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EINSTEIN and NAZI PHYSICS When Science Meets Ideology and Prejudice
MONOGRAPH Mètode Science Studies Journal, 10 (2020): 147-155. University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.10.13472 ISSN: 2174-3487. eISSN: 2174-9221. Submitted: 29/11/2018. Approved: 23/05/2019. EINSTEIN AND NAZI PHYSICS When science meets ideology and prejudice PHILIP BALL In the 1920s and 30s, in a Germany with widespread and growing anti-Semitism, and later with the rise of Nazism, Albert Einstein’s physics faced hostility and was attacked on racial grounds. That assault was orchestrated by two Nobel laureates in physics, who asserted that stereotypical racial features are exhibited in scientific thinking. Their actions show how ideology can infect and inflect science. Reviewing this episode in the current context remains an instructive and cautionary tale. Keywords: Albert Einstein, Nazism, anti-Semitism, science and ideology. It was German society, Einstein said, that revealed from epidemiology and research into disease (the to him his Jewishness. «This discovery was brought connection of smoking to cancer, and of HIV to home to me by non-Jews rather than Jews», he wrote AIDS) to climate change, this idea perhaps should in 1929 (cited in Folsing, 1998, p. 488). come as no surprise. But it is for that very reason that Shortly after the boycott of Jewish businesses at the the hostility Einstein’s physics sometimes encountered start of April 1933, the German Students Association, in Germany in the 1920s and 30s remains an emboldened by Hitler’s rise to total power, declared instructive and cautionary tale. that literature should be cleansed of the «un-German spirit». The result, on 10 May, was a ritualistic ■ AGAINST RELATIVITY burning of tens of thousands of books «marred» by Jewish intellectualism. -
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: a Study in German Culture
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft838nb56t&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project A Study in German Culture Paul Lawrence Rose UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday ― ix ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For hospitality during various phases of work on this book I am grateful to Aryeh Dvoretzky, Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose invitation there allowed me to begin work on the book while on sabbatical leave from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, in 1983; and to those colleagues whose good offices made it possible for me to resume research on the subject while a visiting professor at York University and the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1990–92. Grants from the College of the Liberal Arts and the Institute for the Arts and Humanistic Studies of The Pennsylvania State University enabled me to complete the research and writing of the book. -
The Treason of Rockefeller Standard Oil (Exxon) During World War II
The Treason Of Rockefeller Standard Oil (Exxon) During World War II By The American Chronicle February 4, 2012 We have reported on Wall Street’s financing of Hitler and Nazi programs prior to World War 2 but we have not given as much attention to its treasonous acts during the war. The depths to which these men of fabled wealth sent Americans to their deaths is one of the great untold stories of the war. John Rockefeller, Jr. appointed William Farish chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey which was later rechristened Exxon. Farish lead a close partnership with his company and I. G. Farben, the German pharmaceutical giant whose primary raison d'etre was to occlude ownership of assets and financial transactions between the two companies, especially in the event of war between the companies' respective nations. This combine opened the Auschwitz prison camp on June 14, 1940 to produce artificial rubber and gasoline from coal using proprietary patents rights granted by Standard. Standard Oil and I. G. Farben provided the capital and technology while Hitler supplied the labor consisting of political enemies and Jews. Standard withheld these patents from US military and industry but supplied them freely to the Nazis. Farish plead “no contest” to criminal conspiracy with the Nazis. A term of the plea stipulated that Standard would provide the US government the patent rights to produce artificial rubber from Standard technology while Farish paid a nominal 5,000 USD fine Frank Howard, a vice president at Standard Oil NJ, wrote Farish shortly after war broke out in Europe that he had renewed the business relationship described above with Farben using Royal Dutch Shell mediation top provide an additional layer of opacity. -
