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Home , Anthony Crosland, Anthony Eden, Darwin (ward), David Trimble, Ellen Wilkinson, George Wyndham

1 October 2019

PAPER 6: BRITISH POLITICAL HISTORY SINCE 1880

Sources clockwise from top left: United Ireland, The British Library, Jeff Johnston, Tony Withers, Imperial War Museum.

FACULTY READING LIST AND LIST OF CORE AND SURVEY LECTURES

Between 1880 and the beginning of the twenty-first century, the became a full political democracy based on universal suffrage, and witnessed party-political realignments as well as the rise of social rights, identity politics and new non-governmental movements. The UK also experienced civil war (in Ireland, 1916-1923 and in from 1972 to 1998), total war (in 1914-18 and 1939-45), and the loss of a global empire. Throughout the period there was a vigorous debate on the role of the state and the freedom of the markets in a globalized and deeply unequal economic system. This

1 2 was accompanied by struggles over what it meant to be a citizen of the United Kingdom and who had the right to belong. All had profound political consequences, although these have not always been immediately obvious. The party system and much of the constitution remains in place, parliamentary democracy has survived the challenges of and Communism apparently unscathed, and politicians have spent much of the past hundred years congratulating themselves on the country’s remarkable capacity to ‘return to normal’ in the aftermath of major crises. Many recent or on-going political controversies, such as devolution, the future of the , or Britain’s relationship with Europe have obvious parallels with late Victorian debates. Yet, while continuity undoubtedly forms an important element of modern British political history, it would be wrong to obscure the fundamental changes that have occurred. Religion no longer assumes a central importance in determining political allegiance (with the partial exception of Northern Ireland). Politicians now communicate with their audiences primarily through the filter of television and the internet. Women outnumber men among the electorate. This paper provides a unique opportunity to ponder and contextualize this complex narrative of continuity and change, while affording students access to many of the new types of source material (primarily oral, audio-visual and digital) that make the study of the twentieth (and twenty-first) century so distinctive. Modern historians are rightly wary of claiming that their subject can straightforwardly ‘explain the present’. Nonetheless, the weight of the past upon contemporary party politics is so powerful that this paper promises to throw unique light on the competing narratives of twentieth-century history that continue to shape popular political discourse as well as the identities of the three main political parties. sought to distance itself from the supposed sins of Labour’s past, whilst under the current leadership of it is the Blairite ‘modernizers’ whose legacy has been problematized. Conservative leaders continue to be dogged by the shadow of , who herself had sought to free her party from its post-war ‘consensual’ past. The Liberal Democrats ultimately found it necessary to keep the ‘Liberal’ label, despite the desire of the original pioneers of the (1981-88) to ‘break the mould’ of British politics through creating a new progressive centre party. The Liberal Democrats and Conservatives returned in 2010 to coalition politics, something with which the late Victorians and the wartime generations would have been familiar, because of the governments of 1886-1905, 1916-22, and 1931-45. Add to this the continuing polemical power of phrases such as ‘Victorian values’, ‘’, ‘austerity’, ‘national crisis’, ‘the Dunkirk spirit’ and ‘the Establishment’, and the continued centrality of recent British history to political debate is clear. To study this period involves a sceptical re-appraisal of many cherished assumptions about Britain’s recent past, and in the process, grounds for endless debate. In the essays you write on this paper you may be dealing with relatively short periods, but you should always be prepared to relate your knowledge of such detailed events and processes to the wider themes of the paper. Concepts relating to the constitution, the role of the state, and national identity play an important part in the paper, alongside underlying intellectual, cultural, religious, and linguistic developments. Those candidates who have already studied this period at school should find this approach both novel and refreshing, while those who have not may be reassured that they will not be at any disadvantage.

The reading list The diversity of approaches to studying modern British political history are reflected in the vast literature produced by historians working in this field. The reading list aims to give you and your supervisor a sense of that variety and a chance to shape your own reading programme from within it, by selecting a range of titles which are suitable to the particular question angle you have decided to explore. The examiners do not expect you to master more than a small proportion of the books and articles on the list. The aim of studying the paper is to gain a sense of the dynamics of your chosen period and a range of entry-points through which to explore those dynamics.

2 3 The sections of the reading list are not a straitjacket and they are certainly not intended to privilege any particular schemes of interpretation. They are designed instead to encourage you to reflect upon the contested meanings of Britain’s political past, and to think about how and why different historians have described and explained that past in different ways. The reading list is divided into two sections. Those in the first section follow a political chronology, while those in the second focus on the most important themes of the period. In order to study political history effectively, you will need a grasp of the political narrative covered in the first section, and so most supervisors will want you to cover at least four consecutive chronological topics. It is essential to ensure that by the time of the examination you are familiar with at least 75-80 years of the period. It is for supervisors and candidates to work out their own preferred combination of chronological and thematic topics, since there is such a wide choice. The distinction between chronological and thematic topics is not, of course, absolute, since the chronological topics also privilege particular themes where relevant. It is probably a good idea to start with some broadly chronological topics in order to gain familiarity with the period and its political culture, encompassing political ideas, identities and policy approaches. It is helpful, when writing essays about particular governments or parties, to cross-reference those thematic topics that deal with appropriate policy issues (e.g. foreign policy, Ireland, , gender). Similarly, when writing on the broader thematic topics, you will need enough chronological detail to make your generalizations convincing. Your supervisor should give you guidance on how best to do this. Some of the thematic topics focus on particular dimensions, such as the and . Others feature problems such as the place of national identity in politics, the complexity of gender as a historical factor, the role of the media or the impact of particular economic doctrines, such as Keynesianism, on policy-making. Students should note that they will usually be required to answer questions in the Part I exam on these topics covering a period of a considerable number of years. While questions vary from year to year, some broad issues have become standard features of the paper: please look at the most recent past papers for the best guide. You should see your weekly topics as the foundation of a general intellectual understanding of your chosen period, which will need to be supplemented by targeted reading after the supervisions have been completed and when revising. Note that this document opens with a list of general works on the period, including items that relate to the general economic and social background. Most of these are not listed again under individual topics, even though they may be extremely relevant to some of them. So whenever you start on a week’s work, remember to look first at the general section.

Tripos questions The various topics in this booklist are the ones around which the examination questions will be structured. This is appropriate, since examination papers usually contain about 21 questions (including ‘either/or’ alternatives as two questions). However you should not assume that there will be a straightforward question on each topic. Because of the many ways in which connections between thematic and chronological topics can be traced, questions may appear in a somewhat indirect form (see under ‘Tripos questions’ below). Candidates should understand this inter-relationship and should revise the great majority of the topics that they have studied, rather than treat them as entirely discrete topics.

Before setting a Tripos question paper the examiners will consult with all those who lecture on and supervise in that paper in order to find out what subjects the undergraduates taking that paper have covered. Examiners will expect you to be able to argue a case, to back it up with detailed factual examples, and to consider and counter possible objections to the case you have made. You should consider supporting your arguments by references to the historiography, for while it is not necessary (on

3 4 this paper) to do so simply for the sake of it, it can often be an efficient way of getting your understanding across. There are some topics, for example politics in the age of Gladstone and Salisbury or international relations in the inter-war period, which have been so defined by the historiography that substantial reference to it is more or less essential. But you will certainly not be penalized merely for making a case which the examiner happens not to agree with. What examiners are looking for above all is an ability to conceptualize political problems effectively – for example: by comparing different periods and personalities or different intellectual approaches to the subject – but in a way that appreciates the richness and subtlety of the historical material. Most Tripos papers will contain a substantial number of thematic questions covering long periods. Naturally, the longer the period, the less comprehensive detail is expected; however, simplification can easily be taken too far, since politics is necessarily a complex process at all times. Candidates will need to show both the ability to generalize and an appreciation of when generalization is inappropriate. Questions rooted in the chronological section will usually focus on a shorter time scale, but you cannot assume that this will replicate the particular used in this reading list. Some questions may straddle more than one period. Some may pursue a prominent political theme across time. These might, for example, include controversies over a particular category of policy issue, or questions about the qualities required for political leadership or the reasons for ministerial success or failure. Sometimes you will be specifically invited to relate your close knowledge of an individual or period to wider themes, as for example in the question, ‘What was x’s legacy for British politics?’ Examiners may want to encourage candidates to discuss, say, whether there was a coherent behind the policies adopted by a particular party and how it changed over time, or how attitudes to party shifted at different periods. A favourite device of examiners is to disguise a question in the form of a proposition in quotation marks, followed by an injunction to ‘Discuss’. It is perfectly legitimate in such cases to take a middle view by showing the ways in which the proposition seems true and the ways in which it seems false. It is equally legitimate to agree wholly with the proposition or else to disagree with it wholly. However, if you decide to disagree with it, you must include some recognition of why it might be true, since the examiner would not have included a proposition which he or she believed to be wholly false. It is not wise to deny an assertion without having the knowledge to appreciate why a case for it might be made. If you cannot even see what a question might be getting at, better not to answer the question. Finally, it might be useful to turn from these generalizations to what various examiners have reported on Paper 6 in recent years. They will help you to identify the features examiners most value in scripts, and structure your approach to the paper in a way which is both comprehensive and balanced. Both past exam papers and the examiners' reports are available on the History Faculty website. So are the criteria of assessments which examiners will use in marking scripts, indicating clearly the strengths and the qualities which essays should display in order to qualify for a certain class and range of marks.

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Lectures Michaelmas Term: Tuesdays at 11 a.m. and Wednesdays at 11 a.m for SEVEN weeks. DR. N. GALLAGHER, DR H. MCCARTHY, DR. B. GRIFFIN, DR C. JEPPESEN, DR. G. THOMAS, DR P. SLOMAN, B. JOHNSON

1. T 15 Oct McCarthy: Ideas and identities 2. W 16 Oct Gallagher: and Late-Victorian 3. T 22 Oct McCarthy: Radicalism, Labour and New Liberalism 4. W 23 Oct Griffin: Gender and politics 5. T 29 Oct McCarthy: Women’s suffrage and feminism, 1880-1939 6. W 30 Oct Jeppesen: Imperial nation, Britain 1880-1939 7. T 5 Nov Gallagher: War and realignment, 1914-1924 8. W 6 Nov Thomas: Baldwin and interwar Conservatism 9. T 12 Nov Gallagher: Ireland, 1880-1916 10. W 13 Nov Gallagher: Scotland, 1880-1939 11. T 19 Nov Johnson: , 1880-1939 12. W 20 Nov McCarthy: Politics of Labour, 1924-1945 13. T 26 Nov McCarthy: Foreign policy and internationalism between the wars 14. W 27 Nov Sloman: Political economy and party politics since the

Lent Term: Mondays and Tuesdays at 12 noon for SEVEN weeks. DR H. MCCARTHY, DR N. GALLAGHER, DR L. AQUI, DR. G. THOMAS, TAYM SALEH & H. HANLEY

1. M 20 Jan Gallagher: Building the 'New Jerusalem', 1945-51 2. T 21 Jan McCarthy: Conservatism and post-war affluence 3. M 27 Jan Gallagher: Wilson, Heath & the breakdown of consensus 4. T 28 Jan McCarthy: Non-governmental action and political protest, 1945-1980 5. M 3 Feb Aqui: Britain and the process of 6. T 4 Feb Gallagher: The Irish Revolution and Northern Ireland, 1916-1969 7. M 10 Feb Thomas: Wales since 1939 8. T 11 Feb Saleh: Scotland since 1939 9. M 17 Feb Hanley: The Northern Irish Troubles and the peace process 10. T 18 Feb McCarthy: 11. M 24 Feb Gallagher: The end of Empire 12. T 25 Feb McCarthy: The politics of race and immigration 13. M 2 Mar Gallagher: Political communication and the media 14. T 3 Mar McCarthy: Old Labour, New Labour

Easter Term: Revision. (Two two-hour classes, weeks 2-3), Wednesday at 11 a.m.

