Innovation in Energy and Raw Materials

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ISO Fo c u s The Magazine of the International Organization for Standardization Volume 2, No. 6, June 2005, ISSN 1729-8709

Innovation in energy and raw materials

• Arcelor CEO : “ In a global economy, standardization is a must ” • ISO General Assembly in Singapore Contents

1 Comment Kevin McKinley, ISO Deputy Secretary-General, Back to basics 2 World Scene Highlights of events from around the world 3 ISO Scene Highlights of news and developments from ISO members 4 Guest View Guy Dollé, CEO and Chairman of the Management Board, Arcelor 7 Main Focus ISO Focus is published 11 times © ISO a year (single issue : July-August). It is available in English. Annual subscription 158 Swiss Francs Individual copies 16 Swiss Francs

Publisher Central Secretariat of ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 1, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Genève 20 Switzerland Telephone + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail [email protected] On the road again… Web www.iso.org

Manager : Anke Varcin IInnovationnnovation iinn eenergynergy aandnd Editor : Elizabeth Gasiorowski-Denis rrawaw mmaterialsaterials Artwork : Pascal Krieger and Pierre Granier • Plastics and energy – A cradle-to-cradle relationship ISO Update : Dominique Chevaux • Biodegradability of plastics – a path to prevent pollution Subscription enquiries : Sonia Rosas • From Iron ore to steel : standardizing the process ISO Central Secretariat • Rubber : standards for the black art Telephone + 41 22 749 03 36 • Cutting out the complexities of coal classification Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 • ISO/TC 203 : What is energy and energywares ? E-mail [email protected] • Expanding solar water heating market needs ISO standards • ISO gears wind power © ISO, 2005. All rights reserved. • Saving billions of dollars : ISO standards for natural gas The contents of ISO Focus are copyright • Hydrogen from dream to reality and may not, whether in whole or in part, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval 37 Developments and Initiatives system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, • Loh Khum Yean, Chief Executive of SPRING Singapore, photocopying or otherwise, without which will host the 28th ISO General Assembly in Singapore written permission of the Editor. this September

ISSN 1729-8709 40 New this month Printed in Switzerland • ISO 22000 standard for safe food supply chains

Cover photo : ISO. 41 Coming up

ISO Focus June 2005 Comment Back to basics

nergy and raw materials are hard- Another element is the growing inter- Standardization in these fields ly new areas in international est that such economies have in assum- must therefore be very forward-think- Estandardization. This month’s ing more leadership positions in ISO ing to pave the way for increased mar- ISO Focus addresses these founda- technical committees, subcommittees ket share. At least three key challenges tional standards in ISO. Consistent and and working groups. Finally, the bal- exist. First, there is a need to convince reliable test and analytical methods as ance of participation and influence is and coordinate with players in the appli- well as specifications for equipment also starting to shift influence within cation sectors such as transportation and and processes related to exploration, ISO with, for example, an impressive electrical utilities. Secondly, there is the mining, storage, distribution and use increase in the participation levels of challenge of ensuring that the wheel is have been the focus of many of ISO’s Asian countries in the past number not reinvented and that best use and link- technical committees. However, these of years. age is made to existing standards in oth- same energy and material sectors now er areas such as the oil and natural gas need to address the global challenges of sectors. Finally, it’s essential that such improved production efficiencies, emerg- “ ISO standards forward-thinking standardization also ing technologies, reduced energy and on energy and raw makes the right connection with evolv- material consumption, and decreased ing regulatory discussions and frame- environmental impacts. materials are challenged works being developed within countries, “ Standards for a sustainable by globalization and regions and at the global level such as world ” is more than the tagline for the imperative of Working Groups of the United Nations ISO’s Strategic Plan 2005-2010. The Economic Commissions. statement also embodies a global vision sustainable So, even the “ back to basics ” of how ISO contributes to economic and development ” ISO standards on energy and raw social progress through its activities. materials are challenged by globaliza- This is achieved through timely and mar- tion and the imperative of sustainable ket-relevant standardization that results Finite energy resources and raw development. in facilitation of global trade ; improve- materials coupled with ever-growing ments in quality, safety, security, envi- world economies are challenging ISO ronmental and consumer protection, as to provide standards that support sus- well as the rational use of resources ; tainable development. However, not all and the global dissemination of technol- of these challenges are created equal. Krieger © P. ogies and good practices. This vision Standardization in the widely commer- also highlights the need for continued cialized areas of plastics, rubber, iron evolution in standardization related to ore and steel has existed for decades, in energy and raw materials. some cases, centuries. The challenge for Political and economic forces these areas is to adjust the sound base are also having a serious impact on the of existing test methods and analysis world’s energy and raw material needs. standards to consider new composite and Giant emerging economies are tipping material technologies, the recycling of the scales of demand and consump- materials, product lifecycle consideration. For example, China and India’s tions and environmental impacts during rapid expansion have propelled them production. This is in contrast to stand- into being amongst the largest energy ards for newer energy systems based on Kevin McKinley consuming nations in the world. So hydrogen, wind and solar energy that ISO Deputy Secretary General what are the implications for standard- must deal with a number of economic ization ? Certainly one element is the and technological barriers. In the case increased attention that these emerg- of hydrogen, implementations are more ing economies are starting to place on in the development and demonstration preparing and involving their experts to phases and, as a result, there has not impact the development of ISO stand- yet been widespread commercializa- ards that support their market interests. tion in this sector.

ISO Focus June 2005 1 World Scene

WTO examines supplier’s WTO Members, including things, the activities of ISO/TC construction, which will be declaration of conformity the acceptance of conformity 224, Service activities relating contributing to the conference. assessment results, and will to drinking water supply sys- The World Trade Organization’s More information : consider, inter alia, the issue tems and wastewater systems – www.sb05.com/ Technical Barriers to Trade of recognition of conformity Quality criteria of the service (WTO TBT) Committee held assessment results. and performance indicators. a workshop on Supplier’s Dec- World Petroleum Congress laration of Conformity (SDoC) More information : More information : 2005 www.wto.org www.un.org/esa/sustdev/ in March 2005, in Geneva, The 18th World Petroleum Switzerland. Congress (WPC), which is to ISO attended the workshop, Global efforts on water, World sustainable be held in Johannesburg, South and, in the course of discussions, sanitation and human building conference Africa, from 26 to 29 September highlighted ISO/IEC 17050: settlements Some 1 500 building 2005, will focus on the theme, 2004, which offers a framework The thirteenth session of the researchers, practitioners, “ Shaping the Energy Future : for the outline content and sub- Commission on Sustainable officials, industry Partners in Sustaina- stantiation of a “supplier’s Development (CSD) reached representatives and students ble Solutions ”. declaration of conformity agreement on a range of policy from all over the world will Energy is the (SDoC)”. measures aimed at speeding up gather for the World Sustainable lifeblood of implementation of water, sani- Building Conference in Tokyo, economic and tation and human settlements Japan, on 27 and 28 September social develop- goals. 2005, to exchange the latest ment and, Under the terms of the outcome knowledge and experience on while oil and gas document, which will be sub- sustainable buildings. will not last forever, mitted to the UN Economic and they will be essential for SDoC Social Council (ECOSOC) for global developments in the fol- review at its annual session in lowing decades. Transitions July, the Commission empha- must take place towards cleaner sized the need for a substantial forms of energy production and increase in resources to come use, and the petroleum industry from all sources if developing will be part of this development. © P. Krieger © P. © ISO countries were to achieve the Trends and outlooks integral to internationally agreed develop- the future success of the indus- An SDoC is one of the ways by The building sector represents ment targets. try are the focus of discussions which a supplier may seek to a major platform for social and and presentations at the Congress. demonstrate conformity. This The Commission’s first policy economic activities to create Delegates will explore interna- might be required, for example, session following the 2002 and improve our living environ- tional business opportunities by health, safety or environ- Johannesburg World Summit on ment. Meanwhile, it has a con- and threats, exchange ideas on mental regulations – or is desir- Sustainable Development siderable impact on our natural global issues, network and able because conformity gives (WSSD) refocused international and built environment, as well share the latest information potential purchasers greater attention on the UN Millennium as on human beings, consuming on technological, economic, confidence. The publication Declaration. This latter contains a significant proportion of the environmental and social of ISO/IEC 17050 puts at the two development targets that limited resources of the earth developments. disposal of suppliers and manu- relate directly to water and including energy, raw material, facturers an SDoC methodology human settlements – namely to water and land. Sustainability High-level government and with greater transparency, added halve by 2015 the proportion of of a built environment and industry delegations from the rigour and globally harmonized people unable to reach or afford related activities is therefore a 60 member countries of the practice – which is likely to safe drinking water, and, by key issue that needs to be inte- WPC, and more than 3 500 increase the use of this option 2020, to have significantly grated into our consciousness thousand executives, 250 in world trade. improved the lives of at least and our preoccupations to students and 400 journalists are Presentations from WTO 100 million slum dwellers. create a sustainable future. expected to take part in this event. Members on SDoC from a ISO made available a paper, The conference, with the slogan governmental perspective, and which included, among other “ Action for Sustainability ”, ISO will participate for the first on the choice of SDoC from a will focus on how to bridge the time in the Congress and manufacturer’s and a supplier’s gaps between environmental, address the theme of current perspective were also highlighted. social and economic aspects, as trends for management and The workshop, which was held well as gaps between the stake- reporting standards – from back-to-back with the regular holder’s concerns and gaps quality to social responsibility – meeting of the TBT Committee, between differing regional and highlight the importance of is part of the Committee’s work concerns. the technical specification ISO/ TS 29001 for implementing programme on conformity Several ISO technical committees ISO 9001-based quality man- assessment. The TBT Committee and subcommittees are associat- agement systems in the oil and is planning a second workshop ed with the overall goal of sus- natural gas industry. in early 2006 that will look tainable buildings, including at different approaches to ISO/TC 59, Building construction, More information :

conformity assessment used by © ISO SC 17, Sustainability in building www.18wpc.com

2 ISO Focus June 2005 ISO Scene © ISO

ISO Secretary-General ISO’s action plan for developing The subcommittee, which concludes visits to Nordic countries was also underlined worked on new standards countries and encouraged. and further developing The Standardization Community existing ones, is divided into Management Course (SCM ISO Secretary-General Alan ISO Central Secretariat four working groups : e-Business ; Bryden recently paid official Course), an initiative undertaken Metadata, Database languages ; visits to three Nordic countries achieves recertification by ISO, IEC and ITU-T under SQL/Multimedia and application in April 2005, which encom- to ISO 9001:2000 the auspices of the WSC (World packages. Standards Cooperation), took passed a series of several More information : The Central Secretariat of ISO in place in Geneva on 11-24 April meetings with representatives [email protected] Geneva, Switzerland, has achieved 2005, with the participation of of ISO members, their stake- full-site recertification of holders and key government thirty-plus managers coming conformity to the ISO 9001:2000 from the three organizations DEVCO discussion officials. quality management standard. (photo above). It was the second group themes During his visits to IST (Ice- This means that an independ- such event to be organized by land), SIS (Sweden) and SN ent auditor has verified that the the three organizations. The discussion group themes (Norway), the ISO Secretary- th quality management system at With titles like ‘ What are to be developed at the 39 General underlined the increas- ISO Central Secretariat meets meeting of ISO’s committee ing need for, and expectations international standards? ’, the standard’s requirements, ‘ Why are international stand- for developing country matters placed in, International Stand- which include, in particular, (DEVCO) on 19-20 September, ards to support a sustainable ards essential ? ’ and ‘How are organizational processes in international standards used ? ’, 2005, in Singapore, have now global economy. Particular place to ensure customer satis- been determined. emphasis was given on their plenary sessions focused on faction and continual improve- the general, with breakout ses- significant contribution to a ment. In the case of ISO Cen- sions hosted by the individual © ISO country’s economic competi- tral Secretariat, the “ custom- tiveness and social development organizations going into more er ” is a worldwide member- detail on their working practices. as recommended by the WTO ship of 151 national standards Agreement on Technical institutes and a network of Other sessions focused on the Barriers to Trade. some 2 900 standards-develop- history of standards, the impor- ing technical bodies. tance of standardization, legal issues, the working practices of The Central Secretariat, which the three organizations and employs 151 people from 21 how standards are marketed. countries, supplies a full range of support services to the More information : itu.int/ITU-T/e-flash/ organization’s members and This discussion groups will standards developers. These provide DEVCO delegates with services include coordination Data management and a good opportunity for a lively of the standards-development data exchange exchange of views on the programme, administration of following themes : voting on draft standards, the Information technology standards • Establishing an effective final editing and publication of are used as a basis for developing © ISO ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden national quality infrastructure standards, and information, programme packages. Experts with the Board of Standards Norway. – Focus on issues faced by communication and public estimate that the ISO/IEC 9075 Least Developed Countries relations as well as the opera- standards series, for example, (LDCs). These were occasions to under- tion of a “ 365/7/24 ” IT infra- has contributed to the boom in line the scope and breadth of structure and tools supporting the billion-dollar industry dealing • Enhancing developing coun- ISO’s portfolio of standards for the ISO system. in databases, development try participation in the stand- products, services, materials, tools and a wide range of ardization process - New ini- processes and conformity ISO does not issue ISO 9001: 2000 certificates. These are application software. The tiatives. assessment and to outline committee responsible for ISO’s work to address new issued independently of ISO by • Good Regulatory Practice – certification bodies under their these standards is ISO/IEC International Standards for sectors such as services, food JTC 1, Information technology. safety, security, environment, own name and responsibility. Technical Regulations. information technology, Some 60 delegates and experts The selection of themes for the management system standards Standardization from 11 countries including discussion groups was among as well as social responsibility. community management Australia, China, Germany, those taken by the Committee’s Japan, United Kingdom and Chairman’s Advisory Group The other key issues for ISO course the USA attended a meeting of that were explored during Mr. (CAG) at its April meeting in IEC, ISO and ITU-T1) organized JTC 1/SC 32, Data manage- Geneva. Bryden’s visit included the ment and data exchange, from a course, targeting middle man- The DEVCO Chairman’s ISO’s Strategic Plan 2005-2010, 18 to 22 April 2005, in Berlin. ISO Code of Ethics, ISO 2005- agers of the members of the Advisory Group is responsible 2010 Action Plan for develop- three organizations, with the for monitoring ISO actions in ing countries, policy on global objective of preparing the next © ISO favour of developing countries. relevance, and enhanced com- generation of standardization DEVCO CAG consists of nine munication ISO/IEC toolbox managers throughout the world. members, six of whom are for conformity assessment. The from developing countries and 1) ITU Telecommunication Standardization support of Nordic countries to Sector three from developed countries.

