Th e Mi n e r a l In d u s t r y o f Gr e e c e By Harold R. Newman

The average annual domestic and foreign sales in the mineral Structure of the Mineral Industry sector of in 2007 (the latest year for which data were available) were estimated to total about $1.4 billion and were The major mineral commodities and the companies that divided nearly equally between mining and processing, and produced them in 2008 are listed in table 2. The structure of metallurgy. The mineral sector of Greece covers a wide range the mineral industry changed little from that of 2007. The of industrial mineral commodities, among which are a broad companies were privately owned, and Government ownership spectrum of marble types (some of which are unique by was limited to the mineral fuels sector. international standards), and various metallic ores. Because northern Greece was thought to contain a significant Commodity Review amount of exploitable minerals, that area received the most attention for exploration activity. Geologic studies in Metals Greece were done primarily by the Institute of Geology and Mining Exploration (IGME). These studies provided general Bauxite and Alumina and Aluminum.—Greece was a information on the deposit size, location, and quality of leading bauxite producer in the European Union (EU), and various ores. Greek universities also provided mineral resource S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. controlled most of the significant information. Most of the Greek companies that dealt in metals bauxite reserves. Bauxite is the principal raw material used fabrication, mining of industrial minerals, and refined metals in the production of alumina, which is the major source of production or processing were well established and had a strong aluminum. The major bauxite deposits are located in central export orientation. Greece within the -Ghiona geotectonic zone and on Evoia Island. Greece’s estimated 100 million metric tons (Mt) of Minerals in the National Economy bauxite reserves were of boehmitic and diasporic type. Although the bauxite ore had an average aluminum oxide content of 53%, The size of the mineral was small in it also had a high silica content that made it hard to process terms of the world economy, but from the standpoint of the (S&B Industrial Minerals S.A., 2008, p. 9). country’s economic development, mineral industry activities S&B announced that it had signed an agreement to supply were important to the domestic economy and continued to the Western Way for Industrial Development Co. Ltd. of Saudi be an important segment of Greek industry. The metallic Arabia with 1.1 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of bauxite minerals sector involved a relatively small number of large for use at an alumina refinery to be constructed at Jazan on capital-intensive companies, which, in some cases, were the Red Sea coast south of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The bauxite engaged in both mining and processing. The industrial minerals would fulfill part of Western Way’s requirement for 3.6 Mt/yr of sector was more prominent in the national economy than was bauxite to produce its planned 1.6 Mt/yr of alumina. Under the the metals sector owing to the value of industrial mineral terms of the agreement S&B would begin supplying the bauxite exports. when the refinery becomes operational and would continue to supply bauxite to the refinery for a period of 10 years (S&B Production Industrial Minerals S.A., 2007). Aluminium de Grèce S.A. produced alumina from bauxite and Greece was a global supplier of several key industrial produced aluminum through electrolysis. The finished product minerals, and production of mineral commodities in Greece was marketed to automobile manufacturers and manufacturers was closely tied to the export market. In 2008, Greece was of building materials and packaging. The Delphes-Distomon the world’s leading producer of perlite and the second ranked S.A. subsidiary mined bauxite from underground mines used by producer of pumice after Italy and was estimated to have its parent company to produce alumina for aluminum production produced about 8% of the world’s bentonite and 1% of the (Hoovers Inc., 2008a). world’s bauxite and nickel. In terms of the value of production, Gold.—Hellas Gold S.A., which was a subsidiary of bauxite was the most important of Greece’s mineral commodity European Goldfields Ltd. of Canada, owned three gold and exports (Bolen, 2009; Bray, 2009; Kuck, 2009). base-metal deposits in northern Greece. These were the The country’s mineral production levels were more or less Olympias deposit, which contained gold, lead, silver, and zinc; the same as in 2007, with a small increase in the production of the Skouries copper/gold deposit; and the polymetallic Stratoni bauxite and zinc in 2008. These changes were related mostly to deposit. changes in demand for those particular commodities. Bauxite In 2008, the Olympias and the Skouries deposits were in the and lignite (which is used as a fuel in powerplants) were the two development stage; the Stratoni Mine was in production. The most abundant minerals in Greece (table 1). Stratoni ore body is a polymetallic massive replacement-type deposit with estimated proven and probable reserves of 1.6 Mt grading 7.6% lead, 179 grams per metric ton (g/t)

