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the conference has been sponsored by: copyright 2011 SAE_NA SECTION positions and opinions advanced in this book are those of the authors and not necessary of SAE_NA SECTION. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. cover,graphic&editing: Olimpico Marco printed by: Gepal Pubblicità, Pietradefusi (AV) editors Rolf D. Reitz & Bianca Maria Vaglieco Conference Chairs Bianca Maria Vaglieco Istituto Motori - CNR Napoli (Italy) Rolf D. Reitz ERC-University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Scientific Committe Mats Abom The Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) Choongsik Bae Dep. of Mech. Engineering KAIST (Korea) Michael Bargende FKFS - IVK Stuttgart University (Germany) Carlo Beatrice Istituto Motori - CNR (Italy) Fabio Bozza Università di Napoli Federico II (Italy) Giuseppe Cantore University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) Felice Esposito Corcione Istituto Motori - CNR Jan Czerwinski University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland) Arturo de Risi Università di Lecce (Italy) Gianluca D’Errico Politecnico of Milan (Italy) Alessandro Ferrari FKFS - IVK Stuttgart University (Germany) Zoran Filipi The University of Michigan (USA) David Foster ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Hajime Fujimoto Doshisha University (Japan) Agostino Gambarotta University of Parma (Italy) Jaal Ghandhi ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Marcis Jansons Wayne State University-MI (USA) Gautam T. Kalghatgi Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) Markus Kasper Matter Aerosol AG (Switzerland) Xandra Margot CMT Motores Termicos - Univ.Pol.de Valencia (Spain) Enrico Mattarelli University of Modena and Reggio (Italy) Andreas Mayer TTM Niederruhrdorf (Switzerland) Paul Miles Engine Combustion, Sandia National Lab., California (USA) Federico Millo Politecnico of Turin (Italy) Davide Moro University of Bologna (Italy) Christine Mounaim Rousselle University of Orleans (France) Angelo Onorati Politecnico of Milan (Italy) Josè Vicente Pastor CMT Motores Termicos-Univ.Pol.de Valencia (Spain) Cesare Pianese University of Salerno (Italy) Ernst Pucher Vienna University of Technology (Austria) Rolf D. Reitz ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Giorgio Rizzoni C.A.R. The Ohio State University (USA) Vittorio Rocco University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy) David Rothamer ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Christopher Rutland ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Scott Sanders ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Riccardo Scarcelli Argonne National Laboratory (USA) Ahmed Soliman UNC Charlotte (USA) Antonio Torregrosa CMT Motores Termicos-Univ.Pol.de Valencia (Spain) Mario Trujllo ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Per Tunestal University of Lund (Sweden) Donatus Wichelhaus Volkswagen Motorsport GmbH (Germany) Mingfa Yao Tianjin University (China) Conference coordinators Bianca Maria Vaglieco Istituto Motori – CNR Napoli (Italy) Ezio Mancaruso Istituto Motori – CNR Napoli (Italy) Technical Session Organisers Fuel Injection and Combustion Process: Modeling Rolf D. Reitz ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Giuseppe Cantore CI Combustion Modeling University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) Mario Trujllo Fuel Injection & Sprays Modeling University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Arturo De Risi Università di Lecce (Italy) HCCI Modeling Xandra Margot Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) Fabio Bozza Università di Napoli Federico II (Italy) SI Combustion Modeling Gianluca D’Errico Politecnico of Milan (Italy) Fuel Injection and Combustion Process: Experiments Paul Miles Engine Combustion, Sandia National Laboratories California (USA) Jaal Ghandhi ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Marcis Jansons Wayne State University (USA) CI Combustion Experiments Christine Mounaime Rousselle University of Orleans (France) Scott Sanders Combustion and Flow diagnostics ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Josè Vicente Pastor Fuel Injection & Sprays Experiments Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) David Rothamer HCCI Experiments ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Mingfa Yao SI Combustion Experiments Tianjin University (China) Alternative and Advanced Power Systems Zoran Filipi The University of Michigan (USA) Giorgio Rizzoni The Ohio State University (USA) Federico Millo Politecnico di Torino (Italy) Advanced Engine Systems Per Tunestal University of Lund (Sweden) Francois C. Badin IFP (FRANCE) Zoran Filipi The University of Michigan (USA) Ryan McGee Hybrids and Electric vehicles Ford (USA) Simona Onori The Ohio State University (USA) Quing Wang Ford (USA) Cesare Pianese Università di Salerno (Italy) Hydrogen/Ethanol/Fuel Cells Riccardo Scarcelli Argonne National Laboratory (USA) Fuels and Lubricants Gautam T. Kalghatgi Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) Gautam T. Kalghatgi