El Departament D'agricultura a Zimbabwe

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El Departament D'agricultura a Zimbabwe EL DEPARTAMENT D’AGRICULTURA A ZIMBABWE (1897-1914): FEBLESES, CONFLICTES I CONTRADICCIONS EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓ DE L’ESTAT COLONIAL Tesi doctoral presentada per optar al títol de Doctor en Història Contemporània. Autor: Eduard Gargallo i Sariol Universitat de Barcelona. Octubre de 2006. Departament: Història Contemporània. Programa: Societat i cultura al món contemporani. Bienni: 1995-1997. Director: Dr. Ferran Iniesta i Vernet. Tutor: Dr. Ramon Casteràs i Archidona. QUARTA PART EL DEPARTAMENT D’AGRICULTURA SOTA E.A.NOBBS (1908-1914) 365 366 CAPÍTOL 21 LES REFORMES POLÍTIQUES I L'ARRIBADA D'ERIC NOBBS (1907-1909) La visita dels Directors de la BSAC el 1907 Entre els mesos de juny i setembre del 1907 tres Directors de la Companyia van visitar Rhodèsia per tal d'avaluar la situació del país per sí mateixos i trobar-se amb els representants dels diversos sectors de la població europea. El Dr.Jameson, el Marquès de Winchester i Henry Birchenough van viatjar acompanyats per Bouchier Hawksley, advocat de la BSAC, i per H.Wilson Fox, mànager de la Companyia (1). Els colons els van rebre amb les mateixes peticions de sempre, que havien quedat aparcades, però no abandonades, després de la crisi del 1904 i les petites reformes que la BSAC havia introduït. Seguien reclamant una reducció de la participació obligatòria de la Companyia en les empreses mineres, la rebaixa de les tarifes ferroviàries, més inversió en agricultura, uns títols de propietat més segurs, i l'augment de la representació electa al Consell Legislatiu. En resposta a les demandes, els Directors van emetre una Declaració de Política el 20 d'octubre a Bulawayo, en la qual es prometien reformes que atenguessin algunes de les propostes dels colons. Sobre els costos excessius d'administració, els Directors afirmaven que la seva visita els havia mostrat que la maquinària del govern "és massa feixuga i complicada i el (seu) cost desproporcionat per a les necessitats de Rhodèsia (...) L'objectiu dels Directors és centralitzar la feina, reduint així les despeses anuals i permetent una reorganització de les tasques i una reducció de personal". Reconeixien que eren necessaris "incentius més grans per als capitalistes i colons" i , per tant, es revisarien les lleis de propietat de la terra i les condicions imposades als miners per explotar els seus jaciments. Van anunciar que els tràmits per accedir a la propietat agrària es simplificarien. I van prometre rebaixes en les tarifes del ferrocarril. Finalment, tasmbé van acceptar que els diputats elegits fossin ara majoritaris al Consell (2). Les reformes del 1907 i 1908 Durant els mesos posteriors a la visita dels Directors, la BSAC va anar posant en pràctica una sèrie de mesures legislatives i administratives que pretenien complir les promeses fetes als colons, però també impulsar els interessos de la Companyia. Els canvis que es van 367 produir no van ser fruit únicament de la pressió popular, sinó també d'una nova visió dels Directors sobre l'economia i el futur del país. Tal com s'havia anunciat, es van retallar les participacions obligatòries de la BSAC en les mines, per facilitar-ne l'explotació i satisfer les peticions dels colons. Tanmateix, el 1907 ja era clar que la mineria, tot i la recuperació experimentada des del 1903, no era suficient per proporcionar els ingressos i beneficis que els accionistes esperaven. Per tant, es va refermar l'aposta que, tímidament, s'havia fet el 1903 per impulsar l'agricultura. Existia l'esperança que, a més de fer créixer l'economia, uns conreus comercials i una ramaderia eficients reduirien les despeses d'importació, farien augmentar el preu de la terra en mans de la Companyia, i incrementarien el trasllat de mercaderies a través del ferrocarril (3). El desig de la BSAC per potenciar l'explotació dels recursos del país i atreure més colons coincidien amb els interessos de la població blanca, però en canvi el mateix any 1907 es va prendre una decisió que va indignar l'opinió pública de la colònia. A partir d'aleshores la Companyia va separar les seves activitats econòmiques i administratives a Rhodèsia, així com el personal i els pressupostos d'ambdós àmbits. L'Administració seguiria governant el territori, cobrant els impostos, gestionant les duanes, etc, però tots els drets econòmics i totes les propietats de la BSAC es traspassaven a la nova Branca Comercial. A aquesta Branca se li atribuïen les terres propietat de la Companyia i les rendes de les granges arrendades, les accions en empreses subsidiàries (ranxos, ferrocarrils, etc) i les participacions en les mines del país. La comptabilitat de les dues seccions estava separada i si, per exemple, les activitats comercials de la