Greece—2008 15.1 2008 Minerals Yearbook Greece

U.S. Department of the Interior December 2010 U.S. Geological Survey silver, and 10.2% zinc. The mine produced lead-silver and was carried out using explosives, and the quarried material zinc concentrates by a conventional underground drift-and-fill was fed to trucks by means of loaders and then transported to method; this method was ideally suited to this high-grade ore the crushing plant. The production capacity of the quarry was body because it minimizes dilution and maximizes recovery of 500,000 t. The end product that came from the plant consisted of ore, allowing headings to change direction with changing ore anhydrite and hydrous gypsum that was used in the production geometry (European Goldfields Ltd., 2008b). of cement (Lava Mining and Quarrying Co., 2008). The Olympias project benefited from an existing stockpile Stone, Dimension.—Quarries of marble were located of gold-bearing pyrite concentrates, which represented at throughout Greece, both on the mainland and on the islands. yearend 2007 a reserve of about 172,000 metric tons (t) grading The marble industry was active in the quarrying, processing, 23.5 g/t gold. Hellas secured the sale of the entire stockpile to and sale of blocks and finished products. More than 60 six different purchasers, thereby creating a market for its gold different marble types with many colors were available. The concentrates that did not exist before 2007 (European Goldfields Greek marble industry continued to play a leading role in the Ltd., 2008a). international market and its exports included blocks, slabs, and Nickel.—Larco G.M.M. S.A. was among the leading tiles (Greekproducts.com, 2008). ferronickel producers in the world and was the only producer of Aghia Marina Marble Ltd. operated various quarries in nickel in Europe that used domestic nickel ores. Larco estimated Greece. Its main activities were the quarrying of raw marble that there were about 250 Mt of nickel laterite mineral resources blocks, elaboration of marble in slabs and tiles, and production that were spread out mainly across three areas—Central , of marble-based products. Aghia Marina offered a range of the Neo Kokkina area, and the county of Violia. Larco had three colors in its marble, including beiges, green, grey, black, red, main mines—the Evia open pit, which had an annual production pink, whites, and semiwhites (Aghia Marina Marble Ltd., 2008). of about 1.5 Mt of ore; the Agios Ioannis underground mine, Michelakis Marble S.A., which was located in in which produced about 700,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of ore; northern Greece, extracted, processed, and sold marble from and the open pit, which produced about 300,000 t/yr its Ambrosia, Thassoa, and Volakas quarries. Michelakis of ore. The metallurgical plant consisted of four rotary specialized in producing slabs, tiles, and thresholds, as well kilns, five electric arc furnaces, and two converters, and had a as tumbled marble of different kinds and sizes. Michelakis’s total nickel production capacity of 25,000 t/yr of nickel (Larco products were used for construction and decorative purposes G.M.M. S.A., 2008). (Michelakis Marble S.A., 2008).

Industrial Minerals Mineral Fuels

Bentonite.—S&B was the leading bentonite producer in Coal.—Public Power Corp. S.A. (PPC) was Greece’s major Europe with sales of more than 1 Mt/yr; it was also the world’s producer of lignite, which was the predominant fuel used in second ranked bentonite producer after the United States. S&B electricity generation in Greece. PPC owned and operated remained focused on supplying bentonite to foundries and the about 100 generating plants, which had a combined capacity drilling industry. S&B mined bentonite from its reserves on of about 12,760 megawatts from hydroelectric, thermal, and the island of and produced about 85% of total Greek renewable sources. PPC operated lignite mines that produced bentonite output (Roskill Information Services, 2008). about 63 Mt/yr and also traded wholesale electricity in Europe Cement.— General Cement S.A. was a subsidiary (Hoovers Inc., 2008b). of the Lafarge Group of France and had three cement plants Natural Gas.—Given Greece’s limited natural gas reserves in Greece. Heracles was the leading processor of carbonate and petroleum resources, production of both was negligible. Its material and a major producer of cement and clinker in Greece. Mediterranean location, however, makes Greece conveniently The company had one plant in , which was the largest close to several important producing regions, such as the capacity cement plant in Europe (4.6 Mt/yr); one plant in Caspian Sea area, the Middle East, and North Africa, which Halkis Evia, and one plant in Milaki Evia. The total combined helped the country meet its energy requirements. production capacity of the three plants was 9.6 Mt/yr (Heracles Greece depended on Russian natural gas and Algerian General Cement S.A., 2008, p. 2). liquefied natural gas to meet its domestic demand. Natural gas Titan Cement Co. S.A. was Greece’s leading cement constituted a small portion of the Greek energy consumption producer. Titan’s four plants produced a total of about 6 Mt/yr mix, but the level was growing as the country continued to and commanded a 40% market share. Titan had engaged in an invest in new gas-fired powerplants. Greece’s gas-distribution extensive investment program and earmarked €352 million system was still not fully developed. Greece received a waiver ($506 million1) for modernization efforts, including €80 million from the EU on gas-market liberalization, which allowed it ($115 million) for plant expansion at Thessaloniki (Titan to postpone a full market opening until 2010 (U.S. Energy Cement Co. S.A., 2008). Information Administration, 2008). Gypsum.—Lava Mining and Quarrying Co.’s gypsum quarry Petroleum.—Hellenic Petroleum S.A. planned to upgrade its is located at Altsi on the island of Crete. Lava Mining and Thessaloniki refinery to increase its output of low-sulfur fuels. Quarrying was a subsidiary of the Heracles Group. Quarrying Foster Wheeler Inc. of the United States had the contract to install a 15,000-barrel-per-day continuous catalytic reformer and 1Where necessary, values have been converted from European Union euros to modify other units. The work was scheduled to be completed (€) to U.S. dollars (US$) at a rate of €1.00 = US $1.43.