Gaseous Fuels Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) Carlo Beatrice Non-traditional use of fuels in engines Istituto Motori - CNR (Italy) Vincenzo Mulone University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy) Nonpetroleum Based Fuels & Lubricants Vittorio Rocco University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy) Powertrain Technology Michael Bargende FKFS - IVK Stuttgart University (Germany) Enrico Mattarelli CI and SI Engines & Components University of Modena and Reggio (Italy) Marcello Canova The Ohio State University (USA) Engine Modeling for Management, Agostino Gambarotta Control and Diagnostics University of Parma (Italy) Davide Moro University of Bologna (Italy) Alessandro Ferrari Small Engine Technology FKFS - IVK Stuttgart University (Germany) Donatus Wichelhaus Turbochargers Volkswagen Motorsport GmbH (Germany) Ahmed Soliman Vehicle Control and Optimization UNC Charlotte (USA) Exhaust Aftertreatment, Emissions and Noise David Foster ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Christopher Rutland ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Christopher Rutland Aftertreatment Systems/Modelling ERC University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Jan Czerwinski Emission of 2-wheelers & handheld University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland) equipment Andreas Mayer TT Niederruhrdorf (Switzerland) Jan Czerwinski Emissions Measurements and Testing University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland) Ernst Pucher Emission monitoring University of Technology (Austria) Gianluca D’Errico Exhaust Emission Control Politecnico of Milan (Italy) Mats Abom The Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) Angelo Onorati Noise Politecnico of Milan (Italy) Antonio Torregrosa Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) Pierre Comte University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland) Jan Czerwinski Particle emission University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland) Markus Kasper Matter Aerosol AG (Switzerland) Preface The growing transportation sector is considered to be one of the main reasons for failing to meet Kyoto emissions targets. In combination with the emission limits and new standards, the already very low CO2 emission levels have to be further reduced in order to meet the Kyoto targets. Manufacturers of vehicles are under significant pressure to improve efficiency and to reduce exhaust emission levels. While dwindling fuel reserves and greenhouse gas emissions are motivating factors behind long-term interest in greater efficiency, ambient air quality standards and associated public health concerns have spurred the call for lower emissions. In order to achieve these objectives, new Internal Combustion Engine and Hybrid- Electric Vehicle technologies are being developed. ICE2011, the 10th International Conference on Engine & Vehicles has been organized by the Istituto Motori – National Research Council of Italy (CNR), the Engine Research Center of University of Wisconsin-Madison and SAENA, the Italian Section of SAE International, to provide the ideal setting for interactions among representatives from research centers, academia and industry that are involved in the engine and vehicles fields. To encourage intensive discussions about new results and research approaches for engine, vehicle and propulsion devices, 170 papers from around 30 countries have been selected after a peer review process conducted according to stringent SAE int. standards. These contributions cover a wide variety of aspects, from advanced internal combustion engines to hybrids vehicles, from liquid and gaseous fuels to alternative fuels, from innovative experimental diagnostics to the newest numerical methodologies for modeling, simulation and control. In addition, experts in these topics have been invited to deliver plenary lectures on the state of the art and future development trends for the disciplines associated with the conference. We are very grateful to SAE Int. and in particular Gina Brandon, for their precious help and kindness. We also thank all the Session and Sub-session Organizers for their availability and hard work, as well as all the authors and reviewers for their contributions. In addition, special thanks are due to the conference sponsors for their generous financial support. Finally, a special note of appreciation is due to all those who contributed their enthusiasm, effort and time to the organization of ICE2011. Bianca M. Vaglieco and Rolf D. Reitz Plenary Lectures 10th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles Globally Harmonized Standards for Complex Systems David L. Schutt SAE International Vice-President (USA) Policymakers and technologists alike are focusing on intelligent systems and electric-mobility as critical elements of safe and sustainable transportation. For effective implementation of such a highly integrated and complex system, standards are needed for the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-grid
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