The Development of Large Technical Systems
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EINSTEIN and NAZI PHYSICS When Science Meets Ideology and Prejudice
MONOGRAPH Mètode Science Studies Journal, 10 (2020): 147-155. University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.10.13472 ISSN: 2174-3487. eISSN: 2174-9221. Submitted: 29/11/2018. Approved: 23/05/2019. EINSTEIN AND NAZI PHYSICS When science meets ideology and prejudice PHILIP BALL In the 1920s and 30s, in a Germany with widespread and growing anti-Semitism, and later with the rise of Nazism, Albert Einstein’s physics faced hostility and was attacked on racial grounds. That assault was orchestrated by two Nobel laureates in physics, who asserted that stereotypical racial features are exhibited in scientific thinking. Their actions show how ideology can infect and inflect science. Reviewing this episode in the current context remains an instructive and cautionary tale. Keywords: Albert Einstein, Nazism, anti-Semitism, science and ideology. It was German society, Einstein said, that revealed from epidemiology and research into disease (the to him his Jewishness. «This discovery was brought connection of smoking to cancer, and of HIV to home to me by non-Jews rather than Jews», he wrote AIDS) to climate change, this idea perhaps should in 1929 (cited in Folsing, 1998, p. 488). come as no surprise. But it is for that very reason that Shortly after the boycott of Jewish businesses at the the hostility Einstein’s physics sometimes encountered start of April 1933, the German Students Association, in Germany in the 1920s and 30s remains an emboldened by Hitler’s rise to total power, declared instructive and cautionary tale. that literature should be cleansed of the «un-German spirit». The result, on 10 May, was a ritualistic ■ AGAINST RELATIVITY burning of tens of thousands of books «marred» by Jewish intellectualism. -
BT2 N°284, Les Trains Et L'imaginaire .Pdf
² N°284 Février 1986 Les trains et l'imaginaire Depuis plus de cent cinquante ans, le chemin de fer organise l'espace et modifie les distances et les perceptions. Dès sa création, le train a suscité l'enthousiasme ; très vite il a aussi provoqué l'inquiétude –parfois à bon droit -, et souvent la crainte qu'il inspirait venait tout droit des fantasmes des voyageurs ou des artistes … Car le train et son environnement ont toujours été objets de création pour les architectes, les peintres, les écrivains, les cinéastes. … Tantôt ces artistes ont noté leurs impressions et sentiments, tantôt ils ont fait du chemin de fer un personnage de leur œuvre, tout au-moins un décor jamais neutre. Cette brochure vous propose un reportage, depuis les années 1830 jusqu'à nos jours, parmi les œuvres littéraires et pastiques inspirées par ce sujet. Source d'angoisse ou de volupté ? Comment Hugo, Zola, Cendrars, Butor ont-ils parlé de ces voyages, paysages et personnages ferroviaires ? Comment Monet, Delvaux ou Bilal les ont-ils mis en images ? Et pour finir, du tortillard au TGV, comment nos contemporains vivent-ils la transformation du rail ? Car le train de la fin du XIX° siècle ouvre, lui aussi, des portes à notre imaginaire ! Mots-clefs angoisse, B.D., cinéma, fantastique, gare, imaginaire, littérature, luxe, métaphore,nostalgie, peinture, poésie, progrès, rail, temps, train, volupté. 1 SOMMAIRE Ouverture 3 Le choc de la nouveauté 5 Nouvelle structuration de l'espace et du temps 8 Sentiments mêlés 11 L'enthousiasme 15 Locomotives 16 Rails 17 Gares 18 Évasion -
Sous-Série 1 E-Dépôt
ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DU GERS INVENTAIRE DÉTAILLÉ DE LA SOUS-SÉRIE 1 E-DÉPÔT ARCHIVES COMMUNALES MODERNES DE LA VILLE D’AUCH (1790-1945) établi par Lionel MACÉ-RAMÈTE adjoint administratif principal sous la direction de Pierre DEBOFLE conservateur en chef du Patrimoine préparé pour la publication en ligne par Pascal GENESTE conservateur général du Patrimoine AUCH – 2003, 2020 ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DU GERS – INVENTAIRE DES ARCHIVES MODERNES D’AUCH SOMMAIRE Le classement des archives modernes d’Auch, qui fait suite aux inventaires des archives anciennes, publiés au début du XXe siècle, respecte le cadre fixé pour les archives communales. Série D Administration générale de la commune. Série E État civil – Étrangers, naturalisation. Série F Population – Économie sociale – Statistiques. Série G Contributions – Administrations financières. Série H Affaires militaires. Série I Police – Hygiène publique – Justice. Série K Élections – Personnel. Série L Finances de la commune. Série M Édifices communaux – Monuments et établissements publics. Série N Biens communaux – Terres – Bois – Eaux. Série O Travaux publics – Voirie – Moyens de transports – Régime des eaux. Série P Cultes. Série Q Assistance et prévoyance. Série R Instruction publique – Science, arts et lettres. 1 ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DU GERS – INVENTAIRE DES ARCHIVES MODERNES D’AUCH Administration générale de la commune (série D) 2 ARCHIVES DÉPARTEMENTALES DU GERS – INVENTAIRE DES ARCHIVES MODERNES D’AUCH Administration générale de la commune CONSEIL MUNICIPAL 1 D / 1 Généralités -