Greece—2008 15.3 by yearend 2010. Hellenic Petroleum was the leading industrial European Goldfields Ltd., 2008b, Stratoni operation: European Goldfields Ltd. company in Greece in 2008; it operated three refineries that (Accessed January 13, 2010, at http://www.egoldfields.com/egoldfields/en/ operationsprojects/greece/statoni.) together accounted for 76% of Greece’s total refining capacity Greekproducts.com, 2008, The Greek market for marble and (Petroleum Economist, 2008). granite: Greekproducts.com. (Accessed September 24, 2008, at Construction of a trans-Balkan pipeline to transport Russian http://www.greekproducts.com/b2b/marble.html.) crude petroleum from Bulgaria to Greece was expected to be Heracles General Cement S.A., 2008, Heracles sustainability report 2008: Heracles General Cement S.A., 40 p. (Accessed January 16, 2010, at completed by 2012. Construction of the project had been set http://www.aget.gr/excel sustainabilityReport2008eng.pdf.) to start in late 2008 or early 2009; however, technical details, Hoovers, Inc., 2008a, Aluminium de Grèce S.A.: Hoovers, Inc. including the project’s possible effect on the environment, (Accessed January 10, 2010, at http://www.hoovers.com/company/ needed to be completed before the company completed Aluminium_of_Greece_SA/sttsji-1.html.) Hoovers, Inc., 2008b, Public Power Corporation S.A.: Hoovers, Inc. the financial details on the $900 million project with banks (Accessed January 10, 2010, at http://www.hoovers.com/company/ (Kathimerini English Edition, 2009). Public_Power_Corperation_SA/rrjyshi-1.html.) Kathimerini English Edition, 2009, Greek-Bulgarian pipeline on schedule: Outlook Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections, February 2. (Accessed March 9, 2009, at http://gasandoil.com/goc/news/nte90949.htm.) Kuck, P.H., 2009, Nickel: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity The outlook for 2008 is little changed from that of 2007. Summaries 2009, p. 110-111. Greece is expected to remain a major supplier of bauxite Larco G.M.M. S.A., 2008, Nickel: Larco G.M.M. S.A. (Accessed and industrial minerals in the international market. Mineral January 10, 2010, at http://www.larco.gr/nickel.php.) Lava Mining and Quarrying Co., 2008, Lava profile: Lava Mining and exploration activities in Greece are expected to be intensified Quarrying Co. (Accessed January 16, 2010, at http://www.lava.gr/ to secure additional high-quality reserves of various minerals. EN/01-01-Profile.asp.) The Government is expected be involved in planning Michelakis Marble S.A., 2008, Profile: Michelakis Marble S.A. (Accessed investment programs to improve the existing installations and January 16, 2010, at http://www.greekmarble.com/company/michelakis/ home.htm.) lower operating costs. The development of renewable energy Petroleum Economist, 2008, Greece: Petroleum Economist, v. 75, no. 9, sources is likely to continue to be emphasized, particularly September, p. 32. the development of solar and wind power. Completion of the Roskill Information Services, 2008, Stable industry growth expected—New trans-Balkan pipeline is expected to have a positive effect on report from Roskill analyses the worldwide bentonite supply and demand: Roskill Information Services press release, July 21. (Accessed Greece’s energy situation. January 16, 2010, at http://www.roskill.com/news_story.html?id=33.) S&B Industrial Minerals S.A., 2007, Significant developments that contribute References Cited to S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. bauxite division’s dynamic international growth: S&B Industrial Minerals S.A. press release, November 26, 1 p. Aghia Marina Marble Ltd., 2008, Profile: Aghia Marina Marble Ltd. (Accessed (Accessed January 16, 2010, at http://www.s.andb.gr/en/pdf/26_11_07.pdf.) January 16, 2010, at http://www.greekmarble.com/company/perrakis/ S&B Industrial Minerals S.A., 2008, Focusing on our purpose—Annual report home.htm.) 2008: S&B Industrial Minerals S.A., 119 p. (Accessed January 10, 2010, at Bolen, W.P., 2009, Perlite: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity http://www.sandb.gr/en/pdf/annual_report_2008.pdf.) Summaries 2009, p. 118-119. Titan Cement Co. S.A. 2008, Cement manufacturing: Titan Cement Co. Bray, E.L., 2009, Bauxite and alumina: U. S. Geological Survey Mineral S.A. (Accessed January 10, 2010, at http://www.answers.com/topic/ Commodity Summaries 2009, p. 28-29. titan-cement-company-s-a.) European Goldfields Ltd., 2008a, Results for Q3 2008—Certej project U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2008, Natural gas: U.S. continues to advance—Profit sustained at Stratoni: European Energy Information Administration. (Accessed January 10, 2010, at Goldfields Ltd., November 11, 9 p. (Accessed November 11, 2008, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Greece/NaturalGas.html.) at http://www.egoldfields.com/egoldfields/uploads/newsreleases/ NewsRelease_Q32008_111108.pdf.)