BSAC a Rhodèsia donaven beneficis, no es podien utilitzar per cobrir les despeses de l'Administració. L'objectiu dels Directors era ben clar. Per una banda, s'asseguraven que un futur traspàs de l'administració de Rhodèsia als colons o a Londres no implicaria la cessió automàtica de les seves propietats al país. I per altra banda la BSAC podia disposar dels ingressos que obtingués de les seves inversions sense haver de desviar-los cap a la cobertura dels costos del govern. Podia dedicar-ho a reinvertir en les seves propietats, a pagar dividends, o a subsidiar pèrdues en altres àmbits. Si bé l'any 1906 l'administració de Rhodèsia va deixar de ser deficitària, a Rhodèsia del Nord es seguien perdent diners, i els beneficis comercials del Sud ho havien de compensar. 368 Els colons ho veien de forma molt diferent i reclamaven que els beneficis de la Companyia a Rhodèsia s'havien de reinvertir al país i ajudar a pagar-ne l'administració. També afirmaven que les terres no adjudicades a particulars havien de ser considerades com a propietat futura del país, i no de la Companyia, que només en tenia la gestió temporal. Els ingressos que la BSAC obtenia en concepte de taxes o arrendaments de terra havien d'anar a l'Administració, no a la Branca Comercial. Els Directors es van mostrar inflexibles i consideraven que la terra els pertanyia. A més, argumentaven que fins i tot amb aquesta nova manera de gestionar la colònia, els seus accionistes no rebien dividends - de fet no en van rebre mai. La creació de la Branca Comercial no només va intensificar les crítiques al govern de la BSAC, sinó que va provocar conflictes i confusions entre els funcionaris i treballadors de la Companyia a Rhodèsia (4). Les possibilitats que la BSAC modifiqués la seva política financera es reduïen encara més en vista de l'actitud del govern britànic, tan ferma com sempre a l'hora de refusar qualsevol compromís econòmic a la colònia. El 6 de juliol del 1908 la Companyia va fer arribar un memoràndum al Secretari de Colònies, Lord Crewe, demanant-li un cert suport. L'informaven de la situació del país i de les inversions que hi havia fet al llarg dels anys, però ara "ha arribat el moment quan la Companyia pot demanar ajut raonablement al Govern de Sa Majestat, ja que és un afer d'importància Imperial des del punt de vista tant polític com comercial que el progrés de la que està esdevenint ràpidament - si és que encara no ho és - una de les colònies més pròsperes de l'Imperi Britànic no sigui entrebancat per la manca de suport del Govern". La BSAC estava patint un gran dèficit de les companyies ferroviàries on participava, i volia reduir la taxa d'interès que havia de pagar als accionistes d'aquestes empreses. A canvi, volia oferir-los una garantia oficial sobre el pagament final del capital amb l'interès ja reduït. Sol.licitaven que el govern garantís aquest capital - fins a 10 milions de lliures - i asseguraven que no hi havia cap possibilitat que la garantia s'hagués de fer efectiva. El 2 de novembre va arribar la resposta del Colonial Office. Francis Hopwood els deia que tot i les despeses la BSAC era capaç de fer front als deutes ella sola, ja que com ells mateixos li havien assegurat, Rhodèsia era "una de les colònies més pròsperes". El govern britànic "no ha assumit cap responsabilitat financera en el seu (de la BSAC) funcionament com el que ara es proposa, i no està preparat per fer cap canvi en aquesta política". Com en 369 totes les ocasions anteriors, Londres refusava qualsevol implicació en les finances rhodesianes (5). Des del punt de vista polític, en aplicació de la Declaració de Bulawayo, l'any 1908 la BSAC va retirar dos dels seus diputats al Consell Legislatiu per permetre que els representants electes dels colons hi tinguessin la majoria. La discussió sobre les potestats de l'assemblea es va allargar encara uns anys, fins a l'Ordinança del 1911, aprovada amb el suport del Colonial Office, que establia una composició de 7 diputats electes i 6 de la Companyia. Però marcava algunes limitacions importants: l'assemblea no podia sancionar la creació o l'augment d'impostos, ni modificar els drets d'europeus i africans sobre la terra, ni les condicions d'explotació de jaciments miners, ni incidir en les finances o les propietats de la BSAC sense l'acord de la Companyia. El govern de Londres mantenia, a més, el seu poder de vet sobre certa legislació. El cap de la nova majoria parlamentària era Charles Coghlan, un advocat de Bulawayo, d'origen irlandès però nascut al Cap. S'havia fet popular per defensar els drets dels petits miners en contra de les grans companyies (6). A Londres no es van posar pegues a les modificacions constitucionals a Rhodèsia. Com gairebé sempre, el Colonial Office intentava assegurar-se objectius diversos i difícils de compatiblitzar.
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