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Notes to the Introduction I the Expansion of England NOTES Abbreviations used in the notes: BDEE British Documents of the End of Empire Cab. Cabinet Office papers C.O. Commonwealth Office JICH journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History Notes to the Introduction 1. J. C. D. Clark, '"The Strange Death of British History?" Reflections on Anglo-American Scholarship', Historical journal, 40: 3 (1997), pp. 787-809 at pp. 803, 809. 2. S. R. Ashton and S. E. Stockwell (eds), British Documents of the End of Empire, series A, vol. I: Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, 1925-1945, part I: Metro­ politan Reorganisation, Defence and International Relations, Political Change and Constitutional Reform (London: HMSO, 1996), p. xxxix. Some general state­ ments were collected, with statements on individual colonies, and submitted to Harold Macmillan, who dismissed them as 'scrappy, obscure and jejune, and totally unsuitable for publication' (ibid., pp. 169-70). 3. Clark,' "The Strange Death of British History"', p. 803. 4. Alfred Cobban, The Nation State and National Self-Determination (London: Fontana, 1969; first issued 1945 ), pp. 305-6. 5. Ibid., p. 306. 6. For a penetrating analysis of English constitutional thinking see William M. Johnston, Commemorations: The Cult of Anniversaries in Europe and the United States Today (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1991). 7. Elizabeth Mancke, 'Another British America: a Canadian Model for the Early Modern British Empire',]ICH, 25: 1 (January 1997), pp. 1-36, at p. 3. I The Expansion of England 1. R. A. Griffiths, 'This Royal Throne ofKings, this Scept'red Isle': The English Realm and Nation in the later Middle Ages (Swansea, 1983), pp. 14-15. 2. Ibid., p. 30. 3. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses ofLectures (London: Mac­ millan, 1885). 271 272 Notes 4. Ibid., p. 46. 5. Ibid., p. 50. 6. Ibid., pp. 42-3. 7. Ibid., pp. 17-36. 8. Ibid., p. 43-5. 9. Ibid., p. 46. 10. Ibid., p. 46. 11. Ibid., p. 46. 12. Ibid., pp. 29-30. 13. Frederick Madden and David Fieldhouse, 'The Empire of the Bretaignes', 1175-1688: The Foundations of a Colonial System of Government (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press, 1985), pp. 215-17. 14. T. 0. Lloyd, The British Empire, 1558-1983 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 22-4. 15. Madden and Fieldhouse, 'Empire of the Bretaignes', pp. 307-9. 16. Anthony Pagden, Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500-1800 (Yale, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 127. 17. Kenneth R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterpri1e and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480-1630 (Cambridge: Cambridge U niver­ sity Press, 1984), pp. 9-10. 18. Ibid., pp. 3-4 19. David Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eight­ eenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 66. 20. Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement, p. 35. 21. P. J. Marshall, 'The British Empire in the Age of the American Revolution', in William M. Fowler and Wallace Coyle (eds), The American Revolution: Changing Perspectives (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1979), pp.193-212,atp.194. 22. Fieldhouse, Colonial Empires, p. 76. 23. Lloyd,BritishEmpire,p.258. 24. Brigadier General Sir C. E. Callwell, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries (2 vols, London: Cassell, 1927), vol. ii, pp. 240-1. 25. Newfoundland was created a Dominion in 1917, but its financial predica­ ment cost it that status in 1934. 26. See, e.g., J. A. Cramb's panegyric, Reflections on the Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain (London: Macmillan, 1900), pp. 139-40. 27. W. D. Hussey, The British Empire and Commonwealth, 1500 to 1961 (Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), p. 35. 28. P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Cambridge History of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 8. 2 North America, 1775-1850: Lessons from History? 1. J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 240-1. 2. Richard Koebner,Empire (Cambridge University Press, 1961), p. 223. Notes 273 3. 'A Much Maligned Monarch', in W. M. Fowler and W. Coyle (eds), The American Revolution Changing Perspectives (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1979), pp. 213-31. 4. W. D. Hussey, The British Empire and Commonwealth, 1500 to 1961 (Cam­ bridge, 1963), pp. 343-4. Durham was the author of the celebrated report on the Canadian problem in 1839; Grey was Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the Colonies; Elgin was governor-general of Canada in the late 1840s. 5. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, The Fall of the First British Empire (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), P· 41. 6. Gareth Jones, The Sovereignty of the Law: Selections from Blackstone's Lectures on the Laws of England (London: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 71-2. 7. J.C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland, 1603-1923 (London: Faber, 1966),p.164. 