION ix PREFACE XV INTRODUCTION 1 1 THE DETACHMENT OF ECONOMIC POWER 9 2 THE EMPIRE OF PROPERTY 26 3 THE EMPIRE OF COMMERCE 44 4 A NEW KIND OF EMPIRE 73 5 THE OVERSEAS EXPANSION OF ECONOMIC IMPERATIVES 89 6 THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF CAPITALIST IMPERATIVES l l 8 7 ‘SURPLUS IMPERIALISM’, WAR WITHOUT END 14 3 NOTES 16 9 INDEX 177 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been exceptionally fortunate over the years in having first-rate post-graduate students, whose own work has inspired me and whose friendship I have continued to enjoy long after they finished their studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The US Army Air Forces in WWII
    DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Air Force Historical Studies Office 28 June 2011 Errata Sheet for the Air Force History and Museum Program publication: With Courage: the United States Army Air Forces in WWII, 1994, by Bernard C. Nalty, John F. Shiner, and George M. Watson. Page 215 Correct: Second Lieutenant Lloyd D. Hughes To: Second Lieutenant Lloyd H. Hughes Page 218 Correct Lieutenant Hughes To: Second Lieutenant Lloyd H. Hughes Page 357 Correct Hughes, Lloyd D., 215, 218 To: Hughes, Lloyd H., 215, 218 Foreword In the last decade of the twentieth century, the United States Air Force commemorates two significant benchmarks in its heritage. The first is the occasion for the publication of this book, a tribute to the men and women who served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War 11. The four years between 1991 and 1995 mark the fiftieth anniversary cycle of events in which the nation raised and trained an air armada and com- mitted it to operations on a scale unknown to that time. With Courage: U.S.Army Air Forces in World War ZZ retells the story of sacrifice, valor, and achievements in air campaigns against tough, determined adversaries. It describes the development of a uniquely American doctrine for the application of air power against an opponent's key industries and centers of national life, a doctrine whose legacy today is the Global Reach - Global Power strategic planning framework of the modern U.S. Air Force. The narrative integrates aspects of strategic intelligence, logistics, technology, and leadership to offer a full yet concise account of the contributions of American air power to victory in that war.
    [Show full text]
  • Name: Post: Ministry of Defence Disclosure Of
    MINISTRY OF DEFENCE DISCLOSURE OF SENIOR STAFF BUSINESS EXPENSES 2010 - 11 QUARTER 2 ( 1 JULY - 30 SEPTEMBER 2010) NAME: Air Chief Marshal Simon Bryant POST: Commander in Chief Air 1 Taxi/Other Official Car Private Car Subsistence Public Other (Including Quarterly Cost of (Mileage For Motor (Accommodation/Meals/ DATES DESTINATION PURPOSE Air Costs Rail Costs Transport/ Hospitality Provision of Official Total Cost Non-Routine Mileage Incidental Parking/Tolls Given) Costs Car Journeys) Costs Expenses)Costs Costs Attend Waddington Air 04-Jul-10 RAF Waddington £744.75 £744.75 Day Reviewing Officer for the 08-Jul-10 RAF College Cranwell RAF Cranwell Royal £376.13 £376.13 Graduation Parade Joint Helicopter Command and Control 09-Jul-10 £115.05 £115.05 Command Function Visit Taranis Unveiling 12-Jul-11 Warton £297.90 £297.90 Ceremony Stainforth Trophy 15-Jul-10 RAF Waddington £199.13 £199.13 Presentation Attend Royal 15 - 17 Jul 10 Shrivenham £9.35 £9.35 International Air Tattoo Command and Control 04-Aug-10 RAF Waddington £191.36 £191.36 Function Visit Command and Control 9 - 11 Aug 10 Edinburgh £98.10 £98.10 Function Visit RAF Waddington and Command and Control 17-Aug-10 £309.75 £309.75 RAF Coningsby Function Visit 18-Aug-10 Shrivenham Conference Attendance £354.00 £354.00 1 Taxi/Other Official Car Private Car Subsistence Public Other (Including Quarterly Cost of (Mileage For Motor (Accommodation/Meals/ DATES DESTINATION PURPOSE Air Costs Rail Costs Transport/ Hospitality Provision of Official Total Cost Non-Routine Mileage Incidental Parking/Tolls
    [Show full text]
  • Education and Politics in the British Armed Forces in the Second World War*
    PENELOPE SUMMERFIELD EDUCATION AND POLITICS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR* Several eminent Conservatives, including Winston Churchill, believed that wartime schemes of education in the Armed Forces caused servicemen to vote Labour at the Election of 1945. For instance, R. A. Butler wrote: "The Forces' vote in particular had been virtually won over by the left- wing influence of the Army Bureau of Current Affairs."1 So frequently was this view stated that ABCA became a scapegoat for Tory defeat.2 By no means all servicemen voted. 64% put their names on a special Service Register in November 1944, and 37% (just over half of those who registered) actually voted by post or proxy in July 1945, a total of 1,701,000. Research into the Election in the soldiers' home constituencies, where their votes were recorded, suggests that they made little difference to the outcome of the election.3 But the Tories' assumption that servicemen voted Labour is borne out. McCallum and Readman indicate that their vote confirmed, though it did not cause, the swing to Labour in the con- stituencies, and those with memories of the separate count made of the servicemen's ballot papers recall that it was overwhelmingly left-wing, e.g., Labour in the case of Reading, where Ian Mikardo was candidate.4 * I should like to thank all those who were kind enough to talk to me about their experiences on active service or in the War Office, some of which have been quoted, but all of which have been helpful in writing this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Knights Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