The Source of the Canal Du Midi
The source of the Canal du Midi From the Alzeau water intake to the Canal du Midi Canalfriends 2017 Guide The community of canal and river enthusiasts www.canalfriends.com This is YOUR guide The Canalfriends.com community platform was created in 2014 to share our passion for inland waterways with fellow enthusiasts, be they waterways professionals or tourists. In this spirit, we have created this collaborative guide for you to download for free. Having joined the "Acteur Canal du Midi" network in September 2016, the year of 350th anniversary of the canal du midi, we wanted to organise a special "Discovery Weekend " of the its channels and supply systems. The Acteur network and professionals (restaurant owners, accommodation providers, fish farmers) contributed to the success of this weekend. This digital guide, created in collaboration with Acampo association and the Museum & Gardens of the Canal du Midi, will assist you in discovering this magnificent territory, whether on your own, with family or friends. It will also be useful in planning your trip. The guide will be updated throughout the year to include suggestions, advice and useful addresses. For more in-depth information, download our free e-guide Garonne Canal and River available in French and English. Tell us the type of information you would like to find in this guide. Contact us to list your business, activity or accommodation. Once you have done the itineraries in the guide, do not hesitate to let us have your comments on your experience. Emails us on [email protected] and be kept informed of guide updates. -
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: a Study in German Culture
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft838nb56t&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project A Study in German Culture Paul Lawrence Rose UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday ― ix ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For hospitality during various phases of work on this book I am grateful to Aryeh Dvoretzky, Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose invitation there allowed me to begin work on the book while on sabbatical leave from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, in 1983; and to those colleagues whose good offices made it possible for me to resume research on the subject while a visiting professor at York University and the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1990–92. Grants from the College of the Liberal Arts and the Institute for the Arts and Humanistic Studies of The Pennsylvania State University enabled me to complete the research and writing of the book. -
The Treason of Rockefeller Standard Oil (Exxon) During World War II
The Treason Of Rockefeller Standard Oil (Exxon) During World War II By The American Chronicle February 4, 2012 We have reported on Wall Street’s financing of Hitler and Nazi programs prior to World War 2 but we have not given as much attention to its treasonous acts during the war. The depths to which these men of fabled wealth sent Americans to their deaths is one of the great untold stories of the war. John Rockefeller, Jr. appointed William Farish chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey which was later rechristened Exxon. Farish lead a close partnership with his company and I. G. Farben, the German pharmaceutical giant whose primary raison d'etre was to occlude ownership of assets and financial transactions between the two companies, especially in the event of war between the companies' respective nations. This combine opened the Auschwitz prison camp on June 14, 1940 to produce artificial rubber and gasoline from coal using proprietary patents rights granted by Standard. Standard Oil and I. G. Farben provided the capital and technology while Hitler supplied the labor consisting of political enemies and Jews. Standard withheld these patents from US military and industry but supplied them freely to the Nazis. Farish plead “no contest” to criminal conspiracy with the Nazis. A term of the plea stipulated that Standard would provide the US government the patent rights to produce artificial rubber from Standard technology while Farish paid a nominal 5,000 USD fine Frank Howard, a vice president at Standard Oil NJ, wrote Farish shortly after war broke out in Europe that he had renewed the business relationship described above with Farben using Royal Dutch Shell mediation top provide an additional layer of opacity. -
My Questions to Lady Gomm