ISO Focus June 2005 3 Guest View Guy Dollé © Arcelor

uy Dollé is a graduate Guy Dollé: The company places of the Ecole Polytechnique. its commitment to sustainable GHe began his career in development at the heart of its 1966 with the Irsid Steel Research strategy and ambitions to be a Center. benchmark for economic per- He joined Usinor in 1980 as formance, labour relations and head of the plates and tubes social responsibility. Sustainable division, becoming chairman development plays an important of GTS in 1985. He was named cultural role in a group like Arce- Executive Vice-President of lor: continuous progress, best Usinor Aciers in 1986 with practice sharing, key perform- responsibility for all hot-roll ance indicators monitoring, com- production. pliance with the highest stand- Following the merger of Usinor ards, all contribute to strengthen Aciers with Sollac, Mr. Dollé the links between Arcelor enti- became head of production for ties as well as between Arcelor the northern region of the new and its stakeholders. Arcelor sus- Sollac entity and was appointed tainable strategy is based on our vice-president, industrial affairs 4P model for People, Planet, in November 1987. From 1993 Profit, Partners. It covers eight dimen- to April 1995, he served as chairman sions : profitability, health and safety, and chief executive officer “ In a global economy, environment, open dialogue with stake- of Unimétal. Mr. Dollé was named standardization is a must.” holders, skills development, innovation, Usinor executive vice-president in corporate governance, and last but not charge of strategy, planning and least corporate citizenship. international affairs in 1995, and in 2004, the company holds leading posi- 1997 became head of the Stainless Steel tions in its main markets : automotive, Steel is the most recycled material and Alloys Division. He was appointed construction, household appliances and and can be recycled indefinitely. By senior executive vice-president of packaging as well as general industry. stating that its ambition is to devel- Usinor in 1999. The company – number one steel produc- op steel solutions for a better world, Arcelor demonstrates its commit- In the Arcelor Group, Guy Dollé er in Europe and Latin America – ambi- is CEO and Chairman tions to further expand internationally ment to provide its clients with the best products that have the highest of the Management Board. in order to capture the growth potential of developing economies and offer tech- direct or indirect added value. For nologically advanced steel solutions to example, in the automotive indus- its global customers. Arcelor employs try, Arcelor has a technological lead ISO Focus : As the CEO of Arcelor, 95 000 people in over 60 countries. in high strength steels. These inno- could you please begin by giving our vative steel grades allow increasing readers some general information passenger safety while at the same ISO Focus : You have declared that about your corporation ? time reducing vehicle weight, thus Arcelor is dedicated to sustainable helping to reduce fuel consumption Guy Dollé : Arcelor is a leading player development and the company’s and greenhouse gas emissions. of the global steel industry with a total ambition is to develop ‘ steel solu- production of 47 million tons of steel. tions for a better world ’. Can you With a turnover of 30 billion euros in please elaborate on this ?

4 ISO Focus June 2005 © P.-F. Grosjean © P.-F.

ISO Focus : What kind of Internation- ISO Focus: As a member of the UN al Standards do you believe are funda- Global Compact, you have committed mental to enabling the steel industry to to undertake the application of the bring a positive contribution to sus- nine principles of the Global Compact tainable development? Can you say and promote its diffusion to your vari- how these standards bring added value ous stakeholders. How important is it to your products and Arcelor’s compet- for a company operating in today’s itiveness on world markets? global market to be ‘ socially con- scious ’ ? Guy Dollé: Arcelor, as a global company, must be able to rely on internation- The Dome of the Reichstag, Berlin. The Belgo Juiz de Fora production site in ally recognized and efficient standards. Brazil. The wire rod rolls are listed and The Building and Construction System unit All our entities are already under ISO controlled to check if they comply with is developing synergies between the Long 9001:2000 management. I have been also Arcelor’s strict quality criteria and correspond Carbon Steels and Flat Carbon Steels sectors very pushy to have all Arcelor produc- to the customer’s order. in order to promote innovative solutions, tion facilities ISO 14001 certified. We are tailored to the needs of customers. close to achieving this target : 96 % of our production units have already obtained their certification. With the Health&Safety © M. Monteaux department, we have recently launched a unique internal audit method which will be deployed over three years on all the sites to ensure a compliance with the OHSAS 18001 requirements. All these standards contribute to continuous improvement in Arcelor. They are also a key element for our business since they are internationally recognized and very often required by our clients who have very stringent requirements. This approach is an abso- lute ‘ must have ’ to constantly meet and exceed the certification requirements of our customers.

Arcelor Headquarters in Luxembourg. © Arcelor

ISO Focus June 2005 5 Guest View

Guy Dollé: We adhered to the UN Glo- es, if any, faced by Arcelor from this World crude steel bal Compact on September 3, 2003, after lack of harmonization and what are the an entire year spent with our legal and key actions that need to be taken to production purchasing departments working on the address this issue? What role do you 1950 to 2003 integration of specific requirements to be see for ISO? met by our suppliers in terms of compliance with the UN Declaration of Human Guy Dollé: In a global economy, stand- Rights, and the ILO Declaration on Fun- ardization is a must. It is a pre-requi- damental Principles and Rights at Work, site for effectiveness; performance and Year World Average growth rates optimization of our production activi- as well as on the of implementation of 1970 595 % per annum ties, but also with our trading partners environmental management systems. We 1975 644 Years World currently work on a Code of Ethics that since harmonization help us to speak the 1980 717 1970-75 1.6 will complete Arcelor’s Principles of same business language. The absence Responsibility and will help us comply of standards leads to unbalanced com- 1985 719 1975-80 2.2 with the recently added Global Compact petition and impairs free trade. Stand- 1990 770 1980-85 0.1 ardization of the metrics, of the assess- 10th principle, on the fight against cor- 1995 752 1985-90 1.4 ruption. Why is it that important? I do ment tools and methods, of the manage- 1996 750 1990-95 - 0.5 think a large multinational like Arcelor ment systems and of the audit systems 1995-00 2.4 can and should play an important role is key for the development of the glo- 1997 799 in promoting principles contributing to bal economy. ISO is a key contributor 1998 777 2000-03 4.4 to help harmonization and will keep on a better global economy and to fair com- 1999 789 petition. You cannot be a leader in your playing a crucial role for allowing peo- Million metric tonnes ple and companies to talk the same lan- 2000 848 industry if you are not a reference in the 1 000 way you conduct your business. guage. 2001 850 2002 902 © Daniel Jamme for CEVM 2003 965 900

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100 Deck and towers of the Millau viaduct. ISO Focus: Many trade experts predict that unless trading partners At 343 metres, it is the world’s highest bridge. 0 adhere to international standards, then It is almost 2.5 km long, and sets new records in terms of technology. The bridge 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 the costly problem of satisfying techni- weighs 290 000 tons and incorporates cal requirements specific to countries 62 300 tons of steel. Arcelor delivered Source : International Iron and Steel Institute. or regions will continue to persist. 36 000 tons of plates for the deck and World Steel in Figures, 2004 edition. What in your opinion are the challeng- 4 600 tons for the towers. (www.worldsteel.org)

6 ISO Focus June 2005 Main Focus

Innovation in energy and raw materials

duction through recycling. With support Plastics production Plastics from International Standards, modern, and energy durable, lightweight plastics offer prod- Although the first plastic devel- uct manufacturers unparalleled freedom oped in the 19th century was cellulose- to design innovative products ranging based, plastics are today unique among A cradle-to-cradle from packaging, to medical equipment, society’s materials in that they are pre- relationship to automobiles, to the homes we live in. dominately based on fossil energy feed- A key energy-related attribute of plastic stocks – namely, petroleum and natural materials is often energy conservation – gas. The manufacture of plastic resins a point highlighted in this article. ISO utilizes two forms of energy – proc- by Michael M. Fisher, Chair, technical committee ISO/TC 61, Plas- ess energy and feedstock energy. The ISO/TC 61, Plastics tics, was formed in 1947, the same year feedstock energy (related to the fossil as ISO itself, and continues to assist the fuel-based chemical content of the poly- his issue of ISO Focus with its plastics industry and its diverse global mer) contributes to the so-called embed- emphasis on energy and raw mate- customer base through the development of ded energy of plastics. This symbiosis Trials offers an excellent opportu- globally-relevant International Standards between plastics, petroleum, and natural nity to take another look at plastics and in the field of plastic materials and prod- gas means that the global success of the plastic products. Plastics and energy ucts that support innovation, technology plastics industry depends in part not only represent a lifelong partnership, and transfer, and international trade. on the standards work of ISO/TC 61 (see this article examines the relationship box, page 11), but on the work of sev- between plastics and energy from pro- eral ISO technical committees serving

ISO Focus June 2005 7 Main Focus the global energy industry. Examples in the United States and Japan. In well are ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine tech- integrated refineries in the USA, up to nology, ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products 10 % of petroleum may go into chem- and lubricants, ISO/TC 67, Materials, ical production. On the basis of local equipment and offshore structures for supply, the USA-based plastics industry petroleum, petrochemical and natural also uses a significant amount of natu- gas industries, ISO/TC 193, Natural ral gas as a hydrocarbon feedstock, but gas, ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technolo- again, plastics represent a minor pro- gies, and ISO/TC 207, Environmental portion of overall use. management. Much is heard these days about a hydrogen economy. Plastics are linked to hydrogen through natural gas – a key “ Plastics and the plastics feedstock for both plastics and hydro- industry are well positioned gen – as well as through fuel cell tech- 87.1 % to fulfil tomorrow’s nology, vehicle lightweighting, and other applications such as building insula- opportunities for more tion, and through feedstock recycling sustainable materials, processes such as gasification, that are technologies, and currently under development. There is renewed interest in the Figure 2 : Energy consumption of products.” potential to manufacture plastics from a passenger car bio-derived feedstocks (see article by Source : APC and DOW It is worth noting that plas- Dr. Sawada, Convenor, ISO/TC 61/SC tics production uses a relatively small 5/WG 22 on Biodegradable plastics, share of petroleum resources, with page 12). Interestingly, since there is most petroleum going into transporta- growing interest in the use of biomass tion fuels and heat and power genera- for energy as well as for chemical feed- Use and maintenance 87.1 % tion. As illustrated in Figure 1, overall stocks, a gradual transition from fossil chemical production in western Europe fuel feedstocks to renewable feedstocks uses only about 8 % of petroleum con- is not likely to significantly disrupt the sumption with plastics using only half close relationship that exists between Manufacture 7.1 % of this amount. The situation is similar plastics and energy.

Figure 1 : Plastics share of petroleum consumption in western Europe (Source : VKE) Recycling potential (without plastics) 4.8 % Chemicals 8 % Recycling potential (plastics) 1 % 45 % Energy and heating Opportunities for growth 42 % Major markets for plastics and Other plastics composites include packaging, building and construction, electrical and electronic products, automotive, household/consumer items, Transport large industry applications, and agri- Chemicals 8 % culture. From a global perspective, Plastics = 4 % all of these markets offer significant Plastics production uses opportunities for growth and are sup- a relatively small share ported by ISO/TC 61 standards. Take, for of petroleum resources. As instance, the automotive sector, which illustrated in figure 1, overall chemical production in western Europe represents a significant market oppor- 5 % uses only about 8 % of petroleum with tunity for plastics. About 12 % of the plastics using only half of this amount. world’s population has access to per-

8 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

sonal transportation, and cars and light Physical-chemical properties and SC trucks contain on average about 12 % 6, Ageing, chemical and environmental year. Savings were particularly evident plastics by weight. resistance) will be key to demonstrat- in the packaging sector. A key to understanding the rela- ing plastics’ life-cycle performance and It is not too early to predict that tionship between plastics and energy is sustainability attributes. technological advances in materials (mac- the life-cycle process. Figure 2 illus- romolecular engineering/nanotechnology/ trates that in the case of the automobile, Life-cycle energy biotechnology/composites and hybrid for example, the use phase dominates conservation materials) will encourage new standards energy considerations, not manufactur- work. Such work will serve future mar- ing or recovery. Therefore, technolo- Recently, an interesting study ket needs in automotive, electrical and gies that can reduce fuel consumption conducted in Europe by GUA1) exam- electronic equipment, and building and have the potential to make the great- ined the life-cycle energy conservation construction applications, where life- est positive impact on energy conser- attributes of a broad range of plastic cycle energy impacts are greatest. vation and reduced emissions. The use products compared to the same products A confluence of legislative, reg- of lightweight plastics and composites where the plastics were considered sub- ulatory, and sustainability considera- has made a significant contribution to stitutable by alternative materials. The tions along with industry initiatives con- vehicle lightweighting, and plastics are study is available on the PlasticsEurope tinues to stimulate growing interest in the development and implementation © P. Krieger of technologies for plastics recovery at the end of the product’s life-cycle – in both the developed and developing countries. Infrastructure issues are significant since the secondary materials industry today is largely focused on metals and paper. Nevertheless, there is a developing plastics recycling industry with global reach that sees standardization as an important station on the road to sustained growth. ISO/TC 61 is actively engaged and working with a broad cross-section of national, regional, and international stakeholders to develop appropriate International Standards in the field of plastics recovery and recycling. “ A key to understanding the relationship between plastics and energy is the life-cycle process.”