    WESTMINSTER ABBEY ORDER OF SERVICE AND CEREMONY OF THE OATH AND INSTALLATION OF KNIGHTS GRAND CROSS OF THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF THE BATH IN THE LADY CHAPEL OF KING HENRY VII THE CHAPEL OF THE ORDER IN THE ORDER’S 293 rd YEAR 11.15 am THURS DAY 24 th MAY 2018 THE INSTALLATION CEREMONY Although the Order of the Bath as we Even this fell into abeyance after know it today was created by Letters 1812, because of the enlargement of Patent passed under the Great Seal on the Order in 1815, and the installation 18 th May 1725, the origins of the ceremony was formally abolished in ceremony, which takes place in the 1847. It was revived in 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel, can be traced back modified form which continues in use to the 14 th century. A pamphlet of that to the present. Today the Knights are time refers to Knights receiving ‘a installed as a group and do not Degree of Knighthood by the Bath’ actually occupy their own stalls and describes part of the knighting during the installation. ceremony thus: The offering of gold and silver ‘The Knight shall be led into the represents partly a surrendering of Chapel with melody and there he worldly treasure and partly a shall un-girt him and shall offer his recognition by the new Knight of his sword to God and Holy Church to be duty to provide for the maintenance laid upon the Altar by the Bishop’. of Christ’s Church on earth. In today’s ceremony, the gold is represented by The original installation ceremony two sovereigns: 1895 with the head of was based largely on that used at the Queen Victoria and 1967 with the Coronation of Henry V on 9 th April head of Queen Elizabeth II.
    [Show full text]
  • Forces of History: American-Iranian Diplomacy 1949-1953
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2000 Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953 James H. Hippensteel The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hippensteel, James H., "Forces of history: American-Iranian diplomacy 1949-1953" (2000). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5205. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5205 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Hie University ofMONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. * * Please check " Yes" or "No" and provide signature * * Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. THE FORCES OF HISTORY: AMERICAN-IRAMAN DIPLOMACY, 1949-1953 by James H. Hippensteel B.A. The University o f Montana, 1996 presented in partial fulfillment o f the requirements for die degree o f Master of Arts The University o f Montana 2000 Approved by: DearvGraduateSc to o l 5-31- 2M«> Date UMI Number: EP40669 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The guality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • V13000: Alternatives to War: the British Peace Movement, 1870-1945 | University of Nottingham
    09/27/21 V13000: Alternatives to War: The British Peace Movement, 1870-1945 | University of Nottingham V13000: Alternatives to War: The British View Online Peace Movement, 1870-1945 A. J. A. Morris. 1971. ‘The English Radicals’ Campaign for Disarmament and the Hague Conference of 1907.’ The Journal of Modern History 43(3):367–93. Alexander Tyrrell. 1978. ‘Making the Millennium: The Mid-Nineteenth Century Peace Movement.’ The Historical Journal 21(1):75–95. Alfred H. Fried. 1914. ‘The Peace Movement and the Press.’ The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920) 76(1):16–18. Andrew Webster. 2005. ‘The Transnational Dream: Politicians, Diplomats and Soldiers in the League of Nations’ Pursuit of International Disarmament, 1920-1938.’ Contemporary European History 14(4):493–518. Angell, Norman. 1913. The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage. Special ed. London: Heinemann. Angell, Norman. 1916. War and the Workers. London: The National Labour Press. Angell, Norman. 1921. The Fruits of Victory: A Sequel to ‘The Great Illusion’. London: Collins. Angell, Norman. 1938. The Great Illusion - Now. Vol. Penguin special. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Angell, Norman, and Union of Democratic Control. 1915. The Prussian in Our Midst. Vol. U. D. C. Pamphlet. London: Union of Democratic Control. Ashkenazi, Ofer. 2011. ‘Reframing the Interwar Peace Movement: The Curious Case of Albert Einstein.’ Journal of Contemporary History 46(4):741–66. doi: 10.1177/0022009411413402. Barker, Rachel. 1982. Conscience, Government and War: Conscientious Objection in Great Britain, 1939-45. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Bedford, Hastings William Sackville Russell. 1944. Straight Speaking to a Militarist from a Pacifist.