DRS N. GALLAGHER & H. MCCARTHY

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SECTION A ~ Chronology

1 2 Late Victorian Conservatism and Unionism 3 Labour and Working-class Politics before the First World War 4 New Liberalism and the Politics of Welfare 5 Ireland, 1880-1923 6 Northern Ireland and The “Troubles” 7 Scotland since 1880 8 Wales since 1880 9 Party Realignment, 1910-1924 10 Conservative hegemony? 11 Labour’s Long March, 1914-1939 12 Politics in the 1940s 13 Post-war Affluence and Conservatism 14 The Post-War Settlement in Crisis, 1964-1979 15 Thatcherism 16 New Labour and Politics after Thatcher

SECTION B ~ Themes and issues

1 Adjusting to Democracy: Parliament, Parties and the Constitution, 1880-1914 2 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century 3 Political Communication 4 Electoral Behaviour Since 1918 5 Women, Gender and Politics since 1880 6 War, State and Society, 1900-1945 7 Keynes, Economic Policy and the State 8 Britain Abroad: , Europe and Empire, 1880-1914 9 Britain, Europe and the World Between the Wars 10 Britain, Europe and the World Since 1945

6 7 Course Website The course organizers maintain a ‘Moodle’ website to support the course at https://www.vle.cam.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=90991

Here you will see a variety of materials to support Faculty and college teaching including lecture hand- outs, unpublished papers, links to other web sources and a discussion page. Members will also be able to receive email reading updates during the year. You should be automatically enrolled for the site by week 2. If you need help you should email Dr Gallagher ([email protected]).

Some useful introductory books

N.B. All candidates are advised also to consult the Paper 11 reading-list on areas where themes overlap (e.g. race and immigration, welfare policy, ‘affluence’ and Thatcherism)

General textbooks

 J. Vernon, Modern Britain. 1750 to the Present (2017)  Callum Brown & Hamish Fraser, Britain since 1707 (2007)  Kathleen Burk, ed., The since 1945 (2003)  Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900-2000 (2nd edn, 2004)  John Davis, A History of Britain, 1885-1939 (1999)  David Edgerton, The Rise and Fall of the British Nation (2018)  Brian Harrison, The Transformation of British Politics, 1860-1995 (1996)  Martin Pugh, State and Society. A social and political history of Britain since 1870 (2017) and The Making of Modern British Politics, 1867-1945 (3rd edn, 2002)  David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British policy and world power in the twentieth century (2nd edn, 2000)  R. Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918-1968 (2006)  J.M. Brown & W.M. Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the , vol. iv: The Twentieth Century (1999)  Keith Robbins, ed., The British Isles, 1901-1951 (2002)  B. Harrison, Seeking a Role: the United Kingdom, 1951-1970 (2009) and Finding a Role? The United Kingdom, 1970-1990 (2010)  Pat Thane, Divided Kingdom. A History of Britain since 1900 (2018)  Gwyn Williams and John Ramsden, Ruling Britannia: a political history of Britain, 1688-1988  R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600-1972 (1988)  T. Bartlett, Ireland: A History (2010)  A. Jackson, The Two Unions. Ireland, Scotland and the survival of the United Kingdom, 1707- 2007 (2012)  Ewen Cameron, Impaled Upon a Thistle. Scotland since 1880 (2010)  I.G.C. Hutchison, Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century (2001)  R. Davies, People, Places and Passions: Pain and Pleasure: A Social History of Wales and the Welsh, 1870- 1945 (2015)  P. Thane, Divided Kingdom: A History of Britain, 1900 to the Present (2018)  R. Self The of the British Party System, 1885-1940 (2000)  G. Searle, A New ? Peace and War, 1886-1918 (2004)

Party Politics  *P. Clarke, A Question of Leadership: Gladstone to Blair (1999)  *M. Francis & I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska, The Conservatives and British Society, 1880-1990 (1996)

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 J. Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party Since 1830 (1998)  A. Seldon & S. Ball (eds.), Conservative Century: The Conservative Party Since 1900 (1994)  *J. Lawrence & M. Taylor (eds.), Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain Since 1820 (1997)  *J. Lawrence, Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (2009)  *R. McKibbin, Parties and People, England 1914-1951 (2010)  H. Pelling & A. Reid, A Short History of the Labour Party (11th edn, 1996)  Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain: a new history of the Labour Party (2010)  *A. Thorpe, A History of the British Labour Party (1997)  R. Ingham & D. Brack (eds.) Peace, Reform and Liberation: a History of Liberal Politics in Britain, 1679-2011 (2011)  Peter Sloman, The Liberal Party and the Economy, 1929-1964 (, 2015)  D. Tanner, P. Thane & N. Tiratsoo (eds.), Labour’s First Century (2000)  P. Hennessy, The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000)  Emily Robinson, History, Heritage and Tradition in Contemporary British Politics: past politics and present histories (2012)

Social, Economic and Religious Contexts of Political Change

*Candidates are also advised to view the Paper 11 reading list for further information on these topics

 Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit, a social history of Britain, 1870-1914 (1993)  *C. G. Brown, The death of Christian Britain. Understanding Secularisation 1800-2000 (2009)  *K. Robbins, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales. The Christian Church 1900-2000 (2008)  P. Addison, No Turning Back: the Peacetime Revolutions of Post-War Britain (2010)  *D. Cannadine, Class in Britain (1998)  *J. Tomlinson, ‘Thrice Denied: “Declinism” as a Recurrent Theme in British History in the Long Twentieth Century,’ TCBH, 20 (2009)  A. Gamble, Britain in Decline (4th ed., 1994)  G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (1994)  Chris Renwick, Bread for All: The Origins of the (2017)  *F. M. L. Thompson (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, 3 vols.,(1990)  D. Vincent Poor Citizens: the State and the Poor in the Twentieth Century (1991)  *R. McKibbin, The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880-1950 (1990) and Classes and Cultures: England, 1918-51 (1998)  Frank Trentmann, Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption, and in Modern Britain (2009)  A. Howe, Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846-1946 (1998)  *A.H. Halsey (ed.), British Social Trends since 1900 (1988)

For reference  David Butler and Gareth Butler, British Political Facts, 1900-2000 (2000)  Brian Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (1988)  Oxford DNB @ http://www.oxforddnb.com/ [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography via UL e-resources]  Irish DNB @ https://dib.cambridge.org/ [Cambridge Dictionary of Irish Biography via UL e- resources]  D. Butler & G. Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts, 1900-2000 (2000)

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 M. Thrasher & C. Rallings, British Electoral Facts, 1832-2006 (2007) [or earlier F.W.S. Craig edns]  R. Eccleshall & G. Walker (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers (1998)  Ivor Crewe, Neil Day et al, The British Electorate 1963-1992 (1995)

Abbreviations of Journals AmHR American Historical Review BJIS British Journal of International Studies BJPS British Journal of Political Science BJPIR British Journal of Politics and International Relations BJS British Journal of Sociology CBH Contemporary British History [formerly Contemporary Record, CR] CIS Contemporary Irish Studies EcHR Economic History Review EHR English Historical Review HEQ History of Education Quarterly HJ Historical Journal [formerly Cambridge Historical Journal, CBH] HR Historical Research [Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, BIHR] HW History Workshop IA International Affairs IRSH International Review of Social History JBS Journal of British Studies JCH Journal of Contemporary History JICH Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History JRLS Journal of Regional and Local Studies JSH Journal of Social History LRB Review of Books LHR Labour History Review P&P Past and Present PA Parliamentary Affairs PBA Proceedings of the British Academy PH Parliamentary History PQ Political Quarterly Proc.BA Proceedings of the British Academy SH Social History TCBH Twentieth Century British History TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society VS Victorian Studies WHA Women’s History Review WHR Welsh History Review

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SECTION A ~ Party politics

Topic Reading Lists: Most sections begin with starred works (*). These represent contemporary primary sources, historiographical classics, plays, films or novels which are interesting as background reading. Your supervisor will identify the most important secondary works for the particular essay topic you have been assigned.

A1 Gladstonian Liberalism, 1880-95

Gladstone's appeal as Liberal leader; his populist political approach; his relations with lower-class groups and with the Whig-Liberal tradition; the influence of extra-parliamentary pressure groups – ‘faddists’, nonconformists, Celts – on Liberal policy; the Irish question; the relative importance of these various tensions in the split of 1886. (See also reading list A3)

*William Gladstone Midlothian Speeches, 1879-80 (ed. M.R.D. Foot , 1971) *H.C.G. Matthew & M.R.D. Foot (eds.) The Gladstone Diaries 14 vols. (1968-1994)

Introductory/General

M. Bentley The Climax of Liberal Politics, 1868-1918 (1987) J. Parry The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (1993) T. Jenkins The Liberal Ascendancy, 1830-86 (1994) G.R. Searle The Liberal Party; Triumph and Disintegration, 1886-1929 (2nd edn 2001)

Biographies and ‘High Political’ Studies

J.P.P. Parry The Politics of Patriotism: English Liberalism, National Identity and Europe, 1830-1886 (2006), ‘Religion and the decline of Gladstone’s first Government’, HJ (1982), Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party (1986) E.F. Biagini Gladstone (2000) H.C.G. Matthew Gladstone 1809-74 (1986) and Gladstone, 1875-98 (1995) D.W. Bebbington The Mind of Gladstone (2004) P. Marsh An Entrepreneur in Politics: (1994) A.B. Cooke & J.R. Vincent The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-6 (1974) I. Cawood The . A History (2012) E.F. Biagini ‘Exporting “Western & Beneficent Institutions’: Gladstone and Britain’s Imperial Role’, in D. Bebbington and R. Swift (eds.), Gladstone’s Centenary Essays (2000). M. Daily and T. Hoppen (eds.) Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond (2011) D. Omissi ‘“A most arduous but most noble duty”: Gladstone and the in India, 1868-98’ in M. Daily and T. Hoppen (eds.), Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond (2011) R. Quinault ‘‘Afghanistan and Gladstone’s moral foreign policy’, History Today, 52, 12 (2002), pp. 28-34. R. Quinault ‘Gladstone and Slavery’, The Historical Journal, 52, 2 (2009), pp. 1-21. W.C. Lubenow Parliamentary Politics and the Home Rule Crisis: the British House of Commons in 1886 (1988)

10 11 Popular Liberalism, Radicals and the Lib-Labs

B. Griffin The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain. Masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights (2012) D.W. Bebbington The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics 1870-1914 (1982) E. Biagini , Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone 1860-80 (1992) (esp. chas 4 and 6) and British democracy and , 1876-1906 (2007), esp. chas 1 and 2 E. Biagini & A. Reid Currents of Radicalism (1991) M. Roberts Political Movements in Urban England 1832-1914 (2009) (a synthesis: chs 4-5 cover Popular Liberalism and chs 8-9 Liberals and Labour) J. Lawrence ‘Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain,’ JBS (1992) J. Lawrence Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics, 1867-1914 (1998) P. Lynch The Liberal Party in Rural England (2003) H.C.G. Matthew ‘Rhetoric and Politics’, in P.J. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (1987) J. Munson The Nonconformists: in Search of a Lost Culture (1991)

A2 Late Victorian Conservatism and Unionism

How successfully the traditional landed Party responded to the challenge of mass politics under Disraeli; how Salisbury's strategic vision of Conservatism intermeshed with the issue of Home Rule to create a Unionist ascendancy after 1886; Unionism in Britain and Ireland; the reasons for Conservative electoral success in 1874 and 1886-1900; the extent and nature of working-class and ‘villa’ Conservatism; the legacy of Salisbury's governments (see also reading lists A3 & A5).

