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Home , Alexander Cadogan, Aneurin Bevan, Arthur Greenwood, Arthur Woodburn, Board of Trade, Caretaker government

Appendix A: List of Cabinet Ministers, 1945-51

Prime and Minister of Defence C. R. Attlee President and Leader of the Commons Lord Chancellor of the Exchequer President of the Sir Lord Jowitt First Lord of the Admiralty A. V. Alexander J. Chuter Ede Dominions Secretary and Leader of the Secretary for and Burma Lord Pethick-Lawrence Colonial Secretary G. H. Hall Secretary for War J. J. Lawson Secretary for Air Secretary for and National Service G. A. Isaacs Minister of Fuel and Power Emanuel Shinwell Minister of Education Minister of Health Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries Tom Williams

Changes in 1946: On 4 Oct A. V. Alexander became Minister without Portfolio in preparation for becoming Minister of Defence when the new legislation concerning the post had been enacted. This he was able to do on 20 Dec. But on the earlier date the three Service Ministers (Admiralty, War and Air) were all excluded from the Cabinet. On 4 Oct A. Creech Jones succeeded G. H. Hall as Colonial Secretary. Changes in 1947: On the death of Ellen Wilkinson, became Minister of Education on 10 Feb. On 17 Apr Arthur Greenwood became Minister without Portfolio and Lord Inman succeeded him as ; Lord Pethick-Lawrence retired and was succeeded by Lord Listowel. On 7 July the Dominions Office was renamed the Commonwealth Relations Office. On 14 Aug the post of Secretary for India was abolished, leaving Lord Listowel as Secretary for Burma. On 29 Sept Sir Stafford Cripps took the new post of Minister of Economic Affairs; succeeded him as President of the Board of Trade; and Arthur Greenwood retired from the

269 270 Appendix A

Government. On 7 Oct Lord Inman left the Cabinet and was succeeded as Lord Privy Seal by Viscount Addison, whose place at the Commonwealth Relations Office was taken by Philip Noel-Baker; replaced Joseph Westwood as Secretary for Scotland. On 13 Nov Hugh Dalton resigned from the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Sir Stafford Cripps was appointed in his place, thus combining it with his existing office. Changes in 1948: On 4 Jan Lord Listowel's post as Secretary for Burma was abolished. On 31 May Hugh Dalton became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and Lord Pakenham Minister for Civil Aviation. On 2 July Viscount Addison became Paymaster-General.

There were no further Cabinet changes before the 1950 general election. Changes in 1950: On 28 Feb Emanuel Shinwell became Minister of Defence, James Griffiths Colonial Secretary, Secretary for Commonwealth Relations, and A. V. Alexander (now Viscount Alexander) Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; Hugh Dalton became Minister of Town and Country Planning. On 19 Oct succeeded Sir Stafford Cripps as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Changes in 1951: On 17 Jan Aneurin Bevan became Minister of Labour and National Service. On 31 Jan Hugh Dalton's title was changed to 'Minister of Local Government and Planning', and he assumed some of the respon• sibilities of the Minister of Health, the new Minister of Health no longer being in the Cabinet. On 9 Mar Herbert Morrison became Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin became Lord Privy Seal, and Viscount Addison became Lord President. Chuter Ede became Leader of the Commons as well as Home Secretary. On 24 Apr after the resignations of Bevan and Wilson, Alfred Robens became Minister of Labour and National Service, and Sir became President of the Board of Trade. On 26 Apr, after Bevin's death, became Lord Privy Seal; on 6 July he also became Minister of Materials.

These details have been compiled from Butler and Sloman, British Political Facts, 1900-1979, pp. 32-6. Appendix B: List of Unpublished Sources Cited

1. State Papers consulted at the Public Record Office, Portugal Street, later Kew: CAB papers of the Cabinet and its sub-committees, and especially CAB 128 (Cabinet Minutes) and CAB 129 (Cabinet Papers). FO files of the Foreign Office PREM Prime Minister's Papers T Treasury papers 2. Labour Party Records consulted at the Party headquarters, , SW1, later 150 Walworth Road, SE17: Papers of the Chairman, 1945-6, Papers of the General Secretary, National Executive Committee Minutes (also on microfiche in University Library) Minutes of the Parliamentary Labour Party (on microfilm at BLPES) Minutes of the PLP Liaison Committee (on microfilm at BLPES) 3. Private Papers Addison Papers, Bodleian Library, Attlee Papers and draft autobiography, Churchill College, Cambridge Attlee Papers, consulted at University College, Oxford, now transferred to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Attlee Personal Papers, by courtesy of Mr Kenneth Harris Bevin Private Papers, FO 800/434ff, Public Record Office Dalton, diary and letters, BLPES (Quotations by courtesy ofthe Librarian) Sir Charles Dixon, 'Memoirs', Royal Commonwealth Society Ede, diary, British Library Gordon Walker Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge Halifax, diary, Hickleton Papers, consulted at City Library, York Creech Jones Papers, Rhodes House, Oxford James Meade, diary, BLPES Morrison Papers, Nuffield College, Oxford (Quotations by courtesy of Sir Norman Chester) Noel-Baker Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge Pethick-Lawrence Papers, Trinity College, Cambridge 4. Unpublished Theses J. T. Grantham, 'The Labour Party and European Unity, 1939-1951' (PhD, Cambridge University, 1977) J. W. Young, 'The Labour Government's Policy Towards France, 1945-51' (PhD, Cambridge, 1983)

271 Appendix C: List of Special Abbreviations used in the Notes

BLAddMss British Library () Additional Manuscripts BLPES British Library of Political and Economic Science (London) BWC British Washington Committee (on Marshall Aid) c.a. confidential annex (to Cabinet Minutes) CAB Cabinet Records (at PRO) C/E Chancellor of the Exchequer CLC Commonwealth Liaison Committee (on Marshall Aid) CM Cabinet Meeting co CP Cabinet Paper CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain CRO Commonwealth Relations Office DO Defence and Overseas Committee (of the Cabinet) ECA Economic Co-operation Administration (US Government) EPC Economic Policy Committee (of the Cabinet) ER European Recovery ERP European Recovery Programme (that is, Marshall Aid) FO Foreign Office FRUS Foreign Relations of the (published documents) HCDeb House of Commons Debates HG Housing Group (of Ministers) HLDeb Debates LP Lord President LPCR Report Min Minister NEC National Executive Committee (of the Labour Party) OEEC Organisation for European Economic Co-operation PREM Prime Minister's Papers PRO Public Record Office RIIA Royal Institute for International Affairs SI Socialisation of Industries Committee (of the Cabinet) SIS ss Social Services Committee (of the Cabinet) T Treasury TUC w.a. written answers (to Parliamentary Questions)

272 Notes and References

1 INTRODUCTION

1. See, for example, W. G. Runciman, Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (1966); and R. T. McKenzie and A. Silver,Angels in Marble (1968). 2. J. Campbell, Lloyd George: The Goat in the Wilderness, 1922-31 (1977). 3. C. T. Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the (1980), p. 243. 4. For a valuable recent reassessment, see , Ramsay MacDonald (1977). 5. R. T. Lyman, The Labour Government of 1924 (1957). 6. For the full text, see Reginald Bassett, 1931: Political Crisis ( 1958), pp. 444-9. 7. 'Jekyll and Hyde': see Labour Party Conference Report [hereinafter LPCR]1935,p.176. 8. D. E. McHenry, The Labour Party in Transition (1938), p. 42. 9. LPCR 1934, p. 14. 10. To write, therefore, as Dr Pimlott has done, that the NJC 'was never out of step with the majority on the NEC', is, in an almost literal sense, to put the cart before the horse. , Labour and the Left in the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), p. 19. 11. R. Postgate, (1951), p. 288. 12. Ibid, p. 291; LPCR 1934, p. 59. 13. P6stgate, George Lansbury, p. 300. 14. Guardian, 4 Sept 1935. 15. LPCR 1935, pp. 176, 178; but for Bevin's remark, I have quoted the version that appears in Francis Williams, Nothing So Strange ( 1970), p. 138. 16. Manchester Guardian, 2 Oct 1935. 17. , 9 Oct 1935. 18. Manchester Guardian, 9 Oct 1935. 19. 305 HCDeb, 155 (23 Oct 1935). 20. Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition, p. 120. 21. The Times, 12 Nov 1935. 22. Stannage, Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition, p. 148. 23. Ibid, p. 263. 24. B. Donoughue and G. W. Jones, Herbert Morrison (1973), p. 240. 25. Francis Williams, Nothing So Strange, p. 135. 26. LPCR 1935, p. 158. 27. LPCR 1934, p. 58.

273 274 Notes and References to pages 8-20

28. On the Socialist League and the seeP. Seyd, 'Factional• ism within the Labour Party: The Socialist League, 1932-7', in A. Briggs and J. Saville, Essays in Labour History, vol. 3 (1977); S. Samuels, 'The Left Book Club', Journal of Contemporary History, 1 (1966). 29. LPCR 1937, p. 181. 30. On these two by-elections, see lain McLean, 'Oxford and ', in C. Cook and J. Ramsden, By-Elections in British Politics (1973). 31. R. Miliband, Parliamentary ( 1961 ), p. 230. 32. Pimlott, Labour and The Left in the 1930s, p. 194. 33. The first major publication in which they collaborated was G. E. G. Catlin ( ed.) New Trends in Socialism (1935). 34. LPCR 1940, p. 134. 35. LPCR 1942, p. 7; H. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 1939-45 (1967), pp. 178ff. (18 July 1941). 36. 'The Indian Political Situation' (2 Feb 1942), quoted in full in P. N. S. Mansergh (ed.), The Transfer of Power, 1942-7 (1970), 1, 110 ff. 37. See Jose Harris, (Oxford, 1977), ch. 16. 38. For an account of the conflicting attitudes, see H. Pelling, Britain and the Second World War (1970), pp. 168-73. 39. See, for example, Memoirs of Lord Chandos (1962) p. 293. 40. HMSO, The to 1945 (1975) p. 108; and see T. D. Burridge, British Labour and Hitler's War (1976). 41. Earl of Avon, The Reckoning (1965) p. 453. 42. Burridge, British Labour and Hitler's War, pp. 143-4. 43. Common Wealth Conference Report, 1944, p. 30. 44. See P. Addison, 'By-Elections of the Second World War', in Cook and Ramsden, By-elections in British Politics. 45. See J. T. Grantham, 'Hugh Dalton and the International Post-War Settlement' ,Journal of Contemporary History XIV (1979), pp. 713-29. 46. H. Dalton, The Fateful Years (1957), p. 432. 47. Ibid, pp. 463, 465.

2 THE 1945 GENERAL ELECTION

1. The works referred to are: R. B. McCallum and A. Readman, British General Election of 1945 (1947) and , The Road to 1945 ( 1975). I may also mention here the brief treatment in my own Britain and the Second World War (1970). 2. 263 HCDeb 1530 (1 Aug 1940). 3. See the graph in my Britain and the Second World War, p. 307. 4. R. G. Casey, Personal Experiences, 1939-46 (1962) p. 168. 5. See , Ernest Bevin, 1 (1960) and 11 (1967). 6. W. S. Churchill, The Dawn of Liberation (1945) p. 233. 7. PREM 4/65/4, PRO. 8. Dalton, diary, 18 May 1945, BLPES. 9. NEC Minutes, 20 . 10. Lord Wigg, George Wigg (1972) p.119. Notes and References to pages 20-33 275

11. H. Dalton, The Fateful Years (1957) p. 459. 12. LPCR 1945, pp. 86-8. 13. Daily Telegraph, 11 June 1945. 14. Dalton, diary, 19-23 May 1945. 15. Laski Correspondence, 38/20, Labour Party Papers. 16. Chuter Ede, diary, xn, p. 13 (28 May 1945), BLAddMss 59701. 17. Kingsley Martin, Harold Laski (1953) pp. 158-62. 18. Ede diary, XII, p. 11 {29 May 1945). 19. Ibid, XII, p. 16 (6 June 1945). 20. Ibid, XII, p. 11 (24 May 1945). Cf. Dalton, Fateful Years, p. 457: 'I saw Attlee alone on the 17th, and he told me of difficulties arising already with the Russians in Europe.' 21. W. S. Churchill, Victory (1946) p. 212. 22. Attlee to Churchill, 15 June 1945, PREM 4/65/4/518. 23. Churchill, Victory, p. 203. 24. Churchill to Attlee, 2 July 1945, PREM 4/65/4/507. 25. C. R. Attlee, As It Happened (1954) p. 145. 26. Martin, Harold Laski, p. 178. 27. Dalton, Fateful Years, p. 463. 28. McCallum and Readman, British General Election 1945, p. 242; D. E. Butler and A. Sloman, British Political Facts, 1900-1979 (1980) p. 208. 29. McCallum and Readman, British General Election 1945, p. 240. 30. J. W. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI (1958) p. 635. 31. Dalton, Fateful Years, p. 466. 32. Wheeler-Bennett, George VI, p. 638. 33. Attlee Papers 1/17/1, Churchill College, Cambridge. 34. Ibid, Iff. 35. H. Dalton, High Tide and After (1962) p. 11. 36. Town-Crier (Birmingham), 4 Aug 1945. 37. Ede diary, XII, p. 26 (28 July 1945). 38. W. S. Churchill, Second World War, VI (1954) p. 509. 39. McCallum and Read man, General Election 1945, p. 269. 40. R. A. Butler, The Artofthe Possible (1971), p. 12. For a recent discussion of the importance of ABCA see Penelope Summerfield, 'Education and Politics in the British Armed Forces in the Second World War', International Review of Social History, 26 (1981) 133ff. 41. McCallum and Readman, p. 43n. 42. , A Life for Education (1970) p. 164. 43. See, for example, H. W. Richardson, Economic Recovery in Britain, 1932-9 (1967). 44. Wheeler-Bel)nett, George VI, p. 585. 45. H. Cantril, Public Opinion, 1935-1946 (Princeton, NJ, 1951) p. 275. 46. McCallum and Read man, General Election 1945, p. 23 7. 47. Ibid, p. 52. 48. Churchill, Victory, p. 208. 49. Wheeler-Bennett, George VI, p. 636. 50. Churchill, Second World War, VI p. 583. 51. , Memoirs (1962) p. 329. 276 Notes and References to pages 35-44

3 PRIME MINISTER, CABINET AND PARTY

1. Quoted W. Golant, 'The Early Political Thought of C. R. Attlee', Part II, Political Quarterly, vol. xu ( 1970) 311. For further discussion of the topic see J. H. Berkshire, ' and Cabinet Reform, 1930-1945', Historical Journal, XXIV (1981) 175-88. 2. 'Machinery of Government Report', Parliamentary Papers, 1918, XII, 5. 3. C. R. Attlee, Labour Party in Perspective (1937) p. 174. 4. Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers (1961) p. 40. 5. See J. M. Lee, 'Reviewing the Machinery of Government, 1942-1952', mimeo (1977). 6. Attlee, draft autobiography, Attlee Papers, Churchill College 1!17/2. 7. See above, p. 15. 8. Economist, 4 Aug 1945. 9. The Times, 4 Aug 1945. 10. Ibid. 11. Attlee Papers, Bodleian, Box 2, Folder 2; Ede diary, XII, p. 26 (28 July 1945), BLAddMss 59701. 12. Attlee, draft autobiography, Churchill College 1/17/3. 13. The Times, 4 Aug 1945. 14. E. Shinwell, Conflict without Malice (1955) p. 146. 15. Quoted in , Aneurin Bevan, 1 (1962) 381. 16. Economist, 11 Aug 1945. 17. Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, p. 86. 18. 'Central Organisation for Defence', Parliamentary Papers, 1945-6, 161. 19. See table in Lee, 'Reviewing Machinery of Government', p. 70. 20. Attlee, draft autobiography, Churchill College, 1/17/14. 21. Attlee, As It Happened, p. 156. 22. Francis Williams, Nothing So Strange, p. 221. 23. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 30 Aug 1945, Attlee Personal Papers. 24. Attlee, As It Happened, p. 154. 25. W. K. Hancock and M. M. Gowing, British War Economy (1949) p. 517. 26. CM ( 45) 18 (7 Aug 1945). 27. CM ( 45) 19 (9 Aug 1945). 28. CM (45) 20 (10 Aug 1945). 29. Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, p. 84. 30. The Times House of Commons, 1945, pp. 4-6. 31. Details from Martin Harrison, Trade Unions and the Labour Party (1960) p. 267. 32. D. E. Butler and Anne Sloman, British Political Facts, 1900-1979 (1980) p. 168. 33. Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years (1957) pp. 467ff. 34. Herbert Morrison, Autobiography (1960) p. 251. 35. Williams, Nothing So Strange, pp. 227ff. 36. 413 HCDeb 174 (16 Aug 1945). 37. 'Select Committee on Procedure in Public Business', Parliamentary Papers 1945~, vm, pp. 597ff; Herbert Morrison, Government and Parliament (Oxford, 1954) pp. 206ff. Notes and References to pages 44-57 277