Plastics recovery offers another proving themselves to be an enabling website (www.plasticseurope.org). In example where energy considerations technology for new energy-efficient total, 32 case studies in a broad cross- come directly into the picture and can engine designs such as fuel cells. The section of plastics markets and 174 prod- have overwhelming significance. There work of ISO/TC 61’s three materials ucts were investigated. An extrapolation are three reasons for this : subcommittees (SC 9, Thermoplastic to all substitutable plastics resulted in • materials, SC 12, Thermosetting mate- a total energy savings of 1020 million plastics contain substantial embed- rials, and SC 13, Composites and rein- gigajoules/year – equivalent to 22.4 mil- ded energy, forcement fibres) has a critical role to lion tonnes of crude oil saved. There • plastics can often have their greatest play in enabling plastics use in future was a corresponding savings in green- positive impact on resource conser- automotive architectures. The four ISO/ house gas emissions of 97 megatonnes/ vation during use, rather than dur- TC 61 subcommittees focusing on prop- ing recovery (e.g., automobile light- erty testing (SC 2, Mechanical proper- 1) Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen weighting and refrigerator/building ties, SC 4, Burning behaviour, SC 5, (Corporation for Comprehensive Analyses). insulation),

ISO Focus June 2005 9 Main Focus

Utilisation Production and Recovery Use Disposal

N Raw material Semifinished Finished a / Feedstock products products t u Emissions r Secondary Recycled Products a raw material product for re-use to l air R Compost Transformation Waste for Consumer / e /Humus process recovery Last owner water s o Indigenous Recovered Discarded and u r fuel energy waste soil c e s Fuel Energy LANDFILLED MATERIAL

Source: Borealis Plastics recovery and integrated resources management The diagram is especially informative because • plastics can be recovered by multiple of the chosen boundary conditions. It places and health and safety attributes, as well routes that involve the production of resource recovery at product end-of-life in as environmental considerations. solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels and the broader context of resource utilization Plastics and the plastics industry (materials and energy) in the product manu- chemical feedstocks (feedstock recy- facturing stage, highlights the use phase and are well positioned to fulfil tomorrow’s cling), heat and electricity through its environmental impact, and draws a distinc- opportunities for more sustainable mate- direct combustion (energy recovery), tion between fuel recovery, energy recovery, rials, technologies, and products. Some as well as mechanical recycling. The and the recovery of secondary raw materials of these opportunities will be revolution- reuse of plastics products must also (recyclates). It also places resource recovery ary but most will be evolutionary, and and waste disposal in an economic context be considered. and places fuel recovery on equal footing ISO/TC 61 standards will prove to be a with other material recovery options from a leading indicator of both market success Fostering sustainability life-cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. and market potential in the years ahead. The important subject of standards for solid A greater understanding of the interplay The contribution of plastics to recovered fuels is being addressed in CEN/ of materials and energy from a life-cycle TC 343, Solid recovered fuels. sustainable development requires that assessment perspective will be of grow- consideration be given to environmen- ing importance. As noted in the ISO/TC tal aspects, including recovery, as well group has now turned to plastics recovery 61 Business Plan, the centre of gravity as economic growth and social progress. and, most recently, to the development of the plastics industry is beginning to To meet this need within ISO/TC 61, of ISO 15270, Plastics – Guidelines for shift from North America and Europe to WG 2, Guidance on environmental pro- recovery, which is currently out for bal- the Middle East (feedstock supply and visions in plastics standards, was formed loting at the Draft International Stand- production) and Asia (market growth). several years ago to provide guidance ard stage. There is little question that ISO/TC 61 will be evolving to reflect on environmental provisions in plastics environmental aspects of plastic materi- these market dynamics while continu- standards. The initial, high profile thrust als and products will receive increasing ing to maintain its focus on global rel- of WG 2 was the development of ISO attention in the coming years. As noted in evancy and technical excellence. 17422:2002, Plastics – Environmental ISO 17422, a balanced approach to plas- aspects – General guidelines for their tics recycling is needed that recognizes inclusion in standards. The work of this the importance of product performance

10 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

Full of energy decreased somewhat which may reflect a national Standards community and else- level of industry “ maturity ”. The forces where with the potential to impact and The discovery of new plastics of innovation, sustainable development, be impacted by plastics and the plastics occurred at a significant pace during the and globalization will surely lead to an industry. Examples are the new IEC/TC first half of the 20 th century, but com- expanded work programme in the future. 111 on environmental standardization in mercialization of both high volume com- Today ISO/TC 61 has responsibility for the electrical and electronics field and modity plastics and specialty engineer- 533 International Standards. the new initiative to establish an ISO ing plastics began to see major growth ISO/TC 61 liaises with a broad nanotechnologies committee. ISO/TC beginning in the 1950s. The formation of range of committees and organizations in 61 will actively engage these commit- ISO/TC 61, Plastics, in 1947 was time- and outside of ISO – including ISO/TC tees wherever the process brings value. ly, and the need for international tech- 45, Rubber and rubber products, CEN/ To help maintain relevancy, ISO TC/61 nical standards became more and more TC 249, Plastics, ASTM D20, Plastics, will be revising its Business Plan annu- evident as plastics began to penetrate and several IEC technical committees. ally. Readers are encouraged to read the markets long held by traditional mate- More and more, new horizontal commit- recently revised Business Plan located rials. Today, ISO/TC 61 serves a global, tees are being formed within the Inter- on the ISO Web site. dynamic, and growing industry. Accelerating growth in major markets during the 1990s resulted in vigorous standards development activity. An interesting example beyond materials specifications and testing was the series of labelling standards that have had interest beyond the technical audience of ISO/TC 61. Since 2000, the number of active work items has

About the author

Michael M. Fisher, PhD, is senior director, technology for the American Plastics Council (APC) in Arlington, Virginia. APC represents the © ISO interests of major resin producers and is part of the American Chemistry Council (ACC), the leading trade association representing the business of chemistry in the United States. His responsibilities focus on plastics in the automotive and electrical and electronic markets with an emphasis on future growth and product stewardship issues. He received his doctorate in polymer and physical chemistry from the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in 1970. Dr. Fisher has chaired ISO/TC 61, Plastics, since March 2002 and can be

reached at [email protected]. © ISO

ISO Focus June 2005 11 Main Focus © ISO

naturally by light, oxygen, water or micro- the biodegradability characteristics of Biodegradability organisms in the natural environment. plastics must be suited to the final dis- of plastics Often they are not disposed of proper- posal route of the material – biodegrad- ly, which is a great source of plastics lit- able plastics that are sent to composting ter (Figure 1). Ocean litter has spread, facilities should be biodegradable under a path to prevent endangering many forms of marine life. composting conditions. pollution On land, plastics comprise a significant It therefore becomes very impor- part of municipal solid waste. tant to develop test methods to deter- The environmental impact of per- mine the biodegradability of such plas- sistent plastics waste has become a major tics. Some 10 years ago, there were no by Dr. Hideo Sawada, Convenor, issue. Biodegradable plastics are now ISO International Standards for the bio- ISO/TC 61, Plastics, SC 5, emerging as one of the available options degradability of plastics. In 1993, at Physical-chemical properties, to solve this environmental issue. Var- the 42 nd meeting of ISO/TC 61, Plas- WG 22, Biodegradability ious plastics, including biodegradable tics, in Italy, the new working group on plastics, can be recycled, although com- biodegradability, WG 22 of subcom- plete recycling is difficult : plastic litter, mittee SC 5, Physical-chemical prop- lobally, natural resources are used for instance, which comes mainly from erties, was created based on the ini- to produce all sorts of convenient consumers, is difficult to recycle. Oth- tiatives of the Japanese delegation. It Gproducts but, unfortunately, an er examples include agricultural mulch is entirely thanks to the Chair of TC enormous number of these products – film, wrapping film and fishing tackle, 61/SC 5, Dr. S. H. Eldin, that WG 22 plastics, for example – have caused wide- such as rods, lines and hooks. Biode- was established within this subcom- spread pollution. Many plastics, unlike gradable plastics are especially useful mittee, and a highly successful first natural polymeric materials such as cel- for such applications which are difficult WG meeting was attended by more lulose and starch, are unable to degrade or too expensive to recycle. Of course, than 30 participants.

12 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

Since its formation in 1993, the main work of WG 22 has been the development of standard test methods, specifications and definitions for biodegradability of plastics and the group has provided a valuable service in this field. The first standard was published in 1999 and, to date, a total of nine standards have been issued and 11 standards are being maintained. The structure of SC 5/WG 22 is as follows : SC 5 Chair, Dr. S. H. Eldin (Switzerland) ; SC 5 Secretary, Mr. Todd Sandler (USA), WG 22 Convenor, Dr. Hideo Sawada (Japan) : Member countries of WG 22 are Belgium, Canada, Chi- na, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzer- land, the UK and USA.

Multidisciplinary

© BPS teamwork Figure 1 : Plastics can be a great source of litter when they are not “ The main work of WG 22 Biodegradation is multidiscipli- disposed of properly. has been the development nary by nature. Chemistry, physics, bio- chemistry, agriculture, microbiology, soil of standard test science, toxicology, pharmacy, medical About the author methods, specifications science and ecology are all key elements in biodegradation. The development of Dr. Hideo and definitions for biodegradation standards thus requires Sawada is biodegradability of plastics Advisor of BPS close teamwork among people in var- (Biodegradable and the group has Plastics Society, provided a valuable Figure 2: Participants at the 1st workshop on Japan). After round-robin test of ISO 14855-2 in 2004. graduating from service in this field.” Osaka University, he started his career in 1956 © BPS with Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. in Japan. He has nearly 45 years experience in the field of polymer science, both in industry and consultancy. His recent interests are concentrated in biodegradable plastics. He is the convener of ISO/TC61/SC5/ WG22 on biodegradability of plastics, and the author of more than 200 publications.

Author’s acknowledgement The author wishes to thank all the members of WG 22 for their commitment to the development of ISO standards on biodegradability of plastics, and especially Dr. Eldin and Mr. Sandler for their

suggestions. © BPS © UIT

ISO Focus June 2005 13 Main Focus ious fields and our members include nyl alcohol (PVA), polyhydroxybutyrate- Evaluating experts from all these fields. In addi- valerate (PHBV) and certain polyesters biodegradability tion, international collaboration among can be biodegraded. These plastics, like European, North American and Asian natural polymeric materials such as cel- In order to evaluate biodegradabil- countries is important. For example, we lulose and starch, are converted into car- ity, the consumption of oxygen or evolved carried out an international round-robin bon dioxide, water and biomass by natu- carbon dioxide needs to be determined. test on ISO 14855 Part 2 in co-operation rally occurring micro-organisms that live Oxygen consumption is determined in with the USA, Japan, China, India, Ita- in soil and water (Figure 3). In the pres- ISO 14851 and ISO 17556, while the ly, Belgium and Sweden (Figure 2 pre- ence of oxygen, aerobic biodegradation carbon dioxide evolved is determined ceeding page). will occur and these plastics will be bio- in ISO 14852, ISO 14855 Part 1, ISO Of course, joint research and degraded into water, carbon dioxide and 14855 Amendment 1, ISO 14855 Part development that involves industry, biomass. Carbon dioxide and water will 2 and ISO 17556. governments and academia is need- enter into the perpetual natural cycle. Car- The composting infrastructure, ed on a worldwide basis. In addition bon atoms are continually recycled with- which is a key consideration in the ulti- to ISO, two major organizations in in the ecosystem from one molecule to mate disposal of biodegradable plastics, the USA and Europe have developed another by means of the carbon cycle. is growing in North America, Europe standards for biodegradable plastics. and Asia. ISO 14855 Part 1 involves the The first is ASTM International Sub- “The development of test methods related to composting. ISO committee D20.96 on Environmental 14855 Part 2 provides a compact labo- Degradable Plastics, chaired by Prof. biodegradation standards ratory test method for composting con- Narayan, which has established exten- requires close teamwork ditions (Figure 4). sive volumes of test methods. In Europe, among people in various There has never been such a com- CEN TC 249, Plastics, WG 9, Char- pact laboratory test method to measure acterization of degradability, is devel- fields and our members biodegradability under composting con- oping standards for biodegradability of include experts from all ditions. On the other hand, disintegra- plastics. The convenor of this working these fields.” tion is the physical breakdown of pol- group, Dr. Degli Innocenti, acts as the ymers into very small fragments with- liaison between ISO/TC 61/SC 5/WG out any visible, distinguishable piec- 22 and CEN TC 249/WG 9. Figure 3: Polycaprolactone samples decom- es of plastic. The test methods for dis- pose when buried in soil for 9 months. integration under composting conditions are described in ISO 16929 and ISO 20200. “ WG 22 intends to integrate test methods and characteristics into one logical test scheme and specification with a single set of criteria.” When oxygen is not present, anaerobic biodegradation will occur. In the absence of oxygen, biodegradable plastics will be converted into car-

© BPS bon dioxide, methane and biomass by the action of anaerobic micro-organisms. Biodegradation through the Composting is an aerobic bio- It is possible to determine biodegrada- action of micro-organisms degradation process and plastics which bility in an anaerobic environment by biodegrade in the natural environment measuring the evolution of biogas (car- Many synthetic plastics are una- or enter into composting facilities are bon dioxide and methane), as is devel- ble to degrade naturally by light, oxygen, environmentally friendly if the degra- oped in ISO 14853 and 15985. water or micro-organisms. Some synthetic dation products are found to be ecolog- plastics, however, such as polycaprolac- ically benign. tone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), polyvi-

14 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials © BPS Figure 4: These apparatuses are used to determine biodegradability under composting ISO/TC 207, Environmental man- ISO 14855, all developed by WG 22, conditions, and are described in ISO 14855-2. agement, Subcommittee SC 3, Environ- are adopted as appropriate test meth- mental labelling, prepared ISO 14021 ods. These test methods are now wide- Environmental labels and declaration – ly used to determine the biodegradabil- Making biodegradability Self-declared environmental claims (Type ity of plastics in EN 13432 and ASTM claims II environmental labelling) – in which D 6400. ISO 14851, ISO 14852, ISO 14853 and To identify biodegradable plastics and make claims of biodegradability and compostability, a test scheme and specification is needed. ASTM Interna- ISO standards for biodegradability of plastics tional, CEN and the Biodegradable Plas- tics Society (BPS, Japan) have developed their own test schemes and specifications. Aerobic, Aqueous (ISO 14851, 14852) Based on their own specifications, DIN Aerobic, Composting (ISO 14855) CERTCO (Germany), the Biodegrada- ble Products Institute (USA) and BPS Use of activated vermiculite instead of mature compost have developed their own certification (ISO 14855 Amendment 1) and labelling systems to distinguish biodegradable plastics and products. Gravimetric method, laboratory scale (ISO/CD 14855 Part 2) There are still minor differenc- es between these systems. There is a Anaerobic, Aquatic (ISO 14853) need for a global harmonization of test Anaerobic, High solid (ISO 15985) schemes and specifications in ISO. WG 22 intends to integrate test methods (bio- Aerobic, Soil Burial (ISO 17556) degradation and disintegration) and characteristics (environmental toxicity, lim- Disintegration, Pilot scale (ISO 16929) its for heavy metals, etc.) into one log- Disintegration, Laboratory scale (ISO 20200) ical test scheme and specification with a single set of criteria. Such a standard Test scheme and specification (ISO/CD 17088) will be useful for consumers, manufacturers and legislators.

