Transforming Africa's Food Production
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FROM POTENTIALS TO REALITY: TRANSFORMING AFRICA’S FOOD PRODUCTION Investment and policy priorities for sufficient, nutritious and sustainable food supplies Program of Accompanying OCTOBER 2020 Research for Agricultural Innovation research4agrinnovation.org PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Instigated by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) the study comes at an opportune time, when Africa, the EU and Germany intensify their consultations and cooperation on a broad range of development issues. These include joint strategies in the areas of green transition, digital transformation, coping with COVID-19, sustainable growth, jobs, and migration, as well as to support peace and sound governance. Food security and agricultural development in Africa are central to all these big agenda items. There is an opportunity to advance this agenda by putting forward concrete proposals for investments and policies that can lift millions of people out of hunger and malnutrition. The agenda proposed here is to be a long-term one that should be sustained, yet initiated in the short term with concrete steps now. German and African research partners developed this study, drawing on their long term and ongoing collabora- tive research on agriculture and opportunities for achieving food security. The study was supported by the “Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation” (PARI), which is funded by the BMZ. We would like to thank Joe Hill for the language edit of this study as well as Katharina Zinn and Yesim Pacal for the layout. We are also grateful to Niklas Müller, Amy Newsome and Theodor Rathgeber for their support in translating the report into German. Katharina Gallant, Julia Machovsky-Smid and Tea Qendrai provided valuable research assistance. CONTRIBUTORS Heike Baumüller, Center for Development Research Oliver Kirui, Center for Development Research (ZEF), (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany University of Bonn, Germany Joachim von Braun, Center for Development Research Lukas Kornher, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn and Malabo-Montpellier (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany Panel, Germany Zaneta Kubik, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Assefa Admassie, University of Addis Ababa and Cen- University of Bonn, Germany ter for Development Research (ZEF), University of Eike Lüdeling, Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Bonn, Ethiopia Conservation, University of Bonn, Germany Ousmane Badiane, Akademiya2063 and Malabo- Alisher Mirzabaev, Center for Development Research Montpellier Panel, Rwanda (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany Evelyn Baraké, formerly Center for Development Re- Papa Gora Ndiaye, Réseau sur les Politiques de pêche search (ZEF), University of Bonn, now International en Afrique de l‘Ouest, Senegal Development Research Centre, Canada Tekalign Sakketa, Center for Development Research Jan Börner, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany University of Bonn, Germany Meera Shah, Imperial College London and Malabo- Izidora Bozic, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Montpellier Panel Secretariat, UK University of Bonn, Germany Getaw Tadesse, Akademiya2063, Ethiopia Bezawit Chichaibelu, Center for Development Re- search (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany John Walakira, Uganda National Fisheries Resources Research Institute and World Aquaculture Society- Julia Collins, Akademiya2063, Rwanda Africa Chapter, Uganda Thomas Daum, Ruthenberg Institute of Agricultural Science in the Tropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany Tsegaye Gatiso, Institute for Food and Resource Econo- mics, University of Bonn, Germany Nicolas Gerber, Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany Tigabu Getahun, Policy Studies Institute, Ethiopia and Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany Katrin Glatzel, Akademiya2063 and Malabo-Montpel- lier Panel Secretariat, Rwanda Sheryl Hendriks, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well- being, University of Pretoria and Malabo-Montpel- lier Panel, South Africa PARI – Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation 1 2 PARI – Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation CONTENT 1 Summary and proposed investment and policy actions 8 I) Systemic actions and investments for sustainable agricultural development 8 II) Specific production-enhancing actions and investments 10 III) Institutional frameworks: Governance, market access, trade and continental and international cooperation 12 Ten Top priorities that boost agricultural growth and meet food systems needs 14 2 Introduction 16 3 Current and projected supply, demand and food security