38. 415 HCDeb 2345ff(15 Nov 1945). 39. Morrison, Government and Parliament, pp. 338-42. 40. LPCR 1946, p. 56. 41. Hugh Dalton, High Tide and After (1962) pp. 22f. At the end of 1945 Bevin had decided that the Group was 'very near Communist'. See his note on Carol Johnson's letter to himself, 11 Dec 1945, FO 800/491. 42. Liaison Committee Minutes, 1 & 2 July 1946. 43. Ibid, 9 Apr 1946. 44. Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 61ff. 45. Laski to Attlee, 2 Aug 1945, Attlee Personal Papers. 46. Attlee to Laski, 18 Aug 1945, ibid. 47. Laski to Attlee, 4 Sept 1945, ibid. 48. Morgan Phillips to Laski, 20 Oct 1945, Phillips Papers, Labour Party Files, Box 1, Palestine File. 49. Laski to Frankfurter, 21 Oct 1945, quoted in Kingsley Martin, Harold Laski (1953) p. 214. 50. LPCR 1946, p. 212. 51. Morrison to Phillips, 21 , NEC Minutes, 24 July 1946. 52. NEC Minutes, 24 July 1946. 53. LPCR 1946, p. 174. 54. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 131. 55. LPCR 1946, pp. 182-4. 56. Observer, 16 June 1946. 57. LPCR 1946, p. 146. 58. 419 HCDeb, 193-4 (12 Feb 1946). 59. Ibid, p. 288. 60. 419 HCDeb, 410ff. (13 Feb 1946). 61. 141 HLDeb, 426. 62. TUC Report, 1946, p. 38. 63. Harrison, Trade Unions and Labour Party, p. 44.

4 PROBLEMS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION, 1945-6

1. , Change and Fortune (1980) pp. 131ff. 2. Hancock and Gowing, British War Economy, p. 247. 3. C/E, 'Our Overseas Financial Prospects', CP (45) 112 (14 Aug 1945). 4. The best account of the negotiations is R. N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, New edn (New York, 1969). 5. Ibid, p. 193. 6. Halifax, diary, 17 Oct 1945, Hickleton Papers A.7.8.17. 7. Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 136. For some of the telegrams see PREM 8/35. 8. Halifax, diary, 28 Nov and 1 Dec 1945. A.7.8.17. 9. 138 HLDeb, 782 (18 Dec 1945). 10. CM (45) 50 (6 Nov 1945). 11. CM (45) 57 (29 Nov 1945). 12. Halifax, diary, 1 Dec 1945, A.7.8.17. 13. Ibid, 13 and 16 Dec 1945, A.7.8.17. 14. Ibid, 23 Jan 1946, Hickleton Papers A.7.8.18. 278 Notes and References to pages 58-66

15. The Times, 12 Dec 1945. 16. Dalton, diary, 14 Dec 1945, BLPES. 17. 417 HCDeb, 442 {12 Dec 1945); James Meade, diary, 16 Dec 1945, BLPES. 18. 138 HLDeb, 785 (18 Dec 1945). 19. Halifax to FO, 'Weekly Political Summary', 23 Feb 1946, FO 371/51606. 20. Attlee to Churchill, 13 Mar 1946, quoted in Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, pp. 164ff. 21. Halifax to FO, 'Weekly Political Summary', 16 Mar 1946, FO 371/51607. 22. Dalton, diary, 29 Mar 1946, BLPES. 23. Halifax to FO, 'Weekly Political Summary', 13 May 1946, FO 371/51607. 24. LPCR 1946, p. 165. 25. lnverchapel to FO, 'Weekly Political Summary', 15 June 1946, FO 371/51608; idem, 7 July 1946, FO 371/51609. 26. Inverchapel to FO, 'Weekly Political Summary', 20 July 1946, as above. 27. Observer, 14 July 1946. 28. CM (45) 18 (7 Aug 1945). 29. 413 HCDeb, 105f. (16 Aug 1945). 30. 413 HCDeb, 794 (23 Aug 1945). 31. CM (45) 23 (16 Aug 1945); CM (45) 26 (30 Aug 1945). 32. W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis, val 5: The Aftermath (1929), ch. 3. 33. The Times, 4 Sept 1945. 34. The Times, 5 Sept 1945. 35. The Times, 6 Sept 1945. 36. Callaghan to Attlee, 31 Aug 1945, PREM 8/78. 37. De Freitas to Attlee, 13 Sept 1945; Callaghan to Attlee, 14 Sept 1945; Isaacs to Attlee, 21 Sept 1945; PREM 8/78. 38. The Times, 3 Oct 1945. 39. Callaghan to De Freitas, 4 Oct 1945, PREM 8/78. 40. 414 HCDeb, 1692-5 (22 Oct 1945). 41. The Times, 23 Oct 1945. 42. The Times, 10 Dec 1945. 43. 414 HCDeb, 1773 (22 Oct 1945). 44. Ibid, 1804. 45. Observer, 27 Jan 1946; SIS for Air, ' "Strikes" in the RAF', CP ( 46) 25 (27 Jan 1945). 46. , Into the Dangerous World (1952) pp. 124ff. 47. R. J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977) p. 165. 48. P. Moon (ed.) Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal (1973) p. 215; CM (46) 17 (21 Feb 1946); Attlee in 419 HCDeb, 1751-3 (26 Feb 1946). 49. 427 HCDeb, 38f. (8 Oct 1946) and 366 (10 Oct 1946). 50. 430 HCDeb, 26--8 (12 Nov 1946). 51. LPCR 1945, p. 117. 52. LP, 'Economic Survey for 1946', CP ( 46) 32 (30 Jan 1946). 53. LP, 'Annex to Economic Survey', CP (46) 40 (5 Feb 1946). 54. C/E, 'The Overseas Deficit', CP ( 46) 58 (8 Feb 1946). 55. A. Bryant, Triumph in the West: The Alanbrooke Diaries (1959) p. 530. Notes and References to pages 66-76 279

56. R. F. Harrod, Life of (1951) p. 643. 57. CM ( 46) 90 (24 Oct 1946). 58. 430 HCDeb, 639 (18 Nov 1946). 59. CM (47) 20 (11 Feb 1947); 435 HCDeb, 1966 (1 Apr 1947). 60. CM ( 47) 35 (3 Apr 194 7) and Appx, Montgomery to Alexander, 9 Apr 1947. 61. 437 HCDeb, 2619 (22 May 1947). 62. For details of wartime rationing, see R. J. Hammond, History of the Second World War: Food, 1 (1951) pp. 402-4. 63. Min of Food, 'Food for Europe', CP ( 45) 237 (22 Oct 1945); V. Gollancz, Leaving Them to their Fate (1946) pp. 38ff. 64. Min of Food, 'Gift Food Parcels for Overseas', CP (46) 250 (2 July 1946); 430 HCDeb 1242 (25 Nov 1946). 65. A. J. Matusow,Farm Policies and Politics in the Truman Era (Cambridge, Mass. 1967) p. 11. 66. Tribune, 29 Mar 1946. 67. Dalton, diary, 9 Feb 1946; News Chronicle, 2 Feb 1946. 68. CM ( 46) 20 ( 4 Mar 1946); CM ( 46) 22 (8 Mar 1946). 69. CM (46) 32 (10 Apr 1946). 70. CM ( 46) 43 (7 May 1946). 71. CM ( 46) 49 (17 May 1946); LP, 'Report on Mission to the US and ', CP (46) 202 (22 May 1946); B. Donoughue and G. W. Jones, Herbert Morrison (1973) p. 382. 72. News Chronicle, 11 Feb 1946. 73. Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 141. 74. The Times, 28 May 1946. 75. Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 101ff. 76. News Chronicle, 21 June 1946. 77. The Times, 29 June 1946. 78. The Times, 10 July 1946. 79. Min of Food, 'Canadian Wheat Supplies', CP ( 46) 286 (19 July 1946). 80. Morrison to Attlee, 19 July 1946, attached to CP ( 46) 286. 81. CM (46) 70 (21 July 1946); Dalton, diary, 1 Aug 1946. 82. R. J. Hammond, Food, vol. 3 (1962) 714ff. 83. Strachey to Attlee, quoted in Hugh Thomas,John Strachey (1973) p. 236. 84. Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 270ff. 85. For details of the results, see C. Cook and J. Ramsden, By-Elections in British Politics (1973) pp. 374ff. 86. Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 155. 87. Observer, 28 July 1946. 88. News Chronicle, 1 Apr 1946. 89. Ibid, 2 Sept 1946. 90. Ibid, 16 Aug 1946.

5 MORRISON AND NATIONALISATION

1. SeeJ. Pinder (ed.) Fifty Years ofPolitical and (1981). 2. Wyatt, Into the Dangerous World, pp. 160ff. 280 Notes and References to pages 76-85

3. Morrison, Autobiography (1960) p. 253. 4. , The Blast of War (1967) p. 82. 5. Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, pp. 303-6. 6. LPCR 1932, p. 214; G. Ostergaard, 'Labour and the Development of the Public Corporation', Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, XXII (1954) 214ff. 7. TUC Report 1944, p. 411; and see D. N. Chester, 'Management and Accountability in the Nationalised Industries', Public Administration, XXX (1952) 35. 8. Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, p. 336. 9. 413 HCDeb, 93 (16 Aug 1945). 10. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 46. 11. 415 HCDeb, 162 (29 Oct 1945). 12. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 103. 13. James Meade, diary l/4/115 (26 Aug 1945). 14. D. N. Chester, Nationalisation of British Industry, 1945-51 (1975) p. 40. 15. Emanuel Shinwell, Conflict without Malice (1955) pp. 172ff. 16. 418 HCDeb, 709ff. (29 Jan 1946). 17. Chester, Nationalisation, p. 256. 18. 418 HCDeb, 816 (29 Jan 1946). 19. Ibid, 972 (30 Jan 1946). 20. The Times, 2 Jan 1947. 21. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 61. 22. Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, pp. 390-8. 23. Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 163. 24. Chester, Nationalisation, p. 138. 25. CM (47) 28 (13 Mar 1947); Morrison, Autobiography, pp. 258ff. 26. Philip Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979) pp. 132-4 (quoting Gaitskell's diary). 27. Chester, Nationalisation, pp. 277,289. 28. CM (46) 107 (19 Dec 1946). 29. Min of Supply, 'Future of the Iron and Steel Industry', CP (46) 120 (28 Mar 1946). 30. SIS for Foreign Affairs, 'Future of the Iron and Steel Industry', CP (46) 152 (11 Apr 1946). 31. CM (46) 40 (2 May 1946). 32. Min of Supply, 'Iron and Steel: The Establishment of an Interim Control Board', CP (46) 300 (30 July 1946); CM (46) 76 (1 Aug 1946). 33. CM(47)37(17Apr1947). 34. CM (47) 39 and 40 (24 and 28 Apr 1947). 35. LP, 'Reorganisation of the Iron and Steel Industry', CP ( 47) 185 (23 June 1947); CM (47) 57 (26 June 1947). 36. CM ( 47) 64 and 66 (24 and 31 July 194 7). For Morrison's view see his Autobiography, p. 296; for divisions in the Cabinet at this juncture see note by W. S. Murrie in PM's Briefs, CAB 21/2243 (4 Aug 1947). Dalton in his unpublished diary entry of 8 Aug 194 7 reported Alexander as a supporter of early nationalisation, but this seems unlikely. Morrison in his Autobiography, p. 296, suggested that his scheme had only three opponents in the Cabinet. He was no doubt thinking of Dalton, Cripps Notes and References to pages 85-94 281

and Bevan; but Murrie shows that the majority of the Cabinet opposed him. 37. CM (47) 70 (7 Aug 1947). 38. Daily Telegraph, 12 Aug 194 7; Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 252. 39. Jowitt to Addison, 19 Aug 194 7, Addison Papers, Box 18, Bodleian Library. 40. CM (47) 80 (14 Oct 1947); PM to Addison, 15 Oct 1947 (telegram), PREM 8/1059 s.v. Parliamentary Procedure (House of Lords Reform), 1949. 41. P. Williams, Gaitskel/, p. 139. 42. 447 HCDeb, 218-238 (10 Feb 1948). 43. P. Williams, Gaitskell, pp. 153ff. 44. Morrison to Addison, 2 Feb 1948, Addison Papers, Box 18; Addison to Mackenzie King, 9 Apr 1948, Addison Papers, Box 137. 45. CM (48) 39 (14 June 1948); Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, p. 430. 46. Dalton, diary, 26 May 1948. 47. E. N. Plowden to Cripps, 24 May 1948, in PM's Briefs, attached to Norman Brook to PM, 27 May 1948. 48. R. J. Jackson, Rebels and Whips (1968) p. 53. 49. Min of Supply, 'Iron and Steel Bill', CP (48) 123 (20 May 1948). 50. CM ( 48) 36 (7 June 1948). 51. Min of Supply, 'Iron and Steel Bill', CP ( 48) 145 (10 June 1948). 52. CM ( 48) 52 (19 July 1948). 53. 458 HCDeb, 53-78 (15 Nov 1948). 54. Ibid, 219 (16 Nov 1948). 55. Ibid, 494 (17 Nov 1948). 56. On this see G. W. Ross, The Nationalisation of Steel (1965) pp. 102-5. 57. CM ( 49) 65 (1 0 Nov 1949). 58. LPCR 1948, p. 108. 59. Ibid, pp. 166-7. 60. Ibid, pp. 168-9. 61. Ibid, p. 170. 62. Ibid, pp. 171-2. 63. Ibid, p. 122. 64. PM to LP, 27 Oct 1947, PREM 8/847. 65. 445 HCDeb, 566 (4 Dec 1947). 66. 448 HCDeb, 430 (Diamond) and 391f. (Crookshank) (3 Mar 1948). 67. Conservative Party, Industrial Charter (Popular Edition, 194 7) p. 11. 68. The Times, 14 May 1948. 69. Ibid, 24 and 25 May 1948; Lord Citrine, Two Careers (1967) pp. 270-2; D. N. Chester and N. Bowring, Questions in Parliament (Oxford, 1962) p. 302. 70. 451 HCDeb, 1636 (7 June 1948). 71. LP, 'Taking Stock', SI(M) (48) 8 (29 Jan 1948); copy in PREM 8/848. 72. PM to LP, 1 Feb 1948, ibid. 73. LP to PM, 3 Feb 1948, ibid. 74. Nathan to Morrison, 13 Feb 1948, CAB 124/945. 75. Gaitskell's comments, 16 Feb 1948, enclosed in M. E. Bolton (MFP) to A. 282 Notes and References to pages 94-105

Johnston (Office of the LP), 17 Feb 1948. Cf. P. Williams, Gaitskell, p. 177. 76. Minutes of meeting, 3 May 1948, CAB 124/945. 77. PM to LP, 4 Nov 1948, PREM 8/846. 78. , 'Management and Men in the Socialised Industries', SI (M) (48) 65 (13 Dec 1948); LP to PM, 16 Dec 1948. Both in PREM 8/846. 79. LP to Chairmen of Public Corporations, 25 Nov 1948, CAB 124/946. 80. Hyndley to LP, 15 Dec 1948, ibid. 81. Minutes of meeting, 28Jan 1949, CAB 124/946;Spectator, 27 Feb 1948. 82. Quoted in Chester, Nationa/isation, p. 984.