15.4 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 1 GREECE: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2004 2005 2006 2007e 2008e METALS Aluminum: Bauxite 2,396,065 2,441,443 2,162,900 2,125,900 r, 3 2,176,300 3 e Alumina, Al2O3 786,000 782,000 775,000 780,000 780,000 Metal: Primary 167,300 163,286 164,800 166,300 162,300 3 Secondarye 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Chromite: Ore, crude: 1,568 1,477 1,450 1,400 1,400 Iron and steel: Iron ore and concentrate, nickeliferous, Fe contente 575,000 575,000 575,000 575,000 570,000 Metal: Steel, crude 1,967,000 2,266,000 2,416,000 2,554,000 3 2,490,000 Ferroalloys, ferronickel, gross weight 95,230 102,162 100,000 e 100,000 100,000 Lead:e Mine output, Pb content -- 3,000 10,500 15,000 16,100 Metal, secondary thousand metric tons 4 6 r 6 r 11 r 11 Manganese:e Ore, crude: Gross weight 100 100 100 100 100 Mn content 15 15 15 15 15 Concentrate: Gross weight 20 20 20 20 20 Mn content 15 15 15 15 15 Nickel: Ore, Ni content of nickeliferous iron ore 21,700 23,210 21,670 21,200 21,000 Metal, Ni content of ferronickel 18,115 19,235 17,700 18,700 r, 3 16,700 Silver, mine output, Ag content kilograms -- 2,300 25,900 38,300 35,500 Zinc, mine output, Zn content by analysis -- e 1,300 16,414 17,700 r, 3 20,300 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Abrasives, natural emerye 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 Barite, concentratee 50 30 ------Cement, hydraulic thousand metric tons 15,039 15,166 15,000 e 15,000 15,000 Clays: Bentonite: Crude 1,030,556 1,124,795 1,125,000 950,000 950,000 Processed 8,606 2,450 2,500 e 2,500 2,500 Kaolin: Crude 53,438 49,912 50,000 e 60,000 60,000 Processede 300 300 300 300 300 Feldspar 88,274 100,586 100,000 e 100,000 100,000 Gypsum and anhydrite 856,606 865,216 865,000 e 865,000 865,000 Magnesite: Crude 499,474 475,670 463,277 r, 3 351,414 r, 3 350,000 Dead-burned 50,813 58,089 58,000 e 58,000 58,000 Caustic-calcined 89,095 68,065 70,000 e 70,000 70,000 Huntite, crudee 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 Nitrogen, N content of ammonia 131,500 130,000 130,000 e 130,000 130,000 Perlite: Crude 1,053,388 1,075,129 1,100,000 e 1,100,000 1,100,000 Screened 525,000 550,000 3 550,000 e 550,000 550,000 Pozzolan, Santorin earth 1,255,590 1,458,850 1,500,000 e 1,500,000 1,500,000 Pumice 835,000 852,000 850,000 900,000 900,000 Salt, all types 187,522 198,024 195,000 195,000 195,000 Silicae 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000 125,000 See footnotes at end of table.