*Mrs Humphry Ward Marcella (1894; Virago paperback) *G. & W. Grossmith Diary of a Nobody (1892; Penguin paperback)

Introductory/General

J. Cornford ‘The Transformation of the Conservative Party in the Late Nineteenth Century,’ VS (1963-4) H. Cunningham ‘The Conservative Party and Patriotism’, in Englishness: Politics and Culture, ed. R. Colls and P. Dodd (1986) P. Readman ‘The Conservative Party, Patriotism and British Politics: the Case of the General Election of 1900’, JBS (2001)

Salisbury and Unionism

A. Roberts Salisbury (1999) D. Steele Lord Salisbury. A political Biography (1999) A. Adonis Making Work 1884-1914 (1993) M. Bentley Lord Salisbury’s World: Conservative Environments in Late Victorian Britain (2001) R. Blake & H. Cecil Salisbury:the Man and his Policies (1987) A.B. Cooke & J.R. Vincent The Governing Passion: Cabinet Government and Party Politics in Britain 1885-6 (1974)

11 12 K.T. Hoppen ‘Gladstone, Salisbury and the end of Irish Assimilationism’ in M. Daily and T. Hoppen (eds.), Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond (2011) P. Marsh An Entrepreneur in Politics: Joseph Chamberlain (1994) I. Cawood The Liberal Unionist Party. A History (2012) E.H.H. Green The Crisis of Conservatism, 1880-1914 (1995) G.I.T. Machin Politics and the Churches in 1869-1921 (1987), chs 3, 5, 6 P. Marsh The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury’s Domestic Statecraft 1881-1902 (1978) R. Shannon The Age of Salisbury, 1881-1902 (1996)

Popular Conservatism and ‘Villa Toryism’

D. Thackeray Conservatism for the Democratic Age: Conservative Cultures and the Challenge of mass politics in early twentieth century England (2013), chs 1-2 M. Brodie The Politics of the Poor: the East End of London, 1885-1914 (2004) M. Roberts Political Movements in Urban England 1832-1914 (2009) chs 6-7 M. Roberts ‘Constructing a Tory world-view: popular politics and the Conservative press in late-Victorian ’, Historical Research, 79:203 (2006) M. Roberts ‘Villa Toryism and popular Conservatism in Leeds, 1885-1902’ HJ (2006) F. Coetzee ‘Villa Toryism Re-considered: Conservatism and Suburban Sensibilities in Late- Victorian Croydon’, in E. Green (ed.) An Age of Transition: British Politics 1880-1914 [Special edition of PH, (1997)] P. Joyce Work, Society and Politics (1980) J. Lawrence ‘Class and Gender in the Making of Urban Toryism,’ EHR (1993) M. Pugh The and the People, 1880-1935 (1985) K. Rix ‘Go out into the Highways and the Hedges’: the Diary of Michael Sykes, Conservative Political Lecturer, 1895 and 1907-8’, PH, 20:2 (2001) C. Stevens ‘The Conservative Club Movement in the Industrial West Riding’, Northern History, 2001 R. Price ‘Society, Status and Jingoism: Lower-middle-class Patriotism 1870-1900,’ in The Lower Middle Class in Britain, ed. G. Crossick (1977) P. Waller Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool, 1868- 1939 (1981) D.M. Jackson Popular Opposition to Irish Home Rule in Edwardian Britain (2009) A. Windscheffel Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868-1908 (2007)

A3 Labour and Working-class Politics before the First World War

The significance of citizenship and community; the nature and membership of the movement; the reasons for its turn from lobbying methods to direct parliamentary representation, and the significance of the shift from “Lib-Lab” to “progressive” politics; the role of class and the labour movement in voting; the coherence, radicalism and electoral attractiveness of the Liberals' response after 1906; the significance of socialist parties and movements before 1914; the place of politics in working-class life before the First World War.

*Robert Tressell The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (1914/1955: Penguin, 2004) * The Hard Way Up: the autobiography of Hannah Mitchell, and rebel (London, 1968)

Introductory/General

12 13 A. Thorpe A History of the British Labour Party (1997; revised 2001) E. Biagini (ed.) Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identity in the British Isles, 1865-1931 (1996) E. Biagini & A. Reid (eds.) Currents of Radicalism (1991) P.F. Clarke ‘The Electoral Sociology of Modern Britain’, History (1972) P. Joyce Work, Society and Politics: the Culture of the later Victorian Factory (1980) L. Marley (ed.) The British Labour Party and Twentieth-Century Ireland: the cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour (2016)

The State, Trade Unionism & Class Law

E.F. Biagini ‘Trade Unions and Popular Political Economy, 1860-1880’, HJ, xxx (1987) C.G. Hanson ‘Craft Unions, Welfare Benefits and the Case for Trade Union Reform, 1865-75', EcHR, xxviii (1975) and debate ibid., xxix (1976) A. Reid The Tide of Democracy: Shipyard Workers and Social Relations in Britain, 1870-1950 (2010), part 3. P. Johnson ‘Class Law in Victorian England’, P&P, 141 (Nov. 1993) N. McCord ‘Taff Vale Revisited’, History, lxxviii (1993) D. Powell British Politics and the Labour Question, 1868-1990 (1992) J. Spain ‘Trade Unions, Gladstonian Liberals and the Labour Law Reforms of 1875,’ in Biagini and Reid, Currents of Radicalism (1991) J. Thompson ‘The Genesis of the 1906 Trades Disputes Act: Liberalism, Trade Unions and the Law’, TCBH, ix (1998) C. Wrigley A History of British Industrial Relations, 1875-1914 (1982)

Working-class Life & Politics

S. Todd The People; the rise and fall of the working class, 1910-2010 (2014) K.O. Morgan Rebirth of a nation: a history of modern Wales (2002 ed.), chps 1-5 Graham Walker The Labour Party in Scotland: Religion, the Union, and the Irish Dimension (2016) ch. 1. A. August ‘A Culture of Consolation? Rethinking Politics in Working-class London, 1870- 1914’, HR 72 (2001) M. Brodie The Politics of the Poor: The East End of London, 1885-1914 (2004) T. Griffiths The Lancashire Working Classes, c. 1880-1930 (2001) G. Stedman Jones ‘Working-class Politics and Working-class Culture 1850-1914’, in his Languages of Class (1983) (also in JSH [1974]) J. Lawrence ‘The British sense of class’ JCH (2000) R. McKibbin ‘Why was There no in Great Britain?,’ EHR, xcix (1984), reprinted in McKibbin, Ideologies of Class (1990) M. Pugh, ‘Working-class Experience and State Social Welfare: Old Age Reconsidered’, HJ, 45 (2002) A. Reid ‘Politics and Economics in the Formation of the British Working Class’, SH, 3 (1978) M. Savage & A. Miles The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840-1940 (1994) P. Thane ‘The Working Class and State “Welfare” in Britain, 1880-1914,’ HJ, 27 (1984)

The Origins and Early Development of the Labour Party

13 14 S. Wolstencroft The and the rise of Labour, 1903-1922: political change in industrial Britain (2018) R. McKibbin The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910-1924 (1974) the independent J. Scott ‘Labourism Revisited’: W. J. Davis, Working-Class Culture, and Trade Unionist Politics in Birmingham, 1892–1906, Midland History (2013) S. Berger ‘The Decline of Liberalism and the Rise of Labour: the Regional Approach’ PH (1993) S. Berger, The British Labour Party and the German Social Democrats, 1900-31 (1994) M. Bevir The Making of British (2011) D. Howell British Workers and the , 1888-1906 (1983) J. Lawrence Speaking for the People (1998) chs 2, 3, 6 & 9 K. Laybourn ‘The Rise of Labour and the Decline of Liberalism’ History (1995) K. Laybourn ‘The Failure of Socialist Unity in Britain, c.1893-1914’ TRHS (1994) D. Marquand Ramsay MacDonald (1997) chs 3-8 K. Morgan Ramsay MacDonald (2006) H. Pelling Origins of the Labour Party (2nd edn, 1965) P. Graves Labour Women: women in British working class politics, 1918-1939 (1994) C. Rowan ‘Women in the Labour Party, 1906-1920’ Feminist Review 12, 1982, 74-91 D. Powell ‘The New Liberalism and Labour’, HJ (1986) S. Stanley Holton Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900-18 (1986) D. Tanner ‘The Development of British Socialism, 1900-1918’ in E. Green (ed.) An Age of Transition: British Politics, 1880-1914 (1997) [PH special edn] E.F. Biagini British democracy and Irish nationalism, 1876-1906 (2007), chs 6 and 7 D. Tanner Political Change and the Labour Party, 1900-18 (1990) S. Yeo ‘A New Life: the Religion of Socialism in Britain, 1883-1896,’ HWJ, 4 (1977)

A4 New Liberalism and the Politics of Welfare

The role of nonconformity and other sectional elements in Liberal party organisation; what was new about the New Liberalism, both as a political theory and as an electoral strategy for the Edwardian Liberal Party; the extent of increased central government activity; the reasons for the Liberal electoral revival from 1902; the politics of collectivism and social reform, and its popularity; the problems of sustaining popular Conservatism in Edwardian Britain. See also reading list B6.

*M. & E. Brock (eds.) H.H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (1985) *H.G. Wells The New Machiavelli (1911; Penguin paperback)

Introductory/General

D. Brooks The Age of Upheaval: Edwardian Politics, 1899-1914 (1995) E.F. Biagini British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876-1906 (2007), chs 6 & 7 C. Mulvagh The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900-18 (2016), ch. 3 E.H.H. Green ‘An Age of Transition: An Introductory Essay’, in E.H.H. Green (ed.) An Age of Transition: British Politics, 1880-1914 (1997) [sp. edn of PH] J.R. Hay The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms (1975) G.R. Searle The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disintegration, 1886-1929 (1992) P. Thane The Foundations of the Welfare State (1996)

14 15 The Edwardian Politics of Social Reform

Jane Lewis The Voluntary Sector, the State and Social Work in Britain: The Charity Organization Society/Family Welfare Association since 1869 (1995) J. Cooper The British Welfare Revolution, 1906-1914 (2017) M. Daunton ‘Payment and Participation: Welfare and State Formation in Britain, 1900-51’, P&P, 150 1996) G. Finlayson Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (1994) S.J.D. Green & R.C. Whiting (eds.) The Boundaries of the State in Modern Britain (1996) J. Harris William Beveridge: A Biography (1998) J. Harris ‘Political Thought and the Welfare State,’ P&P, 135, (May 1992) M. Pugh ‘Working-class Experience and State Social Welfare: Old Age Pensions Reconsidered’, HJ, 45 (2002) B. Semmel and Social Reform, 1895-1914 (1980) P. Thane ‘The Working Class and State “Welfare” in Britain, 1880-1914,’ HJ, 27 (1984) D. Vincent Poor Citizens: the State and the Poor in the Twentieth Century (1991) P. Waller ‘Altercation Over Civil Society: the Bitter Cry of the Edwardian Middle Classes’, in J. Harris (ed.), Civil Society in British History: Ideas, Identities, Institutions (2003)