6 THE MAKING OF THE

1. See above, p. 13. 2. 386 HCDeb, 1615-1694 (16 Feb 1943), 1765-1916 (17 Feb 1943) and 1964-2054 (18 Feb 1943). 3. 'A ', Parliamentary Papers, 1943-4, vn, 215ff. 4. 'Employment Policy', Parliamentary Papers, 1943-4, VIII, 121. 5. John Macnicol, The Movement for Family Allowances, 1918-45 (1980) p. 194. 6. For the Committee's Minutes and Papers, see CAB 134/697. 7. James Griffiths, Pages from Memory (1969) pp. 77ff. 8. F. Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, p. 80. 9. 414 HCDeb, 434 (11 Oct 1945). 10. SS ( 45) 2 (3 Sept 1945), CAB 134/697. 11. SS (45) 3 (1 Oct 1945) ibid. 12. SS (45) 4 (8 Oct 1945) ibid. 13. 414 HCDeb, 539 (11 Oct 1945); see also TUC Report 1946, p. 93. 14. 418 HCDeb, 1744 (6 Feb 1946). 15. The Times, 26 June 1946. 16. 419 HCDeb, 105 (11 Feb 1946). 17. 423 HCDeb, 616 (23 May 1946). 18. 423 HCDeb, 1425 (30 May 1946). 19. 444 HCDeb, 1612 (24 Nov 1947). 20. For an account of this, see Harry Eckstein, The English Health Service (Cambridge, Mass. 1959) Part I. 21. On the EMS, see R. M. Titmuss, Problems of Social Policy (1950) ch. 5 and pp. 466-9. 22. 'A National Health Service',Parliamentary Papers, 1943-4, VIII, 315ff; J. E. Pater, Making ofthe National Health Service (1981) pp. 77ff. 23. Pater (as note 22) p. 104. 24. British Medical Journal, quoted in Pater (as note 22) p. 107. 25. Pater (as note 22) p. 178; and interview with Mr Pater, November 1981. 26. Min of Health, 'National Health Service: The Future of the Hospital Services', CP (45) 205 (5 Oct 1945). 27. LP, 'National Health Service: The Future of the Hospital Services', CP (45) 227 (12 Oct 1945). Notes and References to pages 105-14 283

28. CM (45) 43 (18 Oct 1945). 29. CM (45) 58 (3 Dec 1945); 416 HCDeb, 2511f. (6 Dec 1945). 30. Labour Party, National Service for Health (1943) p. 18. 31. CM (46) 22 (8 Mar 1946). 32. Pater, Making of the National Health Service, p. 122. 33. Ibid, p. 123; The Times, 22 Mar 1946. 34. 422 HCDeb, 44-7 (30 Apr 1946). 35. SS (45) 15 (17 Dec 1945), CAB 134/697. 36. 422 HCDeb, 55 (30 Apr 1946) and 392 and 398 (2 May 1946). 37. J. S. Ross, The National Health Service in Great Britain (1952) p. 123. 38. Min of Health, 'National Health Service: Attitude of the Medical Profession', CP (48) 23 (19 Jan 1948). 39. 447 HCDeb, 35 (9 Feb 1948). 40. For an account of Bevan's struggle with the BMA, see Ross, National Health Service, pp. 125ff. 41. Lord Hill, Both Sides of the Hill (1964) p. 98. 42. Ibid, p. 97. 43. Ibid, p. 99. 44. Labour Party, Let Us Face the Future, p. 9. 45. 413 HCDeb, 253 {17 Aug 1945). 46. 425 HCDeb, 1378 (18 July 1946). 47. HG (45) 1 {11 Dec 1945), CAB 134/320. 48. Herbert Ashworth, Housing in Great Britain (1957) p. 39. 49. News Chronicle, 11 and 12 Sept 1946; CM (46) 82 (17 Sept 1946). 50. 'Celticus' (A. Bevan), Why Not Trustthe Tories? (1944) p. 76. 51. Min of Health, ' Report on Housing, Nov. 1945', CP (45) 330 (6 Dec 1945). 52. 426 HCDeb, 903 (30 July 1946). 53. HG (46) 1 (23 Jan 1946), CAB 134/320. 54. HG (46) 5 {12 Dec 1946) ibid. 55. CM ( 46) 28 (28 Mar 1946). 56. 427 HCDeb, 1354 (21 Oct 1946). For an interesting critique of Bevan's policy see Nathan Rosenberg, Economic Planning in the British Building Industry, 1945-49 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1960) esp. ch. 3. 57. 'Economic Survey for 1947', Parliamentary Papers, 1946-7, XIX, 497. 58. 441 HCDeb, 87 (28 ). 59. CM (47) 68 (1 Aug 1947). 60. CM (47) 81 (20 Oct 1947). 61. CM (48) 16 (23 Feb 1948). 62. 472 HCDeb, 868 {13 Mar 1950). 63. D. E. Butler, British General Election of /951 (1952) p. 15. 64. J. B. Cullingworth, Environmental Planning, 1939-1969, 1 (1975) p. 254. 65. Ashworth, Housing, Section VII. 66. Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 353-5. 67. Published in 1939. Cf. Betty D. Vernon, Ellen Wilkinson, 1891-1947 {1982). 68. Dalton, diary, 27 July 1945; Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, pp. 340ff. 69. CM ( 45) 25 (23 Aug 1945). 284 Notes and References to pages 114-21

70. CM ( 45) 28 ( 4 Sept 1945); P. H. J. H. Gosden, Education in the Second World War (1976) pp. 124-7. 71. CM (47) 8 (16 Jan 1947). 72. The Times, 1 Mar 1947. 73. Fred , George Tomlinson (1954) pp. 161, 170. 74. 'Education in 1947', Parliamentary Papers, 1947-8, XI, 525. 75. 'Education in 1948', Parliamentary Papers, 1948-9, XIV, 368. 76. I. G. K. Fenwick, The , 1944-1970 (1976) pp. 54-6. 77. LPCR 1946, p. 189. 78. Ibid, pp. 191, 194. 79. 475 HCDeb, 148 (w.a., 16 May 1950). 80. Ibid, 1372 (18 May 1950). 81. NEC Minutes, 24 May 1950. 82. Labour Party Research Department, 'Repor\on Comprehensive Schools' (R28), NEC Minutes, 28 Feb 1951. 83. Minutes of sub-committee, reported to NEC, 25 Apr 1951. 84. Blackburn, Tomlinson, p. 199. 85. Election manifesto, LPCR 1951, p. 210. 86. Listener, 8 July 1948. 87. Harris, Beveridge, pp. 448ff. 88. A. E. Zimmern, Quo Vadimus? (1934). 89. Sir G. Schuster in United Empire, xxvm (n.s., 1937) 518. 90. William Temple, Citizen and Churchman (1941) p. 35. 91. 'Truman's "Welfare State"', leading article in New York Times, 4 Jan 1949. 92. New York Times, 26 Oct 1949. 93. ADA World, 21 Nov 1949. 94. 467 HCDeb, 705 (14 July 1949). 95. Ibid, 1096 (18 July 1949). 96. Attlee to Ungoed-Thomas, 25 Sept 1950, Attlee Papers, Bodleian Library, Box 1.

7 BEVIN AND FOREIGN POLICY

1. For Bevin's career see Alan Bullock, Life and Times ofErnest Bevin, vol. I (1960), II (1967) and III (forthcoming). 2. Bullock, Bevin, II, 177; see also A. J.P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (1972) p. 530. 3. D. Dilks (ed.) Diaries of Sir (1971) p. 778. 4. Piers Dixon, Double Diploma (1968) p. 170 (diary, 30 July 1945). 5. LPCR, 1944, p. 145. 6. LPCR, 1945, pp. 115, 118. 7. Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 173-4 (diary, 31 July 1945). 8. W. Hayter, A Double Life (1974) p. 76. 9. Dalton, Call Back Yesterday, pp. 223ff. 10. Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 181, 183ff. 11. Ibid, p. 182. Notes and References to pages 121-9 285

12. 413 HCDeb, 291 (20 Aug 1945). 13. Foreign Secretary, 'Disposal of the Italian Colonies and of the Italian Mediterranean Islands', CP (45) 162 (10 Sept 1945); CM (45) 30 (11 Sept 1945). 14. Dixon, Double Diploma, pp. 192ff. 15. Trygvie Lie, In the Cause of Peace (1954) p. 32. 16. See above, pp. 54-60. 17. PREM 8/387, Bevin to PM, 27 Sept 1945; CM ( 46) 27 (25 Mar 1946). 18. CM (46) 41 and 42 (3 and 6 May 1946). 19. FO 371/56921 (1 Oct 1946). 20. FO 371/56883. 21. FO 371/51606 (2 Feb 1946). 22. Ibid (5 Feb 1946). 23. Ibid (10 Mar 1946). 24. FO 371/56883 (22 July 1946). 25. FO 371/44539 (10 Nov 1945), quoted in P. G. Boyle, 'The British Foreign Office View of Soviet-American Relations, 1945-6', Diplo• matic History, III, (1979) 317. 26. FO 800/279, lnverchapel to PM, 10 Mar 1947. 27. Ibid, PM to lnverchapel, 23 Mar 194 7. 28. Ibid, Bevin to Inverchapel, 17 Mar 194 7. 29. In what follows I have largely followed M. M. Gowing, Independence and Deterrence, 1945-52,1 (1974). But see also Peter Hennessy, 'How Bevin saved Britain's Bomb', The Times, 30 Sept 1982. 30. PM to President, 25 Sept 1945, quoted in Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers, pp. 97-101. 31. PM to President, 16 Apr 1946, Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, pp. 110ff. 32. PM to President, 6 June 1946, Williams (as note 31), pp. 112-17. 33. 450 HCDeb, 2117 (12 May 1948). 34. DO (50) 13 (11 July 1950). 35. LPCR, 1944, p. 9. 36. President to PM 31 Aug 1945 and PM to President, 16 Sept 1945, in Williams, Prime Minister Remembers, pp. 187-91; LP, 'Palestine Committee Report', CP (45) 156 (8 Sept 1945). 37. CM (45) 52 (13 Nov 1945); Bevin, 415 HCDeb, 1927ff. (13 Nov 1945). 38. F.O. 800/484, Bevin to Halifax, 12 Oct 1945. 39. 422 HCDeb, 197 (1 May 1946). 40. See above, p. 60. 41. Quoted inN. Bethell, The Palestine Triangle (1979) p. 244. 42. Bethell, Palestine Triangle, p. 263. 43. CM (46) 77 (7 Aug 1946). 44. Foreign Secretary, 'Palestine: Reference to the ', CP ( 4 7) 28 (13 Jan 1947). 45. CM (47) 6 and 11 (15 and 22 Jan 1947); Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 189ff. 46. CM (47) 18 (7 Feb 1947). 47. CM (47) 22 (14 Feb 1947); 433 HCDeb, 988f. (18 Feb 1947). 48. CM (47) 76 (20 Sept 1947). 286 Notes and References to pages 129-35

49. Evan Luard, History of the United Nations, 1 (1982) 173. 50. Ibid, pp. 190-206. 51. Annual Register, 1949, p. 359. 52. 427 HCDeb, 1510 (22 Oct 1946). 53. C/E, 'The Overseas Deficit', CP ( 46) 58 (8 Feb 1946). 54. C/E, 'The Cost of the British Zone in Germany', CP (46) 218 (4 June 1946). 55. F. A. Vali, The Quest for a United Germany (Baltimore, 1967) p. 16. 56. CM (46) 56 (6 June 1946). 57. W. S. Churchill, The Sinews of Peace ( 1948) p. 100. Bevin's view may have owed something to a report from Sir Maurice Peterson, the British Ambassador in Moscow, who had been told by Stalin that Churchill's speech 'had not been repudiated'. Peterson to Bevin, 28 May 1946, PREM 8/349. 58. CM (46) 73 (25 July 1946); FRUS, 1946, v, 585. 59. Dalton, diary, 5 Oct 1946. 60. F. 0. Wilcox and T.V. Kalijarvi, Recent American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941-1951 (Westport, Conn., 1972) p. 301. 61. FRUS, 1947, v, 110 (12 Mar 1947). 62. CM (47) 37 (17 Apr 1947). 63. CM (47) 43 (2 May 1947). 64. CM (47) 53 (10 June 1947); CM (47) 56 (24 June 1947). 65. FRUS 1947, m, 237-9 (5 June 1947). 66. For its impact in Britain, see Chapter 10. 67. Foreign Secretary, 'Extinction of Human Rights in Eastern Europe', CP (47) 313 (24 Nov 1947). 68. CM (47) 95 (15 Dec 1947). 69. Foreign Secretary, 'Policy in Germany', CP (48) 5 (5 Jan 1948). 70. For an account of this episode, see J. W. Young, 'The Labour Government's Foreign Policy towards France, 1945-51' (PhD thesis, Cambridge, 1983). 71. 446 HCDeb, 383ff. (22 Jan 1948). 72. Bevin to Dixon, 22 Apr 1948, quoted in Dixon, Double Diploma, p. 255. 73. CM (48) 22 (15 Mar 1948). 74. Bevin and Bidault to Marshall, 17 Apr 1948, FRUS 1948, m, 91. 75. FRUS 1948, III, pp. 135ff. 76. Comments by Marshall transmitted in Lovett to Balfour, 28 May 1948, FRUS 1948, III, p. 133. 77. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace (Boston, Mass., 1977) pp. 366-88. 78. A. J. and R. L. Merritt, Public Opinion in Occupied Germany (Urbana, lll., 1970) p. 261. 79. Lie, In the Cause of Peace, pp. 217ff. 80. Walter Mills, The Forrestal Diaries (1952) pp. 429ff.; DO (48) 18 (13 Sept 1948). 81. For a good account of the negotiations see , The Birth of NATO (1982). 82. FO 800/454, Kirkpatrick to Franks, 29 Nov 1948. 83. Ibid, Franks to Bevin, 29 Dec 1948. 84. Henderson, Birth of NATO, p. 92. Notes and References to pages 136-43 287