ISO Focus June 2005 15 © ISO Main Focus

vided in accordance with a procedure called sample division, the final sub- division being chemically analyzed From Iron ore loom large in your sights. Fly over the and physically tested to determine the to steel : Alps to Genoa and you will see a blast grade of the bulk lot aboard the ves- furnace on the Mediterranean coast. sel. Generally, business transactions standardizing These are the giants of the iron and between mining and steel companies steel industry. are based on grades determined in this the process Today, a typical blast furnace can manner. Therefore, methods of sam- stand 100 m high, with an inner volume pling, analysis and testing iron-ores of 4,000m3. These enormous structures are very important. combine what economists term the “pri- Iron ores stockpiled in the yard by Satoji Maehara, Chair, mary” and “secondary industry.” are conveyed to the blast furnace and ISO/TC 102, Iron ore and direct charged from the top together with coke reduced iron, and Chair, so that the iron-ore layer and the coke ISO/TC 17, Steel It’s a blast layer are piled up alternately on top of each other. Air at about 1 200° C is blast- o the traveller, the distant view of Iron ores from Australia, Bra- ed in from the lower part of the furnace a blast furnace signals the unmis- zil, India and other producing countries and superheated by the combustion of Ttakable approach to a steel town. – the primary industry – are shipped coke at some 2 200° C, causing mol- Drive across the pampas beyond Belo in 100 000 to 250 000-ton-class large ten iron to flow down into the hearth Horizonte in Brazil, and first you will ore-carriers to steelworks in tidewater at the base of the furnace. This molten see a large steel complex far away on locations in importing countries. Then, pig iron is then transferred to the next the horizon, then Ipatinga where many iron ores unloaded at steel plants and refining process. Thus, the blast fur- steel-mill workers live. Descend by plane transported on conveyor lines to stock- nace converts a product of the primary across Lake Michigan to Chicago, and yards are sampled en route by statisti- industry – iron ore – into pig iron for massive steelworks and blast furnaces cal methods. These samples are subdi- the secondary industry.

16 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

“ Tailored ” steel sion resistance. Thus, steel products are effectively tailor-made by controlling tinuous mill flat rolled products, SC 15 Pig iron containing about 4 % car- chemical composition, reheating, roll- for railroad rails and their fasteners, SC bon is transferred from the blast furnace ing, heat treating and other heat hys- 16 for steels for reinforcement and pre- to the refining furnace. Here it is heat- teresis, based on physical and chemi- stressing of concrete, SC 17 for steel ed by oxygen blown in to combust the cal principles. wire rod and wire products, and SC 19 carbon and accelerate refining. These for technical delivery conditions for steel two major processes – blast-furnace tubes for pressure purposes. smelting and LD-converter refining – “ To date, about 70 For across-the-board standards, are excellent examples of the practical ISO iron and steel SC 1 handles methods of determination use of Lavoisier’s oxidation and reduc- of chemical composition, SC 7 meth- tion theories. standards have been ods of testing (other than mechanical The refining furnace removes updated by TC 102, tests and chemical analysis), and SC impurities from the pig iron, melting and 280 by TC 17.” 20 general technical delivery condi- it down to molten steel of the required tions, sampling and mechanical test- specification. This is poured into a mould ing methods. and solidified into a slab which is then Standardizing rolled or forged into final shapes such the industry © JISF as plate, sheet, tinplate, pipe, tube, rail- way rail, I-beam, and wire rod. ISO/TC 102 was Depending on end use, steel prod- established in 1961 to ucts are finely differentiated by quali- develop Internation- ty and properties through upstream and al Standards covering downstream processes. For automotive the processes from ore sheet, a number of measures are taken to mine to blast furnace. attain extremely low carbon equivalents The technical commit- and other characteristics to achieve suf- tee comprises three sub- ficient ductility during press-forming, committees : Sampling resulting in flawless car-bodies. Rail- (SC 1), Chemical Anal- way rails, on the other hand, require ysis (SC 2), and Physi- high-carbon components for good abra- cal Testing (SC 3). SC 1 is responsible for scientific methods of extract- About the author ing representative samples of the lot and for Blast furnace. Satoji Maehara measuring moisture and grain size. SC

© JISF is Chair of both 2 is involved in methods of analyzing ISO/TC 102, samples for iron content and impurities, Iron ore and While both TC 102/SC 1 and TC while SC 3 is charged with methods 17/SC 1 specialize in chemical analy- direct reduced for inspecting ore characteristics such iron and ISO/TC sis, the former focuses on the analysis as strength, reducibility and reduction- 17, Steel. He has of “ iron ” content in iron ore and the been head of the disintegration. latter on the analysis of carbon, sili- Standardization In addition to iron ore, sinters, con, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur Center of JISF pellets, other treated ores and reduced and other non-ferrous elements in steel (The Japan Iron iron up-graded by pre-reduction are products. and Steel Federation) since 1997, and is in also used in iron manufacture – hence charge of standardization in the domestic the TC 102 title Iron ore and direct Rich legacy and international iron and steel sectors. reduced iron. Maehara is also a member of the Council ISO/TC 17, Steel, established Given the legacy of such a rich of JISC (The Japanese Industrial in 1947, develops International Stand- technical field, and generous contribu- Standards Committee) and sits on its ards for a wide variety of secondary tions from member country represent- Standards and Conformity Assessment steel industry products, comprising SC atives, this has also been a very pro- Boards. After graduating from Osaka University in materials science he joined 3, developing steels for structural pur- ductive sector for International Stand- Nippon Steel Corporation as a poses, SC 4 for heat-treatable and alloy ards. To date, about 70 ISO standards metallurgical engineer, becoming a steels, SC 9 for tinplate and blackplate, have been updated by TC 102, some specialist in quality assurance and SC 10 for steel for pressure purposes, 280 by TC 17, and new standards are management. SC 11 for steel castings, SC 12 for con- in development.

ISO Focus June 2005 17 © ISO Main Focus

Rubber : standards for the black art by John Timar, Secretary of ISO/TC 45/SC 3, Raw materials (including latex) for use in the rubber industry

rom boot soles to rocket parts, from car tyres to kitchen gloves, F rubber is used in a million industrial and household applications. And since no two applications require the same properties, rubber composi-

tions combine many different ingre- © ISO dients. Rubber goods manufacturers require from the raw material suppliers ingredients with consistent properties to ensure the desired end-use performance. ISO technical committee ISO/ TC 45/SC 3 provides guidelines The standard route TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, to ensure that the quality of rubber com- is responsible for the standardization The route to an International pounding ingredients are determined by of terms and definitions, test methods Standard, from concept to publication, uniform, reliable and reproducible test and specifications for rubber in any generally follows two directions : methods. It is also responsible for the form, rubber products (including their preparation of International Standards 1. A standard covering this materi- dimensional tolerances), and major rub- covering the raw materials used in the al already exists and there is a per- ber compounding ingredients. manufacture of rubber products. ceived need to adapt it into an ISO To accomplish this task TC 45 is Formed in 1980, SC 3 may well standard. divided into four subcommittees (SC) : encompass the less glamorous, less hi- 2. No standard exists but it is felt nec- tech end of the industry, but it is nev- • SC 1, Hoses (rubber and plastic) essary to develop one. ertheless involved in a field of great • SC 2, Testing and analysis importance. In the first case a Member Body will issue a New Work Proposal (NWP) • SC 3, Raw materials (including latex) attaching the existing standard, in the for use in the rubber industry second case it will be the appropriate • SC 4, Products working group (WG) that issues the (other than hoses) NWP. The NWP is circulated to the Members of SC3. If accepted (accord- © ISO

18 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

ing to ISO rules) and sufficient Mem- Like most agricultural products, ber Bodies volunteer to participate in natural rubber, the subject of WG 4, the work, then the new project will be poses its own specific challenges. Out- pigment only. There are 19 International adopted by the respective WG. door production is affected by weather Standards covering carbon black with A small task force may be assigned and infestation which can cause con- three in preparation. to examine the NWP and organize an tamination and consistency problems. Non-black compounding ingre- Interlaboratory Testing Program (ITP) Six ISO International Standards (one dients – the mandate of WG 6 – can be to determine the reliability of the test in progress) have been established to divided into two groups. One group is methods under consideration. Measures address these issues. used instead of carbon black to achieve of reliability – i.e. repeatability and repro- the required performance without the black colour. Hydrated and fumed sili- ducibility – are vitally important parts of “ SC 3 may well encompass most International Standards. The pro- cas, clays, chalks, etc., are used exten- posed text is then circulated, according to the less glamorous, less sively and they are governed by three established ISO procedure, to the Mem- hi-tech end of the industry, ISO International Standards. The other ber Bodies of SC 3. types chemically convert the raw rub- but it is nevertheless ber in the compound into a vulcanizate. involved in a field of great Sulphur is the primary chemical used Working in rubber importance.” but other auxiliary materials are introduced to accelerate or modify the chemi- The technical committee com- In addition to natural rubber there cal reaction. Other non-black chemicals prises six working groups. The first, WG are many types of synthetic rubber. Some are required to protect the rubber article 1, deals with test equipment, sampling are used the same way as natural rubber from environmental hazards. They are and preparatory work. Good test methods but many possess special properties for the subject of five International Stand- require reliable test equipment. Rubber specific purposes. Resistance to high ards, and some under development. articles are chemical products but they temperature, oil and gasoline, ozone usually perform mechanical duties and and other agents, vibration damping, must therefore be tested for their physi- Reclaiming rubber and reduced permeability to gases and cal properties. Thus, in addition to their vapours are all properties which qual- With time new requirements chemical purity, the raw materials are ify them for specific niches. Each type emerge. They may drive the formation tested for their performance in rubber of synthetic rubber requires specialized of new working groups or modification compounds. WG 1 specifies the equip- treatment and standards. Ten Interna- of existing mandates. Currently the issue ment for mixing compounds, the pro- tional Standards already exist to cov- of handling products derived from recy- cedures to be followed and some of the er synthetic rubbers, with several more cled, ground or otherwise reclaimed rub- mechanical testing equipment. under development. ber and ingredients is being debated.

Natural and synthetic Other ingredients rubbers Additional ingredients are need- About the author Three of the working groups deal ed to endow rubber products with the with the basic rubber materials. WG 2 desired characteristics. Some chemically John Timar has served as deals with latices, WG 4 natural rubber alter the raw rubber while others improve Secretary of strength, wear resistance or colour. and WG 5 synthetic rubbers. ISO/TC 45 /SC 3 Latices are emulsified rubbers (or since 1992. other polymers) in the form in which The black art He entered the they are produced, either in the tree or rubber industry in the factory. For certain articles the The most important “ non-chem- in 1953, joining rubber is used in latex form. For easi- ical ” compounding ingredient is car- the Ruggyanta- er transportation the latices are concen- bon black. Commonly it is considered árúgyár trated and certain stabilizers are added. to be soot that imparts the black col- © Ruggyantárúgyár company in They are most frequently used to pro- our, but in rubber it also acts as a rein- Budapest, Hungary, and then Polysar in duce thin membrane articles like surgi- forcing agent. Carbon blacks differ in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada in 1962, during which time he specialized in the cal gloves. Latex and additives in items particle size and surface area, in parti- development of compounding approaches cle agglomeration and in other charac- for extended contact with the skin must to improve the heat resistance of common be chosen carefully so that the end prod- teristics. Many different carbon black elastomers. He is a graduate of College of uct does not harm users. Some 20 Inter- grades are used in rubber compounds Chemical Technology in Budapest, and national Standards deal with latices and to achieve the desired product perform- the University of Western Ontario in associated products. ance, sometimes it is used as colouring London, Canada.

ISO Focus June 2005 19 © P. Granier, ISO is acombustible, sedimentary, organ- steel making.Coalisafossil fuel.It main areas:power generationand it isincreasinglyconcentrated intwo tic, transportandothersectors. Now C and Organic Petrology International CommitteeforCoal and A.C. Cook,President, ISO/TC 27, by H.J. Pinheiro, Secretary, coal classification complexities of Cutting outthe Main Focus 20 ISO was used widelyinthedomes- sources ofenergy. Inthepast,it oal isoneoftheworld’s main

Focus Solid mineralfuels June 2005 , ‘ranks’ time period. pressure andheatover aconsiderable combined effects ofmicrobialaction, form coalseams,andalteredbythe solidated betweenotherrockstratato from vegetation, whichhasbeencon- bon, hydrogenandoxygen)formed ic rock(composedprimarilyofcar- implemented a new working group WG when ISO/TC27, area ofcoalclassification until1991, (UN/ECE), hadnomajorhistory inthe mission forEuropeoftheUnited Nations anthracite. nite, sub-bituminous,bituminousand to thosewiththemostcarbon,arelig- coals, fromthosewiththeleastcarbon material tocarbon. The mainranksof of transformationtheoriginalplant 1) Coal isgenerallyclassified into ISO, unlike theEconomicCom- whicharebasedonthedegree Solid mineral fuels , and isreferredtoas the“ rank ” ofthecoal. bearing onitsphysicalandchemical properties, from lignitetoanthracite,hasanimportant coalification undergone byacoal,asitmatures 1) The degree of “ metamorphism ” or sa etal,1998). tional tradeofcoal(inLemosdeSou- and would find usefulintheinterna- ers andusers–couldfeelcomfortable, among themcoalproducers,market- with whichtheglobalcoalindustry– tion systemthatwould besimpleand, lenge restedondevising aclassifica- processes. At thetime,majorchal- source, andasafeedstockinindustrial nomic importanceofcoalasanenergy by ISOreflectedtheindustrialandeco- purpose. This new initiative undertaken classification ofcoalsforcommercial 18 toprepareanISOstandardonthe