New Liberal Politics

K. Rix Parties, Agents and Electoral Culture in England, 1880-1910 (2016) P. F. Clarke Lancashire and the New Liberalism (1971; repr. 2007) G.L. Bernstein ‘Liberalism and the Progressive Alliance in the Constituencies, 1900-1914’ HJ (1983) G.L. Bernstein Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England (1986) N. Blewett The Peers, the Parties and the People: the General Elections of 1910 (1972) P.F. Clarke Liberals and Social Democrats (1978) S. Collini Liberalism and Sociology: L.T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England, 1880-1914 (1979) M. Freeden The New Liberalism (1978) A. Howe ‘Towards the “Hungry Forties”: Free Trade in Britain c. 1880-1906’, in E. Biagini (ed.), Citizenship and Community (1996) J. Lawrence ‘The Complexities of Progressivism,’ Midland History (1999) H.C.G. Matthew The (1973) B.K. Murray The People's Budget, 1909-10 (1980) A. Offer Property and Politics: Landownership, Law, Ideology and Urban Development in England 1870-1914 (1981) I. Packer Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land (2001) I. Packer ‘Religion and the New Liberalism,’ JBS (2003) M. Pugh Lloyd George (1988) P. Readman ‘The Liberal Party and Patriotism in Early Twentieth Century Britain’, TCBH (2001) F. Trentmann Free Trade Nation: Commerce, Consumption & Civil Society (2008) chs 1-4

The Crisis of the Edwardian Right

A. Thompson ‘Tariff Reform: An Imperial Strategy, 1903-1913’, HJ (1997) F. Coetzee For Party or Country: Nationalism and Popular Conservatism (1990) E.H.H. Green ‘Radical Conservatism: the Electoral Genesis of Tariff Reform,’ HJ (1985)

15 16 E.H.H. Green The Crisis of Conservatism, 1880-1914 (1995) D.M. Jackson Popular Opposition to Irish Home Rule in Edwardian Britain (2009) R. Saunders ‘Tory Rebels and Tory Democracy: The Ulster Crisis, 1900-1914’, in R. Carr and B. Hart, The Foundations of the British Conservative Party (2013) A. Sykes Tariff Reform and British Politics, 1903-13 (1979) A. Sykes ‘The and the Crisis of Conservatism Before World War One,’ HJ (1983) A. Sykes ‘Radical Conservatism and the Working Classes in Edwardian England: the Case of the Workers Defence Union,’ EHR (1998) D. Thackeray ‘Rethinking the Edwardian Crisis of Conservatism’, HJ (2011) D. Thackeray Conservatism for the Democratic Age: Conservative Cultures and the Challenge of Mass Politics in early Twentieth-century England (2013) chs 1-3 T. Villis Reaction and the Avant-garde: The Revolt against Liberal Democracy in early 20th Century Britain (2006)

A5 Ireland, 1880-1923

Nationalist grievances over land and religion; the use of parliamentary channels to seek redress; the extent to which British politicians understood the problems of Ireland; Parnellite politics, Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party; the Home Rule crises and the development of intractable Unionist opposition; the impact of the First World War on the third Home Rule Bill; the 1916 and the rise of Sinn Féin; the Anglo-Irish War, partition and the settlements of 1920-2; the and the establishment of the . See also reading list B6.

*G.B. Shaw 's Other Island (1903) * W.B Yeats Collected Poems (various edns) for 'Easter 1916', 'The Second Coming' R. Foster W.B Yeats (2 vols.)

Introductory

P. Bew Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789-2006 (2007) or Ideology and the Irish Question (1994) T. Bartlett Ireland: A history (2010) A. Jackson The Two Unions (2013) B. Jenkins Irish nationalism and the British state. From repeal to revolutionary nationalism (2006) R. F. Foster Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 (1988) C. Nic Dháibhéid & C. Reid From Parnell to Paisley: Constitutional and Revolutionary Politics in Modern Ireland (2010)

Land and the national question

*A. Jackson Home Rule. An Irish History 1800-2000 (2003), pp. 170ff. J. Parry The Politics of Patriotism: English Liberalism, National Identity and Europe, 1830-1886 (2006), chapter 5. For the counter argument, see E. F. Biagini. British democracy and Irish nationalism, 1876-1906 (2007), esp. chs 1 and 2 T. K. Hoppen ‘The Franchise And Electoral Politics In England And Ireland 1832–1885’, History, vol. 70, No. 229 (June 1985), pp. 202-217 A. O’Day The English Face of Irish Nationalism: Parnellite Involvement in British Politics 1880-86 (1977)

16 17 K. T. Hoppen ‘Gladstone, Salisbury and the end of Irish Assimilationism’ in M. Daily and T. Hoppen (eds.), Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond (2011) T. Guinnane The Vanishing Irish: Households, migration, and the rural economy in Ireland, 1850-1914 (1997) P. Bew Land and the National Question in Ireland, 1858-82 (1978) F. Campbell Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland, 1891-1921 (2005) Janet K. TeBrake ‘Irish peasant women in revolt: the Land League years’, Irish Historical Studies, vol. 28, 109, May 1992. V. Crossman Politics, Law and Order in 19th Century Ireland (1996) L.P. Curtis Coercion and Conciliation in Ireland, 1880-1892 (Princeton, 1963) M. O’Callaghan British high politics and Nationalist Ireland: criminality, land and the law under Forster and Balfour (1994) David R. C. Hudson The Ireland That We Made: Arthur and Gerald Balfour's Contributions to the Origins of Modern Ireland (2003) P. Bew Enigma. A New Life of Charles Stewart Parnell (2011) P. Travers & D. McCartney (eds) Parnell reconsidered (2013) F. Campbell ‘Who ruled Ireland? The Irish administration, 1879-1914, HJ, 50, 3 (2006) F. Lane & D. Meleady John Redmond. The National Leader (2014) S. Pašeta Before the revolution: nationalism, social change and Ireland’s Catholic elite (1999) J. McConnell ‘John Redmond and Irish Catholic ’, The English Historical Review, Vol. 125, No. 512 (2010), pp. 83-111. Aidan Beatty Masculinity and Power in Irish Nationalism, 1884-1938 (2016) J. Loughlin The British monarchy and Ireland: 1800 to the present (2007)

Unionism

A. Jackson ‘The Origins, Politics, and Culture of Irish Unionism, c.1880-1916 in Thomas Bartlett (ed.), The Cambridge History of Ireland Volume IV 1880 to the Present A. O’Day (eds) The Ulster crisis 1885-1921 (2006) P. Buckland Irish Unionism, 1885-1922 (1973) P. Gibbon The Origins of Ulster Unionism (1985) A. Jackson The Ulster party. Irish Unionists in the House of Commons, 1884-1911 (1989) A. Jackson Sir (1993) and ‘Irish Unionism, 1870-1922’, in D. G. Boyce and A. O’Day (eds.), Defenders of the Union (2001) J. Bew The Glory of Being Britons: Civic Unionism in Nineteenth-Century (2008) D. Urquhart Women in Ulster Politics 1890-1940 (, 2000) or J. Holmes and D. Urquhart (eds.), Coming to the light: the work, politics and religion of women in Ulster, 1840-1940 (1994) M. Luddy ‘Isabella M. S. Tod, 1836-1896’, in M. Cullen and M. Luddy (eds.), Women, power and consciousness in nineteenth-century Ireland (1995) A. Gailey ‘Unionist rhetoric and Irish local government reform, 1895-9’, IHS, 93 (May 1984) D. M. Jackson Popular Opposition to Irish Home Rule in Edwardian Britain (2009)

The Third Home Rule Crisis and Wars, 1912-1923 (See also B6 on WWI)

A. Jackson Home Rule: An Irish History, chapters 8 & 9

17 18 E.F. Biagini ‘The Third Home Rule Bill in British history’, in G. Doherty (ed.), The Home Rule Crisis, 1912-14 (2014), pp.412-42. R. Fanning Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution 1910-1922 (2013) N. Gallagher Ireland and the Great War: A social and political history, chp. 6 S. Pašeta Irish Nationalist Women 1900-1918 (2013), chs.4 ff M. Wheatley Nationalism and the Irish Party: provincial Ireland 1910-1916 (2005) F.S.L. Lyons Culture and Anarchy in Ireland 1890-1939 (1982) *J. McConnell The Irish Parliamentary party and the Third Home Rule Crisis (2013) R.F. Foster Vivid Faces. The revolutionary generation in Ireland 1890-1923 (2014) D. Ferriter A Nation and not a rabble. The Irish Revolution 1913-1923 (2015) M. T. Foy Michael Collins’s Intelligence War: The Struggle Between the British and the IRA, 1919-1921 (2006) R. Bennett The (2006) *P. Hart The IRA and Its Enemies 1916-1923 (1998) and The I.R.A. at War, 1916-1923 (2005) M. Hopkinson The Irish War of Independence (2004) M. Sayers ‘Gladstone’s Home Rule legacy: Philip Kerr and the making of the 1920 Government of Ireland Bill’, M. Daly and T. Hoppen (eds.), Gladstone: Ireland and Beyond (2011) C. Townshend The Republic: the fight for Irish Independence (2013) C. Townshend Easter 1916 (2005) F. McGarry The Rising: Ireland Easter 1916 (2016) P. Cottrell The Irish Civil War, 1922-23 (2008) A. Dolan Commemorating the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923-2000 (2006)

The Irish Free State and the Republic c. 1923-1967

*T. Garvin 1922. The Birth of Irish Democracy (1996) P. Taylor Heroes or traitors. Experiences of Southern Irish soldiers returning from the Great War 1919-1939 (2015) Mel Farrell Party Politics in a New Democracy: The Irish Free State, 1922-37 (2017) J. Regan Irish Counter-revolution, 1921–1936: Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland (2001) C. Meehan The Cosgrave Party: a history of Cumann na nGaedheal, 1923-33 (2010) J. Knirck Afterimage of the Revolution: Cumann na nGaedheal and Irish Politics, 1922– 1932 (2016) O’Malley One Party Dominance: Fianna Fáil and Irish Politics 1926–2016 (2017) R. Fanning Éamon de Valera (2016) D. Ferriter Judging DeV: a reassessment of the life and legacy of Eamon De Valera (2007) G. Fraser & K. Matthews ‘’s “Irish Question”’, HJ (2000) I. Gibbons The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918- 1924 (2015) P. Bew Churchill and Ireland (2016) I. Milne & I. D’Alton Protestant and Irish: The minority’s search for place in independent Ireland (2019)

A6 Northern Ireland and the “Troubles”

Partition and the establishment of the Stormont regime; how to explain the origins and descent of the “Troubles”; O’Neillism and Paisleyism; the Civil Rights Movement and the international context; the Labour and Conservative governments’ response to domestic crisis; the role of the ;

18 19 hunger strikes and Bloody Sunday; republican and loyalist paramilitarism; ceasefires, decommissioning and the Agreements (Sunningdale, Good Friday, St Andrews); the peace process; from direct rule to devolution.