    [Show full text]
  • ROYAL GALLERY FIRST WORLD WAR Name (As On
    Houses of Parliament War Memorials Royal Gallery, First World War ROYAL GALLERY FIRST WORLD WAR Also in Also in Westmins Commons Name (as on memorial) Full Name MP/Peer/Son of... Constituency/Title Birth Death Rank Regiment/Squadron/Ship Place of Death ter Hall Chamber Sources Shelley Leopold Laurence House of Lords, In Piam Memoriam, Baron Abinger Shelley Leopold Laurence Scarlett Peer 5th Baron Abinger 01/04/1872 23/05/1917 Commander Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve London, UK X MCMXIV-MCMXIX (c.1927) Humphrey James Arden 5th Battalion, London Regiment (London Rifle House of Lords, In Piam Memoriam, Adderley Humphrey James Arden Adderley Son of Peer 3rd son of 2nd Baron Norton 16/10/1882 17/06/1917 Rifleman Brigade) Lincoln, UK MCMXIV-MCMXIX (c.1927) The House of Commons Book of Bodmin 1906, St Austell 1908-1915 / Eldest Remembrance 1914-1918 (1931); Thomas Charles Reginald Thomas Charles Reginald Agar- son of Thomas Charles Agar-Robartes, 6th House of Lords, In Piam Memoriam, Agar-Robartes Robartes MP / Son of Peer Viscount Clifden 22/05/1880 30/09/1915 Captain 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards Lapugnoy, France X X MCMXIV-MCMXIX (c.1927) Horace Michael Hynman Only son of 1st Viscount Allenby of Meggido House of Lords, In Piam Memoriam, Allenby Horace Michael Hynman Allenby Son of Peer and of Felixstowe 11/01/1898 29/07/1917 Lieutenant 'T' Battery, Royal Horse Artillery Oosthoek, Belgium MCMXIV-MCMXIX (c.1927) Aeroplane over House of Lords, In Piam Memoriam, Francis Earl Annesley Francis Annesley Peer 6th Earl Annesley 25/02/1884 05/11/1914
    [Show full text]
  • The Protection of Civilians from Bombardment by Aircraft: the Ineffectiveness of the International Law Of
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Santa Clara University School of Law Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-1966 The rP otection of Civilians from Bombardment by Aircraft: The neffecI tiveness of the International Law of War Paul J. Goda S.J. Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Recommended Citation 33 Mil. L. Rev. 93 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMENTS THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS FROM BOMBARD- MENT BY AIRCRAFT: THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR.* Silent leges inter arma. Cicero, Pro Milone, IV, 10. [E]xpediency goes with security, while justice and honor cannot be followed without danger. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, V, 17. King Henry-God bless him-will have to say for reasons of state, that he never meant this to happen; and there is going to be an awful row. T. S. Eliot, Murder in the Cathedral. I. INTRODUCTION There is no doubt that international law is still suffering from the vagaries of weakness and the lack of an authoritative source. Such immaturity signifies a situation where the jurisprudential question of the sources of law is much more alive than in settled systems of national law.
    [Show full text]