Greece—2008 15.5 TABLE 1—Continued GREECE: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2004 2005 2006 2007e 2008e INDUSTRIAL MINERALS—Continued Sodium compounds:e Carbonate 750 750 750 750 750 Sulfate 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Stone:e Dolomite 40,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 Marble cubic meters 144,860 3 151,180 3 150,000 150,000 150,000 Flysch 158,887 3 93,509 3 95,000 95,000 95,000 Quartz, microcrystalline thousand metric tons 150 150 150 150 150 Sulfur:e S content of pyrites 9,500 9,500 9,500 9,000 9,000 Byproduct, natural gas and petroleum 160,000 160,000 160,000 150,000 150,000 Talc and steatite 200 250 250 200 200 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Coal: Lignite thousand metric tons 71,237 73,585 64,520 r 70,000 70,000 Lignite briquetse 35,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 Gas:e Manufactured, gasworks million cubic meters 15 15 15 15 15 Natural do. 23 16 16 16 16 Natural gas plant liquids thousand 42-gallon barrels 140 140 e 140 140 140 Petroleum: Crude do. 997 756 668 660 r 623 3 Refinery products: Liquefied petroleum g ase do. 8,900 8,900 7,575 3 8,000 r 8,000 Gasoline do. 33,150 32,725 32,000 e 32,000 32,000 Naphtha do. 8,245 8,330 8,400 8,400 8,400 Mineral jelly and waxe do. 20 20 20 20 20 Jet fuel do. 15,600 16,000 16,000 e 16,000 16,000 Kerosene do. 116 e 132 130 e 130 130 Distillate fuel oil do. 42,522 43,268 42,000 e 42,000 42,000 Refinery gas do. 4,200 4,900 4,800 e 4,800 4,800 Lubricants do. 1,225 1,260 1,200 e 1,200 1,200 Residual fuel oil do. 49,950 50,616 50,000 e 50,000 50,000 Bitumen do. 3,100 3,121 3,000 e 3,000 3,000 Petroleum coke do. 935 990 1,000 e 1,000 1,000 Other do. 770 980 900 e 900 900 Refinery fuel and losses do. 7,490 7,500 7,500 e 7,500 7,500 Total do. 176,223 178,742 175,000 r, e 175,000 r 175,000 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through September 30, 2009. 2In addition to the commodities listed, other crude construction materials are produced, but available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 3Reported figure.

15.6 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008 TABLE 2 GREECE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2008

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies and Annual Commodity major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity

Alumina, Al2O3 Aluminium de Grèce S.A. (AdG) (Mytilineos Agios Nikolaos, area Holdings S.A., 53%) 750 Aluminum do. do. 160 Asbestos Hellenic Mineral Mining Co. S.A. Mines at Zidani, near 100

Barite, BaSO4 S&B Industrial Minerals, S.A. Milos Island 1 (Eliopoulos-Kyriakopoulos Group) Bauxite do. Mines at , plants at Phocis and Itea 2,000 Do. Eleusis Bauxites Mines, S.A. Mines near , Itea, and -Phocis 300 Do. do. Plants in Aghia Marina, Drama, and Itea 400 Do. -Distomon S.A. and Hellenic Bauxites of Beotia and Phokifda Mines, Delphi-Distomon 500 Distomon S.A. (Aluminium de Grèce S.A.) area Bentonite: Crude Mediterranean Bentonite Co. S.A. (Industria Surface mines on Milos Island 20 Chemica Mineraria S.p.A.) Do. Mykobar Mining Co. S.A. (Silver & Baryte Mines at Adamas, Milos Island 300 Ores Mining Co. S.A.) Do. do. Plants at Adamas, Milos Island 200 Do. S&B Industrial Minerals, S.A. Mines at Adamas, Milos Island 600 (Eliopoulos-Kyriakopoulos Group) Processed do. Plant at Voudia Bay, Milos Island 400 Cement Halkis Cement Co. S.A. (Lafarge Group) Micro-Vathi plant, west-central 3,000 Euboea Island Do. Halyps Cement S.A. (Ciments Français) Paralia Aspropyrgos plant, Athens 800