An ISO-endorsed Key Facts About Coal classification system Why is coal so important to everyday life worldwide? The publication of the Interna- • Coal is the world’s most abundant, safe and secure fossil fuel – it is also cost- tional Codification System for Medi- effective and can be burnt cleanly; coal is mined in 50 countries. um and High Rank Coals in 1988 by • Coal is the single largest fuel source for the generation of electricity worldwide. the UN/ECE was perhaps instrumen- Currently over one-third of global electricity is generated from coal. tal in leading some ISO member bod- • Coal is the safest fossil fuel to transport, store and use. ies to counteract the UN initiatives, by supporting an ISO-endorsed classifi- • Abundant coal reserves means that coal users are guaranteed security of supply cation system for coals. In fact, some at competitive prices, hence electricity supplies for industrial and domestic use representatives saw the need to imple- are assured. ment a classification system to be used for trade and utilization that would not Coal’s role in global energy and industry… necessarily be based or include petrographic parameters. During its first • Over 23 % of primary energy needs world- meeting in London (1993) ISO/TC 27 wide are met by coal. WG 18 decided on the following : • 39 % of global electricity is generated from a) An ISO classification of coals is coal ; Poland, South Africa, and China all required to provide standardization rely on coal to produce over three-quarters and definition of terminology in use of their electricity. India, Kazakhstan, the throughout the whole coal chain to Czech Republic, Greece, Denmark, Ger- assist in the international exchange many and the USA all rely on coal for over of information on coals ; 50 % of their electricity. • 66 % of global steel production depends b) An ISO classification of coals should on coal feedstock, with around 543 mil- encompass coals of all ranks while lion tonnes (Mt) of coal being used in steel remaining simple ; blast furnaces and providing much of the c) The ISO classification of coals would electricity used to power electric arc fur- not include blend of coals ; naces to produce the balance of global steel production. d) The parameters selected as the • Global hard (black) coal production has

basis of an ISO classification of © ISO coals would be backed by appro- grown by over 46 % in the last 25 years priate ISO standards and be capable to 4037.5 Mt in 2003 ; major producers include China 1502 Mt, USA 892 Mt, of being determined with acceptable India 340 Mt, Australia 274 Mt, South Africa 239 Mt, Russia 188 Mt, Indonesia interlaboratory tolerances. Also, the 120 Mt, Poland 100 Mt, Kazakhstan 75 Mt and Ukraine 57 Mt. classification should ideally provide • Brown coal/lignite production totalled 886 Mt in 2003, with Germany the lead- an indication of rank, heating val- ing producer at almost 180 Mt. ues, caking properties and impuri- • Spending is increasing on technology research and development programmes to ty level ; and, improve thermal efficiency and reduce GHG and other emissions. e) The working group should begin Source: World Coal Institute by developing a stand-alone “ ISO Web: www.wci-coal.com classification of coals by rank ” and thus avoid other complicating issues. This endeavour should seek to mod- Trials and tribulations The first modification was to exclude ify ASTM D 388-92a, Classifica- A two-year hiatus ensued fol- any commercial intent by the addition of tion of coal by rank, to the extent lowing the London meeting until 1995, the phrase : “ this classification is not to necessary to make it applicable to when a new proposal from Australia 2) be used for commercial or trade purpos- coals of all petrographic composi- was put forward, which was essentially es ”. The second included a change to the tions as well as all ranks. an adaption of the UN/ECE Internation- title : Classification of Humic Coals for al Classification of in-Seam Coals pub- Resource Characterization. This entirely lished in 1995. As a result, the objec- new proposed draft was prepared by Aus- tralia1 and presented at the 15 th ISO/TC 27 2) A formal proposal was sent by the Australian tives of the ISO classification had to be representative to ISO that was not necessarily a re-visited and modified to include two Plenary Meeting (Beijing 1995), which proposal supported generally within Australia. major changes. accepted and adopted the draft. Main Focus

This revised draft, which was Graphic representation renamed as “ Classification of Coals The structure of the coal classification system as described in ISO 11760 is (for International Comparisons) ”, was illustrated graphically in Table 1. This shows the interrelation of descrip- distributed to WG 18 members as well tive rank dependent terms and the mean random reflectance of the vitrinite as to some individual members of the ( ), along with the four vitrinite categories. The five ash yield categories International Committee for Coal and r are shown separately. Organic Petrology (ICCP). An enquiry followed, the results of which were presented and discussed at the second offi- Low rank Medium rank High rank cial and formal meeting of WG 18 that c CBADCBACBA a took place with the 16 th Plenary Meeting 100 of ISO/TC 27 (Cape Town 1997). High vitrinite 80 Moderately “ This new initiative 60 high vitrinite Medium undertaken by ISO vitrinite reflected the industrial and 40 economic importance of 20 Low vitrinite Vitrinite, % by volume, mineral-free volume, % by Vitrinite, 0 coal as an energy source, 75 35 0,4 0,5 0,6 1,0 1,4 2,0 3,0 4,0 6,0

and as a feedstock in c Bed moisture Vitrinite reflectance ( r %) industrial processes.” (% ash free) Lignite/Brown coal S’bit b Bituminous Anthracite Significant and constructive CBADCBACBA progress was made at this meeting a At upper limit for High Rank A, v max < 8 % preferred to r < 6 %. where several significant decisions were b Sub-bituminous. reached, among them were : c Reproducibility : r 0,08 % ; vitrinite content 9% • The first decisions, taken in London, were re-visited and changed accord- ingly to allow for the acceptance of High ash Moderately high ash Medium ash Low ash Very low ash the last draft proposal distributed by the Convenor. This step was the 50 30 20 10 5 0 fundamental one that finally ended Ash yield (% dry basis) contradictions that existed between the drafts resulting from the London Table 1 – Classification of coals and Beijing meetings ; • The project was re-named “ ISO classi- The rank stages are the basis of the ISO classification. In a normal fication of coals ” and was to be based two-dimensional representation of the classification, rank forms the X-axis on Rank, Petrographic composition and vitrinite % is used as a measure of petrographic composition on the Y- and Grade. axis. To this extent, the system follows that shown in Table 1. A third dimen- • It was further decided to incorporate sion is implied by the inclusion of ash yield as an additional classification a definition of “coal”. criterion. The classification system is designed to permit broad appraisals of • The Classification was to carry a state- coals. The rank scale is based on vitrinite reflectance down into the brown ment clearly indicating that it “shall coal or lignite range and on bed moisture for the lowest rank coals. To avoid not be used for commercial or trade confusion with the many different boundaries set by other schemes, the ISO purposes”. classification uses the general terms “Low”, “Medium” and “High” rank coals. Subsequent to the Cape Town Within each of these categories, letters are used for finer subdivisions with the meeting, the working group met two “A” subcategory in each group being the highest rank. The basic form of the times more, in London (1999) and in ISO classification is set out in Table 1, Table 2 (opposite) and Table 3 (page Shoal Bay (2003), with most of its 24) together with a correlation of the ISO system with some older terms. activities being conducted electroni- cally during the period leading to the final publication of ISO 11760.

22 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

Bed Moist Rr % 75% 35% 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0

CB A DCBA C B A LOW-RANK COAL MEDIUM-RANK COAL HIGH-RANK COAL LIGNITE SUB-BIT BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE PF steam PF steam PF steam Steam/ PCI/SOFT PRIME BLEND Possible PCI Graphitizable PCI COKING COKING LV/PCI carbons

Table 2 – Diagram illustrating classification of coal by rank, and the microscopic appearance of the main rank categories (Cook, 2005, pers. commun.) (Note: references to application are simply illustrative)

An overwhelming modern-day analytical tools without able category and buyers want to con- consensus prejudice and the development of an sider it in the less valuable category. The accreditation programme by the Inter- only way to avoid this completely is to In February of this year, ISO national Committee for Coal and Organ- have a single category – coal. This is 11760:2005, Classification of coals, ic Petrology (ICCP) in 1995 to provide clearly unsatisfactory. The ISO classi- was published – after nearly 15 years inter-laboratory standardization for these fication attempts to keep categories to of activity and interaction among the parameters. a minimum while permitting maximum participating countries. In addition to the The ISO coal classification system discrimination. Additionally, those inter- overwhelming consensus by ISO mem- is designed to minimize what is common- ested in a specific coal should carefully bers participating actively in its devel- ly called the boundary problem – that is, examine the full analysis. opment, ISO 11760 includes unambig- the problem of coals close to a bound- It must be emphasized that the uous definitions of terms that are used ary in a classification. Sellers want the work carried out by WG 18 was made in day-to-day coal-related business at coal to be considered in the more valu- thanks to the work of its Convenor, Dr. national and international levels. It is used as a basis for common purposes resulting from intense debate and dis- About the authors cussions throughout its elaboration. This International Standard H.J. Pinheiro is Alan Cook is describes a simple classification sys- Secretary of the President of tem for coals providing : ISO/TC 27, the International Solid mineral Committee for • Guidance on the selection of the appro- fuels. He has Coal and Organic priate ISO standard procedures for over 25 years Petrology the analyses and testing of coals, experience in the (ICCP). Alan coal business Cook has • International comparison of coals in environment. worked in the © H.J. Pinheiro © Alan Cook terms of some key characteristics, Since 2001, he coal industry in • Descriptive categorization of coals. is a technical manager (product develop- the United Kingdom and Australia and ment ; carbon materials) in Springlake now runs Keiraville Konsultants providing That two of the three classifica- Holdings Pty Ltd – a coal mining compa- services to the coal and coke industries tion parameters are petrographic ones ny in South Africa. He holds a BSc and the oil and gas exploration industry. is a reflection of the industry’s ability (Honours) equivalent in Geology from the He holds a MA, PhD, ScD from King’s to change and accept the use of more University of Porto in Portugal. College Cambridge.

ISO Focus June 2005 23 Main Focus

LOW RANK COALS Table 3 – Rank categories – Low, medium and high rank coals (Cook, 2005, pers. commun.) Bed moist Rr% (Note : references to application are simply illustrative) 75% 35% 0,4 0,5

(Continued from page 23) Bob Durie, whose remarkable scientific and technical knowledge coupled with his superb leadership skills secured the best possible results throughout a difficult journey. The collaboration of the ICCP max 0,33 % Tertiary Kalimantan 0,46 % Tertiary, Kalimantan was also very important. This organi- v zation was competently represented by CB A its Presidents, initially Dr. Alan Davies LOW-RANK COAL (USA), subsequently Professor Manuel Lemos de Sousa (Portugal) and in the LIGNITE SUB-BIT last five years or so by Dr. Alan Cook (Australia).

MEDIUM RANK COALS 0,5 Rr % 0,6 1,0 1,4 2,0 “The ISO classification attempts to keep categories to a minimum while permitting maximum discrimination.” 0,64 % 1,08 % 1,74 % Jurassic, v max 0,54%, Tertiary Carboniferous, UK Carboniferous, USA Australia DCBA MEDIUM-RANK COAL BITUMINOUS STEAM COALS SOFT COKING\PCI PRIME COKING BLEND LV COKING/ PCI

HIGH RANK COALS 2,0 Rr % 3,0 4,0 6,0

2,16 % Tertiary, W Canada 3,16 % Roseneath, Cooper 5,87 % Permian W Papua, Basin, Perm. Australia, pxp pxp- partially crossed polars CBA HIGH-RANK COAL ANTHRACITE

24 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

and potential energy is constant during the whole process. This sum is known as the mechanical energy. However, there are other forces where the mechanical energy does not remain constant. For example, if you throw a body along a horizontal plane with friction, it will eventually lose all its kinetic energy and stop. The initial kinetic energy is not regained nor transformed into potential energy since the altitude has not changed. Instead, this energy is converted into another kind of energy – heat. We conclude that the sum of mechanical energy and heat is constant. Heat can then be extended to other forms of thermodynamic energy such as enthalpy.

A hot topic There is an important difference between these two examples. In the first, all kinetic energy can be transformed into potential energy and vice versa. In the second, all kinetic energy can be transformed into heat, but cannot be converted back into kinetic (or mechanical) energy. In a more complex system, like a steam engine, only a fraction of the heat can be transformed back into mechanical energy. This important observation demon- © ISO strates that different kinds of energy are not equally A lesson in physics useful. ISO/TC 203 : Elec- All physics today is based on tromagnet- What is energy principles laid down by Newton. If ic systems you throw a body into the air from can be simply and energywares ? the Earth’s surface its speed decreas- described as the es, and hence also the kinetic energy, electrical forc- the higher it travels until stopping and es between charged by Anders J Thor, Secretary, and falling back to the starting point. When particles, and magnetic Birgit Bodlund, Chair, of ISO/TC the body returns to the surface, pulled forces between conductors of electric 203, Technical energy systems by gravitational force, the speed and currents. However, it turns out that the kinetic energy are practically the same sum of electromagnetic energies and the he concept kinetic energy of a mov- as at the beginning of the process. other types of energy described above is ing body was first introduced by Why does the kinetic energy of constant. Again, electric energy, e.g. an TIsaac Newton when he formulat- the body decrease with altitude and electric current through a resistor, can be ed classical mechanics, described in his increase again on return? It is the poten- fully transformed into heat, but not vice three-volume work “ The Mathematical tial energy of the body that increases versa. The process is not reversible. Principles of Natural Philosophy ” pub- with altitude at the same rate as the Chemical reactions are essential- lished in 1687 and better known as “ The kinetic energy decreases, and vice versa. ly electrical reactions between atoms, Principia ”. Therefore the sum of the kinetic energy molecules, or ions. And again, the sum