85. NEC Minutes, 22 Jan 1947. For FO intervention in securing this decision see CM ( 48) 2 (8 Jan 1948). 86. ': Note of Deputation ... received by the PM and Foreign Secretary, 17 June 1948', CP (48) 162 (26 June 1948). 87. Lord Strang, At Home and Abroad (1956) p. 290. 88. Foreign Secretary, ' and Western Union', CP (48) 249 (2 Nov 1948). 89. Lord Gladwyn, Memoirs (1972) p. 224. 90. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 322. 91. Ibid, p. 329. 92. Bullock, Bevin, 1, 133ff. 93. , 24 Jan 1948; quoted opposite title page of W. D. A. (Bill) Jones, The Russia Complex (Manchester, 1977). 94. LPCR 1945, p. 119. 95. CM (46) 102 (2 Dec 1946). 96. Dalton, High Tide and After, pp. 155, 168. 97. In May 1945 Healey had called for a 'foreign policy ... completely distinct from that of the Tory Party'. LPCR 1945, p. 114. 98. Labour Party,Approach to Foreign Policy (194 7), p. 14; see also Healey to H. McNeil, 16 Dec 1946 and McNeil to Healey, 19 Dec 1946, Labour Party Papers ID Box 3. 99. Healey to Furness, 18 Nov 1946, ibid, Box 4. 100. 430 HCDeb, p. 526 (18 Nov 1946). 101. Ibid, p. 527. 102. Ibid, pp. 581-2. 103. Ibid, p. 591. 104. Dixon, Double Diploma, p. 241. 105. CM (46) 100 (25 Nov 1946); PLP Minutes, 28 Nov 1946. 106. NEC Minutes, 27 Nov 1946. 107. LPCR 1947, p. 175. 108. Caffery to Marshall, 1 July 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 301. 109. Roderick Barclay, Ernest Bevin and the Foreign Office (1975) p. 30. 110. Ibid, pp. 46--9, 52-66. 111. S/S for the Colonies, 'Situation in Malaya and Hong Kong', CP ( 49) 52 (5 Mar 1949). 112. Foreign Secretary, 'Sir William Strang's Tour in South-East Asia and the Far East', CP ( 49) 67 (17 Mar 1949). 113. Note by Cabinet Secretary, 'China and South-East Asia Committee', CP ( 49) 71 (24 Mar 1949). 114. CM (49) 30 (28 Apr 1949). 115. Min of Defence, 'Visit to Hong Kong', CP (49) 134 (17 June 1949). 116. Foreign Secretary, 'China', CP (49) 180 (23 Aug 1949). For discussions about recognition inside the Foreign Office, see R. Ovendale, 'Britain, the United States, and the Recognition of Communist China',Historical Journal, 26 (1983), 139ff. 117. Foreign Secretary, 'Recognition of the Chinese Communist Govern• ment', CP (49) 214 (24 Oct 1949). 118. CM ( 49) 62 (27 Oct 1949). 288 Notes and References to pages 143-53

119. Foreign Secretary, 'Recognition of the Chinese Communist Govern- ment', CP (49) 248 (12 Dec 1949). 120. CM (49) 72 {15 Dec 1949);Annual Register, 1950, p. 323. 121. Bevin to PM, 21 Apr 1949, FO 800/445. 122. Barclay, Ernest Bevin, p. 67. 123. See FO 800/449 for this. 124. ECA, The Sterling Area (1951) p. 23; FRUS 1950, v, 212-15.

8 LABOUR AND THE EMPIRE

1. The Times, 21 Nov 1942. 2. Penderel Moon, Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal (1973) pp. 159,161. 3. Mansergh, Transfer of Power, VI, 230-2. 4. Moon, Viceroy's Journal, p. 171. 5. Mansergh, Transfer, VI, 765. 6. Moon, Viceroy's Journal, pp. 213-14. 7. Mansergh, Transfer, vu, 582-91. 8. Moon, Viceroy's Journal, pp. 235-6. 9. Pethick-Lawrence to Lady Pethick-Lawrence, 14 Apr 1946, Pethick• Lawrence Papers, P-L 6, p. 160; cf. Vera Brittain, Pethick-Lawrence {1963)p.154. 10. Alexander to Bevin, 1 June 1946, Alexander Papers, A VAR Pers. 3. 11. P-L to Lady P-L, 19 June 1946, P-L 6.186. 12. Mansergh, Transfer, VIII, 454-65 and 570-3. 13. Moon, Viceroy's Journal, p. 399. 14. Bevin to Attlee, 1 Jan 1947, Mansergh, Transfer, IX, 431. 15. Attlee to Bevin, 2 Jan 1947, Mansergh, Transfer, IX, 443ff. 16. P-L to Attlee, 30 Jan 1946, Mansergh, Transfer, VI, 871ff.; Moon, Viceroy's Journal, p. 458. 17. Mansergh, Transfer, IX, 396. 18. Moon, Viceroy's Journal, p. 497. 19. Ibid,p.417. 20. Ibid, p. 419. 'Dickie' was Mountbatten's nickname. 21. 145 HLDeb, 838-9 (20 Feb 1947); Mansergh, Transfer, IX, 773-5. 22. For Jinnah's comment, see A. Campbell-Johnson, Mission with Mount• batten (1951) p. 59. 23. For the statement at , and for an extract from Mountbatten's broadcast, see P. N. S. Mansergh, Documents and Speeches on British Commonwealth Affairs, 1931-52 (1953) pp. 661-9. 24. C. R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 3 June 1947, Attlee Personal Papers. Ashley, later Lord Mount Temple, had been a Conservative junior Minister and was President of the Anti-Socialist Union. 25. See Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, pp. 710-16. 26. 150 HLDeb, 802-874 (16 July 1947). 27. C. R. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 18 Aug 1947, Attlee Personal Papers. 28. See H. V. Hodson, The Great Divide {1969) esp. pp. 403-18. 29. P-L to Attlee, 2 Apr 1946, P-L Papers 5.77. 30. Maurice Collis, Last and First in Burma (1956) p. 290. Notes and References to pages 154-61 289

31. Lord Garner, The Commonwealth Office, 1925-1968 (1978) p. 15. 32. Memo. by Creech-Janes, undated, Creech-Janes Papers ACJ 4/4/75, Rhodes House, Oxford. 33. D. J. Morgan, Official History of Colonial Development (1980) vol. v, 75. 34. K. M. de Silva, History of Ceylon, vol. III (Colombo, 1974) 530. 35. For an account of Ceylon's progress to independence from the Colonial Office standpoint, see Sir Charles Jeffries, Ceylon: The Path to Indepen• dence (1962). 36. 0. Stanley to Creech-Janes, 7 Oct 1946, ACJ 8/3/59. 37. Quoted D. Goldsworthy, Colonial Issues in British Politics, 1945-61 (Oxford, 1971) p. 199. 38. Liaison Committee Minutes, 30 Oct 1946. 39. 'The Colonial Empire', Parliamentary Papers, 1947-8, XI, 55 and 58. 40. 465 HCDeb, 1602 (27 May 1949). 41. Morgan, Colonial Development, 11, 4ff. 42. Ibid, pp. 6ff. 43. Ibid, p. 12. 44. Ibid, p. 23. 45. Ibid, pp. 234ff. 46. CM (46) 93 {31 Oct 1946). 47. Morgan, Colonial Development, 11, 241-50. 48. Ibid, p. 244. 49. Ibid, p. 271. 50. See Alan Wood, The Groundnut Affair (1950); John Iliffe, Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979) pp. 440-2; Hugh Thomas, John Strachey (1973) ch. 16. 51. Picture Post, 19 Nov 1949. 52. 470 HCDeb, 78 (21 Nov 1949). 53. Morgan, Colonial Development, 11, 290, 294. 54. Thomas, Strachey, p. 254. 55. H. G. Nicholas, British General Election of 1950 {1951) p. 117; D. E. Butler, British General Election of 1951 (1952) pp. 68, 97. 56. Chapter 7, pp. 127-30. 57. On this, see Ronald Robinson,' Andrew Cohen and the Transfer of Power in Tropical Africa, 1940-1951 ', in W. H. Morris-Jones and Georges Fischer, (eds) Decolonisation and After (1980); R. D. Pearce, The Turning Point in Africa, 1938-1948 (1982). 58. 'The Colonial Territories, 1949-50, Parliamentary Papers, 1950, VIII, 429. 59. 'The Colonial Empire', Parliamentary Papers, 1947-8, XI, 67. 60. Garner, Commonwealth Office, p. 282. 61. Noel-Baker to Addison, 8 Nov 1948, Noel-Baker Papers, 4/108; Gordon Walker diary, 4 Mar 1948, Gordon Walker Papers, 1/8. 62. Gordon Walker diary, 6 Oct 1947, 1/7. 63. Garner, Commonwealth Office, pp. 290-2. 64. 'Memoirs of Sir Charles Dixon', pp. 57ff. Dixon was Assistant Under• Secretary of State at the Dominions Office and CRO, 1940-8. 65. CM (48) 74 {18 Nov 1948); Garner, Commonwealth Office, p. 320n.; 290 Notes and References to pages 161-9

Jowitt, HLDeb, 1087-93 (15 Dec 1948), quoted Mansergh, Documents, pp. 818ff. It was agreed that relations with the Republic of Ireland should continue to be conducted through the CRO: CM (48) 81 (15 Dec 1948). 66. See Second debate, 464 HCDeb, 1854-1964 (11 May 1949). 67. Sir B. N. Rau, 'India and the Commonwealth', 24 Jan 1948, copy in Gordon Walker Papers, 1/7; for the quotation see A. B. Keith, The Dominions as Sovereign States (1938) p. ix. 68. Note by Gordon Walker, Joe. cit. 69. Gordon Walker diary fragment, 21 Apr 1948, Gordon Walker Papers, 1/8. Cf. Hodson, Great Divide, p. 470. 70. Gordon Walker diary fragments, 7 Jan and 10 Feb 1949, Joe. cit. 71. Gordon Walker to Mountbatten, 20 July 1949, and memo. for PM, 5 Jan 1949, Gordon Walker Papers. 72. Gordon Walker diary fragment, 10 Feb 1949, Joe. cit. 73. Quoted in Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, p. 724. 74. CM (49) 17 (3 Mar 1949); Garner, Commonwealth Office, p. 318. 75. Mansergh, Documents, p. 846. 76. Ibid, p. 1289. 77. Amery to Attlee, 28 Apr 1949, Attlee Personal Papers. 78. Attlee to Gordon Walker, 30 Apr 1949, Gordon Walker Papers 1/7. 79. Attlee to Cripps, 30 Apr 1949, CAB 127/85.

9 1947: YEAR OF CRISES

1. News Chronicle 31 Dec 1946. 2. C. L. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars (1955) pp. 38-40. 3. News Chronicle, 9 Jan 1947. 4. Ibid, 20 Jan 194 7. 5. Annual Register, 1947, p. 5. 6. The Times, 8 Feb 1947. 7. Ibid, 13 Feb 1947. 8. 145 HLDeb, 622 (13 Feb 1947). 9. The Times, 25 Oct 1946. For a carefully documented attack on Shinwell, see Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 142-52. But his record is defended by Lord Wigg, George Wigg (1972) pp. 126--30. 10. Dalton, High Tide and After, p. 205. 11. On Ellen Wilkinson as Minister see also pp. 113ff. 12. Donoughue and Jones, Herbert Morrison, pp. 391-4. 13. Dalton, diary, 24 Feb 194 7. 14. Attlee to Morrison, 5 Apr 1947, Morrison Papers. 15. Morrison to Attlee, 8 Apr 1947, ibid. 16. Attlee to Morrison, 16 Apr 1947, ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Lord Inman, No Going Back {1952) p. 185. 19. Inman to Attlee, 4 Sept 1947, quoted in Inman, No Going Back, p. 186; Economist, 11 Oct 194 7. 20. CM (47) 9 (17 Jan 1947); Dalton, High Tide, p. 193. 21. Dalton to Attlee, 20 Jan 1947, Dalton, High Tide, pp. 194-8. Notes and References to pages 170-9 291

22. CM (47) 13 (28 Jan 1947); Dalton, High Tide, p. 198. 23. CM (47) 13 (28 Jan 1947); Dalton, High Tide, pp. 206-9. 24. 435 HCDeb, 1962. 25. Attlee to Morrison, 5 Apr 194 7. 26. Churchill, 437 HCDeb, 458 (7 May 194 7). 27. 436 HCDeb, 61, 64, 87. 28. Dalton, diary, 2 May 194 7. 29. Parliamentary Papers, 1946-7, XIX, 473ff. 30. CM (47) 14 (30 Jan 1947). 31. The Times, 22 Feb 1947. 32. Kingsley Martin, Evening Standard, 25 Feb 1947. 33. 434 HCDeb, 970 (10 Mar 1947). 34. The Times, 28 Mar 1947. 35. Dalton, diary, 28 Apr and 2 May 1947; cf. Dalton, High Tide, p. 236. 36. Dalton, diary, 26 July 1947; Morrison to Bridges, 8 July 1947, Morrison Papers; Donoughue and Jones, pp. 406-8. 37. Manchester Guardian, 28 July 1947. 38. Dalton, diary, 26 July 1947; cf. Dalton, High Tide, p. 239. 39. Dalton, diary, 28 July 1947. 40. Ibid, 29 July 1947. 41. Ibid, 30 July 194 7. 42. Ibid. 43. CM (47) 67 and 68 (1 Aug 1947). 44. CM (47) 69 (5 Aug 1947); 441 HCDeb, 1486ff. (6 Aug 1947). 45. Economist, 9 Aug 1947. 46. 441 HCDeb, 1677-81 (7 Aug 1947). 47. Dalton, diary, 12 Mar 1947; 8 Aug 1947. 48. PLP Minutes, 11 Aug 1947; Dalton, High Tide, p. 253. 49. Dalton, High Tide, p. 262. 50. See Jowitt to Addison, 19 Aug 1947, Addison Papers, Box 18. 51. CM (47) 74 (25 Aug 1947); The Times, 28 Aug 1947. 52. Dalton, diary, 5 Sept 194 7. 53. Dalton, High Tide, p. 241. 54. Ibid, p. 243. 55. Morrison to Cripps, 8 Sept 194 7, Morrison Papers. 56. Cripps to Morrison, 8 Sept 194 7, Morrison Papers. 57. For an (admittedly) second-hand account of this interview see Dalton, High Tide, p. 245. 58. Jay, Change and Fortune, p. 193. 59. Gordon Walker to Morrison, 23 Sept 1947, Gordon Walker Papers, Churchill College. 60. See, for example, Lord Samuel's article in The Times, 9 Sept 194 7. 61. Dalton to Attlee, 20 Sept 1947, Attlee Personal Papers. 62. Morrison to Whiteley, 13 Sept 1947, Morrison Papers. 63. Attlee to Morrison, 15 Sept 194 7, Morrison Papers. 64. Since July, Addison's existing office had been entitled 'Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations'. 65. In fact, Isaacs was not appointed to the Economic Policy Committee. 292 Notes and References to pages 179--89

66. In his unpublished diaries Dalton refers to Shin well as 'Shinbad'. See also Dalton to Attlee, 23 July 1947, Attlee Personal Papers, and Cripps to Dalton, 24 Sept and 3 Oct 194 7, Dalton Papers. 67. Morrison to Attlee, 19 Sept 1947, Morrison Papers. 68. Attlee to Morrison, 23 Sept 194 7, Morrison Papers. 69. Webb to Morrison, 1 Oct 1947, Morrison Papers. 70. Attlee to Morrison, 3 Oct 194 7, Morrison Papers. 71. Dalton to Attlee, 20 Sept 1947, Attlee Personal Papers. 72. Cripps to Dalton, 24 Sept 1947, Dalton Papers. 73. Cripps to Attlee, 24 and 25 Sept 194 7, Attlee Personal Papers. 74. Attlee to Morrison, 3 Oct 194 7, Morrison Papers. 75. CM (47) 78; Dalton, diary, 2 Oct 1947. 76. 'The 1948 Dollar Programme', PM's Briefs, 17 Oct 1947, CAB 21/2243. 77. The Times, 10 Oct 1947. 78. The Times, 11 Oct 194 7. 79. Dalton, diary, 12 Oct 1947. 80. CM (47) 79 (9 Oct 1947). 81. Dalton, diary, 18 and 19 Oct 1947. 82. Dalton, High Tide, pp. 268ff. 83. Manchester Guardian, 11 Nov 1947. 84. The Times, 6 Dec 194 7. 85. 'John Bouverie', News Chronicle, 24 Oct 1947. 86. The Times, 24 Oct 194 7. 87. The Times, 13 Nov 1947. 88. For a full account of this episode see 'Select Committee on the Budget Disclosure', Parliamentary Papers, 194 7-8, VI, 545ff; and also Dalton, High Tide, pp. 276-86. 89. Economist, 25 Dec 1948.