8. Clark, Language of Liberty, p. 93. 9. For a discussion of these points see Koebner, Empire, pp. 132-9. 10. Peter J. Stanlis, Edmund Burke: The Enlightenment and Revolution (New Brunswick: Transactions Publishers, 1991), pp. 20-1. 11. Tucker and Hendrickson, Fall of the First British Empire, p. 69. 12. Koebner,Empire,p.191. 13. Clark, Language of Liberty, p. 121. 14. J. G. A. Pocock, 'Political Thought in the English-speaking Atlantic, 1760- 1790: part I: The Imperial Crisis', in J. G. A. Pocock (ed.), The Varieties of British Political Thought, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 246-82. 15. Tucker and Hendrickson, Fall of the First British Empire, pp. 182, 193. 16. Koebner,Empire,pp. 193, 203 17. Ibid.,p.215. 18. Tucker and Hendrickson, Fall of the First British Empire, p. 400. 19. Richard Koebner and Helmut Dan Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and Signi­ ficance of a Political Word, 1840-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), p. 52. 20. John Manning Ward, Colonial Self-Government: The British Experience, 1759- 1856 (London: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 4-20. 21. Chester W. New, Lord Durham (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1929), pp. 333-4; Basil Williams, The British Empire (London, 1937), pp. 135-7. 22. Peter Burroughs, The Canadian Crisis and British Colonial Policy, 1828-1841 (London: Edward Arnold, 1972), p. 4. 23. Ibid., p. 9. 24. Ibid., pp. 13-14. 25. Helen T. Manning, The Revolt of French Canada, 1800-1835: A Chapter in the History of the British Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1962), ch. VIII. 26. Ged Martin, The Durham Report and British Policy: A Critical Essay (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. 6. 27. New, Lord Durham, pp. 326-7. 28. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, p. 91. 29. D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires (2nd edn, London, 1982), pp. 254-5. 30. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, pp. 97-8. 274 Notes 31. New, Lord Durham, p. 322. 32. Martin, The Durham Report, p. 18. 33. Ibid., p. 28. 34. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, p. 100. 35. New, Lord Durham, p. 322. 36. Ibid., p. 329. 37. Ibid., pp. 333-4. 38. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, p. 101. 39. Martin, The Durham Report (London, 1902 edn), p. xiii. 40. Ibid., pp. 44-5, 227. 41. Ibid., pp. 244-5. 42. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, p. 105. 43. New, Lord Durham, pp. 503-4, 509. 44. Manning Ward, Colonial Self-Government, pp. 195-208. 45. Ibid., p. 247. 46. Ibid., pp. 248-9. 47. Ibid., pp. 249-50. 48. New, Lord Durham, p. 505. 49. Martin, The Durham Report, pp. 54-5. 50. Burroughs, Canadian Crisis, pp. 113-14. 51. Clark, Language ofLiberty, p. 384. 52. Stuart J. Reid, Life and Letters of the First Earl of Durham, 1792-1840 (2 vols, London: Longman, 1906), vol. II, pp. 313-14. 53. Ibid., pp. 137-8. 54. Eric Stokes, The Utilitarians and India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 44. 55. Hansard, Commons Debates, 3rd series, vol. IX, col. 389 (New York Reprint, 1971 ). 56. D. George Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895-1910 (London: Historians' Press, 1990), pp. 203, 258. 57. S. R. Ashton and S. E. Stockwell (eds), BDEE, Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, Part 1: Metropolitan Reorganisation, Defence and International Rela­ tions, Political Change, and Constitutional Reform (London: HMSO, 1996), pp. 105-6. 58. Gowher Rizvi, 'Transfer of Power in India: a Restatement of an Alternative Approach',JICH, XII: 3 (1983-4), p. 141. 59. Ashton and Stockwell, BDEE, Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, p. 331. 60. D. W. Brogan, The English People: Impressions and Observations (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1947). 3 Rationalism and Empire, 1850-1914 I. P. J. Marshall, Cambridge History of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cam­ bridge University Press, 1994), pp. 29-30. 2. Bernard Porter, Britannia's Burden: The Political Evolution of Modern Britain, 1851-I990 (London: Edward Arnold, 1994), p. 89. Notes 275 3. Peter Burroughs, 'Liberal, Paternalist or Cassandra? Earl Grey as Critic of Colonial Self-Government',JICH, 18: 1 (1990), pp. 33-60, at pp. 35-6. 4. Ibid., p. 41. 5. J. L. Morison, 'Emigration and Land Policy, I8 I5-I873', inJ. Holland Rose et al. (eds), The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. II: The Growth of the New Empire, 1783-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, I940), pp. 449-50; T. 0. Lloyd, The British Empire, 1558-1983 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, I984), p. I45. 6. Ged Martin, The Durham Report and British Policy: A Critical Essay (Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, I 972), p. 57. 7. Ibid., pp. 57-8. 8. Ged Martin, Britain and the Origins of the Canadian Confederation, 183 7-1867 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, I 995 ), pp.
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