Introductory/General

*https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/source2.htm M. Mulholland Northern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction (2002) Hugh Trevor-Roper, “Why Ulster Fights,” Réalités (December 1969) C. Cruise O’Brien States of Ireland (London, 1972) T. Bartlett Ireland: A History (2010), see relevant chapters P. Bew Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789-2006 (2007), see relevant chapters K. Bloomfield A tragedy of errors: the government and misgovernment of Northern Ireland (2007) Northern Ireland since 1920

H. Patterson Northern Ireland 1921-2001. Political forces and social classes (2002) N. C. Fleming ‘The first government of Northern Ireland, education reform and the failure of anti-populist unionism, 1921-1925’, 20thCBH, 18, 2 (2007) H. Patterson The British State and the Ulster Crisis: From Wilson to Thatcher (1985) D. Kennedy The widening gulf: Northern attitudes to the independent Irish Free State (Belfast, 1988) M. Harris The and the Foundation of the Northern Ireland State 1912-30 (1993) M. Elliot The Catholics of Ulster (2000), chp. 11 Niall Ó Dochartaigh ‘Northern Ireland Since 1920’ in R. Bourke and I. McBride (eds), The Princeton History of Modern Ireland (2016) R. Rees Labour and the Northern Ireland Problem, 1945-51: The Missed Opportunity (2009) M. McGovern (eds.) Who are 'the People'? Unionism, Protestantism and Loyalism in Northern Ireland (1997)

The Troubles

*G. Adams Falls Memoirs (1983) *D. Beresford Ten Men Dead: The story of the 1981 Irish hunger strike (1987) R. Bourke ‘Languages of Conflict and the Northern Ireland Troubles’, Journal of Modern History, 83:3 (2011), 544–78. J. McGarry & B. O’Leary The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland (London, 1993) P. Bew & Gillespie, G. Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1968-1999 (1999) P. Bew et al Northern Ireland, 1921-2001: Political Forces and Social Classes (2002) D. Ó Beacháin From Partition to : The Irish Government and Northern Ireland (2018) G. Walker The Politics of Frustration: Harry Midgely and the Failure of Labour in Northern Ireland (1985) J. H. Whyte Interpreting Northern Ireland (1990) R. Ward Women, Unionism and loyalism in Northern Ireland (2006) P. Bew, P. Gibbon & F. Cochrane ‘“Meddling at the crossroads”: the decline & fall of Terence O’Neill within the Unionist community’, in R. English & G. Walker (eds.), Unionism in modern Ireland (1996)

19 20 P. Bew ‘The political history of Northern Ireland since Partition: the prospects for North- South cooperation’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 98 (1999), pp.401-18 S. Bruce Paisley. Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland (2007) P. Catterall & S. MacDoughall The Northern Ireland Question in British Politics (1996) C. Coulter ‘Direct rule and the Unionist middle classes’, in R. English and G. Walker (eds.), Unionism in modern Ireland (1996) M. Cunningham British government policy in Northern Ireland, 1969-2000 (2001) F. Gaffikin & M. Morrisey Northern Ireland: the Thatcher Years (1990) Y. Galligan Women and Politics in Contemporary Ireland. From the Margins to the Mainstream (1998) D. Godson Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Ulster Unionism (2004) T. Hennessey Northern Ireland: the origins of the Troubles (2005) T. Hennessey Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher's Battle with the IRA, 1980-1981 (2014) G. McGladdery Provisional IRA in England: the bombing campaign, 1973-1997 (2006) E. Moloney Paisley (2008) G. Murray & G. Murray and the SDLP (1998) N. Ó’Dochartaigh From civil rights to Armalites: Derry and the birth of Irish Troubles (2005) P. O’Malley Biting at the grave: the Irish hunger strikes and the politics of despair (1990) H. Patterson The Politics of Illusion: A Political History of the IRA (1997) S. Prince ‘The global revolt of 1968 and Northern Ireland’, HJ, 49 (2006), 851-77 S. Prince Northern Ireland’s 68 (2007) C. Roulston 'Women on the margin: the women's movement in Northern Ireland, 1973-1988', Science and Society, vol.53 (1989) J. Ruane & J. Todd The dynamics of conflict in Northern Ireland (2000), chps 1 and 11 P. Shirlow & R. Ward Women, unionism and loyalism in Northern Ireland: from 'tea-makers' to political actors (2006) B. O’Leary & J. McGarry (eds.) The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland (1993) M. Mulholland Northern Ireland at the Crossroads: Ulster Unionism in the O’Neill Years, 1960- 9 (2000) B. Purdie Politics in the Streets: Origins of the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland (1990)

The Peace Process and devolution

*G. Adams Hope and History. Making peace in Ireland (2003) *Mo Mowlam Momentum: The Struggle for Peace, Politics and the People (2003) *J. Powell Great hatred, little room: making peace in Northern Ireland (2008) T. Hennessey The Northern Ireland peace process : ending the Troubles? (2000) Jessie Blackbourn & Kacper Rekawek ‘Ten Years On: Who are the Winners and Losers from the Belfast Agreement?’ https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/blackbourn_rekawek_08.pdf *R. Bourke Peace in Ireland: The War of Ideas (London, 2003) M. Frampton The long march. The political strategy of Sinn Fein 1981-2007 (2008) P. Bew The making and unmaking of the (2007) G. Spencer (ed.) The British and peace in Northern Ireland : the process and practice of reaching agreement (2015) J. Tonge Sinn Féin and the SDLP: From Alienation to Participation (2005)

20 21 J. Tonge Northern Ireland Conflict and Change (Second Edition, 2002) C. Knox Devolution and the governance of Northern Ireland (2010)

A7 Scotland since 1880 The relative success of the Union; the rebirth of British nationalism; Liberalism, Unionism and the rise of Labour; rural Scotland, , crofters and religious tensions; the SNP and the development of independent nationalist parties; the establishment of representative assemblies; national and supra- national identities in the British Isles; the 2014 Independence referendum.

* The Dream Shall Never Die: 100 Days that Changed Scotland Forever (2015) * My Scotland, Our Britain: A Future Worth Sharing (2014)

The rebirth of British nationalism

E. Biagini (ed.) Citizenship and Community (1996), chps 10, 12 & 13 V. Bogadanor Devolution in the United Kingdom (1999) A. Grant & K. Stringer, eds. Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History (1995) C. Harvie, ‘The Moment of British Nationalism, 1939-1970’, PQ (2000) P. Hitchens The Abolition of Britain (2000) H. Kearney The British Isles: A History of Four Nations (1989) N. Lloyd Jones & M. Scull (eds.) Four Nations Approaches to Modern ‘British’ History: A (dis)united kingdom? (2017). R.Pope (ed.) Religion and national identity: Wales and Scotland c. 1700-2000 (2001) J. Lawrence ‘The Politics of Place and the Politics of Nation’, TCBH, 11:1 (2000) R. Levy ‘The Disunited Kingdom: the Territorial Dimension of British Politics’, in L. Robins and B. Jones (eds.), Half a Century of British Politics (1997) T. Nairn The Break-Up of Britain (1981) and After Britain (1999) J.G.A. Pocock ‘British History: A Plea for a New Subject’ in The Journal of Modern History 47:4 (December,1975), pp. 601-621. J.G.A. Pocock ‘The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of an Unknown Subject’, American History Review, 87:2 (April, 1982), pp. 311-336. K. Robbins Nineteenth-Century Britain: England, Scotland and Wales the making of a nation (1989) K. Robbins Great Britain: Identities, Institutions and the Idea of (1997) D. Tanner et al (ed.) Debating Nationhood and Governance in Britain, 1885-1945: Perspectives from the ‘Four Nations’ (2006) P. Ward Britishness since 1870 (2004) R. Weight Patriots. National identity in Britain 1940-2000 (2003), chapt. 6 and 11 C. H. Williams (ed.) National Separatism (1982)

Introductory/General

E. Cameron Impaled Upon a Thistle. Scotland since 1880 (2010), chs. 11-14 T.M. Devine The Scottish nation 1700-2000 (2000), chaps. 13, 14 and 16 T.M. Devine & J. Wormald (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (2012), esp. chp by McLean R. Finlay Modern Scotland, 1914-2000 (2004) T.M. Devine To the Ends of the Earth: Scotland's Global Diaspora, 1750-2010 (2011) I.G.C. Hutchison Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century (2001), chs. 3-4 J.M.D MacKenzie &

21 22 T.M. Devine (eds.) Scotland and the British Empire (2011) H. Trevor Roper “The Invention of Tradition: the Highland Tradition in Scotland”, in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1992 edn.) G. Walker & T. Gallagher (eds.) Sermons & Battle Hymns: Protestant Popular Culture in Scotland (1990)

Land, crofters and religion A. Brown, D. McCrone & G. Newby Ireland, radicalism and the Scottish Highlands, 1870-1912 (2007) E. Cameron Land for the People? The British Government and the Scottish Highlands c.1880-1925 (1996) A.W. MacColl Land, faith and the crofting community. Christianity and social criticism in the Highlands of Scotland, 1843-1893 (2006)

The decline of Scottish Unionism & rise of Labour

C. Macdonald (ed.) Unionist Scotland, 1800-1997 (1998) I. Donnachie et al ! : Labour Politics in Scotland 1888-1988 (1989) A. McKinlay & R.J. Morris (eds.) The ILP on Clydeside, 1892-1932 (1991) S. Kendrick et al ‘Politics in a cold climate: the Conservative decline in Scotland’, Political Studies, 37 (1989), 589-603 J. Curtice et al ‘The decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist party: religion, ideology or economics?’, Contemporary Record, 9 (1995), 319-42 M. Dyer ‘The evolution of the centre-right and the state of Scottish Conservatism’, Political Studies, xlix (2001), 30-50 T. Saleh ‘The decline of the in North-East Scotland, 1965-79: a regional perspective’, Parliamentary History, 36 (2017), 218-42 M. Petrie ‘Anti-socialism, liberalism and individualism: rethinking the realignment of Scottish politics, 1945–1970’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 28 (2018), pp. 197-217 J. Phillips et al ‘Deindustrialization, the Linwood car plant and Scotland’s political divergence from England in the 1960s and 1970s’, Twentieth Century British History, 30 I. Donnachie, C. Harvie & I. Wood Forward. A Hundred Years of Labour Politics in Scotland (1988) G. Walker The Labour Party in Scotland: Religion, the Union, and the Irish Dimension (2016)

Scottish nationalism

R. J. Finlay Independent and Free: Scottish Politics and the Origins of the , 1918-1945 (1994) B. Jackson ‘The political thought of Scottish Nationalism’, Political Quarterly, 85 (2014), 50-56 B. Jackson ‘A union of hearts? Republican and Scottish nationalism’, in Nuttall & Schattle (eds.), Making Social Democrats: Citizens, Mindsets, Realities: Essays for (2018), 161-73 G. Hassan (ed.) The Modern SNP from Protest to Power (2009) P. Geoghegan The People’s Referendum: Why Scotland Will Never Be the Same Again (2015) C. Harvie The Road to Home Rule: images of Scotland’s cause (2000) C. Harvie Scotland and Nationalism (1994) G. Hassan & S.

22 23 Barrow A Nation Changed : The SNP and Scotland Ten Years On (2017) I. Macwhirter Disunited Kingdom: How Westminster Won a Referendum But Lost Scotland (2014) J. Mitchell (ed.) The Scottish National Party : Transition to Power (2012) J. Mitchell Hamilton 1967: The by-Election That Transformed Scotland (2017) T. Nairn After Britain: New Labour and the Return of Scotland (2001) T. Nairn The Break-up of Britain : Crisis and Neo-Nationalism (1981) D. Torrance Nicola Sturgeon: a political life (2016) D. Torrance Salmond: Against the Odds (2010) D. Torrance The Battle for Britain: Scotland and the independence referendum (2013)

A8 Wales since 1880 Nonconformism and Liberal politics in the late nineteenth century; the evolution of and the extent to which it challenged Liberal ideas; the rise of Labour and trade unions, especially the important history of the miners; why has the Conservative Party performed badly in Wales; the unification of nationalist groups under Plaid Cymru; devolution and the question of Unionism. Also see reading list A7, ‘The rebirth of British nationalism’.