My Questions to Lady Gomm
Das Consilium Philatelicum präsentiert Bonn • 23.11.2019 Hitlers Millionen – Der Kulturfonds des Führers und die Rolle der Philatelie November 2019 © Wolfgang Maassen 1 Kulturspende – Was war das? Der erste öffentliche Hinweis auf eine „Kulturspende“ wurde auf Block 11 des Deutschen Reiches 1937 abgedruckt. 2 Die Briefmarkenpolitik der Weimarer Zeit Zwischen 1924—1933 erschienen nur wenige Ausgaben pro Jahr. Regelmäßig aber die Nothilfe-Ausgaben. 3 Die Briefmarkenpolitik der Weimarer Zeit Zum Vergleich die Nennwerte und Zuschläge der Ausgabenjahre 1926 und 1929. 4 Machtergreifung und ein schleichender Wandel Der OSTROPA-Block 1935 wurde nur durch die Ausstellungsleitung (zum Preis von 1,70 RM) verkauft; das Eintrittsgeld für die Ausstellung war inbegriffen. 1,24 RM waren je Block für die Ausstellung. 162.700 Blocks wurden verkauft, so dass rund 200.000 RM in die Kassen des Veranstalters flossen! 5 Machtergreifung und ein schleichender Wandel Neu waren mehr Ausgaben, mehr „nationale Themen“, 1936 sogar elf Sonderausgaben, darunter diese Zuschlags-Blocks. Im nationalen Höhegefühl wurde all dies weithin akzeptiert, diente es doch auch der Finanzierung solcher Olympischen Spiele. 6 Wer profitierte noch? Das Beispiel Albert Forster 1935 gab es bereits den „Führerfonds“. Aus diesem erhielt Gauleiter Albert Forster (NSDAP-Mitglied seit 1923) zugunsten des Theaters in Danzig 150.000 RM, im November 1935 noch einmal 200.000 RM für Theaterreisen und 1937 noch einmal die gleiche Summe. 1939 war er Reichsstatthalter in Danzig und erhielt eine weitere Zuwendung. Forsters Trauzeugen in der Berliner Reichskanzlei waren Hitler und Rudolf Heß, als er damals Gertrud Deetz ehelichte. 7 Wer verlor? Das Beispiel Paul von Eltz-Rübenach Paul von Elz-Rübenach (1875— 1943) war von 1932—1937 Reichsverkehrs- und Reichspostminister. -
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend http://myth.greyfalcon.us/sun.htm by Joseph P. Farrell GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG "A comprehensive February 1942 (German) Army Ordnance report on the German uranium enrichment program includes the statement that the critical mass of a nuclear weapon lay between 10 and 100 kilograms of either uranium 235 or element 94.... In fact the German estimate of critical mass of 10 to 100 kilograms was comparable to the contemporary Allied estimate of 2 to 100.... The German scientists working on uranium neither withheld their figure for critical mass because of moral scruples nor did they provide an inaccurate estimate as the result of gross scientific error." --Mark Walker, "Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb" A Badly Written Finale "In southern Germany, meanwhile, the American Third and Seventh and the French First Armies had been driving steadily eastward into the so-called 'National Redoubt'.... The American Third Army drove on into Czechoslovakia and by May 6 had captured Pilsen and Karlsbad and was approaching Prague." --F. Lee Benns, "Europe Since 1914 In Its World Setting" (New York: F.S. Crofts and Co., 1946) On a night in October 1944, a German pilot and rocket expert by the same of Hans Zinsser was flying his Heinkel 111 twin-engine bomber in twilight over northern Germany, close to the Baltic coast in the province of Mecklenburg. He was flying at twilight to avoid the Allied fighter aircraft that at that time had all but undisputed mastery of the skies over Germany. Little did he know that what he saw that night would be locked in the vaults of the highest classification of the United States government for several decades after the war. -
Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America Rise of 4Th Reich J
Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America Rise of 4th Reich J. Marrs INTRODUCTION PART ONE - THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH PART TWO - THE REICH CONSOLIDATES PART THREE - THE REICH ASCENDANT Epilogue INTRODUCTION ADOLF HITLER’S THIRD REICH ENDED IN BERLIN ON APRIL 30, 1945 Thunder reverberated from a storm of Russian artillery that was bombarding the ruined capital. The day before, along with the incoming shells, came particularly bad news for the fuehrer, who by this late date in World War II was confined to his underground bunker beneath the Reich chancellery. Hitler had learned that two days earlier his Axis partner, Italy’s Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, had been captured by paramilitary Italian resistance fighters. Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, were executed and their bodies were left hanging from lampposts in a Milan piazza. This news was especially worrisome to Hitler because only hours earlier he had married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony inside the Fuehrerbunker. Hitler had previously vowed never to be captured alive, and reiterated to his entourage that neither he nor his new bride would be made a “spectacle, presented by the Jews, to divert their hysterical masses.” He made obvious preparations for the end of his reign. He handed out poison capsules to his remaining female secretaries and had Blondi, his favorite Alsatian dog, poisoned. Two other house hold dogs were shot. Dictating a last will, he stated, “I myself and my wife—in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation—choose death.” He ordered that their bodies be burned immediately. -
Appendix a I
Appendix A I Appendix A Professional Institutions and Associations AVA: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (see under --+ KWIS) DFG: Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (previously --+ NG) German Scientific Research Association. Full title: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Forderung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Sci entific Research). Successor organization to the --+ NG, which was renamed DFG unofficially since about 1929 and officially in 1937. During the terms of its presidents: J. --+ Stark (June 1934-36); R. --+ Mentzel (Nov. 1936-39) and A. --+ Esau (1939-45), the DFG also had a dom inant influence on the research policy of the --+ RFR. It was funded by government grants in the millions and smaller contributions by the --+ Stifterverband. Refs.: ~1entzel [1940]' Stark [1943]c, Zierold [1968], Nipperdey & Schmugge [1970]. DGtP: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir technische Physik German Society of Technical Physics. Founded on June 6, 1919 by Georg Gehlhoff as an alternative to the --+ DPG with a total of 13 local associations and its own journal --+ Zeitschrift fUr technische Physik. Around 1924 the DGtP had approximately 3,000 members, thus somewhat more than the DPG, but membership fell by 1945 to around 1,500. Chairmen: G. Gehlhoff (1920-31); K. --+ Mey (1931-45). Refs.: Gehlhoff et al. [1920]' Ludwig [1974], Richter [1977], Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985]' p. 43, Hoffmann & Swinne [1994]. DPG: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society. Founded in 1899 a national organization at to succeed the Berlin Physical Society, which dates back to 1845. The Society issued regular biweekly proceedings, reports (Berichte) on the same, as well as the journal: Fortschritte der Physik (since 1845). -
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture Under National Socialism