Das Consilium Philatelicum präsentiert Bonn • 23.11.2019 Hitlers Millionen – Der Kulturfonds des Führers und die Rolle der Philatelie November 2019 © Wolfgang Maassen 1 Kulturspende – Was war das? Der erste öffentliche Hinweis auf eine „Kulturspende“ wurde auf Block 11 des Deutschen Reiches 1937 abgedruckt. 2 Die Briefmarkenpolitik der Weimarer Zeit Zwischen 1924—1933 erschienen nur wenige Ausgaben pro Jahr. Regelmäßig aber die Nothilfe-Ausgaben. 3 Die Briefmarkenpolitik der Weimarer Zeit Zum Vergleich die Nennwerte und Zuschläge der Ausgabenjahre 1926 und 1929. 4 Machtergreifung und ein schleichender Wandel Der OSTROPA-Block 1935 wurde nur durch die Ausstellungsleitung (zum Preis von 1,70 RM) verkauft; das Eintrittsgeld für die Ausstellung war inbegriffen. 1,24 RM waren je Block für die Ausstellung. 162.700 Blocks wurden verkauft, so dass rund 200.000 RM in die Kassen des Veranstalters flossen! 5 Machtergreifung und ein schleichender Wandel Neu waren mehr Ausgaben, mehr „nationale Themen“, 1936 sogar elf Sonderausgaben, darunter diese Zuschlags-Blocks. Im nationalen Höhegefühl wurde all dies weithin akzeptiert, diente es doch auch der Finanzierung solcher Olympischen Spiele. 6 Wer profitierte noch? Das Beispiel Albert Forster 1935 gab es bereits den „Führerfonds“. Aus diesem erhielt Gauleiter Albert Forster (NSDAP-Mitglied seit 1923) zugunsten des Theaters in Danzig 150.000 RM, im November 1935 noch einmal 200.000 RM für Theaterreisen und 1937 noch einmal die gleiche Summe. 1939 war er Reichsstatthalter in Danzig und erhielt eine weitere Zuwendung. Forsters Trauzeugen in der Berliner Reichskanzlei waren Hitler und Rudolf Heß, als er damals Gertrud Deetz ehelichte. 7 Wer verlor? Das Beispiel Paul von Eltz-Rübenach Paul von Elz-Rübenach (1875— 1943) war von 1932—1937 Reichsverkehrs- und Reichspostminister. -
Le Canal Du Midi
CONSTRUIRE Le Canal du Midi ET TRANSMETTRE LA MÉMOIRE Classé par l’Unesco comme une pièce Programme de l’Andra sur la mémoire des centres de stockage de déchets radioactifs CONSTRUIRE ET TRANSMETTRE LA MÉMOIRE LE CANAL DU MIDI remarquable du patrimoine mondial, le Programme de l’Andra sur la mémoire canal du Midi est le résultat d’un projet des centres de stockage de déchets radioactifs e ambitieux mené au xvii siècle. Sa réali- Cette collection d’ouvrages de référence a sation doit beaucoup à l’opiniâtreté de > Le Canal du Midi pour objet de rendre compte des avancées du Exemple de gestion sur la durée de la mémoire d’un ouvrage de génie civil programme mémoire de l’Andra. Elle se fonde son promoteur, Pierre-Paul Riquet. Mais, en particulier sur des études scientifiques c’est aux enjeux liés à la « mémoire » de dans différents domaines, qui nourrissent une cette infrastructure exceptionnelle, et à réflexion pluridisciplinaire sur les mécanismes sa transmission de génération en géné- en jeu dans les processus de construction et de transmission de la mémoire. ration, que s’intéresse cet ouvrage, en s’appuyant sur une étude commanditée par l’Agence nationale pour la gestion des déchets radioactifs (Andra) et réali- sée par le spécialiste de l’environnement Frédéric Ogé. Nourrie par une enquête menée sur le terrain, l’analyse révèle les analogies qui existent entre ce canal, qui a traversé les siècles, et les installations de stockage des déchets radioactifs, actuelles et futures. CONSTRUIRE ET TRANSMETTRE LA MÉMOIRE ÉTUDES SCIENTIFIQUES CONSTRUIRE ET TRANSMETTRE LA MÉMOIRE Le Canal du Midi Classé par l’Unesco comme une pièce Programme de l’Andra sur la mémoire des centres de stockage de déchets radioactifs CONSTRUIRE ET TRANSMETTRE LA MÉMOIRE LE CANAL DU MIDI remarquable du patrimoine mondial, le Programme de l’Andra sur la mémoire canal du Midi est le résultat d’un projet des centres de stockage de déchets radioactifs e ambitieux mené au xvii siècle. -
Le Canal Du Midi Au 17E Siècle
Le Canal du Midi au 17e siècle : Jean-Guy Degos, Christian Prat Dit Hauret To cite this version: Jean-Guy Degos, Christian Prat Dit Hauret. Le Canal du Midi au 17e siècle : : Lacunes comptables et innovations financières. Journées d’Histoire de la Comptabilité et du Management, 2010, France. halshs-00465825 HAL Id: halshs-00465825 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00465825 Submitted on 22 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Le Canal du Midi au 17e siècle : Lacunes comptables et innovations financières Jean-Guy DEGOS Christian PRAT dit HAURET [email protected] [email protected] ERCCI, IAE Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV Pôle universitaire des sciences de gestion 35, avenue Abadie 33072 Bordeaux (France) Le Canal du Midi au 17e siècle : Lacunes comptables et innovations financières Résumé Pierre-Paul Riquet fit construire au 17e siècle le canal royal du Languedoc, qui devint ensuite le canal du Midi. En son temps, ce fut le projet européen le plus important. Inspiré par d'autres modèles de canaux construits depuis l'Antiquité, il servit de modèle ou d'exemples à beaucoup d'autres. Pour construire leur canal, Riquet et ses collaborateurs choisirent une approche systémique et surent concilier l'aspect global et les détails techniques du projet. -
The Canal Du Midi