Introductory/General

J. Davies A History of Wales (1993) D. Beddoe Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth Century Wales (2001) G. H. Jenkins A Concise History of Wales (2007) M. Johnes Wales since 1939 (2012) K.O. Morgan Modern Wales: Politics, Places and People (1995) D. Tanner et al (ed.) Debating Nationhood and Governance in Britain, 1885-1945: Perspectives from the ‘Four Nations’ (2006), esp chs by Griffiths, Edwards & Griffith, and Williams. C. Williams Democratic Rhondda: politics and society, 1885-1951 (1996) C. Williams (eds.) Wales and War: society, politics and religion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (2007)

Pre-WWI Wales

J.S. Ellis ‘Reconciling the Celt: British national identity, Empire and the 1911 investiture of the Prince of Wales,’ Journal of British Studies (1998), 391-418 D.G. Evans A History of Wales, 1815-1906 (2011) J. Graham Jones 'Michael Davitt, and T.E. Ellis: the Welsh Experience, 1886', WHR, xviii (1996-7) J. Graham Jones David Lloyd George and Welsh liberalism (2010)

The Labour and Conservative Parties in Wales

H. Francis & D. Smith The Fed: a history of the South Wales miners in the twentieth century (1998) S. Bruley The Women and Men of 1926: A Gender and Social History of the General Strike and Miners’ Lockout in South Wales (2010) K. O. Morgan ‘Peace movements in Wales, 1899-1945’, WHR (1981) K.O. Morgan ‘The new liberalism and the Challenge of Labour: The Welsh Experience, 1885- 1929,’ in Essays in Anti-Labour History, K.D. Brown [ed.], (1974), 159-182. D. R. Hopkin et al The Labour Party in Wales, 1900-2000 (2000)

23 24 R.Pope Building Jerusalem: Nonconformity, Labour and the Social Question in Wales, 1906-1939 (2014) P. O’Leary ‘Wales and the First World War: Themes and Debates,’ Welsh History Review 29 (2019), 591-617. G. Thomas ‘The Conservative Party and Welsh Politics in the Inter-War Years,’ English Historical Review (2013), 877-913. M. Cragoe ‘“We like local patriotism” The Conservative party and the discourse of decentralisation, 1945-51’, EHR (2007) A. Edwards Labour’s crisis: Plaid Cymru, the Conservatives, and the decline of the Labour Party in north-west Wales, 1960-74 (2011) A. Edwards et al ‘The Conservative governments and the development of Welsh language policy in the 1980s and 1990s’, HJ (2011) C. Williams ‘The dilemmas of nation and class in Wales, 1914-45,’ in Debating nationhood and governance in Britain, 1885-1939, D. Tanner, et al. [eds.], (2006), 146-168.

The rise of Welsh nationalism

G. Williams Religion, Language and Nationality in Wales (1979) G. Williams When was Wales? (1985) K. O. Morgan Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (1987) J.G. Evans Devolution in Wales: claims and responses, 1937-1979 (2006) D.H. Davies The Welsh Nationalist Party 1925-1945: a Call to Nationhood (1983) J. Davies ‘Welsh in the Later Nineteenth Century’ and ‘… the First Half of the Twentieth Century’ in The Welsh Language: A History, J. Davies [ed.], (2014) A. Edwards & W. Griffith ‘Welsh national identity and governance, 1918-45,’ in Debating nationhood and governance in Britain, 1885-1939, D. Tanner, et al. [eds.], (2006), 118-145 W. Griffith ‘Devolutionist tendencies in Wales, 1885-1914,’ in Debating nationhood and governance in Britain, 1885-1939, D. Tanner, et al. [eds.], (2006), 89-117. L. McAllister Plaid Cymru: the Emergence of a Political Party (2001) R. W. Jones & R. Scully Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum (2012)

A9 Party Realignment, c.1910-1924

Why the Liberal Party declined so precipitately between 1910 and 1924, and how the Labour Party displaced it in Parliament and the constituencies; the course of politics during the First World War and the significance of the franchise changes of 1918; how Conservatism adapted to the challenges of 1914- 24; why the ‘progressive alliance’ collapsed in British politics; the impact of Irish independence on British politics. Also see reading lists B6 on WWI and A5.

*George Dangerfield The Strange Death of Liberal England, 1910-14 (1936; various edns)

Introductory/General

C. Mulvagh The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900-18 (2016), chs. 4-6 M. Dawson ‘Money and the Real Impact of the Fourth Reform Act,’ HJ (1992) J. Lawrence & M. Taylor (eds) Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain (1997) M. Pugh Electoral Reform in Peace and War 1906-18 (1978) M. Pugh ‘Domestic politics’ in S. Constantine, The First World War in British History (1995)

24 25 J. Turner British Politics and the Great War (1992) chs 10 & 11

Liberal Decline (See also reading list A10)

A. Sykes The rise and fall of British Liberalism, 1776-1918 (2014 ed), chp 7-8 M. Bentley The Climax of Liberal Politics, 1868-1918 (1987) B. Doyle ‘Urban Liberalism and the “Lost Generation”: politics and middle-class culture in Norwich, 1900-1935,’ HJ (1995) M. Dawson ‘Liberalism in & Cornwall, 1910-31: “the Old-time Religion”’ HJ (1995) M. Hart ‘The Liberals, the War and the Franchise,’ EHR (1982) R. McKibbin Parties and People: England, 1914-1951 (2010) I. Packer Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land (2001) G.R. Searle The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disintegration, 1886-1929 (1992) T. Wilson The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914-35 (1966)

The Rise of Labour (See also reading lists A3 & A11)

S. Wolstencroft The Progressive Alliance and the Rise of Labour, 1903-1922 (2018) M. Childs ‘Labour Grows Up: the Electoral System, Political Generations and British Politics, 1890-1929’, TCBH, vi (1995) J. Davis ‘ and the Vote’, HR, lxix (1991) K. Laybourn ‘The Rise of Labour and the Decline of Liberalism: the State of the Debate,’ History, lxxx (1995). H.C.G. Matthew et al ‘The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party’, EHR (1976) (reprinted in McKibbin, Ideologies of Class - see also P.F. Clarke’s reply, EHR [1977]) R. McKibbin, The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910-24 (1975) R. McKibbin ‘Why was There no Marxism in Great Britain?’, EHR (1984) D. Tanner ‘The Electoral System, the Fourth Reform Act, and the Rise of Labour’, BIHR (1983) D. Tanner Political Change and the Labour Party, 1900-18 (1990) C. Wrigley Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour 1918-22 (1990) M. Worley Labour Inside the Gate: A history of the British Labour Party between the Wars (2005)

Conservative Revival (See also reading lists A4 & A10)

D. Thackeray Conservatism for the Democratic Age: Conservative Cultures and the Challenge of Mass Politics in the Early Twentieth Century (2013) chs 4-10 A. Windscheffel Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868-1906 (2007) N. Keohane The Party of Patriotism: the Conservative Party and the First World War (2010), chp. 2 and 5 D. Jarvis ‘The Shaping of Conservative Electoral Hegemony, 1918-1939’, in J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, Party, State and Society (1997) J. Ramsden The Age of Balfour and Baldwin (1978) D. Evans ‘The Conservatives and the Redefinition of Unionism, 1912-21’, TCBH, 9 (1998)

A10 Conservative hegemony?

The nature of inter-war Conservatism, especially as practised by Baldwin; the relative success and failure of Conservatism in Scotland and Wales; Conservatives and the female electorate; the extent to which the media popularized an ‘Establishment’ definition of politics; the dimensions of the political

25 26 and economic crisis of 1931 and the extent to which this was a watershed in British politics; the character of the ‘National’ Government [see also reading lists A7, A8, and A9].

*Stanley Baldwin On England (1926; Penguin 1937) *Malcolm Muggeridge The Thirties (1940; paperback 1989)

Introductory/General

M. Cowling The Impact of Labour, 1920-24 (1971) G. Thomas ‘Political modernity and “government” in the construction of inter-war democracy’ in L. Beers & G. Thomas (eds) Brave New World (2011) D. Jarvis ‘The Shaping of Conservative Electoral Hegemony, 1918-1939’, in J. Lawrence and M. Taylor (eds.), Party, State and Society (1997) H. McCarthy ‘Whose democracy? Histories of British political culture between the wars', HJ (2012), pp. 221-38 H. McCarthy ‘Parties, Voluntary Associations and Democratic Politics in ’ HJ, 50(4), 2007, pp. 891-912 J. Stevenson & C. Cook Britain in the Depression: Society and Politics 1929-1939 (1994)

Inter-war Conservatism

S. Ball Portrait of a Party: the Conservative Party in Britain, 1918-1945 (2013)

S. Ball Baldwin and the Conservative Party: The Crisis of 1929-1931 (1988) S. Ball & I. Holliday Mass Conservatism: The Conservatives and the Public since the 1880s (2002) S. Ball ‘Democracy and the rise of Labour: 1924 and 1929-1931’, in A. Seldon & S. Ball, (eds.), Recovering Power: The Conservatives in Opposition Since 1867 (2005) C Berthezene Training Minds for the War of Ideas: Ashridge College, the Conservative Party and the cultural politics of Britain, 1929 – 1954 (2015) D Cannadine, ‘Emollience: Stanley Baldwin and Francis Brett Young’ in In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (2003), pp. 159-185 EHH Green Ideologies of Conservatism (2002), especially chapter 5 D. Jarvis ‘British Conservatism and Class Politics in the ,’ EHR, cxi (1996) D. Jarvis ‘Mrs Maggs and Betty: the Conservative Appeal to Women Voters in the 1920s’, TCBH, v (1994) A. Light Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars (1991) G. Love ‘The Periodical Press and the Intellectual Culture of Conservatism in Interwar Britain’ HJ 57 (2014), pp. 1027 – 1056 G. Love A ‘Mixture of Britannia and Boadicea’: Dorothy Crisp’s Conservatism and the Limits of Right-Wing Women’s Political Activism, 1927–48’ TCBH 30 (2019) P. Mandler The English National Character (2006), ch. 5. N. McCrillis The British Conservative Party in the Age of Universal Suffrage: Popular Conservatism, 1918-1929 (1998) R. McKibbin ‘Class and Conventional Wisdom’ in McKibbin, Ideologies of Class (1990) R. McKibbin Parties and People, England 1914-1951 (2010), ch. 2-3 S. Nicholas ‘The Construction of a National Identity: Stanley Baldwin, “Englishness” and the Mass Media in Inter-war Britain’ in M. Francis & I Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds), The Conservatives and British Society (1996) J. Parry ‘The Quest for Leadership in Unionist Politics, 1886-1956’, PH (1993)

26 27 M. Pugh ‘The Rise of Labour and the Political Culture of Conservatism 1890-1945’, History (2002) G. Thomas ‘The Conservative Party and Welsh Politics in the Inter-War Years’, EHR (2013) C. MacDonald ‘Scottish Unionism between the two World Wars’ in Unionist Scotland, 1800- 1997 (1998) P. Williamson ‘The Doctrinal Politics of Stanley Baldwin’, in M. Bentley, ed., Public and Private Doctrine: Essays in British History (1993) P. Williamson Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National Values (1999)

The Crisis of 1931 and Its Legacy

D. Wrench ‘“Cashing in”: the parties and the National Government, August 1931-September 1932,’ JBS (1984) M. Worley ‘What Was the New Party? Sir and Associated Responses to the 'Crisis', 1931–1932’, History, 92, (2007), pp. 39-63 A. Thorpe ‘ and the British Political Crisis of 1931’, HJ, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 117-139 S. Ball ‘The Conservative party and the Formation of the National Government’ HJ (1986) S. Ball ‘The National Government, 1931: Crisis and Controversy' [Review article] PH (1993) Vernon Bogdanor ‘1931 Revisited: The Constitutional Aspects’ Twentieth Century British History 2(1), 1991, pp. 1-25; response by Philip Williamson, ‘1931 Revisited: The Political Realities’ Twentieth Century British History, 2(3), 1991, pp. 328-38, and reply by Bogdanor, pp. 339-43. M. Cowling The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-1940 (1975) D. Dutton ‘1932: a Neglected Date in the History of the Decline of the British Liberal Party’, TCBH (2003) R. McKibbin Parties and People: England, 1914-1951 (2010), ch. 3 S. Pedersen ‘From National Crisis to “National Crisis”: British Politics, 1914-1931’ JBS, 33 (1994) N. Smart The National Government, 1931-40 (1999) A. Thorpe The British General Election of 1931 (1991) P. Williamson National Crisis and National Government, 1926-32 (1992) P. Williamson ‘Christian Conservatives and the Totalitarian Challenge’, EHR, 115 (2000)