ISO Focus June 2005 25 Main Focus of all known kinds of energy, including “ ISO/TC 203 has defined, chemical energy, is constant. described, and analyzed Sound, light, and Einstein technical energy systems. What remains is to Acoustics is a form of mechanics represented as mechanical vibrations of compare technical energy molecules in air or another substance. systems.” Light and other related electromagnetic radiations are forms of electromagne- tism. Hence the fields of acoustics and The scope of ISO/TC 203 is stand- light are also subject to the same prin- ardization of basic concepts and meth- ciple that the sum of all known kinds ods used to define, describe, analyze, and compare technical energy systems of energy is constant. © ISO and energyware balances. To fulfil this than energy per se. They are really talk- scope, the Technical Committee has also “ The terms ‘ energy ing about certain “ energy carriers ” that published ISO 13601:1998, Technical production ’ and ‘ energy can be produced or consumed. energy systems – Structure for analysis – Energyware supply and demand sec- consumption ’ contradict tors, and ISO 13602-1:2002, Technical What is “ energyware ” ? the most fundamental energy systems – Methods for analysis law of physics.” ISO/TC 203, Technical energy – Part 1: General. systems has made the distinction between With the International Stand- two types of energy carriers, i.e. trada- ards published so far, ISO/TC 203 has The last time this principle of ble and non-tradable. Examples of trad- defined, described, and analyzed tech- invariant energy in an isolated system able energy-carriers are coal, gasoline, nical energy systems as mentioned in was questioned was when Marie and city gas, grid electricity, and hot water the scope. What remains is to compare Pierre Curie studied radioactive samples in district heating networks. Examples technical energy systems. more than 100 year ago. They found that of non-tradable energy carriers are nat- their sample produced heat, but nothing ural resources such as wind-energy and Weighting and else seemed to happen. Later it was dis- sun radiation. Tradable energy-carriers aggregation covered that there had been a nuclear have been named energyware to distin- reaction resulting in a small reduction guish from energy. A list of energywares Since different forms of energy in sample mass. In his famous theory of is given in International Standard ISO are useful for different purposes to vary- relativity, Albert Einstein showed that 13600:1997, Technical energy systems ing degrees, different energy-carriers and mass is equivalent to energy accord- – Basic concepts. energywares are also useful for differing to the formula E = mc2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is speed of light in a vacuum. If you include the mass of the system, the principle that About the authors the sum of all known kinds of energy Anders J. Thor, Birgit Bodlund is constant still holds. There is no more formerly an is a Senior fundamental principle in physics than Assistant Profes- Advisor, Business this – the first law of thermodynamics. sor of Mechanics Development, at It could also be expressed in the follow- at the Royal Vattenfall AB ing way : you cannot produce or con- Institute of Generation, in sume energy ; only convert one form of Technology in Stockholm, energy to another. Stockholm, has Sweden, respon- Nevertheless, you often hear the been Project sible for the terms “ energy production ” and “ ener- Manager at the development of © Anders J. Thor Bodlund © Birgit gy consumption ”. This, however, con- Swedish Stand- the company’s ards Institute (SIS) since 1975. He is Life-Cycle Assessment and Environmental tradicts that most fundamental law of Secretary of ISO/TC 12, Quantities, units, Product Declarations. She is also an Asso- physics. When politicians, and even symbols, conversion factors and ISO/TC ciated Professor at the Department of some other Technical Committees, talk 203, Technical energy systems, and also Environmental and Energy Systems Studies, about energy as a physical quantity that Chair of IEC/TC 25, Quantities and units, Institution of Science and Technology, is “ produced ” and “ consumed ”, they and their letter symbols. Lund University. Dr. Bodland has PhD in are in fact talking about something else Physics.

26 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

ent purposes. In consequence, ISO/TC 203 decided to propose a draft Interna- tional Standard, ISO/DIS 13602-2 for Weighting and aggregation of energywares at its most recent Plenary Meet- ing in February 2005. There is no strict physical principle on which weighting and aggregation of energywares can be objectively based – there must be some subjective judgments. General principles given in the draft are : • An inherent physical property, e.g. heat of combustion, • Type of energy resource, e.g. renewable or non-renewable, • Characteristics of the energy conversion process, e.g. emissions such as nitrogen oxides, or • The service provided by the energyware, e.g. heating or building.

Several different quantities may © ISO be used for weighting and aggregation. The most common are : Expanding solar Approximately three quarters of • Energy content (heat of combus- all solar hot water systems are sold in tion), water heating China, where the evacuated tube collec- • Economy (price), market needs tor is the key technology. The demand is being driven chiefly by rapidly devel- • Energy (measure of the quality of ISO standards oping lifestyles and security of supply energy), issues for conventional fuelled water • Substitution coefficient. heaters. And although there are an estimated 1000 + manufacturers in the coun- by Ken Guthrie, Chair, ISO/TC try, performance test requirements are 180, Solar energy and Professor hindered by a limited number of test- A trustworthy result Graham Morrison, University ing laboratories. The most important input when of New South Wales, Australia Contrastingly, the European and the environmental performance of prod- Australian markets are supported by gov- ucts and processes is calculated is ener- olar thermal energy systems cur- ernment incentives to reduce greenhouse gywares. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) rently provide over 70 GW (Giga pollution. and Environmental Product Declara- Swatts) of energy supply capacity tion (EPD) in the ISO 14000 Series of worldwide saving equivalent to 7 billion Under review Environmental Management Standards litres of oil each year – capacity that is are often used to compare environmen- expanding at over 25 % annually, according International Standards devel- tal profiles. Weighting and aggregation to the International Energy Agency Solar oped by ISO/TC 180, Solar energy, must of energywares is thus key to arriving Heating and Cooling Programme. accomodate these widely varying mar- at a trustworthy result. This dramatic growth is driven ket and technology needs. As a result, by different needs and systems around the technical committee is currently the world. For example, the USA and reviewing the existing range of system Canada are dominated by unglazed solar performance standards, and developing swimming pool heating systems, while new versions. Within its scope is a five- in Europe glazed flat plate collectors part standard relating to solar water heat- providing domestic hot water make up er system test and performance evalua- most of the sales. tion methods.

ISO Focus June 2005 27 Main Focus

The five parts of ISO 9459, Solar “ Solar thermal energy – Part 3 : Performance test for solar plus heating – Domestic water heating sys- supplementary systems. This is a ‘ black tems, provide different test methods to systems currently provide box ’ system test procedure that produc- meet these varying needs. Three proce- over 70 Giga watts of es a correlation equation to characterize dures have been adopted as Internation- energy supply capacity system performance for use with dai- al Standards and two are in the drafting ly mean values of solar irradiation, air process. They cover three separate means worldwide.” temperature and cold water temperature of evaluating performance : data, to predict annual system perform- ISO 9459-2:1995, Solar heat- ance. The test requires inputs and out- ing – Domestic water heating systems puts to be monitored over a period of – Part 2: Outdoor test methods for sys- six to eight weeks, but does not require tem performance characterization and details of component performance to be yearly performance prediction of solar- monitored during the test. It is limited only systems. This test is applicable to to predicting annual performance for solar-only systems and solar-preheat sys- one load pattern, and provides a well- tems. The performance test for solar-only accepted result. However, it is not cur- systems produces a family of ‘ input-out- rently used due to the time required, and put ’ characteristics. Test results can be is under review. used directly with daily mean values of solar irradiation, air temperature and cold “ International Standards water temperature data to predict annual system performance. The test involves developed by ISO/ daily energy collection and ambient con- TC 180, Solar energy, ditions measured over 10 to 15 days. must accomodate widely It is used in a simplified form in Chi- na and in a modified form in Taiwan, varying market and Korea and Japan. Performance can be technology needs.” predicted for a range of loads and operating conditions, but only for an evening Draft ISO 9459-4, Solar heat- © ISO water draw-off. This International Stand- ing – Domestic water heating systems ard is under review. • rating test based on indoor testing ; – Part 4 : System performance character- ISO 9459-3 :1997, Solar heat- ization by means of component tests and • outdoor test procedures for solar- ing – Domestic water heating systems computer simulation. This draft stand- only, and solar plus supplementary systems ; • outdoor testing of components or complete systems and annual per- About the authors formance modelling, using compu- Ken Guthrie is Graham ter simulation. Chair of ISO/ Morrison is a TC180, Solar Professor of energy, and Mechanical Five-part standard Principal Project Engineering at Manager, Best the University of The five parts of the Internation- Practice and New South al Standard are : Standards at the Wales in Sydney, ISO 9459-1:1993, Solar heat- Sustainable Australia. His ing – Domestic water heating systems Energy Authori- interests include – Part 1 : Performance rating procedure ty Victoria, Aus- operation of tralia. He has 25 years experience in solar outdoor solar thermal testing laboratories using indoor test methods. This is a one thermal systems and energy efficiency and and modelling of thermal systems. He has day test in an indoor simulator under is active on a number of solar and energy developed a range of routines for model- a standardized set of reference condi- efficiency standards committees in ling solar water heaters, and commercially tions which indicate the relative per- Australia. available simulation packages for designing formance of solar water heaters, rath- solar and heat pump water heating er than predicting annual performance. systems (POOLHEAT) and air-conditioning The standard is used in the USA, and systems performance rating software is under review. (HPRATE).

28 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

ard is a procedure for defining system performance that uses measured component characteristics in the computer program TRNSYS (Transient Energy System Simulation tools). Tank heat loss and mixing, and heat exchanger performance are charac- terized by tests defined in the draft standard. Collector performance is defined by the collector efficiency test procedure in ISO 9806-1:1994, Test methods for solar collectors – Part 1: Thermal performance of glazed liquid heating collectors including pressure drop, or ISO 9806-3:1995, Test methods for solar collectors – Part 3 : Thermal performance of unglazed liquid heating collectors (sensible heat transfer only) including pressure drop. The annual performance of the system is evaluated by simulation using TRNSYS. This method, under development for an International Standard, is currently used in Australia and the USA. Draft ISO/CD 9459-5, Solar heating – Domestic water heating systems – Part 5 : System performance characterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulation. This draft Interna- tional Standard is in the final stages of committee consideration. The test procedure includes : © AGMA • short time step system performance monitored over a few weeks ; Denmark, as one of the leaders in • performance simulation for measured ISO gears wind the manufacturing of wind turbines, cur- weather conditions ; rently has about 5 000 turbines installed. power The country had a small increase in capac- • identification of system parameters to ity last year; however their installed tur- match simulated and measured per- bines could potentially cover 50 % of formance. by William A. Bradley III, Vice the Danish electricity consumption. The The model defined can be used President of the American Gear installed turbines currently cover approximately 20 % of their electricity consump- with hourly solar irradiation values, air Manufacturers Association temperature and cold water temperature tion, which makes it a world leader. The data to predict annual system perform- (AGMA) Technical Division difference will be discussed later. ance. This method is currently used in ind power is the fastest grow- Europe. ing renewable energy source, “ The economies of larger Wwith the addition of over 8 000 scale are making wind Expanding challenge Megawatts (MW) worldwide for each of power more feasible as an the last two years. This represents over a As the market expands and new 20 % increase each year. In 2004, 44 of alternative power source.” technologies are deployed, the challenge the 57 countries that now have the abil- for ISO/TC 180 is to develop and update ity to generate electricity by wind pow- Germany produces 4 % and con- test methods to meet the changing needs er obtained or increased their capacity. sumes about 6 % of its electricity gen- of the international marketplace. (See the table for operational wind tur- erated by wind power. Some of the dif- bine capacity, overleaf.) ference comes from Denmark. A report

ISO Focus June 2005 29 OPERATIONAL WIND TURBINE CAPACITY Percent Capacity Main Focus LOCATION increase in at start of 2005, 2004, % (megawatts) from Deutsche Energie-Agen- Worldwide 20.6 47 574 The JWG organiza- tur (DENA) indicates that a goal tional meeting was held May Europe 20.0 34 630 of 15 % electricity consumption 2004 with 45 persons repre- from wind power is feasible by 1 Germany 13.8 16 628 senting ISO, IEC and their 2015 without technical or eco- Central Secretariat’s in atten- nomic barriers. 2 Spain 33.2 8 263 dance. It was agreed to pro- 3 USA 6.3 6 752 duce one standard that would have both ISO and IEC desig- More consumable 4 Denmark 0.1 3 118 nations. The JWG completely wind power 5 India 40.7 2 983 reviewed a proposed outline of the standard and after discussion Up until a few years 6 Italy 42.0 1 265 of the content and because of ago most wind turbines were the need internationally, it was 7 Netherlands 18.2 1 078 less than 1 MW in capacity. recommended that the Ameri- Many units were setup in wind 8 Japan 46.0 940 can National Standard, ANSI/ “ farms ” and required govern- AGMA/AWEA 6006-AO3, ment subsidies to be practical 9 UK 27.4 897 should be fast tracked as a for generating enough pow- 10 Austria 46.3 607 first edition. The JWG would er for consumption. Present- also develop a second edition ly wind turbines between 1.5 to extend the document for larg- and 2.5 MW are commonly being pro- There was a recognized need to er sizes and additional commissioning duced. The economies of larger scale have an International Standard for the requirements. are making wind power more feasible design and specification of wind turbine as an alternative power source, espe- gearboxes, particularly when some designs cially being renewable. demonstrated that they were inadequate 1) American National Standards Institute The trend to more consumable for the required service. Many of the 2) The American Gear Manufacturers wind power will continue as the world 600kW and larger gearboxes experi- Association “ gears-up ” to have larger drive units. enced gear and bearing failures within 3) American Wind Energy Association European renewable energy agencies the first couple of service years, which are calling for an annual EU research seriously detracted from the availabil- and development budget of € 250 mil- ity of consumable power generated by About the author lion, part of which to explore increas- wind turbines. ing turbine sizes between 8 to 10 MW William A. by 2010. Combining expertise Bradley III is The wind turbine industry is one presently Vice of the most demanding applications The ISO technical committee that President of the for mechanical-electrical systems. It covers this area of expertise has been American Gear requires relatively small compact high ISO/TC 60, Gears. However, existing Manufacturers Association power density gear drives and elec- standards for wind turbines had been (AGMA) Tech- tric generators to transmit fluctuating developed within IEC technical com- nical Division loads in a very demanding environ- mittee IEC/TC 88, Wind turbines. The © William A. Bradley III A. Bradley William © responsible for ment of high vibration and extremes IEC standards covered the loading and facilitating of temperatures. system performance specifications. A National and International Standards Today, what has evolved into a new work item was proposed by IEC/TC development, technical meetings, seminars commonly produced wind turbine design 88 in 2003, specifically for gearboxes. and Division operations. includes : a very large three bladed, However, many members of ISO and His experience includes over four decades variable pitch, low speed propeller IEC had already been involved in the in the gear industry, including 24 years in (70 to 100 meters diameter) ; a mul- development of an ANSI 1)/AGMA2)/ manufacturing power transmission products. tistage gearbox to transmit the power AWEA 3) standard for design and spec- Involved in ISO standardization since and increase speed for efficient gen- ification of gearboxes for wind power 1979, he is presently Secretariat of ISO/ eration; an advance electrical genera- generation. After discussion between TC 60, Gears, a working group Convenor, tor to produce 50 or 60 cycle power at ISO and IEC, it was decided to com- and Administrator of the ANSI Technical Advisory Group to ISO for TC 60. Most 1 500 to 1 800 rpm ; all housed on top bine the expertise into a Joint Work- recently, William A. Bradley III has been of a tower over 80 to 100 meters above ing Group (JWG) between ISO/TC 60 elected President of the Board of Directors land or sea. The objective is to have and IEC/TC 88, for the development of for the Gear Research of the Institute of the system operate with low mainte- an International Standard for wind tur- American Society of Mechanical Engineers nance for over 20 years. bine gearboxes. (ASME) and AGMA.