Do. Heracles General Cement S.A. (Lafarge Group) Plants at Halkis Evia, Milaki Evia, and Volos 9,600 Do. Titan Cement Co. S.A. Elefsis plant, Athens area 400 Do. do. Kamari plant, Boeotia 2,600 Do. do. Patras plant, northern Peloponnesus 1,900 Do. do. Salonica plant, Salonica 1,650 Ferroalloys, ferronickel, Larco G.M.M. S.A. Larymna metallurgical plant 25 Ni content Gold, Au in concentrate kilograms Hellas Gold S.A. (European Goldfields Ltd.) Kassandra Mines (Olympias and Stratoni) 5,000 Gypsum Lava Mining and Quarrying Co. S.A. Altsi, Crete Island 500 Do. Titan Cement Co. S.A. do. 280 Hunite/hydromagnesite Microfine S.A. Mines in Kozani Basin 100 Lead, mine, Hellas Gold S.A. (European Goldfields Ltd.) Kassandra Mines (Olympias and Stratoni), 30 Pb in concentrate northeastern Chalkidike Lignite Public Power Corp. (PPC) (Government) Aliveri Mine, Euboea Island 420 Do. do. Megalopolis Mine, central Peloponnesus 7,000 Do. do. Ptolemais Mine, near Kozani 28,000 Magnesite, concentrate Grecian Magnesite S.A. (GM) Mine and plant at Gerakini and Kalives, 200 , northern Greece

Manganese, battery-grade MnO2 Eleusis Bauxite Mines Mining, Industrial Nevrokopi, Drama 10 and Shipping S.A. [National (OAE)] Marble, slab and tile cubic meters Aghia Marina Marble Ltd. Various areas of nortern Greece NA Do. do. Michelakis Marble S.A. Kavala NA Do. do. Gourlis Group Quarries at Levadia, Neurokopi, and Tiseo NA Natural gas million cubic Public Petroleum Corp. (PPC) (Government) Prinos offshore gasfield and oilfield, east 125 meters per day of Island Nickel, ore Larco G.M.M. S.A. Agios Ioannis Mine, near Larymna 700 Do. do. Evia Mine, near Larymna 1,500 Nitrogen, N content of ammonia Phosphoric Fertilizers S.A. Nea Karvall 150 See footnotes at end of table.

Greece—2008 15.7 TABLE 2—Continued GREECE: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2008

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Major operating companies and Annual Commodity major equity owners Location of main facilities capacity Perlite S&B Industrial Minerals, S.A. Mines on and Milos Islands; plant 650 (Eliopoulos-Kyriakopoulos Group) at Pireaus Do. Otavi Minen Hellas S.A. (Otavi Minen AG) Milos Island 150 Do. Bouras Co. Kos Island 50 Petroleum, refined 42-gallon Hellenic Aspropyrgos Refinery S.A. Aspropyrgos 95,000 barrels per day Do. do. Motor Oil (Hellas) Corinth Refineries S.A. Aghii Theodori, Corinth 170,000 Do. do. Petrola Hellas S.A. Eleusis 100,000 Do. do. Thessaloniki Refining Co. A.E. Thessaloniki 76,000 Pozzolan (Santorin earth) Lava Mining and Quarrying Co. (Heracles Xylokeratia, Milos Island 600 General Cement Co.) Do. Titan Cement Co. S.A. do. 300 Pumice Lava Mining and Quarrying Co. (Heracles Yali Island 1,000 General Cement Co. ) Quartz (microcrystalline) do. Adamas, Milos Island 150 Steel, crude Halyvourgia Thessalias S.A. (Manessis Steelworks at Volos 1,500 Bros. and Voyatzis S.A., 65%, and National Investment Bank for Industrial Development, 35%) Do. Sidenor Steel Products Manufacturing S.A. Steelworks at Thessaaloniki and 2,800 Do. Halyvourgiki, Inc. Steelworks at Eleusis 1,200 Do. Hellenic Steel Co. Steelworks at Thessaloniki 1,000 Do. Corinth Pipeworks S.A. (CPW) Steelworks at Thisvi 700 Zeolite S&B Industrial Minerals, S.A. Mine at Pendalofos; plant at Ritsona 100 (Eliopoulos - Kyriakopoulos Group) Zinc, mine, Zn in concentrate Hellas Gold S.A. (European Goldfields Ltd.) Kassandra Mines (Olympias and Stratoni), 30 northeastern Chalkidike Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available.

15.8 u.s. geologicAl survey minerals yearbook—2008