10 BRITAIN AND THE

1. Balfour to Nevile Butler, 29 May 1947, T 236/1887. 2. J. Gimbel, The Origins of the Marshall Plan (Stanford, Calif., 1976) p. 4. For a more balanced view, see Scott Jackson, 'Prelude to the Marshall Plan' ,Journal ofAmerican History, LXV (1979); M. J. Hogan, 'The Search for a "Creative Peace": The US, European Unity, and the Origins of the Marshall Plan', Diplomatic History, VI (1982). 3. Forrestal, diary, 3 and 4 Mar 194 7, Millis, Forrestal Diaries, pp. 244ff. 4. Kennan, memo, 16 May 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 221. 5. Kennan to Acheson, 23 May 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 224. 6. Clayton to Acheson, 27 May 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 230-2. 7. Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 234. 8. Rene MacColl, Deadline and Dateline (1956), pp. 174ff.; L. Miall, 'How the Marshall Plan Started', Listener, 4 May 1961. 9. W. Eady to B. Trend, 13 June 1947, T 236/1887. 10. 'UK Draft Record of Conference of Foreign Ministers, 3 July 1947', T 236/1890. 11. For the Anglo-French compromise, see ibid. Notes and References to pages 189-97 293

12. Marshall to Douglas, 8 Sept 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 418. 13. Douglas to Marshall, 9 Sept 1947, FRUS 1947, III, 420. 14. A. H. Vandenberg, Jr, The Private Papers ofSenator Vandenberg {1953) p. 377. 15. Harry B. Price, The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning (Ithaca, NY, 1955) p. 48. 16. Vandenberg, Vandenberg Papers, pp. 374ff. 17. Price, Marshall Plan, p. 67. 18. Ibid, p. 55. 19. Ibid, p. 71; Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 234. 20. T. L. Rowan, 'Draft Economic Co-operation Agreement between the UK and the US', EPC (48) 48 (2 June 1948), CAB 134/218. 21. Reports to CLC (48) 3 (3 June 1948), CAB 133/18. 22. C/E, 'Economic Consequences of Receiving no ERP Aid', CP (48) 161 (23 June 1948). 23. CM (48) 42 {24 June 1948). 24. CM ( 48) 43 (25 June 1948). 25. Hoffman, memo. to the President, 26 June 1948, FRUS 1948, III, 457-8. 26. For the text of the treaty, see Royal Institute of International Affairs, Documents on European Recovery and Defence, 1947-1949 (1949) pp. 96-110. 27. 453 HCDeb, 41ff. (5 and 6 July 1948). 28. Marshall to lnverchapel, 12 Mar 1948, FRUS 1948, Ill, 484; Gladwyn, Memoirs, pp. 215ff. 29. Douglas to Marshall, 31 Aug 1948, FRUS 1948, III, 484. 30. R. S. Churchill (ed.), The Sinews of Peace (1948) p. 199. 31. NEC Minutes, 22 Jan 194 7. For Labour's attitude to Europe in this period see J. T. Grantham, 'The Labour Party and European Unity, 1939-1951' {PhD thesis, Cambridge, 1977). 32. 446 HCDeb, 396-8. 33. NEC Minutes, 28 Jan and 28 Apr 1948. 34. LPCR, 1948, p. 177. 35. Memo, Clarke to Eady, 27 Feb 1948, T 236!1892; published in Sir R. Clarke, Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942-1949 (Oxford, 1982) p. 192. 36. Barclay, Bevin and the Foreign Office, p. 83. 37. Douglas to Marshall, 31 Aug 1948, FRUS 1948, III, 485. 38. CLC (48) 1st meeting (14 May 1948), CAB 133/8. 39. Douglas to Marshall, 31 Aug 1948, FRUS 1948, III, 485. 40. R. M. Bissell, memo, 22 Sept 1948, FRUS 1948, Ill, 486-9. 41. Cripps, 'Note of a Conversation with Mr A. Harriman', 13 May 1948, T 236/1893. 42. 'ERP Progress Report No. 8: Visit of the Chancellor ... to Canada and the USA, 21 Sept-7 Oct 1948', T 236!1893. 43. Bevin to Spaak, 15 Oct 1948, quoted in P. H. Spaak, The Continuing Battle {1971) p. 196. 44. OEEC, Two Years of Economic Co-operation {Paris, 1950) p. 17; Labouisse to Acheson, 29 Mar 1949,FRUS 1949, IV, 380. 45. Harriman to ECA Missions in Europe, 1 July 1949, FRUS 1949, IV, 406. 294 Notes and References to pages 197-205

46. Ibid, p. 407. 47. Katz to Hoffman, 28 July 1949, ibid, p. 408. 48. Hoffman to Harriman, 5 Aug 1949, ibid, pp. 416-18. 49. Ibid, p. 425n. 50. See Chapter 11, p. 226. 51. Memo of conversation by G. Hayden Raynor, 24 Sept 1949,FRUS 1949, IV, 425. 52. William Diebold, Trade and Payments in Western Europe (New York, 1952) p. 78; Economist, 29 Oct 1949. 53. Economist, 29 Oct 1949. 54. Douglas to Acheson, 18 Oct 1949, FRUS 1949, IV, 431. 55. Acheson to Douglas, 24 Oct 1949 and note, ibid, 434. 56. Douglas to Acheson, 26 Oct 1949, ibid, 435ff. 57. The Times, 1 Nov 1949; Economist, 5 Nov 1949. 58. Economist, 17 Dec 1949. 59. The Times, 3 Nov 1949. 60. Daily Telegraph, 17 Jan 1950. 61. Memo. of conversation with J. J. McCloy, 20 Jan 1950, FRUS 1950, III, 1608ff. 62. Murphy to Harriman, 5 Jan 1950, FRUS 1950, III, 610. 63. Editorial note, ibid, pp. 645ff. 64. Cripps to Hoffman, 7 Mar 1950, T 172/2040. 65. Hoffman to Cripps, 15 Mar 1950, ibid. 66. Aide-memoire, Acheson to Bevin, 11 May 1950, ibid, 655-7. 67. Diebold, Trade and Payments p. 92; Triffin, Europe and the Money Muddle (New Haven, Conn., 1967) p. 167; and forGaitskell's role seeP. M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979) pp. 215-26. 68. ER (ECA) (49) 11th meeting (12 Dec 1949), CAB 133/49. 69. Kenney to Harriman, 13 Dec 1949,FRUS 1949, IV, 460-2. 70. Holmes (UK Charge d'affaires) to Acheson, 10 Mar 1950,FRUS 1950, III, 643. 71. L. D. Epstein, Britain, Uneasy Ally (Chicago, 1954) summarises the evidence in Parliament and press. 72. Memo 'ECA', 8 June 1948, CAB 133/74. 73. New York Times, 14 May 1948. 74. See ERP/BWC (48) 5th meeting, 25 May 1948, CAB 133/73. 75. New York Times, 30 Mar 1950. 76. See Bevin to Attlee, 29 Sept 1947, FO 800/438;New York Times, 1 July 1948. 77. ER (ECA) (48) 6, 6 Aug 1948, CAB 133/49. 78. ER (ECA) (49) 4, 31 Jan 1949, CAB 133/49. 79. ER (ECA) (49) 6, 11 Feb 1949, ibid; Harold Wilson in 461 HCDeb, 149f. (w.a.) {15 Feb 1949). 80. For Anglo-American disagreement over China, see above, p. 143. 81. Hadley Arkes, Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan and the National1nterest (Princeton, New , 1972) p. 168. 82. Report to ER (W) (48) lOth Meeting (31 Aug 1948), CAB 133/74. 83. New York Times, 22 Dec 1948. 84. Arkes, Bureaucracy, p. 269. Notes and References to pages 205-15 295

85. ER (W) (49) 15th Meeting {16 Aug 1949), CAB 133/75. For the text of the Act and its 1949 amendments, see Royal Institute for International Affairs, Documents on European Recovery, pp. 31-68. 86. New York Times, 7 Dec 1949. 87. Morgan, Colonial Development, II, 11 Off. 88. Ibid. On 'Point Four', see H. S. Truman, The Truman Memoirs, II, 247-50. 89. Morgan, Colonial Development, pp. 111ff. 90. lbid,p.lOl. 91. Ibid, p. 106 92. 476 HCDeb, 222 (w.a.) (28 June 1950). 93. Morgan, Colonial Development, pp. 112-18. 94. CM (50) 17 (3 Apr 1950) and CM (50) 28 ( 4 May 1950). 95. CM (50) 70 (2 Nov 1950). 96. CM (50) 84 (11 Dec 1950). 97. 482 HCDeb, 1162 {13 Dec 1950). 98. Economist, 25 Nov 1950. 99. Arkes, Bureaucracy, p. 285.

11 LABOUR AND THE 1950 ELECTION: THE PROSPECT AND THE OUTCOME

1. J.D. Hoffman, The Conservative Party in Opposition, 1945-51 (1964) p. 81. 2. Wootton, Memoirs (1959) p. 333. 3. Hoffman, Conservatives in Opposition, p. 89. 4. Ibid, p. 90. 5. Ibid, pp. 93-6. 6. Nicholas, British General Election of 1950, pp. 24, 28. 7. Hoffman, Conservatives in Opposition, p. 144. 8. Conservative Party, Industrial Charter (1947) p. 26. 9. Hoffman, Conservatives in Opposition, p. 148; R. A. Butler, The Art of the Possible, p. 145. 10. J. S. Rasmussen, The Liberal Party (1965) pp. 14ff. 11. Ibid, p. 15. 12. Pollitt's report to CPGB executive, quoted in H. Pelling, British Communist Party (1958) p. 142. 13. LPCR 1948, pp. 121-4. 14. Dalton, diary, 26 May 1948. 15. NEC Minutes, 28 July 1948. 16. Morgan Phillips to Attlee, 16 Dec 1948, and acknowledgement, 17 Dec 1948, Phillips Papers, Shanklin File. 17. The Times, 26 Feb 1949. 18. For the details and arguments, see Phillips Papers, Shanklin File. 19. Labour Party, Labour Believes in Britain (1949) pp. 8, 13. 20. Cripps to Dalton, 16 Mar 1949, Dalton Papers. 21. Dalton, diary, 23 Mar 1949. 22. NEC Minutes, 23 Mar 1949. 296 Notes and References to pages 215-23

23. LPCR 1949, pp. 154ff. 24. Ibid, p. 172, pp. 206ff. 25. Dalton, diary, 3-10 June 1949. 26. Co-operative Insurance Society, 'Memo ... on Labour Party Proposals', NEC Minutes, 5 June 1949. 27. NEC Minutes, 28 Sept 1949; note on 'Industrial Assurance' in Dalton Papers, 9/7. 28. NEC Minutes, 23 Nov 1949. 29. Dalton, diary, 23 Nov 1949. 30. Lyle to Morrison, 14 July 1949: copy in NEC Minutes, 27 July 1949. 31. Lyle, memo. 'The Future of the Sugar Industry in Great Britain', NEC Minutes, 28 Sept 1949. 32. For one version of the cartoon, seep. 233. 33. NEC Minutes, 26 Oct 1949. 34. Quoted Nicholas, General Election 1950, pp. 72ff. 35. Ibid, p. 74. 36. News Chronicle, 29 Nov 1949. 37. The Times, 14 May 1949. 38. NEC Minutes, 28 Jan 1948. 39. 448 HCDeb, 3029 (24 Mar 1948). 40. Nicholas, General Election 1950, p. 4. 41. Liaison Committee Minutes, 8 Mar 1948. 42. R. J. Jackson, Rebels and Whips (1968) pp. 65-9. 43. NEC Minutes, 28 Apr 1948. 44. LPCR 1948, pp. 17, 120ff. 45. NEC Minutes, 27 Oct 1948. 46. NEC Minutes, 23 Feb 1949. 47. Zilliacus to Phillips, 22 Dec 1947, NEC Minutes, 23 Feb 1949. 48. Zilliacus, 'Memo. to Members of the By-Election Sub-Committee', NEC Minutes, 23 Feb 1949. 49. NEC Minutes, 27 Apr 1949. 50. Ibid, 18 May 1949. 51. See Pelling, British Communist Party, p. 155. 52. For example, Phillips to J. W. Raisin, 24 May 1948, Phillips Papers Box 14; Phillips to J. T. Anson, 4 Nov 1948, Box 25 (re AEU). 53. NEC Minutes, 26 Jan 1949. The prominence of the housing issue in the General Election is confirmed by the Mass-Observation survey, Voters' Choice (1950). 54. LPCR 1949, p. 12. 55. LPCR 1950, p. 16. 56. Manchester Guardian, 21 Sept 1949. 57. 461 HCDeb, 1577 (21 Feb 1949). 58. News Chronicle, 15 Mar 1949. 59. 463 HCDeb, 2124 (22 Mar 1949). 60. The Times, 23 Mar 1949. 61. News Chronicle, 1 Apr 1949. 62. The Times, 26 Jan 1949; Lynskey Tribunal, 'Report', Parliamentary Papers, 1948-9, XVIII, 425ff. 63. Dalton, diary, 20 Mar 1949. Notes and References to pages 223-31 297

64. Ibid, 24 May 1949. 65. Ibid, 1 July 1949. 66. 467 HCDeb, 673ff. (14 July 1949). 67. Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 186ff. 68. The Times, 18 July 1949. 69. Dalton, diary, 17 July 1949. 70. Phillips to Attlee, 19 July 1949, Attlee Papers, Bodleian Library, Box 2. 71. On Wilson's hesitation seeP. M. Williams, Gaitskell, pp. 199-200; Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 187, 191. 72. For the text of the note, see Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 188ff. 73. R. T. McKenzie's interview with Sir H. Wilson, BBC 1, televised 11 Aug 1982. 74. The Times, 1 Sept 1949. 75. For Cripps's report to the Cabinet, see C/E 'The Washington Dis• cussions, 7-12 Sept 1949', CP (49) 191 (20 Sept 1949). 76. A. Johnston to Helsby, ' of the Pound', 17 Sept 1949, PREM 8/973. 77. Listener, 22 Sept 1949. 78. 468 HCDeb, 168 (28 Sept 1949). 79. Jay, Change and Fortune, pp. 191ff. 80. TUC Report, 1950, pp. 263ff. 81. 'No Circulation Record', 13 Oct 1949, CAB 128/21/2; Cripps to Attlee, 13 Oct 1949, CAB 127/85. 82. The Times, 14 Oct 1949. 83. Dalton, diary, 7 Dec 1949. 84. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, p. 770; CM (50) 1 (10 Jan 1950). 85. NEC Minutes, 25 Jan 1950. 86. TUC Report, 1950, p. 265. 87. Dalton, diary, 24 Jan 1950. 88. Listener, 19 Jan 1950. 89. Asa Briggs, Sound and Vision (Oxford, 1979) pp. 643ff. 90. Nicholas, General Election of 1950, pp. 95ff. 91. Ibid,p.103. 92. Listener, 23 Feb 1950. 93. Nicholas, General Election 1950, p. 94. 94. 'General Election Campaign: Head Office Service', NEC Minutes, 22 Mar 1950. 95. News Chronicle, 29 Nov 1949 and 22 Feb 1950. 96. Nicholas, General Election 1950, p. 319. 97. News Chronicle, 25 Jan 1950. 98. Dalton, diary, 26 Feb 1950. 99. Economist, 4 Mar 1950. 100. Ibid. 101. CM (50) 5 (25 Feb 1950). 102. Brook to Attlee, 25 Feb 1950, PREM 8!1166; and his 'No Circulation Record' at the end of the Labour Government's 1951 Minutes; cf. Dalton, diary, 25 Feb 1950. 103. PLP Minutes, 1 Mar 1950. 104. Attlee to Tom Attlee, 2 Mar 1950, Attlee Personal Papers. 298 Notes and References to pages 231-43

105. This and later comments are from Attlee's notes on the subject, CRA 1/17, Churchill College Library. 106. Dalton, diary, 28 Feb 1950. 107. Ibid, 27 Feb 1950. 108. Ibid, 27 Jan 1950. 109. Attlee to Phillips, 14 Mar 1950, Phillips Papers, Box 27. 110. Economist, 4 Mar 1950. 111. The Times, 1 Mar 1950.