30 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

The “fast track”, ISO/DIS 81400- 4, Wind turbine generator systems – Part 4: Gearboxes for turbines from 40 kW to 2 MW and larger, is a landmark standard that provides information on speci- fying, selecting, designing, manufacturing, procuring, operating and monitoring reliable speed increasing gearboxes for wind turbine generator system service. The AGMA committee responsible for its development was made up of gear manufacturers, users, consultants, bearing manufacturers, and lubricant system suppliers from around the world who brought many years of experience with this application to the table. Many of these individual experts are now members of the JWG. At the time this article was written, the DIS ballot for the “fast track” has been unanimously approved by ISO and may become an International Standard by the end of the year. © ISO “ The future is very bright SSavingaving bbillionsillions than they export, while Eastern Europe for the wind turbine and the Russian Federation (+3 %) and ooff ddollarsollars : Africa (+3 %) are net exporters. industry.” The long distance transportation ISO standards of natural gas is on the increase due to The future is very bright for the the construction of large pipelines and wind turbine industry. There is an increas- for natural gas LNG (liquefied natural gas) terminals. ing demand for wind power as a viable Demand for LNG has been growing rap- renewable energy source. It appears that idly and is expected to more than dou- wind power will continue to be the fast- ble in the next 10 years. est growing in this sector with the pres- by Pim Bijl, Manager of the ent ability to add over 8000 Megawatts Industry Division of Nederlands worldwide every year. As the average Normalisatie-instituut Standards to support size of each wind turbine increases the regulations economies of scale will make it more atural gas is a widely used energy feasible for countries to generate elec- source for domestic, commercial In 1989, ISO established tech- tricity by wind power. There is a con- Nand industrial purposes, account- nical committee ISO/TC 193, Natural solidated effort to make the drive sys- ing for almost 25 % of the world’s primary gas, to develop International Standards tems reliable for many years of service. energy consumption — and proven gas for natural gas and natural gas substi- The JWG plans to supply the expertise reserves have increased sharply. In 2000 tutes (gaseous fuels), covering the sup- of both ISO and IEC members to devel- they were estimated at 145 000 Gm ³ (bil- ply chain from production to delivery op timely standards to assist this indus- lion cubic meters), sufficient for 65 years to end users across national bounda- try’s growth. at present consumption levels. ries. These standards include terminol- As natural gas transportation is ogy, quality specifications, methods of a significant cost factor, only 20 % of measurement, sampling, analysis, cal- total production is traded across national culation and testing. boundaries. North America, Europe and International Standards are key the Russian Federation account for 75 % support tools for delivery contracts of total consumption and 73 % of total between exploration, transportation, production of natural gas. Only Western trading and distribution companies, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region (net and industrial and individual end users. importers of 5 % and 1 % respectively of Instead of negotiating natural gas qual- world production) import more natural gas ity and measurement methods for each

ISO Focus June 2005 31 Main Focus contract, easy reference can be made to the standards. Also, they support regulations in the natural gas sector. International Standards for the natural gas industry are growing in importance as natural gas becomes increasingly available, traded, and consumed. In contrast to other energy sources, natural gas is used in a condition as close as possible to that in which it is found. It is preferably not formulated, refined or blended. However with growing international pipeline distribution net works and liberalization of the gas market, there is greater need for internationally agreed specifications of natural gas quality. Har- monization of quality requirements via standardization enables cost effective real- ization of processing installations. Natural gases from different sources have different properties – such as heating value – and are not compatible in safety and efficiency. Since the properties differ, clear agreements ensuring the accurate measurement of volume and quality (e.g. calorific value) of the gas are critical for billing, transmission and use. This is highlighted by the fact that as the yearly production of 2 200 Gm ³ moves through the supply chain from owner to owner at least once, an accuracy of ±1 % represents billions of dol-

lars gained or lost. This puts the impor- © Gasunie tance of agreed and accurate industry- Analysis of natural gas is one of the main preoccupations of ISO/TC 193. wide measurement into context. It also underlines the role of standards in sav- Efficient energy use a driving force in the increased utiliza- ing those billions of dollars. Great strides have been made in tion of natural gas. the past decade towards increased effi- Major influences in the ciency in energy use, particularly in appli- Increasing availability natural gas industry: cations. And higher efficiency is essential Exploration techniques continue in optimizing the lifetime of gas reserves to improve so that known natural gas Liberalization of gas markets — with consequent benefits to the envi- reserves are expected to increase sig- ronment and economy. As a result of the opening up of nificantly. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) energy markets, competition is increas- is becoming a major factor in gas sales Increasing environmental internationally. Technology is driving ing, more parties are involved, and dif- awareness ferentiation between transportation and down costs of pipelined gas and LNG trading companies and common carri- In general, energy consumption to become competitive with oil. Develop- er systems is widening. These develop- has a negative impact on the environment of marginally small fields is increas- ments strengthen the need for Interna- ment, especially in industrial and urban ing, demanding additional cost-effective tional Standards in many areas, partic- areas. Increased and efficient use of nat- production technology and the ancillary ularly in governing quality and inter- ural gas would reduce this impact, as standardization. Gas is so widely avail- changeability. natural gas is the cleanest fossil energy able that its market share will increase source. Environmental effects draw ever- and may even double during the dec- greater attention and are expected to be ades to come.

32 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

Increasing consumption Natural gas is now a major energy carrier worldwide. Its consumption will grow as a result of overall energy usage growth, the advent of new applications such as natural gas vehicles, and also because gas is superseding other energy carriers. Oil firing will be increasingly replaced by gas firing, particularly for electricity generation. Compared with other fossil energy carriers, the use of natural gas is growing sharply (in the past 10 years natural gas consumption has grown by 25 %, oil 15 %, and coal, 4 %.) “ An accuracy of ±1 % in gas volume measurement represents billions of dollars gained or lost.” © Gasunie Natural gas is transported over great distances by huge pipe lines. “ Demand for liquefied ISO/TC 193 structure natural gas is expected to more than double in the Standards next 10 years.” SC 1 for sampling, Analysis analysis and of natural calculation gas of physical properties About the author Pim Bijl is Manager of the Industry Divi- Standards sion of Neder- SC 2 for the direct lands Normali- ISO/TC 193 Direct measurement satie-instituut measurement (NEN), the ISO of properties member for the Netherlands. Standardization responsibilities include transport, mechanical engineering, occupational health and safety, energy, SC 3 Standards management systems and chemicals and Upstream for allocation materials. He has over 25 years of experi- area procedures ence in standardization, starting in the Terminology environmental field which involved him in the initialization of ISO/TC 146/SC 1, Odorization Stationary source emissions, ISO/TC 190, Quality- Soil quality, and ISO/TC 193, Natural specification Gas. He is currently active in the ISO/TC 193 secretariat.

ISO Focus June 2005 33 Main Focus

200 % growth Cross border transport and car- riage distances are increasing. While over 100 countries have natural gas reserves sufficient for commercial development, the major reserves are found in just a few countries (e.g. Russian Fed- eration 33 %, Iran 15 %). Moreover, these large reserves are often located at great distance from the major gas consuming areas. However, the liquefied natural gas trade is expected to grow by over 200 % in the next 10 years, and this factor alone will help overcome any problems of distances between remote locations and major gas consuming areas.

“International Standards for the natural gas industry are growing in importance.”

More important than ever In view of this dynamic scenario, effective standardization of terminology, quality specifications, measurement, © ISO sampling, analysis, calculation and test- which need to consume more energy to ing in the natural gas industry is more Hydrogen from sustain growth. Recently, the price per important then ever. dream to reality barrel of oil reached USD 58, and fears are that it will continue to rise.

A major challenge by Randy Dey, P.Eng., Chair of ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen The Kyoto Protocol became effec- technologies tive on 16 February 2005. Its objective is to set binding targets to reduce greenhouse magine a world where everyone gas (GHG) emissions on average 5,2 % had access to a virtually inexhausti- Ible supply of affordable clean energy. The Golden Pavillon, in Kyoto. We would not have to worry about the eventual depletion of fossil fuel resources, nor depend on foreign oil and high

priced fossil fuel-derived products. No Krieger © P. longer would we have to deal with global climate change, polluted urban air and associated health problems. Unfortunately, this is not yet reality ! The world is becoming more dependent on oil products. Oil demand is increasing in developed countries, and literally surging in developing countries, particularly China and India,

34 ISO Focus June 2005 Innovation in energy and raw materials

below 1990 levels for developed coun- “ Hydrogen from renewable tries, in order to address global warm- ing. This will undoubtedly be a major energy sources…has of a transportation energy system based challenge for all signatories. the potential to become on hydrogen still faces many obstacles. The automotive transportation the energy carrier Most of the technologies required to sector – the focus of this article – rep- implement this type of sustainable ener- resents one of the biggest challenges. It of the future.” gy system are either in the development accounts for over two-thirds of the oil or demonstration phase, and are not yet consumed in the USA and approximately countries already recognize that hydro- commercial. Further research is need- 70 % of the GHG emissions as a result gen produced from fossils fuels with ed to overcome the technological and of automobile and truck use. Two-thirds sequestration of green house gases is economical barriers, but the work has of these emissions are generated within only a near-term solution, while hydro- already begun in earnest. urban areas, greatly contributing to smog gen from renewable energy sources such related health problems. as hydropower, wind power, geother- No longer a dream mal sources, biomass and sunlight has The answer the potential to become the energy car- General Motors unveiled its latest rier of the future. hydrogen fuel cell car prototype, called A shift to Although the Sequel, at the North American Inter- a hydrogen-based national Auto Show in Detroit on 9 Jan- Hydrogen technologies hydrogen is current- transportation ener- ly widely and safe- uary 2005 (see picture below), and dem- gy system is consid- ISO/TC 197 is the technical com- ly used in the petro- onstrated that the reinvented automobile ered in some cir- mittee on hydrogen technologies. chemical and chemi- was no longer just a dream. According cles as the ultimate It was created in 1990 to develop cal industries, and in to Larry Burns, GM Vice President of answer to reduc- standards in the field of systems smaller quantities in Research, Development and Planning, the ing dependence on and devices for the production, electronics, steel and company’s goal is to design and validate other energy sourc- storage, transport, measurement glass making and a fuel cell propulsion system by 2010, es, and to reduc- and use of hydrogen. food hydrogenation, competitive on durability and perform- ing emissions. Most the widespread use ance with current internal combustion The secretariat of ISO/TC 197 resides with the Bureau de norma- lisation du Québec (BNQ), which acts on behalf of the Standards Council of Canada (SCC) with Sylvie Gingras as secretary. © General Motors

ISO Focus June 2005 35 Main Focus © General Motors systems, that can ulti- mately be mass produced affordably. Daimler Chrysler, Ford, Toy- ota, Honda, Nissan, BMW and others are also investing sub- stantially in the development of hydrogen and fuel cells vehicles. According to a recent Reuters report, Herbert Kohler, Vice President of Daimler Chrysler’s Body and nization of Vehicle Regulations (WP 29), ous hydrogen, refuelling connectors, and Powertrain research unit, revealed that which operates under the auspices of the the hydrogen fuel quality specifications the company plans to launch a hydrogen- United Nations Economic Commission – which will eventually form a signifi- powered vehicle line in 2012. for Europe (UN/ECE). ISO is also busy cant part of the technical content of glo- Reports from the Detroit Auto developing International Standards which bal regulations being developed by the Show reveal that Honda plans to put its are closely linked to this initiative. UN. The result of such strong coopera- FCX hydrogen-powered vehicle in the tion between UN/ECE and ISO will help hands of an individual customer for the put in place, for the first time, a series of first time this year, according to Presi- Global regulations worldwide agreed requirements applica- dent and CEO, Takeo Fukui. It was also ISO/TC 197, Hydrogen technolo- ble to vehicles. reported that the Fédération Internation- gies, is actively participating in various Governments around the world are ale de l’Automobile (FIA) had officially levels of the UN/ECE where hydrogen investing in national hydrogen activities ratified the nine international records set vehicle regulations are being developed. by supporting projects related to build- by the BMW H2R for hydrogen-powered ISO/TC 197 brings consensus based Inter- ing hydrogen infrastructures. For exam- vehicles with a reciprocating engine – evi- national Standards – such as road vehicle ple, Iceland, with almost unlimited geo- dence that it is not necessary to sacrifice fuel tanks for liquid hydrogen and gase- thermal energy existing beneath its sur- performance when using hydrogen. face, aims to make the country oil-free by about 2050, by switching cars, bus- International Standards About the author es, trucks and ships over to hydrogen. These examples suggest that Randy Dey, Then, in theory, the only oil used on the hydrogen-fuelled vehicles will become Chair of ISO/ volcanic North Atlantic island will be in a reality in the near future. This is why TC 197, Hydro- aircraft visiting Reykjavik airport. it is so important to start putting in place gen technolo- a hydrogen infrastructure, and a series gies, is President A reality of International Standards and regula- of the Oakville, In summary, ISO develops Inter- tions to facilitate approval of these new Ontario-based national Standards that guarantee the technologies, both in the vehicle and the CCS Global Group Inc., a safety of the new technologies and reflect support services. consulting firm the state-of-the-art, with the agreement

Global leaders of major automotive © Randy Dey he established in of international experts in the field. ISO companies have already recognized the 1977. An engineer, Dey is also an expert standards, developed in response to need for global harmonization of Regula- in International Standards and codes of market demand and based on consen- tions, Codes and Standards (RC&S). This development and compliance, with a sus among the interested parties, enjoy is one of the main themes that emerged special focus on hydrogen, fuel cell and widespread applicability and worldwide from the last three meetings of the top alternate fuel sectors. He holds leadership recognition. Thus International Standards auto industry executives. positions in other codes and standards from ISO/TC 197 on hydrogen refuelling Governments also took a signif- committees related to hydrogen and fuel stations and hydrogen generators will icant step forward with the announce- cell technologies, and in the Canadian play a major role in facilitating the safe ment by Germany, Japan and the USA National Committee of ISO (CNC/ISO). introduction of these new technologies. of their commitment to co-sponsor the Contact : Randy Dey, The CCS Global Working together, we can help make the development of Global Technical Regu- Group Inc. hydrogen dream a reality. lations (GTR) for hydrogen and fuel cell E-mail : [email protected] vehicles at the World Forum for Harmo- Web site : http://www.ccsglobalgroup.com

36 ISO Focus June 2005 Developments and Initiatives

access to markets and business opportunities, and support and drive the development of industries. As the National Standards Body, Loh Khum Yean we focus on certain key areas that contribute to the Singapore economy : Chief Executive of SPRING Singapore, which will host the Market access facilitation 28th ISO General Assembly in We help enhance market access Singapore this September. for Singapore-made products and services through the reduction of technical barriers to trade. To this end, we have ISO Focus : Before we turn our atten- aligned 83 % of Singapore Standards to tion to the 28th ISO General Assembly, International Standards. Wherever pos- could you briefly describe the mission sible, we encourage regulators, indus- of SPRING SG (i.e. its purpose, mem- try groups, suppliers and buyers to use bers, etc) ? In what ways does the stand- International Standards. We also harmo- ards body contribute to the flourishing nize standards used in different member economy in Singapore ? countries through the APEC 1) Sub-Com- mittee on Standards and Conformance Loh Khum Yean : SPRING Singa- (APEC SCSC) and the ASEAN 2) Con- pore’s mission is to enhance the com- sultative Committee for Standards and petitiveness of enterprises for a vibrant Quality (ACCSQ). To open more export Singapore economy. Our vision is to markets for our enterprises, SPRING Sin- develop dynamic and innovative Sin- gapore has signed Government-to-Gov- gapore enterprises. To do this, we aim ernment Mutual Recognition Agreements to nurture a pro-business environment (MRAs) with Japan, Australia, New Zea- that encourages enterprise formation and land and ASEAN, and technical arrange- growth; enhance productivity, innovation ments with our counterparts. These are and capabilities of enterprises; increase excellent mechanisms which allow mutual recognition of each other’s calibration, testing and certification certificates, thus © SPRING Singapore reducing compliance costs and uncer- tainty for exporters.