Heldenpolitik: Ritterkreuz, Ideology and the Complexities of Hero Culture under National Socialism By Colin Gilmour A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec ©Colin Gilmour 2018 i Abstract This dissertation explores the political history of Germany’s highest award for military excellence during the Second World War: the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, or “Ritterkreuz.” Expanding upon a limited foundation of existing scholarly research, its primary focus is to examine the role played by this famous medal as a vessel of “symbolic capital” for the National Socialist regime. Designed not only as a tool to help forge a new archetype for military heroism, it was also to represent the “revolution” that the Party claimed to have produced in German society and politics. Using this function as a framework, the component chapters of this study document different ways in which it informed or affected official usages of the Ritterkreuz and the activities of its recipients – called “Ritterkreuzträger” – during the war years. Through this investigation, the dissertation argues that while achieving an impact on wartime culture that continues to be felt in Germany today, both medal and men proved as much a source of frustration and embarrassment to the regime as they did ideological success. As such, it challenges several existing assumptions regarding the role of orders and decorations created by National Socialism while highlighting an underrecognized layer of complexity in its “Heldenpolitik” (Hero Politics). ii Résumé Cette thèse explore l'histoire politique de la plus haute distinction militaire accordée en Allemagne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la croix de chevalier de la croix de fer, la « Ritterkreuz ». -
Von Der Kaserne Des Garde-Train-Bataillons Am Tempelhofer Feld Zum Reichspostzentralamt
Von der Kaserne des Garde-Train-Bataillons am Tempelhofer Feld zum Reichspostzentralamt Verfasser: Bernhard-A. Krüger November 2007 Inhaltsübersicht: 1. Berlin in den zwanziger Jahren und der Seite 2 technische Fortschritt 2. Von der Kaserne des Garde-Train- Seite 6 Bataillons am Tempelhofer Feld zum Reichspostzentralamt (RPZ) Die Geschichte des RPZ bis 1929 3. Chronologie des Reichspostzentralamts Seite 19 von 1930 –1943 Das RPZ platzt aus allen Nähten – zwischen Größenwahn und Realität Seite 1 von 43 1. Berlin in den zwanziger Jahren und der technische Fort- schritt Mit der Verabschiedung des „Gesetzes über die Bildung einer neuen Stadtge- meinde am 27. April 1920 vergrößert sich das Stadtgebiet Berlins auf fast 900 qkm und die Einwohnerzahl steigt schlagartig auf 3,8 Millionen an (Bild1). Bild 1: Stadtgebiet von Berlin nach der Neuordnung im Jahre 1920 Die Lebensverhältnisse bleiben durch große wirtschaftliche Probleme, die hohe Arbeitslosigkeit und die große Woh- nungsnot in den 20iger Jahren katastro- phal (Bild 2). Der technische Fortschritt ist dennoch unübersehbar. Berlin wird durch die U- und S-Bahn zu einer Stadt mit einem erstklassigen Verkehrssystem (Bild 3). Mit der Inbetriebnahme des Flughafens Tempelhof 1923 zeichnet sich eine wei- tere revolutionäre Entwicklung im Ver- kehrssystem ab (Bild 4). Bild 2: katastrophale Wohnverhältnisse Seite 2 von 43 Bild 3:Die „Elektrische“ erobert Berlin Bild 4:Tempelhof geht 1923 in Betrieb Am 29. Oktober 1923 wird mit dem Hinweis „Achtung, Achtung! Hier ist das Voxhaus Berlin, die Geburtsstunde des Rundfunks eingeleitet (Bild 5). Auf der ersten „Großen Funkausstellung“ am 4. Dezember 1924 werden der staunen- den Öffentlichkeit auf dem Messegelände an der Masurenallee ein Trichterlaut- sprecher und der erste 1,5-kW-Sender (Reichweite 200 km) vorgeführt. -
Personale Informationsmittel Hans FRANK 06-2-328 Hans Frank
Personale Informationsmittel Hans FRANK BIOGRAPHIE 06-2-328 Hans Frank : Hitlers Kronjurist und Generalgouverneur / Dieter Schenk. - Frankfurt am Main : Fischer, 2006. - 485 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. - ISBN 978-3-10-073562-1 - ISBN 3-10-073562-5 : EUR 22.90 [9030] Über wenige NS-Größen glaubt man so viel zu wissen wie über Hans Frank, den Generalgouverneur von Polen, jenes „Reichsnebenlandes“, das ihm Hitler zur Regierung und zur Ausplünderung überließ. Für seine Bekanntheit hat Frank selber mit einer Rechtfertigung unter dem plakativen Titel Im An- gesicht des Galgens1 gesorgt. Seine Frau Brigitte hat sie vermarktet und in den fünfziger Jahren die stolze Summe von über 200.000 DM dafür einge- nommen (Schenk, S. 405).2 Das jüngste von Franks fünf Kindern, der Jour- nalist Niklas Frank (Jahrgang 1939), hat mit Vater3 und Mutter4 gleicherma- ßen abgerechnet, und auch