situation in Africa 19 3.1 The political importance of food and nutrition security in Africa 19 3.2 Past and current trends in African food and nutrition security 20 3.3 Successes in African agriculture and variability in food and nutrition security 23 3.4 External trends influencing the food security situation 25 4 Sustainable expansion and intensification of agricultural production 27 4.1 Crop-related innovations 27 4.1.1 Production inputs 28 4.1.2 Mechanization along the value chain 33 4.1.3 Irrigation 37 4.1.4 Reducing food losses 40 4.1.5 Land use change, sustainable land management and climate resilience 42 4.2 Animal husbandry 46 4.2.1 Production systems 47 4.2.2 Production and consumption trends 47 4.2.3 Improving productivity of animal husbandry practices in Africa 49 4.3 Capture fisheries and aquaculture 55 4.3.1 Ocean and inland fisheries 57 4.3.2 Aquaculture 59 4.4 (Agro-)Forestry 63 4.4.1 Challenges to the African forest sector 64 4.4.2 Towards enhancing the contribution of African forests to food security 64 4.4.3 Agroforestry: The best of two worlds? 65 4.4.4 Barriers to agroforestry adoption 66 4.4.5 Priority areas for action to expand agroforestry 67 5 Systemic investments for sustainability 70 5.1 Skill development and agricultural extension 70 5.1.1 Skills development for value chain actors in African agriculture 70 5.1.2 Agricultural extension provision for agri-food value chain actors 75 5.2 Youth engagement 77 5.3 Digitalization 82 5.4 Research investments in partnership 85 PARI – Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation 3 5.4.1 Research and development investments 85 5.4.2 The case for collaboration and partnership 86 5.4.3 Pre-existing research partnerships 87 5.5 Rural and agricultural finance 88 5.5.1 The current status of rural and agricultural finance in Africa 88 5.5.2 Innovations and emerging trends 89 5.5.3 Priority areas for action to improve access to rural and agricultural finance 90 5.6 Energy 91 5.7 Inclusive markets 94 5.7.1 The benefits and challenges of agricultural commercialization 94 5.7.2 Linking smallholders with markets through collective action 97 5.7.3 Linking smallholders with markets and processing 97 5.7.4 Innovations for small businesses in rural areas 98 5.7.5 The role of expanding food-retailing in Africa 99 6 Investments in governance 103 6.1 Agricultural and food security policies 103 6.2 Farmers‘ organisations 106 6.2.1 The role of farmers’ organisations in Africa 106 6.2.2 The state of farmers’ organisations in Africa 107 6.2.3 Governance challenges of farmers’ organizations 108 6.3 Land and water rights 109 6.4 Gender Equality 111 6.4.1 The agricultural gender gap 112 6.4.2 Gender equality and food security 113 7 Development assistance, investment and international cooperation 115 7.1 Development Assistance for agriculture 115 7.2 Domestic and foreign private sector investment in the food and agriculture sector 118 7.2.1 Under-capitalized African Agriculture 118 7.2.2 Foreign direct investment 122 7.3 Regional and international trade 124 7.3.1 The gains from trade for Africa 124 7.3.2 Africa’s current trade position and international competitiveness 124 7.3.3 Intra-African trade and food security, including AfCTA 126 7.3.4 Africa’s international trade 128 7.4 Policy processes and initiatives in Africa and at the international level 130 7.4.1 Ongoing initiatives in Africa 130 7.4.2 Some significant international processes 132 7.4.3 Towards effective development partnerships in agriculture 134 8 References 136 4 PARI – Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation FIGURES Figure 1: Agricultural Value added index in world regions 16 Figure 2: Food systems approach and focus of this study 17 Figure 3: Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) in Africa, 2005-2019 21 Figure 4: Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Africa, 2014-2019 21 Figure 5: Entry points for mechanization along agricultural value chains 34 Figure 6: The extent of irrigated areas in Africa (2000), showing the amount of surface and groundwater used for irrigation (mm/year) 37 Figure 7: The extent of croplands in Africa in 2015 (in bright green) 43 Figure 9: Inter-annual changes of LULC types. 1990 is taken as the base year. 43 Figure 8: The extent of pastures in Africa in 2015 43 Figure 10: The change of relative shares of land use and land cover types in Africa over time 44 Figure 11: Evolution of annual cropland expansion in Africa 44 Figure 12: The extent of land degradation and improvement in Africa 45 Figure 13: Share of annual household income of African households (n=12585) 63 Figure 14: Agroforestry systems of Africa 65 Figure 15: Professions along the agricultural value chain 72 Figure 16: Rural youth employment aspirations in selected countries 79 Figure 17: Time allocation by category of employment (share of Full Time Equivalents) 79