12 ON THE DEFENSIVE, 1950-1

1. 472 HCDeb, 145 (7 Mar 1950). 2. 472 HCDeb, 474 (9 Mar 1950). 3. 472 HCDeb, 937 (14 Mar 1950). 4. CM (50) 16 (30 Mar 1950). 5. CM (50) 17 (3 Apr 1950). 6. 474 HCDeb, 38ff. (18 Apr 1950). 7. CM (50) 9 (9 Mar 1950). 8. The Times, 8 Apr 1950. 9. CM (50) 26 (27 Apr 1950); 474 HCDeb, 158f. (w.a.) (1 May 1950). 10. CM (50) 32 (18 May 1950); The Times, 20 May 1950. 11. 474 HCDeb, 1888ff. (4 May 1950). 12. 4 75 HCDeb, 2383-5 (26 May 1950). 13. NEC Minutes, 22 Mar 1950. 14. For a record of the discussions, see Phillips Papers, Box 26/3. 15. NEC Minutes, 28 June 1950. 16. LPCR 1950, p. 114. 17. Ibid, p. 132. 18. , Memoires (Paris, 1976) ch. 12. 19. 'Record of a Conversation between Mr Bevin, Mr Acheson, and M. Schuman', 11 May 1950, PREM 8/1428; Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 385ff. 20. J. W. Young, 'The Labour Government's Foreign Policy Towards France, 1945-51' (Cambridge, 1983) p. 252. This PhD thesis contains the best account of the negotiations that I have seen. 21. CM (50) 34 (2 June 1950). 22. Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, p. 481. 23. Note by PM, 7 June 1950, PREM 8!1428. 24. 476 HCDeb, 36 (13 June 1950). 25. E. Davies to Dalton, 28 Apr 1950, Dalton Papers, 9/8/30. 26. Labour Party, European Unity (1950) pp. 6, 8. 27. 476 HCDeb, 552 (15 June 1950). 28. 4 76 HCDeb, 1907ff. (26 and 27 June 1950). 29. 477 HCDeb, 1159 (11 July 1950). 30. Ibid, 1166. 31. Luard, History of the United Nations, 1, 240. 32. Ibid, p. 314. Notes and References to pages 243-51 299

33. CM (50) 46 (17 July 1950). 34. CM (50) 39 (27 June 1950). 35. DO (50) 12 (6 July 1950). 36. DO (50) 15 (24 July 1950). 37. CM (50) 50 (25 July 1950). 38. 478 HCDeb, 484ff. (26 July 1950). 39. Ibid, 695ff. (27 July 1950). 40. Air Vice-Marshal Elliot to PM, 17 Aug 1950, CAB 21/2281 A. 41. David Rees, Korea: The Limited War (1964) pp. 44, 109. 42. CM (50) 52 (1 Aug 1950); The Times, 4 Aug 1950. 43. CM (50) 53 (11 Aug 1950). 44. The Times, 12 Aug 1950. 45. Rees, Korea, pp. 109, 131. 46. Ibid, p. 148. 47. Ibid, p. 167. 48. Franks to Bevin, 16 Aug 1950, PREM 8!1156; Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 438. 49. Truman, Memoirs, 11, 420-38 for a full account. 50. Rees, Korea, pp. 249ff. 51. Ibid, p. 274. 52. C. D. N. Worswick and P. H. Ady, The British Economy in the Nineteen-Fifties (Oxford) p. 536. 53. News Chronicle, 5 Feb 1951. 54. Quoted D. E. Butler, British General Election of 1951, pp. 13ff. 55. Annual Register, 1951, p. 18. 56. Dalton, diary, 11 Sept 1950. 57. Ibid, 18 Jan 1951. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid, 19 Feb and 10 Mar 1951. 60. The Times, 10 Mar 1951. 61. Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982) pp. 425,472. 62. News Chronicle, 4 Apr 1951. The comment was not recorded by The Times. 63. CM (51) 25 (9 Apr 1951); Dalton, diary, 9 Apr 1951. 64. A Note of Attlee's views initialled hy Morrison and Whiteley, 9 Apr 1951, is in the Morrison Papers. 65. P. Williams, Gaitskell, p. 252. 66. 486 HCDeh, 826ff. (10 Apr 1951). 67. CM (51) 29 and 30 (19 and 23 Apr 1951). 68. Tribune, 20 Apr 1951. 69. The Times, 23 Apr 1951. 70. News Chronicle, 25 Apr 1951; Dalton, diary, 24 Apr 1951. 71. The Times, 3 May 1951. 72. Dalton to Attlee, 15 Apr 1951, Dalton Papers. 73. The Times, 27 Apr 1951. 74. Donoughue and Jones, Morrison, pp. 484-8. 75. The Times, 4 May 1951. 76. CM (51) 37 (28 May 1951). For a good account see A. W. Ford, The Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute of 1951-1952 (Berkeley, Calif., 1954). 300 Notes and References to pages 251-8

77. Reported to CM (51) 48 (2 July 1951). 78. President to PM, 31 May 1951, CAB 21/2281B. 79. 489 HCDeb, 829f. (21 June 1951 ). 80. CM (51) 48 (2 July 1951); Dalton, diary, 2 July 1951. 'Pam' was the nickname of Lord Palmerston. 81. CM (51) 57 (1 Aug 1951). 82. PM to President, 23 Aug 1951, CAB 21/2281B. 83. Stokes to Attlee, 14 Sept 1951, Attlee Private Papers. 84. The best account of this is Andrew Boyle, The Climate of , 2nd edn (1982). 85. On this see Peter Hennessy and Gail Brownfeld, 'Britain's Security Purge: The Origins of Positive Vetting', Historical Journal, 25 (1982) 965ff. 86. Ibid, p. 969. 87. Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 387. 88. Ibid, pp. 398ff. 89. See Attlee's article in Foreign Affairs, 1953, quoted in Hennessy and Brownfeld, 'Positive Vetting', pp. 96lff. 90. For these details, see FO memo. to Morrison, 19 July 1963, Morrison Papers. 91. On this point I follow the FO memo. and not Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 401. 92. CM (50) 3 (31 Jan 1950). 93. CM (50) 7 (3 Mar 1950). 94. 472 HCDeb, 295 (8 Mar 1950). 95. CRO, 'Bechuanaland Protectorate: Succession to the Chieftainship of the Bamangwato Tribe', Parliamentary Papers, 1950, XIX, 5ff. . 96. 489 HCDeb, 1190ff. (26 June 1951 ). 97. Griffiths, Pages from Memory, pp. 114-16. 98. CO, 'The Colonial Territories, 1950-51 ', Parliamentary Papers, 1950-1, XXVI, 36. 99. Ibid, p. 12; Griffiths, Pages from Memory, pp. 94-100. 100. CO, 'The Colonial Territories, 1951-52', Parliamentary Papers, 1951-2, XXIV, 13. 101. Attlee to Morrison, 27 May 1951, Morrison Papers. 102. Morrison to Attlee, 6 July 1951, Morrison Papers. 103. Dalton, diary, 16 June and 21 Sept 1951. 104. Ibid, 26 June 1951. 105. CM (51) 59 (19 Sept 1951); Dalton, diary, 19 Sept 1951. 106. Dalton, diary, 19 and 24 Sept 1951. 107. Ibid, 24 Sept 1951. 108. LPCR 1951, p. 98. The manifesto is printed on pp. 209-11. 109. This account of the campaign is largely drawn from Butler. British General Election of /951. Notes and References to pages 261-8 301

13 CONCLUSION

1. W. S. Churchill, Second World War, 1, 526. 2. Ibid, vol. IV, 861. 3. Jose Harris, 'Did British Workers Want the Welfare State?' in Jay Winter (ed.) The Working Class in Modern British History (Cambridge, 1983) p. 214. 4. 'Interim Report on Public Ownership', TUC Report, 1953 p. 489. 5. Acton Society Trust, Patterns of Organisation (1951 ). 6. Calculated from Ministry of Labour Gazette. 7. Leslie Hannah, Engineers, Managers and Politicians (1982) pp. 131, 13 7. 8. Hugh Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation (1956) pp. 18, 29. The essay was first written in 1953. 9. R. Kelf-Cohen, Nationalisation in Britain, 2nd edn ( 1961) p. 207. 10. The Times, 12 and 19 Feb 1948. 11. TUC Report, 1948 p. 290. 12. Cripps, press conference, Daily Telegraph, 15 July 1948. 13. Jebb, '', 5 May 1947, FO 800/493. 14. R. H. S. Crossman eta/, Keeping Left (1950) p. 19. 15. D. J. Morgan, Official History of Colonial Development, II, 80ff. 16. Janet Morgan ( ed.) The Backbench Diaries of ( 1981) pp. 28ff. 17. Economist, 13 Feb 1954. Index

Abadan 251f (1951) 248, 250; and bread Abyssinia 5, 243 rationing 70ff; and public Acheson, Dean 135, 188, 190, 198, relations 72ff, 165; and 201, 224, 240, 242, 245 nationalisation 80, 84f, 87, 92, Acland, Sir Richard !4f 212, 216, 235, 237f; relations with ADA World 118 Bevin 119ff, 129, 136, 139, 144f, Adenauer, Konrad 134 150, 168, 219ff; and foreign Addison, Viscount: Dominions Sec affairs 120, 124, 132, 169, 245f, (1945-7) 37, 85, 105, 153, 168, 251ff; and fuel crisis (1947) 166; 269; other posts ( 194 7-51) 86, criticism of(1947) 173-5, 176f; 87, 89, 159, 178,227.231,248, and Communists 219,221, 252-4; 269, 270 and 1950 election 225, 227-31; Afrika Korps 12 and 1951 election 256-9; Aftermath, The (Churchill) 62 holidays 176, 241; illness Alamein, El (1942) 12, 21, 31, 147 (1951) 24!m Alexander, A. V. (later Viscount): at Attlee, Tom 40, IS Iff, 231 Admiralty (1940-5; 1945-6) 11, Attlee, Mrs Violet 39, 229, 258 42, 148f, 150, 269; Ministry of atomicbomb 41,124-7,193.228, Defence (1946-50) 85. 126, 142. 245f, 253 143, 155, 169f, 170f, 182, 227, Atomic Energy, Advisory Committee 231,269 on 125 American Medical Association 118 Auchinleck, Gen. Sir Claude 21 Amery. Leo 163 Aung San !53 Amethyst. H. M.S. 142 141, 144, 244, 256 Anderson, Sir John 22. 36. 78, 125 Austria 9, 188, 190, 261 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 251f Azores 122 Annual Register 165 Army Bureau of Current Affairs Bacon, Alice !!Sf, 216 (ABCA) 29f Bailey, Dr E. E. !57 Asquith, H. H. 145 Baldwin, Stanley Sf Attlee, C. R.: as party leader 2, 3, 4, 5, Balfour, Sir John 187 6ff, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 31.264, 267; (1917) 127 in 1945 election 18-26; Prime Baltic States 10, 18 Minister 27-9, 33, 59. 105. 118. Bank of 2, 77-9, 80, 89, 90, 224, 233, 236, 24lf, 255, 261, 265, 94, 203, 211, 224 268, 269; and Cabinet Barclay, Roderick 141 making 35-39, 41f; and personal Baring, Sir Evelyn 254 staff 39f, 53; and National Barkley, Sen. Alben W. 59 Executive 45-7; and 'Big Barnes, Alfred 166, 213 Five' 56, 174, 183; and Barnes, W. Gorell 182 demobilisation 61-3; and Cabinet Bartlett, Vernon 9 reshuffles (1946) 69, 167-9; Basutoland 254 (1947) 177-82; (1950) 23lf; Beaverbrook, Lord 18, 22, 27, 58, 119

303 304 Index

Bechuanaland 254ff bomb 126f; Colombo Conference Begin, Menachem 128 (1950) 144; ill-health 141, 144, Belcher, John 223 232, 240, 245, 248; death 250, 133, 136, 193, 194, 196f, 270 198 Bevir, Anthony 39 Berlin blockade (1948-9) 134, 220 Bidault, Georges 132, 134, 189 Bernadotte, Count 129 Bikini atomic test ( 1946) 125 Bevan, Aneurin: backbench critic 9, Bissell, Richard 195, 209 20, 38, 46, 103; Minister of Health Blackburn, Raymond 43 (1945-51) 42,46, 56, 82, 87, 98, Blackett, Prof P.M. S. 126 129, 215f, 221; and NHS 102-8, Blum, Leon 132, 133 236, 244,247-50;and Boothby, Robert 79, 247 housing: 108-13, 236; resists Borah, Sen. William E. 10 Cabinet change 179, 181, 248; Bottomley, Arthur 159 urges early election (1949) 223, Bradley, Gen. Omar 244 225-7; urges more nationalisation bread rationing: 67, 69-71 (1950) 238, 239f; Minister of Bridge, Roy 203 Labour(1951) 262, 270; Bridges, Sir Edward 56, 57, 160, 173, threatens resignation (194 7) 85; 174, 176 resigns ( 1951) 250, 270 Briggs, Gen. Sir Harold 256 Bevanites 257 British Electricity Authority 82, 93 Beveridge, Sir William 12, 98, 106, British Iron and Steel Fedn 83, 84, 87 117, 262 British Medical Association on Social Services (BMA) 102, 103, 106-8, 228 (1942) 12ff, 18, 31, 97, 99ff, 102, British Medical Journal 103 214,261 British Nationality Act (1948) 160ff Bevin, Ernest: Secretary of Transport British Overseas Airways Workers (to 1940) 4, 7, 43, 76, Corporation 81, 90 222; Minister of Labour British-Soviet Friendship Society 221 (1940--5) 11, 13-15, 18-20,27, Brook, Sir Norman 169, 231, 253 32, 36, 38, 61, 66; Foreign Brooke, Gen. Sir Alan (later Lord Secretary (1945-51) 28, 33, 36, Alanbrooke) 41, 66 41ff, 56, 60--2, 70, 85, 165, 174, Brown, Ernest 102 183, 194f, 201,224-7, 269; Brown, George 43, 173, 181, 183 Chairman of Manpower Committee , Treaty of (1948) 133, 134, (1945-7) Ill, 119; on Defence 137, 193 Committee 39, 169, 182; and 121 parliamentary party 44f, 139, Burgess, Guy 252-4 140f, 220; and Communists 133, Burma 67, 153; Independence Bill 219; loyalty to Attlee 144f, 173, (1947) 153 177; hostility to Morrison 28; Butler, R. A. 13, 29, 98, 100, 113, rejects premiership 120, 173, 177; 211ff, 268 attitude to USA 47, 60, 69, 118, by-elections: Oxford (1938) 9; 120, 122, 124, 128, 134-6, 170, Eddisbury (1943) 15; Skipton 266; to USSR 120--3, 132f, 138f, (1944) 15; Chelmsford 203; welcomes Marshall Aid 132, (1945) 15; Battersea (1946) 72; 199; on Western Union 133, 193; Sowerby (1949) 223 opposes Federation 136f, 197-9, Byrnes, James, Secretary of State 55, 240ff; works for North Atlantic 122, 131 Pact 134-6, 145, 193, 266; and Germany 87, 130ff, 134, 145; and Cabinet, War (1939-45) 11, 12, 13, Palestine 47, 60, 128-30; and 14, 35, 36, 76, 120 India 150, 162; and Cadogan, Sir Alexander 120 China 142-4, 243; and atomic Callaghan, James 45, 58, 62, 63, 182 Index 305