diese Bücher, nicht immer appetitlich, verkau- fen sich gut.5 Basis für diese Publikationen sind neben persönlichen Erinne- rungen die dienstlichen und die privaten Tagebücher Franks, die z.T. publi- ziert sind. Die Druckfassung des Diensttagebuchs umfaßt immerhin 1026 1 Im Angesicht des Galgens / Hans Frank. [Hrsg.: Oswald Schloffer]. - München- Gräfelfing : F. A. Beck, 1953. - 479 S. - Im Angesicht des Galgens : Deutung Hitlers und seiner Zeit auf Grund eigener Erlebnisse und Erkenntnisse ; geschrie- ben im Nürnberger Justizgefängnis / Hans Frank. - 2. Aufl. - Neuhaus b. Schlier- see : Brigitte Frank, 1955. - 445 S. 2 Antiquarische Exemplare kosten heute die stolze Summe von ca. EUR 125.00. 3 Der Vater : e. Abrechnung / Niklas Frank. - 1. Aufl. - München : Bertelsmann, [1987]. - 282 S. : Ill. ; 22 cm. - ISBN 3-570-02352-4. -
Postage Stamps Issued by the Third Reich in Poland and the Netherlands During the Second World War
Portland State University PDXScholar University Honors Theses University Honors College 6-10-2021 Vestiges of Propaganda: Postage Stamps issued by the Third Reich in Poland and the Netherlands during the Second World War Olivia Phillips Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/honorstheses Part of the European History Commons, Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Social History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Phillips, Olivia, "Vestiges of Propaganda: Postage Stamps issued by the Third Reich in Poland and the Netherlands during the Second World War" (2021). University Honors Theses. Paper 1099. https://doi.org/10.15760/honors.1126 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Vestiges of Propaganda: Postage Stamps issued by the Third Reich in Poland and the Netherlands during the Second World War by Olivia Phillips An undergraduate honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in University Honors and History Thesis Adviser Kathleen Merrow Portland State University 2021 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements: ...................................................................................................................... -
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Notiz 567 Geld stinkt doch, zumal wenn es von Nationalsozialisten stammt. Diese Erfah- rung machte auch die CSU-nahe Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, die 1983 geerbt hatte und 2012 im „Spiegel“ lesen musste, dass die Erblasser „Alte Kämpfer“ gewesen waren. Was tun? Die Stiftung beauftragte das Institut für Zeitgeschichte, den Dingen auf den Grund zu gehen, was Albert A. Feiber mit größter Umsicht und Akribie auch tat. Das Ergebnis liegt nun vor – es ist so eindeutig, dass die Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung ungesäumt die Konsequenzen zog. nnnn Albert A. Feiber Nützliche Nähe zu Hitler Das Ehepaar Max und Maria Wutz im Netzwerk „Alter Kämpfer“ – Ein Gutachten des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte Das Nachrichtenmagazin „Der Spiegel“ berichtete Mitte November 2012, dass „die CSU-nahe Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung […] vom Vermögen zweier Nazis der ersten Stunde“ profitiere, da sie seit 1984 aus dem Nachlass und nach den Vorgaben des Ehepaares Max und Maria Wutz, einer ehemaligen Opernsängerin, einen Volks- musikpreis vergebe1. Der Spiegel-Bericht fand ein großes Medienecho, zahlreiche Zeitungen und Zeitschriften aus dem In- und Ausland berichteten über den „Volksmusik-Preis aus Nazi-Erbe“2. Neben der Tatsache, dass beide Stifter zu den ersten Anhängern und Unterstützern Hitlers gehörten, und Hinweisen darauf, dass sich im Nachlass einige NS-Devotionalien, darunter ein Blutorden der NSDAP, befunden haben sollen, gab hauptsächlich die Herkunft des millionen- schweren Vermögens Anlass zu Spekulationen. Vor allem der rechtmäßige Erwerb des sogenannten „Lichtenberg-Anwesen“ in Assenhausen, das das Ehepaar 1943 vom Bezirksverband Oberbayern gekauft und seither selbst bewohnt hatte, wurde in Frage gestellt. Aufgrund dieses Medienechos beauftragte die Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung das IfZ mit der Erstellung eines Gutachtens über Max und Maria Wutz.