ISO Focus June 2005 37 Developments and Initiatives

Productivity improvement the creative industries, education, health- As a strong believer that stand- care and legal services. ards can be used to enhance productiv- and businesses to increase Singapore’s On home ground, we saw the need ity, we’ve put in much effort to promote participation in the technical and policy for national standards that will ensure the use and facilitate the implementation committees of ISO. In line with the Sin- the services provided meet high levels of standards in various industries. Taken gapore Standardization Strategy, we want of credibility and quality. That spurred under the Standards Implementation for to intensify our efforts to encourage and us to work with key industry bodies to Productivity (SIP) Initiative, we work equip more local enterprises to participate develop services standards. Today, serv- with key parties in the value-chain to more actively in International Standards ices are becoming increasingly exporta- adopt standards for greater economies development. Today, we’re finally see- ble worldwide. Therefore, the next step of scale, efficiency, smoother work flow ing our local industry gradually becom- is to work closely with ISO and other and greater inter-operability of systems. ing proactive standards-makers. countries to harmonize or develop Inter- Some examples of successful SIP projects Why Singapore ? Well, we want national Standards that can support this include the Standard Pallets Project, Cold to put Singapore on the world map for globalization. Chain Management of milk and dairy standards development. Hosting the 28 th products, Exhibition Management Serv- ISO General Assembly will be an inval- “ At the end of the day, ices and the Quality Management System uable and memorable experience for us standardization will support (QMS) for bunker supply chain. as we bring international standardization closer to this region. We would also the advancement of the like to take the opportunity to enable services sector – at home our fellow ISO members to experience and overseas.” the unique sights, sounds and tastes of Singapore. At the end of the day, standardization will support the advancement of ISO Focus: Singapore has been one of the services sector – at home and over- the instigators for standardization of serv- seas. It will bring about greater produc- ices ; it hosted the first ISO/WTO Sem- tivity, capability, professionalism and inar on services in 1998 and is sched- competitiveness for our businesses. I’m © SPRING Singapore uled to host an open session on services proud that SPRING Singapore has devel- during the General Assembly. Why has oped and initiated many “ firsts ” in serv- Singapore taken such an active involve- ices standards, including those for hotel Standards development in ment in services and what do you hope security, business continuity, disaster niche clusters to see take place within ISO ? recovery and so on. Last but not least, we also facilitate the development of standards in some critical economic sectors, particularly in the services and knowledge- intensive sectors. We chose to take the lead because there’s a huge potential that these standards can create new markets © SPRING Singapore and industries. We also encourage enterprises to participate actively in the various standards fora so they can moni- tor and even influence the latest developments in standards that could impact LKY: In Singapore, the services sec- Moving forward, we believe that their businesses. tor is a vital engine of growth – con- ISO can leverage on its established brand tributing 62 % of our GDP and 77 % of name, worldwide membership and stra- employment. In achieving our vision tegic linkages to deepen its work in this ISO Focus: What motivated you to pro- relatively new area of standardization. pose Singapore as the venue for the ISO to be a world-class provider of servic- General Assembly in 2005 ? es, Singapore has made good progress over the years and developed strengths ISO Focus: Singapore is one of the LKY : Singapore has benefited greatly in areas such as trading and logistics, three busiest ports in the world. How from the standards development activities information and communication tech- has SPRING SG addressed issues relat- of ISO since we became a full member nologies (ICT), financial services, and ing to security ? What would you like to of the organization in 1966. Through the tourism. At the same time, we’ve also see coming out of the open session on years, we’ve worked closely with industry been growing new service areas such as security ?

38 ISO Focus June 2005 “ We encourage regulators, industry groups, operational challenges and deliver effec- suppliers tive and high levels of port security. and buyers We’re happy to lead the development of an ISO standard on electron- to use ic seals for freight containers under TC International 104/SC 4/WG 2. With this standard, a Standards.” © SPRING Singapore new technology to secure freight containers with electronic seals, versus the LKY : The rise of terrorist activities in current mechanical seals, will be intro- recent years has made the port and ship- duced. Electronic seals will transform the ping sectors vulnerable to such threats. It’s way information about containers is cap- not surprising that the security of freight tured and presented, allowing efficient containers has become one of the most and accurate tracking of the containers. significant issues for maritime security. The seals will also enable the easy detec- Singapore, which handled 18.1 million tion of tampering or unauthorized entry. twenty-foot-equivalent units (TEUs) in Freight containers will be able to move 2003, places great emphasis in this area. through different ports and over great

I know both SPRING Singapore and the distances safely and securely. © SPRING Singapore local industry are committed to devel- I’m sure the Open Session will er the various aspects and approaches to oping innovative solutions to meet new be a lively one as ISO members consid- security, and hope that the discussions will help shape ISO’s way forward in developing globally relevant and unique Singapore’s National Standardization Framework international solutions to address security concerns. As part of SPRING Singapore’s overall effort in enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises, we provide a national standardization framework that facilitates the development, adoption and implementation of standards in Singapore. As ISO Focus : How do you see SPRING the National Standards Body, SPRING Singapore develops national standards SG in the next five years ? What new which are known as Singapore Standards, under the guidance of an industry-led directions do you see the organization Standards Council (See Figure 1, below). undertaking ? The Standards Council sets the strategy and direction of the standardization LKY: In the next five years, SPRING programme in Singapore and oversees the various Standards Committees, which Singapore will continue to enhance the are responsible for the development and adoption of standards in various business environment for enterprises industries. Technical Committees are formed by Standards Committees to and upgrade their capabilities, especial- formulate and review Singapore Standards in specific fields within a particular ly the small and medium-sized enter- industry. The Standardization Advisory Group advises the Standards Council on prises (SMEs). policy matters. The Standards Council, Standards and Technical Committees and We’ll continue to encourage local the Standardisation Advisory Group comprise about 1 000 volunteers from the businesses to participate in the national Industry, Government Bodies, Professional Bodies, Institutes of Higher Learning standardization programme. and other stakeholders. For market access facilitation, we’ll push for the harmonization of Figure 1 – National Standardisation Framework in Singapore standards, conformity assessment procedures and technical regulations at the regional and international levels. Standards Committee STANDARDS COUNCIL Standardisation Advisory Group For the Standards Implementa- Technical tion for Productivity (SIP) initiative, we Committee will nurture a core group of SIP advo- * SNC(IEC) Singapore National SECRETARIAT cates – individuals who have the drive Committee of the International (Provided by SPRING Singapore) to identify, initiate, adopt and promote Electrotechnical Commission SIP projects among enterprises. In addition, we will work closely with relevant industry associations, government agen- Electrical Building General Information Medical Management SNC (IEC)* and and Services Chemical Engineering Food cies and local players to lead in the devel- Technology Technology Systems Electronic Construction and Safety opment of ISO standards based on standards developed in Singapore. Common members TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC ISO Focus June 2005 39 New this month ISO 22000 standard for safe food supply chains by Roger Frost, Press and ISO 22000 specifies the require- The growing number of national stand- Communication Manager, ments for a food safety management ards for food safety management has led ISO Central Secretariat system in the food chain where an to confusion. Consequently, there is a organization needs to demonstrate need to harmonize the national stand- its ability to control food safety hazards at an international level.” eptember 2005 is ISO’s publica- ards in order to provide consistently The standard can be applied on tion target for ISO 22000, the safe end-products that meet both the its own, or in combination with other Snew standard for food safety requirements agreed with the custom- management system standards such as management systems, which is intend- er and those of applicable food safe- ISO 9001:2000, with or without inde- ed to ensure that there are no weak links ty regulations. pendent (third party) certification of con- in food supply chains. Dorte Jespersen, secretary of the formity. The publication of ISO 22000 ISO has circulated the final draft ISO 22000 working group, explained will be complemented by an ISO Tech- of the standard to the national standard the background to the standard: “Organ- nical Specification (ISO/TS 22004) giv- bodies that make up its membership for izations that produce, manufacture, ing guidance on the implementation of a two-month voting period, ending on handle or supply food recognize that the standard, with a particular emphasis 5 July 2005. customers increasingly on small and medium-sized enterpris- ISO 22000, Food safety manage- want them to demon- es. In the following months, another ment systems – Requirements for any strate and provide Technical Specification ((ISO/TS organization in the food chain, can be adequate evidence 22003) will be published explaining applied to organizations ranging from of their ability to certification requirements appli- feed producers, primary producers identify and con- cable when third-party certifica- through food manufacturers, transport trol food safe- tion is used. and storage operators and subcontrac- ty hazards and These documents are being tors to retail and food service outlets the many condi- developed by working group WG – together with inter-related organizations impact- 8, Food safety management sys- tions such as producers of equipment, ing food tems, of ISO technical commit- packaging material, cleaning agents, safe- tee ISO/TC 34, Food prod- additives and ingredients. ty. ucts. Experts from 23 coun- “ As food safety hazards can tries are participating and be introduced at any stage of the food organizations with liai- chain, adequate control throughout the son status include the food chain is essential,” commented following: Confeder- Jacob Færgemand, convenor of ation of the Food and the ISO working group that Drink Industries of is developing ISO 22000. the European Union “ Thus, food safety is (CIAA), Codex Ali- a joint responsibil- mentarius Commis- ity that is prin- sion, International cipally assured Hotel and Restau- through the com- rant Association, bined efforts of CIES/Global Food all the parties Safety Initiative, participating in and World Food the food chain.” Safety Organiza- tion (WFSO).

40 ISO Focus June 2005 Coming up

Developments and Initiatives ISO Global Directory The ISO Global Directory is aimed at harmonizing and simplifying the registration and management of data concerning the individuals who act as ISO member body representatives in technical committees, subcommittees and working groups. It has been designed to confer on the member bodies the rights stated in the ISO/IEC Directives and to allow them to manage the data of their representatives in the ISO technical work as they wish – instead of depending, as is the current practice, on the secretaries of ISO com-

© ISO mittees, and, in some cases, on the Cen- tral Secretariat. Main Focus Through the deployment of the ISO Global Directory, it is hoped to improve Consumers make their mark way a portfolio of articles that highlight significantly the overall management of consumer-driven initiatives within ISO, Consumers have clear and con- data associated with participation in the consumer success stories as well as are- scious expectations about the design, per- ISO work and to strengthen the overall as of particularly concern for consumers formance, safety, quality and reliabili- security of the system. and how they are being addressed with- ty of the products and services that they © P. Krieger in COPOLCO. buy and use. No one wants products of International Standard Articles will cover an array of poor quality, that do not fit, which are Book Number (ISBN) topics from addressing the needs of the incompatible with equipment he or she Since its inception in elderly and the disabled, to enhancing already has, or are unreliable or danger- 1970, the International consumer representation in ISO techni- ous. International Standards help to raise Standard Book Number cal work, to providing instructions for levels of quality, safety, reliability, effi- (ISBN) has been interna- use of products of consumer interest. ciency and interchangeability, and pro- tionally recognized as the The outcomes of the COPOLCO work- vide these benefits economically. identification system for shop on role of standards in contribut- More than 25 years ago, ISO rec- the publishing industry ing to public safety and security will also ognized the need for much closer links and book trade. be covered. between the standards world and that of The ISBN system An interview with Marilena Laz- its ultimate customers and beneficiaries serves as a key element in zarini, President of Consumers Interna- – consumers. Since 1978, the organiza- ordering and inventory sys- tional, discusses the role of COPOLCO tion has had a specialized Committee on tems for publishers, book- and why consumers need to participate Consumer Policy (COPOLCO). That sellers, libraries and other in international standardization, as well has systematically sought to ensure that organizations. It is the basis as the added value of an international the consumer’s demands and needs are for collecting data on new standard for social responsibility being taken into account when the standards and forthcoming editions developed by ISO. are being developed, and to look after of monographic publica- If one single message emerges his or her interests. tions for directories used from this issue, it is : ISO values stake- To ensure that the voice of the throughout the book trade. holder input. By providing precious feed- consumer is heard in the development of The use of ISBN also facili- back and a “ reality check ” for such char- ISO standards, COPOLCO selects are- tates rights management and acteristics as safety, ecology, reliability, as in ISO’s work that are of priority to the monitoring of sales data efficiency, compatibility, customer serv- consumers and then coordinates partic- for the publishing industry. ice, transparent information, and reason- ipation by consumer representatives in For this most important and uni- able cost, consumers play a vital role the ISO technical committees develop- versally implemented standard, a new in ensuring ISO’s global relevance and ing standards in these areas. fourth edition is being developed which market responsiveness. The July/August issue of ISO will cancel and replace the third edition Focus brings together in a reader-friendly (ISO 2108:1992).

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