Canada 12, 55,59, 69, 70,125,134, Common Wealth 14f, 18 148, 160, 193, 197,207,226,257 Commonwealth Affairs Committee Canadian Citizenship Act (1946) 160 (Cabinet) 160, 162, 178, 253, 258 Caretaker Government (1945) 22, 32, Lommonwealth Finance Ministers 42,62,98,172,259 Meeting (1949) 224 Carvel, John 184 Communist Information Bureau Casey, Richard 18 (Cominform) 132,212,219,221 Castle, Mrs Barbara 58, 258 Communist Party: British 8, 10, 31, Catto, Lord 79 49,212,219, 221f, 228,230, Central African Federation 160, 255 252f, 258; abroad 132, 133; see Central Electricity Board 166 also Communist Information Central Intelligence Agency (US) 253 Bureau Ceylon 64, 147, 154f, 160, 267 Congress Party (Indian) 147, 148f, Ceylon Independence Bill (194 7) 154 152 Chamberlain, Neville 9, 10 Conservative Party 1, 3, 9, 11f, 13, Chequen 20, 39,40,183 15, 22, 26ff, 29f, 33, 51, 57, 70f, Cherwell, Lord 13 86, 89, 100, 110, 155, 170, 193, Chetwynd, George 43 211,218,225, 229;after 1950 Chiang Kai-shek 243 election 235, 245, 247, 257f, 259, China 142, 143, 204, 243, 245f, 253 265; Central Office 6, 211 China and S.E. Asia Committee conscription 65-7, 170, 245 (Cabinet) 142 Control of Engagement Order Churchill, Mrs Clementine 33 (1947) 236 Churchill, Winston S. 6, 10, 62; Prime Co-operative Insurance Society 216 Minister (1940-5) 11-15, 17-21, Co-operative Party 42 36--9,98, 103, 125, 147, 174, 259; co-operative societies 8, 42, 46, 82, in 1945 election 22-7,29,30, 213,214,237 32ff, 47; in Opposition 58, 63, 65, Council of Europe 137,199,251 71, 78, 89, 185,211,212,219,226, Council of Foreign Ministers: 268; Fulton speech of 59, 123; (1945) 121; (1946) 132, 150; and European unity 136, 138, (1947) 132ff, 187 193; in 1950 election 228, 235, Couve de Murville, Maurice 198 244, 249; in 1951 election 271; Cove, W. G. 115 Prime Minister (1951) 272 Creech Jones, A. 129, 142, 153, 154, Citrine, Sir Walter (later Lord) 4, 5, 155, 156, 158,231,255,269 80,82,96, 263 Cripps, Sir Stafford 3, 4, 7; and Clerical Association 51 Socialist League 8, 9, 14; in Clarke, R. W. B. ('Otto') 194 12, 32, 37, 76; President Clay, Gen. Lucius 130 Board of Trade (1945-7) 37, 56, Clayton, Will 55, 58, 131, 188 70, 166, 167, 169, 172, 174, 175; and India, 148, 150, 151, 163; (1940-45) 11f, 18-24, 38, 42, attempts to remove Attlee 44, 45, 61, 97, 102, 110, 111,259 (1947) 176f, 265; Minister for Cobbold, Cameron 79 Economic Affairs ( 194 7) 177-80, Cohen, Andrew 158 181, 183f, 269; Chancellor of Cole, G. D. H. 262 Exchequer (1947-50) 87, 96, 112, Colombo Conference (1950) 143f 142, 185f, 197f, 199f, 201,207, Colonial Affairs Committee 215ff, 224, 227, 235f, 238f, 241, (Cabinet) 160, 162, 178 262, 265, 270; and devaluation Colonial Development and Welfare (1949) 198, 223f; Acts 156 ill-health 224f, 24 7 Colonial Development Corporation Crookshank, Capt H. F. C. 93 (CDC) 157 Crossman, Richard 43, 138, 140, 266, Committee of Nine (Cabinet) 166 267f 306 Index

Cummings, A. J. 72 Eady, Sir Wilfrid 56, 174, 176, 194 Cunningham, Gen. Sir Alan 129 East African High Commission 158 Cyprus 128 Economic Co-operation Act (US, 121 1948) 191, 205, 206, 207 9, 132ff, 189f, 220, Economic Co-operation Administration 253 (ECA) 190, 193, 195, 199,201, 202,205,206 Economic Policy Committee 25, 27 (Cabinet) 159, 177ff, 178ff, 185f, Daily Herald 4, 40, 44 191, 224, 265 259 'Economic Survey' (1946) 66 Daily Telegraph 21, 23 Economic Survey ( 194 7) 112, 17lf Dalton, Hugh 5, 7, 15, 27, 87, 121; in Economist 37, 38, 169, 174f, 176, Coalition Govt 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 186,198,199,208,230,232,268 21, 32; Chancellor of Exchequer Ede, Chuter (Home Sec. 1945-51) 23, (1945-7) 28, 37,40,43-7, 54, 29,37f,219,248,250,256,269 56--9, 69, 130f, 139, 166f, 172-6, Eden, Anthony 9, 10, 23, 57, 120, 182f, 183, 184; describes Cripps's 121,226 putsch 176--8; resignation 184f, Education Act (1944) 13, 98, 113, 116 265, 270; Chancellor of Duchy Edwards, Alfred 87, 89, 220 (1948-50) 223, 230, 270; urges Edwards, Ebby 80f Cabinet changes 179-81, 247; Egypt 55, 64, 65 Minister of Town and Country Eighth Army, British 12 Planning (1950--1) 113,231,239, Eire see Ireland, Republic of 270; Minister of Local Govt Eisenhower, Gen. D. D. 125 (1951) 248,250, 25lf, 258, 270; Electrical Trades Union 221 and nationalisation 78f, 85, 87, Electricity Act (194 7) 165 212ff, 215, 216; and European Elizabeth II, Queen 163 Assembly (1948-50) 137, 138; Empire 159 and election dates (1949-51) 225, Employment Policy, White Paper on 227,231,257 (1944) 97 Davies, Clement 100, 255 Engineering Union, Amalgamated 49, Davies, Ernest 232 91, 222 De Freitas, Geoffrey 40, 63 European Assembly 137f De Valera, E. 59 European Economic 242 Defence Committee (Cabinet) 39, 41, European Payments Union 201, 208 6~ 127,170,174,243 European Recovery Programme 88, Denmark 11, 122, 137, 200 135,224 devaluation (1949) 198, 223-6 European Unity (1950) 241 Distributive and Allied Workers, Evans, Lincoln 214, 238 National Union of 49, 214f Evans, R. G. 214 Dixon, Pierson 120, 121, 133, 140 Evening Standard 172 Docker, Sir Bernard 105 Exodus 129 Douglas, Lewis (US Ambassador) 135, 189, 192, 195, 196, 198, 199 Fabian Colonial Bureau 155, 159 Driberg, Tom 216, 258 46 Dugdale, John 207 Family Allowances 13, 31, 97, 98, 99 Dukes, Charles 49 (1951) 251 Dulles, J. Foster 118 Figgins, J. B. 91 Duncan, Sir Andrew 84 Fiji 256 Dunkirk 62, 63; Treaty of Finland 10, 221 (1947) 133 Finletter, Thomas 199, 204 Durbin, Evan 10, 43 Fire Brigades Union 49, 221 Durham, Earl of 12, 148 Flanders, Sen. Ralph E. 205 Index 307

Foot, Michael 58, 221, 238, 239 Gillies, William 15 Ford Motor Company 88 Going Our Way (1951) 257 Foreign Assistance Act (US, Gold Coast 156, 158, 256 1948) 190 Gollancz, Victor 8, 67 Formosa 243 Good, Alan 15 Forrestal, James 187 Gordon Walker, P. C. 9, 142, 159, Fothergill, Philip 212 160, 161, 162, 163, 231f, 255 France 8, 10, 130, 132, 133, 135, Gower, Sir Patrick 6 136ff, 143, 145, 188, 190, 193, 196, 61, 66, 119, 122, 137, 169, 198,240,264 170 Frankfurter, Felix 4 7 Greenwood, Arthur 6ff, 11, 12, 28, Franks, Sir Oliver 135, 189, 224, 245 36ff, 214; Lord Privy Seal Freeman, John 43, 250 (1945-7) 37, 39,45, 98, 99, 108, French North Africa 12 167, 179, 180, 269 friendly societies 1 OOf Grey, Sir Edward 145 Fuchs, Klaus 253 Griffiths, James Min of Nat Insurance full employment 13, 19, 31, 88, 97, (1945-50) 46, 82, 92,98-100, 212, 257, 267, 268 101; Party Chairman Fulton speech (Churchill, 1946) 123, (1948-9) 214, 215, 216, 222, 223; 131 Colonial Sec (1950--1) 238, 255f, Fyfe, Sir David Maxwell 211, 241f 258 Grigg, Sir James 22 Gaitskell, Hugh 10, 25, 43, 264; groundnuts scheme 156-8, 159 Minister of Fuel and Power (1947-50) 86, 179, 181, 182,224, Haldane, Lord 35 228; Minister of Economic Affairs Halifax, Earl of 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, (1950) 201, 206, 231; Chancellor 124, 152 of Exchequer ( 1950--1) 207f, Hall, George: Col Sec (1945-6) 42, 247f, 256,257,268,270 4 7, 154, 158; at Admiralty Gallup Poll 14, 17, 27, 30, 31, 72,165, (1946-51) 155 218,223,225,229, 246f, 259 Hall, W. Glenvil 181, 182 Gandhi, Mahatma 147, 149, 153 Hall-Patch, Sir Edmund 194f, 199 Garner, Lord 154 Hardman, David 116 Gas Council 86 Harriman, Averell 190f, 193, 195, General and Municipal Workers, 197,200,202,209,252 National Union of 43, 214 Hastings, Sir Patrick 26 General Election (1906) 1; ( 1931) 3; Hawton, John 102, 103f (1935) 6, 14, 27, 31; (1945) 1, Hayter, William 121 15,17-19,22-8, 29-33,36; Healey, Denis 46, 139f (1950) 160,200,223,225,227, Health Service Employees, 264, 267; (1951) 256-9, 267 Confederation of 79 General Strike (1926) 50 Helsby. Lawrence 39 , King 2 Henderson, Arthur 3, 5, 7, 8, 121, 182 George VI, King 27, 31, 33, 152, 162, Henderson, Arthur, Jr 182, 232 163, 227, 251, 256f, 259 Henderson, Sir Hubert 57f, 62 Germany: under Nazi rule 10, 15, 18; Henderson, Sir Nicholas 135 under occupation 61, 66, 67, 68, Heyworth Committee (1945) 86 69, 126, 130, 132, 133, 145, 168, Hill, Dr Charles 107, 228 169,174, 183, 261; and Marshall Hiroshima 41, 125 Plan 187, 188, 189, 191, 196; Hitchman, Alan 202 Federal Republic 134, 242, 244, Hitler, Adolf 9, 10, 11, 76, 97, 121 245 Hobson, Harold 166 Gibson, George 79 Hoffman, Paul 190, 192, 195, 197, Gilbert and Ellice Islands 122 199ff,202, 203,205,209,224 308 Index

Hogg, Quintin 50 Iron and Steel Trades Confedn 238 Holland see Netherlands Isaacs, George, Min of Labour Hong Kong 41, 142, 143, 243, 244 (1945-51) 38,42, 61, 62f, 85, 95, Horder, Lord 69 98, 16~ 17~ 179,190,232,248, Horner, Arthur 238 269 housing 32, 38, 108-13, 222, 236, Ismay, Gen. Sir Hastings 151 257,258 130 Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Italy 5, 64, 66, 135, 137, 188, 196, Act(1944) 109 198,220 Hungary 121 Hunter, Ellis 84 Jamaica 207 Hurcomb, Sir Cyril 96 Japan 12, 18, 20, 39, 40f, 53, 54, 61, Hutchinson, Lester 220 122, 142, 187, 191, 192, 242,261 Hutting Operation for the Raising of the Jay, Douglas 10, 40, 53, 56, 72, 82, School Leaving Age 115 177, 182, 223f hydrogen bomb 238f Jebb, Gladwyn 135, 137, 266 Hynd, J. B. 167 Jeffries, Sir Charles 156 Hyndley, Lord 80, 95, 166 Jewish Agency 60, 128 Jinnah, M.A. 147, 151, 152 Iceland 122 Johnson, Carol 44 Imperial Chemicals Ltd 213 Jolly George 138 (ILP) 3, 8, Jordan, Philip 226ff 10, 140 Jowitt, Sir William (later Lord): Lord India 12, 55, 64f, 67f, 143, 147-53, Chancellor (1945-51) 37, 85, 86, 160-2, 167-70 89, 98,99, 162,167,269 India, Government of, Act (1935) 148 India and Burma Committee Kaldor, Nicholas 58 (Cabinet) 39, 148, 150, 160, 167 Kashmir 153, 159, 162 Indonesia 66, 122, 142 Katz, Milton 197 Industrial Charter (194 7) 93, 95, 212 Keep Left (194 7) 266 Industrial Assurance 213-6, 227, 269 Keep Left Group 237 Information, Ministry of 12, 40 Keith, Prof. A. B. 161 Staffs Assn 51 Kelf-Cohen, Reuben 264 Inman, Lord 169, 173, 269 Kennan, George 187f Insurance Officers, Guild of 214f Kenney, John 199,202,206 Insurance Workers, National Federation Kenya 158 of 214ff Keynes, J. M. 10, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, International Customs Union Study 59, 65, 97, 130 Group 194 King, W. L. Mackenzie 125 International Monetary Fund Korea, North 242, 243, 245 (IMF) 55, 180 Korea, South 191, 242,243 International Post- War Settlement 208, 209, 242-4, 245, (1944) 15, 37, 127 257,266,268 Intra-European Payments Agreement: 1948 196; 1949 197 Labour, Nat Council of (earlier National Inverchapel, Lord 60, 124, 128, 135, Joint Council) 4, 5, 12 170 Labour and the New Society (Persia) 59, 121, 251f, 257, 258 ( 1950) 239 Ireland, Northern 229, 230, 259 Labour Believes in Britain (1949) 213, Ireland, Republic of 135f, 137, 160, 215, 227 203 Labour League of Youth 222 Ireland Act (1949) 161 Labour Party, extra-parliamentary see iron and steel nationalisation 83-91, National Executive Committee; 179, 183, 223, 232, 235, 264, 268 Transport House Index 309