A11 Labour’s Long March, 1914-1939

The character of interwar Labour politics; the accommodation of Labour in the political system; the battle between and ‘direct action’; the extent to which Labour sought to transcend class and sectionalism; alternatives to MacDonald’s strategy; the political impact of the General Strike; the origins and consequence of the 1931 split; the prospects of a Labour victory before the Second World War; the factors helping to contain political extremism in inter-war Britain [see also lists A3, A9 & B10]

*, Clash! (1926) [novel of the General Strike]

Introductory/General

L. Beers Your Britain: Media and the Making of the Labour Party (2010)

27 28 P. Williamson National Crisis and National Government: British Politics, the Economy and Empire, 1926-1932 (1992) J. Lawrence ‘Labour and the politics of class, 1900-1940’ in David Feldman and Jon Lawrence, eds., Structures and Transformations in Modern British History (2011), pp. 237-260. R. McKibbin Parties and People, England 1914-1951 (2010), ch. 2-3 D. Tanner ‘Class Voting and Radical Politics: the Liberal and Labour Parties, 1910-1931’ in Lawrence & Taylor (eds), Party, State and Society (1997) D. Tanner ‘The Politics of the Labour Movement, 1900-1939,' in C. Wrigley (ed.), A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain (2003) A. Thorpe A History of the British Labour Party (1997) M. Pugh Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party (2011), chps 5-9 C. Griffiths Labour and the Countryside: the Politics of Rural Britain, 1918-1939 (2007)

Leadership, Organization & Policy

B. Barker (ed.) Ramsay MacDonald’s Political Writings (1972) D. Howell MacDonald’s Party: Labour Identities and Crisis (2002) N. Owen ‘MacDonald’s Parties: The Labour Party & the “Aristocratic Embrace” TCBH (2007) N. Ridell Labour in Crisis: the Second Labour Government, 1929-1931 (1999) J Shepherd, J Davis & Wrigley, eds. Britain’s Second Labour Government, 1929-31: A Reappraisal (2011) D. Tanner ‘The Pattern of Labour Politics, 1918-1939' in D. Tanner et al (eds), The Labour Party in Wales, 1900-2000 (2000) P. Thane ‘Visions of gender in the making of the British welfare state: the case of women in the British Labour Party and social policy, 1906-1945’ in Gisela Bock, ed., Maternity and gender policies: women and the rise of the European welfare states, 1880s-1950s (1991), pp. 93-118. A. Thorpe ‘J.H. Thomas and the Rise of Labour in Derby, 1880-1945,’ Midland History (1990) A. Thorpe ‘“I am in the Cabinet”: J.H. Thomas’s Decision to Join the National Government in 1931,’ HR (1991) R. Toye ‘“Perfectly parliamentary”? The Labour party and the House of Commons in the inter-war years’, TCBH (2014) M. Worley Labour inside the Gate: A History of the British Labour Party between the Wars (2005) M. Worley (ed.) Labour’s Grass Roots: Essays on … Local Labour Parties, 1918-1945 (2005) M. Worley (ed.) The Foundations of the British Labour Party: Identities, Cultures and Perspective, 1900-39 (2009) esp. chs by Beers, Catterall, Worley

Ideas, Culture & Popular Politics

M. Petrie '"Contests of vital importance": by-elections, the Labour party, and the reshaping of British radicalism, 1924-1929', HJ (2017) L. Beers ‘A Model MP? Ellen Wilkinson, Gender, Politics and Celebrity Culture in Interwar Britain’ CSH (2013) L. Beers Red Ellen: The Life of Ellen Wilkinson, Socialist, Feminist, Internationalist (2016) A. Bingham ‘Representing the People? The , Class and Political Culture in Inter- War Britain’, in L. Beers & G. Thomas (eds), Brave New World: Imperial and Democratic Nation-Building in Britain Between the Wars (2012)

28 29 P. Catterall, ‘Morality and Politics: the Free Churches and Labour between the wars’ HJ (1993) S. Davies Liverpool Labour: Social and Political Influences on the Development of the Labour Party in Liverpool, 1900-1939 (1996) S. Davies & B. Morley County Borough Elections in England & Wales, 1919-1938: A Comparative Analysis vol. 3 [concl.] & Lawrence reviews of series: EHR [2003 & 2007] P. Graves Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (1994) C. Howard ‘Expectations Born to Death: Local Labour Party Expansion in the 1920s’, in J. Winter (ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History (1983) M. Pugh ‘The Daily Mirror and the revival of Labour 1935-1945’ TCBH (1998) M. Savage ‘The rise of the Labour party in local perspective’ JRLS (1990) UL L474.c.239 M. Savage ‘Urban Politics and the Rise of the Labour Party, 1919-1939’ in L. Jamieson & H. Corr (eds) State, Private Life and Political Change (1990) D. Tanner ‘Elections, Statistics and the Rise of the Labour party, 1906-1931,’ HJ (1991) D. Tanner ‘The Labour Party and Electoral Politics in the Coalfields, 1910-1947’ and A. Taylor, ‘The Politics of Labourism in the Yorkshire Coalfield, 1926-1945’, both in A. Campbell et al (eds) Miners, Unions and Politics, 1910-1947 (1996)

The Eclipse of the Extremes

R. Thurlow Fascism in Britain (1998 ed.) S. Macintyre ‘British Labour, Marxism, and Working-Class Apathy in the 1920s’, HJ (1977) M. Worley ‘What Was the New Party? Sir Oswald Mosley and Associated Responses to the 'Crisis', 1931–1932’, History, 92, (2007), pp. 39-63 N. Branson History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1927-1941 (1985) N Copsey & A Olechnowicz, eds., Varieties of Anti-Fascism: Britain in the Inter-War Period (Basingstoke, 2010) M. Cronin, ed. The Failure of British Fascism (1996) J. Lawrence ‘Fascist Violence and the Politics of Public Order in Inter-war Britain’ HR (2003) & debate with Pugh, HR (2005) A Marwick ‘Middle Opinion in the Thirties: Planning, and Political ‘Agreement’’ EHR, 79 (1964), 285-298. H McCarthy ‘Parties, Voluntary Associations and Democratic Politics in Interwar Britain’ HJ, 50(4), 2007, pp. 891-912 H McCarthy ‘Leading from the Centre: The Union, foreign policy and “political agreement” in the 1930s’ CBH, 23(4), 2009, pp. 527-542 S. Macintyre A Proletarian Science: Marxism in Britain, 1917-1933 (1980) S. Macintyre Little Moscows: Communism and Working-Class Militancy in Inter-War Britain (1980) M. Pugh ‘The British Union of Fascists and the Olympia Debate’, HJ, xli (1998) M. Pugh Hurrah for the Blackshirts! Fascists and Fascism in Britain between the Wars (2005) D. Ritschel The Politics of Planning: The Debate on in Britain in the 1930s (1997), ch. 2 R. Skidelsky Oswald Mosley (1975) A. Thorpe, ed. The Failure of Political Extremism in Inter-War Britain (1989) A. Thorpe The British Communist Party and Moscow, 1920-1943 (2000) G. C. Webber The Ideology of the British Right, 1918-1939 (1986) M. Worley Class against Class: The Communist Party in Britain Between the Wars (2001) M. Worley Oswald Mosley and the New Party (Basingstoke, 2010)

29 30 A12 Politics in the 1940s

The impact of the Second World War on British domestic politics; the utility of the concepts of ‘a People’s War’ and ‘post-war consensus’; the policies of the 1945-51 Labour governments, and their legacy; Labour’s role in the emergence of a ‘welfare state’; contested meanings of ‘socialism’; reasons for Labour’s 1945 landslide and 1951 defeat; the extent of the erosion of GB global power and its significance; declinism and strategies to preserve British power.

*F.A. von Hayek The Road to Serfdom (1945) *H. Cornelius (dir.) Passport to Pimlico (1949; 2006 DVD, [1993 VCR])

Introductory/General

P. Addison The Road to 1945 (2nd edn, 1994) B. Brivati & H. Jones (eds.) What Difference did the War Make? (1993) H. Jones & M. Kandiah (eds.)The Myth of Consensus (1996) D. Todman Into Battle: Britain’s War, 1937-41 (2016) I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska Austerity in Britain (2000) & HJ article [1994] ‘Rationing, austerity …’

The Impact of War (see also reading list B6)

P. Addison, The Road to 1945 (2nd edn, 1994) P. Addison ‘Churchill & the Price of Victory’, in N. Tiratsoo, From Blitz to Blair (1997) C. Barnett The Audit of War (1986) L Beers ‘Labour’s Britain, Fight for it Now!’ HJ 52 (2009) S. Brooke Labour’s War (1992) R. Crowcroft Attlee’s War: World War II and the making of a Labour leader (2011) G.G. Field Blood, Sweat, and Toil: Remaking the British Working Class (2011) M. Franklin & ‘The undoing of : Mobilization and conversion in the 1945 M. Ladner realignment of British voters,’ British Journal of Political Science, 25 (1995) G. Fry ‘A reconsideration of the British general election of 1935 and the electoral revolution of 1945’, History (1991) J. Harris ‘Labour’s Political and Social Thought’ in D. Tanner et al (eds) Labour’s First Century (2000), pp. 23-31 K. Jefferys The Churchill Coalition and Wartime Politics, 1940-5 (1991) J. Lawrence ‘Labour and the Politics of Class, 1900-1940’, in D. Feldman & J. Lawrence (eds), Structures and Transformations in Modern British History (2011) R. McKibbin, Parties and People, England 1914-1951 (OUP, 2010) H.L. Smith (ed.) War and Social Change: British Society in the Second World War (1986) A. Thorpe Parties at War: Political Organization in Second World War Britain, (2009) R Toye The Roar of the Lion: The Untold Story of Churchill's World War II Speeches (2013) R. Weight Patriots: National identity in Britain 1940-2000 (2003), pp. 21-118

Labour in Government

J. Bew Citizen Clem (2017) M. Pugh Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party (2010) ch. 10-11) P. Clarke & P. Clarke The Cripps Version (2002) S. Fielding et alii ‘England Arise!' The Labour Party and Popular Politics in 1940s Britain (1995)

30 31 S. Fielding ‘What Did “the People” want? The Meaning of the 1945 General Election’, HJ, 35, 3 (1992), 623-639 S. Fielding ‘The Second World War and Popular Radicalism: The Significance of the Movement Away from Party’, History 80, 258 (1995), 38-58 J. Campbell Nye Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism (1987). M. Francis Ideas and Policies under Labour, 1945-51: Building a New Britain (1997) R. Hansen ‘The politics of citizenship in 1940s Britain: the British Nationality Act’, TCBH, 10 (1999) K.O. Morgan Labour in Power, 1945-51 (1984) K. Paul Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the post-war era (1997) J. Schneer Labour's Conscience: the Labour Left, 1945-51 (1988) J. Tomlinson and Economic Policy. The Attlee Years, 1945-1951 (1997)

Britain’s global role and declinism

J. Tomlinson ‘Thrice denied: ‘declinism’ as a recurrent theme in British history in the long twentieth century’, TCBH, 20, 2 (2009), pp. 227-51 P. Clarke The last thousand days of the British Empire (2007), chapters 11-14 C. Barnett Lost Victory: British Dreams, British Realities, 1945-50 (1995) C. Bayly & T. Harper Forgotten wars. The end of Britain’s Asian Empire (2008) C. Trebilcock (eds.) Understanding Decline (1997): chs. by Clarke, Harris and Alford P. Hennessy Never Again. Britain 1945-1951 (1992) particularly chapters 4-6

The Politics of the Welfare State

S. Pedersen Family, dependence and the origins of the welfare state, Britain and 1914-1945 (1995) D. Edgerton Warfare State: Britain, 1920-1970 (2005), ch. 2 C. Renwick Bread for All: The Origins of the Welfare State (2017) D Edgerton Britain’s War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War (2011) J. Harris William Beveridge (1977) J. Harris ‘Enterprise and Welfare States: a Comparative Perspective’, TRHS, 5th ser., xl, (1990) R. Toye The Labour party and the Planned Economy, 1931-1951 (2003) C. Webster The National Health Service: a Political History (1998) R. Whiting The Labour Party and Taxation (2000)

A13 Post-war Affluence and Conservatism

The nature and limitations of the ‘affluent society’ which was identified in Britain in the 1950s; how far such sociological shifts underwrote Conservative electoral success; whether the Conservatives had a coherent political strategy; the extent to which the post-war Conservative Party accepted a new, more Statist post-war ‘consensus’; the role of the in domestic politics; the reasons for Labour’s electoral defeats in 1955 and 1959, and its revived fortunes after 1960.