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CANAL DU ]VIIDI ln October 1666 Louis 14th signed the edict authorising the construction of a canal designed to join the Atlantic to the Mediterranean (le canal des deux mers). Such an operation had been considered a couple of times previously, in 1539 and 1598, by reason of transporting merchandise via the long and frequently hazardous sea route (weather and Barbary pirates) from southern France around the lberian peninsula to Bordeaux. So who was chosen to carry out this amazing feat of civil engineering? obviously a respected engineer. But flo, Pierre-Paul Riquet, a tax collector. The farmer of the Gabelle or salt tax in Languedoc. He was appointed collector in 1630 and was also a munitions provider to the Catalonian Army. Riquet became extremely wealthy and on being given permission by the King to levy his own taxes became even more wealthy. This in turn allowed him to execute grand projects with great technical expertise. He was created Baron de [\llonrepos in 1662 and died in 1681, just 9 months prior to the completion of the first section from Sete to Toulouse, known as the canal royal de Languedod'. Following the Revolution the canal was nationalised and renamed Ie canal du Midiin 1793. ln 1810 Napoleon 1 created la compagnie du canal du Midi and then sold off the state held shares to his family and friends. It was only in 1856 that the dream became reality, the Atlantic and the t\llediterranean were joined with the completion of the canal lateral it la Garonne from Toulouse to Castets-en-Dorthe at the head of the navigable stretch of the river Garonne. -
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend
Nazi Secret Weapons and the Cold War Allied Legend http://myth.greyfalcon.us/sun.htm by Joseph P. Farrell GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG "A comprehensive February 1942 (German) Army Ordnance report on the German uranium enrichment program includes the statement that the critical mass of a nuclear weapon lay between 10 and 100 kilograms of either uranium 235 or element 94.... In fact the German estimate of critical mass of 10 to 100 kilograms was comparable to the contemporary Allied estimate of 2 to 100.... The German scientists working on uranium neither withheld their figure for critical mass because of moral scruples nor did they provide an inaccurate estimate as the result of gross scientific error." --Mark Walker, "Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb" A Badly Written Finale "In southern Germany, meanwhile, the American Third and Seventh and the French First Armies had been driving steadily eastward into the so-called 'National Redoubt'.... The American Third Army drove on into Czechoslovakia and by May 6 had captured Pilsen and Karlsbad and was approaching Prague." --F. Lee Benns, "Europe Since 1914 In Its World Setting" (New York: F.S. Crofts and Co., 1946) On a night in October 1944, a German pilot and rocket expert by the same of Hans Zinsser was flying his Heinkel 111 twin-engine bomber in twilight over northern Germany, close to the Baltic coast in the province of Mecklenburg. He was flying at twilight to avoid the Allied fighter aircraft that at that time had all but undisputed mastery of the skies over Germany. Little did he know that what he saw that night would be locked in the vaults of the highest classification of the United States government for several decades after the war. -
Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America Rise of 4Th Reich J
Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America Rise of 4th Reich J. Marrs INTRODUCTION PART ONE - THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF THE THIRD REICH PART TWO - THE REICH CONSOLIDATES PART THREE - THE REICH ASCENDANT Epilogue INTRODUCTION ADOLF HITLER’S THIRD REICH ENDED IN BERLIN ON APRIL 30, 1945 Thunder reverberated from a storm of Russian artillery that was bombarding the ruined capital. The day before, along with the incoming shells, came particularly bad news for the fuehrer, who by this late date in World War II was confined to his underground bunker beneath the Reich chancellery. Hitler had learned that two days earlier his Axis partner, Italy’s Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, had been captured by paramilitary Italian resistance fighters. Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, were executed and their bodies were left hanging from lampposts in a Milan piazza. This news was especially worrisome to Hitler because only hours earlier he had married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony inside the Fuehrerbunker. Hitler had previously vowed never to be captured alive, and reiterated to his entourage that neither he nor his new bride would be made a “spectacle, presented by the Jews, to divert their hysterical masses.” He made obvious preparations for the end of his reign. He handed out poison capsules to his remaining female secretaries and had Blondi, his favorite Alsatian dog, poisoned. Two other house hold dogs were shot. Dictating a last will, he stated, “I myself and my wife—in order to escape the disgrace of deposition or capitulation—choose death.” He ordered that their bodies be burned immediately.