Labour Party, parliamentary see Lyle, Lord 216ff Parliamentary Labour Party Lynskey Tribunal (1948) 223 Labour Party, Confe.rences: (1932) 77; Lyttelton, Oliver 33, 89, 118, 192 (1935) 57; (1937) Sf; (1940) 11;(1944) 15,77,83, MacArthur, Gen. Douglas 243, 244, 119, 120, 262; (1945) 19f, 21, 24, 245,246 65, 119, 120, 138f; (1946) 48f, McCarthy, Sen. Joseph 254 6~7~ 115,128, 141,22~ 222; MacColl, Rene 188 (1947) 141, 173; (1948) 91f, MacDonald, Malcolm 142 194, 212; (1949) 215, 221; MacDonald, Ramsay 2f, 7, 8, 38, 47, (1950) 239f; (1951) 257f 76,77,98 Labour Party in Perspective (Attlee) 35 McGovern, John 140 Labour's Immediate Programme McGowan Committee on Electricity (1937) 8, 262 Distribution ( 1936) 82 Labour Teachers, National Association Machinery of Government Committee of 115 (Cabinet): (1918) 35; (1942) 36, Lancet 105 94 Lansbury, George 3, 4, 5 Machtig, Sir Eric 160 Lascelles, Sir Alan 141 Mackay, R. W. G. 136, 193, 194 Laski, Prof. Harold 8, 15, 21, 23, 24, Maclean, Donald 252-4 25f, 39, 45f, 47, 60, 139 Maclean, Neil 44 Lawson, J. J., Minister of War McMahon Act (US, 1946) 125 (1945-6) 42, 65,66, 105,269 Macmillan, Harold 76, 138 Lawther, Will 92 Macmillan Committee on Finance and 6, 7 Industry (1929) 119 Leahy, Adm. W. D. 123 McNeil, Hector 116, 231, 232, 257, 270 Lee, Jennie 249 Macpherson, Tom 82 Left Book Club 8 Makins, Roger 195, 204, 226 Legislation Committee (Cabinet) 39, Malan, Dr D. F. 254 179 Malaya 142, 158, 206, 243, 256 Lehman, Herbert H. 118 Malta 206 Lend-Lease 41, 53-5, 57, 261 Manchester Guardian 5, 29 Let Us Face the Future ( 1945) 26, 77, Manchuria 243 78, 105 Manning, Mrs Leah 30 Let Us Win Through Together Manpower Committee (Cabinet) 111, (1950) 227 119 Liberal Party 1, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 27, Maritime Union (US) 205 31,80,8~ 117, 147,21~228, Marquand, Hilary 248 229f,233,235,255,257,258,259 Marshall, Gen. George C., US Secretary Liesching, Sir Percivale 157, 160, 163 of State 132, 134, 135, 187, 188, Lindsay, A. D. 9 189, 193, 198 Lippmann, Walter 123 Marshall Aid 68, 70, 118, 124, 132, Listowel, Earl of, Secretary for India 133, 135, 137, 138, 145, 182, ch. 10 (1947) 85, 153, 167f, 269f passim, 224, 226, 267 Lloyd George, David 1, 21, 26, 32, 35, Martin, Kingsley 172 73, 108 Masaryk, Jan 133, 190 Lloyd George, Megan 257 Massigli, Rene 240, 241 Location of Industry Act ( 1945) 13 Maud Committee 124, 126 6, 76, 104 Maxwell, Sir Alexander 160 London Passenger Transport Act Mayhew, Christopher 43, 231, 232 (1933) 77 Meade, James 79 London Passenger Transport Board 90 Meat Trade Association 217 Lord President's Committee Miall, Leonard 188 (Cabinet) 39 Middleton, J. S. 7f 310 Index

Mikardo, Ian 258 Sub-Committees: Elections 46, 48; Millan, Bruce 222 International 46, 47, 48, 139; Milne, Sir James I66 Policy 26, 46, 48, 116, 213, 216 Mineworkers, National Union of (earlier see also Transport House Miners Federation) 3, 81, 92, National Government (1931-40) 2f, 166f, 221, 238 6, 75, 77 Moffat, A. L. 203f National Health Service 13, 97, 100, Molotov, V. 121, 133, 138, 189 118, 236, 248f, 262 Molson, Hugh 95 National Health Service Act Monnet, Jean 240 (1946) 100, 102-6, 117; Monte Bello atomic test ( 1952) 127 (1951) 249f Moore. Sir Henry 155 National Insurance Act (1946) lOOf, Moran, Lord 106 107, 117. 262 Mornin~ Post 6 National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Morrison, Herbert 6, 262; Coalition Act (1946) 99. 100, 117 Minister(1940--5) 11,13,14,15, Nationalisation in Britain 19, 20, 21, 26, 32, 36, 37, 114; (Kelf-Cohen) 264 Lord President (1945-51) 28, 36, Nationalised Industries, Select 40,43f,45,46,48,56,65, 68, 70, Committee on (1957) 264 73, 104f, 127, 138, 160, 167, 169, National Labour Party 3 170, 172, 173. 174, 176; National Liberals 22 relinquishes committees 177-81; National Parks Act ( 1949) 113 and 1950 election 223, 224, 227, National Service for Health (1943) 103, 228; in new Govt 237, 241; role in 106 nationalisation 75-82, 86, 88, Nation's Schools (1945) 115 216; doubts about iron and National Transport Commission 81, steel 84f, 87; favours 91, 96 'consolidation' 92, 93-6, 212f, Nehru, Pandit 152 263f; and 1950 election 215, 217f, Nenni Telegram (1948) 220 232, 237f; chairs Cabinet 241, Netherlands (Holland) 66, 133, 142, 249; Foreign Secretary 143, 193, 196, 198 (1951) 248,249,250--4,256,257, New Fabian Research Bureau 10 258, 270 News Chronicle 27, 72, 165, 218, 225, Mosley. Sir Oswald 76, 250 229f Mossadeq, Dr M. 252 New Statesman 138, 172 Mountbatten of Burma, New Towns Act (1946) 113 Viscount 150--2, 161, 162, 167 New Zealand 9, 101, 141, 229f Mountbatten of Burma, Viscountess Nicholson, Max 75, 77 (Edwina) 151f, 153 Nicolson, Harold 12 Muggeridge, Malcolm 188 Nineteen-Forty-one Committee 14, 30 (1938) 9, 30 Nkrumah, Kwame 256 Muslim League 147, 148, 149 Noel-Baker, Philip: on National Mutual Security Act (US, 1949) 244 Executive 15, 46, 48, 60; Commonwealth Secretary Nagasaki 125 (1947-50) 142, 144, 159, 160, Nathan, Lord 94 161ff, 181ff, 254ff, 270; Minister of National Assistance Act (1948) 100, Fuel and Power ( 1950--1) 232 101, 117 Norman, Montagu 78 National Coal Board 79, 93, 237 North Atlantic Treaty (1949) 134-6, National Executive Committee (Labour 137, 138, 145, 224, 243. 257, 266 Party) 4, 7, 11, 19ff, 21, 23, 25, Norway 11, 122, 137, 143, 200 39, 45, 47-9, 60, 87, 116, 139, 141, Nyasaland 255 193ff, 213, 215ff, 219-21,225, 236ff, 239, 241, 247, 257ff Observer 60, 72 Index 311

Organisation for European Economic (1945) 22, 28, Co-operation (OEEC) 190, 193, 36,37,47, 120f, 130 194, 195, 196, 197, 198f, 200, 201' Priestley, J. B. 14, 21, 228 202,205,208 Pritt, D. N. 8, 192, 221 Overseas Food Corporation (OFC) 157 Railway Clerks Assn 43 Overseas Resources Development Act Railwaymen, National Union of 43, (1948) 157 49, 91 Rau, Sir B. N. 161 Reconstruction Committee (of Labour Pakenham, Lord 168, 270 Party) 80 151, 152, 160 Reconstruction Committee (War Palestine 47, 58, 60, 64, 127-30, 154, Cabinet) 13 158, 169, 170, 180, 193, 203; Reconstruction Committee, Overseas Anglo-American Commission (Cabinet) 39 (1946) 128 R.ees-Williams, D. R. 231 Palestine Committee (Cabinet) 127 Reid, Sir Charles 93 Paling, W. T. 98, 99, 168 Representation of the People Act Paole Zion 4 7 (1948) 218f Parliamentary Labour Party 1, 3, 4, 7, Republic of Ireland Act (1948) 161 13, 25; in 1945 Parliament 27, 31, , Northern 255 33, 42f, 81, 82, 177, 218, 219f, Rhodesia, Southern 160, 224, 255 261; meetings 21, 22, 28f, 44, 85, Ridgway, Gen. M. 246 140f, 173f, 175,267 Robbins, Lionel 54 Parliamentary Labour Party Groups: Robens, Alfred 182; Minister of Area 222; Defence 62; Labour(1951) 250,270 Policy 44f, 75, 213; Scottish 45, Roosevelt, Pres. F. D. 53, 55, 125, 191 222; 43, 45; Rowan, Leslie 19, 20, 39, 191,204 Welsh 45, 222 Royal Arsenal Co-op Society 46 Parliamentary Labour Party Liaison Ruhr 130 Committee 44, 76, 155,219 Rumania 121 Parliamentary Women's Group 45 Russia () 10, 12, 18, 23, Patterson, Robert P. 123 31,59,120-2,129-31,138-40, Persia 59: see also Iran 145, 162, 189, 192, 209, 228, 242f, Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, Secretary for 251,253,266 India (1945-7) 37, 147, 149, 151, 153, 167f, 269 Salisbury, Marquess of 89 Philby, Kim 253 Samuel, Frank 156 Phillips, Morgan (General Secretary, Sargent, Sir Orme 162 Labour Party) 46, 136, 221, 222, Scotland 163,219,222,229,231 225,227,228,256,257 Senate Foreign Relations Committee Picture Post 157 (US) 134, 190, 203 Platts-Mills, John 192, 220 254f Plowden, Sir Edwin 87, 172, 173, 176, Schuman, Robert 198, 240 226 Schuman Plan (1950) 138,240 Plummer, Leslie 157 Schuster, Sir George 117 'Point Four' (Truman) 144, 206 Shawcross, Sir Hartley 50, 96, 162, Poland 10, 11, 18, 23, 138, 184 218; President Board of Trade Polish immigrants 166, 174 (1951) 250, 270 Political and Economic Planning Shinwell, Emanuel 20, 46, 91, 139; (PEP) 46, 75, 77 Minister of Fuel and Power Portugal 135, 200 (1945-7) 38, 42, 56, 79f, 82, 84, Post Office Engineering Union 51 165-7, 269; MinisterofWar Post Office Workers, Union of 51, 91 {1947-50) 86, 179, 181, 182; 312 Index

Shinwell, Emanuel continued Switzerland 198, 204 Minister of Defence Syran, Col. A. G. 205 (195~1) 231,237, 243f, 257, 258,270 Tanganyika 156-8 Shipping, National Federation of Tate & Lyle 214, 216, 217 (US) 204f Temple, Archbishop William 117 Siam 142 Templewood, Viscount 152 Silkin, Lewis 113 Thomas, Ivor 87, 89 Silverman, Sydney 101 Thurtle, Ernest 12 Singapore 17, 142 Times, The 29, 37, 38, 57, 62, 63, 100, Slim, Gen. Sir William 94, 243, 245 105, 172, 184,218,232 Smith, Sir Ben 68 Tito, Marshal 221 Smuts, Field-Marshal 121, 254 Tizard, Sir Henry 126f Snowden, Philip 3, 249 Tobruk 17 Social Services Committee Tomlinson, George: Minister of Works (Cabinet) 39, 98, 99, 105, 179 ( 1945-7) 111; Minister of Socialisation and Transport Education (1947-51) 114f, 116, (Morrison) 77 167,249,269 Socialisation of Industries Committee Town and Country Planning Act (Cabinet) 79, 88, 93f (1943) 113; (1947) 113, 165 Socialist League 4, 8, 14 Trade Disputes Act (1927) 49, 91 Solley, Leslie 221 Trades Union Congress 4, 5, 38, 49, Soskice, Sir Frank 231, 232 50, 51, 85, 92, 174,213, 214; Soul bury Commission ( 1944) 154 General Council 2, 38, 46, 49, 77, South Africa, Union of 83, 181, 183, 99,225,227,237,238,265 254, 255 Transport Act (194 7) 165 Spaak, P.-H. 197, 198, 199,200 Transport and General Workers' 135, 189 Union 4, 7, 43, 68, 92, 119, 155, 8, 9 173,222 Spectator 95 Transport House (Labour Party Stalin, Joseph 59,124,138,268 headquarters) 4, 7, 8, 15, 21, 22, Stalingrad 31 45, 46, 98, 159, 220, 221, 222, 225, Stanley, Oliver 147, 154, 155, 158 229, 241; International Dept 15, Stanley, Sydney 223 159, 241; Research Dept 6f, 46, Stansgate, Viscount 65, 269 98, 116, 213, 214 Star 184ff Trefgarne, Lord 157 Stephen, Campbell 140 Tribune 68, 87, 220, 221, 226, 249 Sterling Area 56, 142, 195, 197, 200, Trieste 121 206,261,267 Tripolitania 121 Stikker, Dr Dirk 200 Truman, Pres. H. S. 54, 59, 68, 117, Stokes, Richard 250, 252, 270 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 131, 135, Strachey, John 64; Minister of Food 170,190,192,206,242,243,245, (1946-50) 69, 156-8, 183f, 223; 246, 251, 252; 'Truman Doctrine' Secretary for War (195~1) 232 (1947) 131f,170 Strang, Sir William 142, 254 Tshekedi Khama 254f Strauss, George: (1947-51) 87, 88f, 96, 126, 179, Uganda 158 182 United Africa Company 156, 157, 213 Subversive Activities, Committee on United Europe Movement 136, 193, (Cabinet) 252 194 Swaziland 254 United Nations 19, 23, 59, 121, 123, Sweden 111, 136, 137, 143, 189,200, 125, 128f, 130, 134, 141, 158, 159, 204 161f, 180; and Korean Swinton, Viscount 89, 166 War 242-6 Index 313

United Nations Association 221 Whiteley, William: Chief Whip United Nations Special Committee on (1945-51) 20, 41, 44, 167, 177, Palestine 129 178,180,219,223,225,227,256 United States of America 10, 12, 31, Wigg, George 20 41, 47, 60, 64, 67, 68f, 85, 87, 88, Wilkinson, Ellen 20, 21, 46; Minister 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131, of Education ( 1945-7) 42, 98, 132, 139, 185, 266; and Far East 105, 114, 115, 167, 269 142, 143; and Korean War 242-6; Williams, Francis 40, 41, 43, 227 and Lend-Lease 53, 54, 122; and Williams, Len 222 loan to UK 54-60, 84f, 124, Williams, Tom 42, 49, 105, 269 171, 173, 176, 183, 192, 261; and Willink, H. U. 97, 102, 103, 109, 110 Marshall Aid 132, 187-209; and Wilmot, John: Minister of Supply North Atlantic Treaty 134, 141, (1945-7) 83, 84, 87, 182 193, 266; and Sterling devaluation Wilson, Harold 42, 43; President (1949) 197f, 207,224 Board of Trade (194 7-51) 179, 180, 204, 224; and devaluation Vandenberg, Sen. Arthur H. 134, 190 (1949) 225; and bonfire of Vander Bijl, Dr 83 controls (1948-9) 223, 265; Venture 159 resigns (1951) 249,250,270 Vinson, Fred 55, 58 Windle, R. T. 222, 256 Vyshinsky, Andrei 121f, 139 Winster, Lord 81 Wood, Sir Kingsley 13 82,163,176,219,230,238 Woodburn, Arthur 182, 231, 270 Watson, Adam 122 Woolton, Lord 13, 22, 43 Watson, Sam 221 World Bank 55, 225 Wavell, Field-Marshal Lord 147f, 149, Wyatt, Woodrow 43, 64, 75f 150, 151, 167 Webb, Maurice 44, 158, 180, 232 Young, Michael 46, 77, 213 'Welfare State' 97, 117f, 267, 268 Young Conservatives 222 Wells, William 43 Younger, Kenneth 43, 232, 240 Western Union 88, 133, 162, 193 Yugoslavia 221 Westwood, Joseph 42, 182, 269, 270 Wheatley, John 32 Zilliacus, Konni 220f Whitehead, Edgar 224 Zimmern, Alfred 117