* P. Catterall The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 1957-1966 (2011) * (1955)

31 32 Introductory/General *L. Black & H. Pemberton (eds.) An Affluent Society? Britain’s post-war ‘golden age’ revisited (2017) H. Jones & M. Kandiah (eds.) The Myth of Consensus (1996) J. Ramsden The Age of Churchill and Eden (1995) J. Ramsden Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957-1975 (1996) M. Pugh ‘Labour, consensus and affluence, 1945-59’ in Speak for Britain (2010), ch. 11 I. Hutchison ‘Consensus and convergence?, 1939-1959’ in Scottish politics in the twentieth century (2000) N. Tiratsoo Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics: Coventry, 1945-1960 (2018) E. Cameron ‘Unionist Scotland: Politics, 1945-1970’, in Impaled upon a thistle: Scotland since 1880 (2010)

Policy and Leaders

P. Addison Churchill on the Home Front 1900-55 (1992) S. Ball The Guardsmen: , Three Friends and the World They Made (2004) M. Bentley ‘Liberal Toryism in the Twentieth Century,’ TRHS, 6th ser., iv (1994) A. Booth ‘Inflation, Expectations and the Political Economy of Conservative Britain, 1951-64’, HJ, (2000) E.H.H. Green Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the 20thC (2002) chs 6 & 7 OR his essay on ‘The Treasury Resignations of 1958’, TCBH, 11 (2000) *M. Francis & I. Zweiniger- Bargielowska (eds.) The Conservatives and British Society, 1880-1990 (1996), Part Four M. Francis ‘Tears, Tantrums, and Bared Teeth: The Emotional Economy of Three Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951-1963’ JBS 41(3), 2002, pp. 354-387 P. Hennessy The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders since 1945 (2000) M. Jarvis Conservative Governments: Morality and Social Change in Affluent Britain, 1957-64 (2005) D. Sandbrook Never had it So Good (2005) chs. 1 & 3 A. Seldon & S. Ball (eds.) Conservative Century (1994) J. Tomlinson ‘Conservative Modernization, 1960-4: Too Little, Too Late?’, CBH, xi (1997) J. Turner Macmillan (1994) J. Tomlinson ‘The Decline of the Empire and the Economic “Decline” of Britain’, TCBH (2003) R. Toye ‘From “Consensus” to “Common Ground”: the Rhetoric of the Post-War Settlement and its Collapse’, JCH (2013)

Political Culture & Popular Politics S. Ball & I. Holliday (eds.) Mass Conservatism: The Conservative party and the Public (2002), chs 6-9 *L. Black The Political Culture of the Left in Affluent Britain, 1951-64 (2002) L. Black ‘The Lost World of Young Conservatism’, HJ (Dec 2008) *L. Black Redefining British Politics: Culture, Consumerism and Participation, 1954-70 (2010) A. Black & S. Brooke ‘The Labour Party, Women, and the Problem of Gender, 1951-66’, JBS, (1997)

32 33 D. Cowan ‘The “Progress of a Slogan”: Youth, Culture, and the Shaping of Everyday Political Languages in Late 1940s Britain’ 20thCBH, 29 (2018) S. Fielding ‘Activists against “Affluence”: Labour Party Culture during the “Golden Age”, c. 1950-1970’, JBS (2001) A. Kefford ‘Housing the Citizen-Consumer in Post-war Britain: The Parker Morris Report, Affluence and the Even Briefer Life of Social Democracy’, 20thCBH: 2 (2018) S. Fielding & D. Tanner ‘The “Rise of the Left” Revisited: Labour Party Culture in Post-War and Salford’, LHR (2006) M. Francis ‘Mr Gaitskell’s Ganymede? Re-assessing Crosland’s “The Future of Socialism”’, CBH, xi (1997) M. Francis ‘The Labour Party: Modernisation and the Politics of Restraint’ in B.Conekin et al, Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain, 1945-1964 (2002) E.H.H. Green ‘The Conservative Party, the State and the Electorate, 1945-1964’, in J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, Party, State and Society (1997) B. Jackson ‘ Reconsidered: “Property-owning Democracy and Egalitarian Strategy in Post-War Britain,’ TCBH (2005) B. Jackson Equality and the British Left: A Study in Progressive Political Thought, 1900-64 (2007) J. Johnson ‘Did Organisation Really Matter? Party Organisation and Conservative electoral Recovery, 1945-59', TCBH (2003) T. Jones ‘“Taking Genesis out of the Bible”: , Clause IV and the Socialist Myth’, CBH, xi (1997) R. McKenzie & S. Middleton ‘“Affluence” and the Left in Britain, c.1958-74’, EHR (2014) *I. Zweiniger- ‘Explaining the Gender Gap: The Conservative Party and the Women’s Vote, 1945- Bargielowska 1964’, in M. Francis and I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds.), The Conservatives and British Society, 1880-1990 (1996) also her Austerity in Britain (2000)

A14 The Post-War Settlement in Crisis, 1964-1979

Did Wilson’s leadership heal or temporarily conceal Labour’s post-war ideological wounds; how should we judge the record of Labour and Conservative Governments in power between 1964 and 1979; was European accession a response to domestic political crisis; how widespread was the sense of ‘crisis’ in 1970s Britain?; the emerging domestic crisis in Northern Ireland; why did trade unions come to the centre of political life in this period; had social democracy failed by 1976? (see also A15). http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/thedecade.shtml - 3 programmes on the 1970s *Bernard Donoghue Downing Street Diary: With in No. 10 (2006)

Introductory/General L. Black, H. Pemberton & P. Thane (eds.) Reassessing 1970s Britain (2013), to section 10 D. Sandbrook White heat: a history of Britain in the swinging sixties (2015) E. Shaw The Labour Party since 1945: Old Labour, New Labour (1996) A. Thorpe A History of the British Labour Party (1997), chs. 7-9 E. Robinson, C. Schofield, F.Sutcliffe-Braithwaite and N. Thomlinson ‘Telling Stories about Post-war Britain: Popular Individualism and the “Crisis” of

33 34 the 1970s’, 20thCBH (2017) F. Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Class, Politics, and the Decline of Deference in England, 1968-2000 (2018) G. Ortolano Thatcher’s Progress: From Social Democracy to Market Liberalism through an English New Town (2019) J. Tomlinson ‘De-industrialization Not Decline: A New Meta-narrative for Post-war British History’, 20thCBH (2016)

Heath & Conservatism

E. Caines Heath and Thatcher in Opposition (2017) E. Heath The course of my life: my autobiography (1998) S. Ball & A. Seldon (eds.) The Heath Government, 1970-4 (1997) J. Campbell (1992) C. Lockwood ‘Action Not Words’: The Conservative Party, Public Opinion and ‘Scientific’ Politics, c.1945–70, 20thCBH, 0, 0 (2019), 1-27 C. Schofield and the making of postcolonial Britain (2013), ch. 4-5 M. Francis & I. Zweiniger- Bargielowska (eds.) The Conservatives and British Society, 1880-1990 (1996), Part Four M. Garnett ‘Planning for Power, 1964-70’ in A. Seldon & S. Ball (eds), Recovering Power (2005) P. Hennessy The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000) M. Holmes The Failure of the Heath Government (2nd edn, 1997) J. Ramsden Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957-1975 (1996) J. Tomlinson ‘Conservative Modernization, 1960-4: Too Little, Too Late?’, CBH, xi (1997)

Labour in Hard Times

S. Fielding The Labour Governments 1964-70, Volume 1: Labour and Cultural Change (2003) A. Seldon & K. Hickson New Labour, Old Labour: The Wilson and Callaghan Governments, 1974-79 (2004) R. Jobson Nostalgia and the Post-war Labour Party: Prisoners of the Past (2018), ch2-3 A. Campsie 'Populism and grassroots politics: "New Left" critiques of Social Democracy', Renewal 25:1, 62-75. M. Artis & D. Cobham ‘Social Democracy in Hard Times: the Economic Record of the Labour Government, 1974-6,’ TCBH (1992) B. Brivati Hugh Gaitskell (1996) K. Burk & A. Cairncross Goodbye, Great Britain: the 1976 IMF Crisis (1991) R. Coopey, et al The Wilson Governments, 1964-70 (1993) A. Green ‘‘Secret Lists and Sanctions’: The Blacklisting of the John Lewis Partnership and the Politics of Pay in 1970s Britain’ 20thcBH 30 (2019) T. Harper ‘Harold Wilson’s ‘Lavender List’ Scandal and the Shifting Moral Economy of Honour’ 20thcBH (2018) M. Daunton Just Taxes: the Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914-1979 (2002) ch. 9 D. Dean ‘The Race Relations Policy of the First Wilson Government’, TCBH, 11(2000) S. Fielding (ed.) The Labour Party since 1951: Socialism and Society (1997)

34 35 P. Hennessy The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000) S. Middleton ‘“Affluence” and the Left in Britain, c.1958-74’, EHR (2014) L. Minkin The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party (1991) A. Crines & K. Hickson Harold Wilson: the unprincipled prime minister (2016) M. Pugh ‘Labour in the Wilson Era, 1960-1976’ in Speak for Britain (2010) K.O. Morgan Callaghan: a Life (1997) K.O. Morgan : A Life (2007) K. Paul Whitewashing Britain (1997) ch. 7 E. Pearce (2002) A. J. Reid United We Stand: a History of Britain’s Trade Unions (2004) R. Saunders Yes to Europe! The 1975 Referendum and Seventies Britain (2018) N. Thompson ‘Economic ideas and the development of economic opinion', in R. Coopey and N. Woodward (eds.), Britain in the 1970s: The Troubled Economy (1996) K. M. Thorpe ‘The “Juggernaut Method”: the 1966 State of Emergency and the Wilson Government's Response to the Seamen’s Strike’, TCBH (2001) D. Wass Decline to Fall: The Making of British Macro-Economic Policy and the 1976 IMF Crisis (2008) R.C. Whiting ‘Ideology and Reform in Labour’s Tax Strategy, 1964-70’, HJ (1998) R.C. Whiting The Labour Party and Taxation (2000) M. Wickham-Jones Economic Strategy and the Labour Party (1996)

Diagnoses of Crisis L. Black & H. Pemberton ‘The in British Politics’ PQ (2009) J. Cronin New Labour’s Pasts (2004) J. Shepherd Crisis? What Crisis?: The Callaghan government and the British winter of discontent (2013) L. Marley (ed.) The British Labour Party and twentieth-century: the cause of Ireland, the cause of Labour (2015), chs. 9-10 C. Hay ‘Narrating the Crisis: the Discursive Construction of the “Winter of Discontent”’, Sociology (1996) T. Lopez The winter of discontent: myth, memory and history (2014) D. Hayter Fightback!: Labour's Traditional Right in the 1970s and 1980s (2005) S. Meredith Labours Old and New: The Parliamentary Right of the British Labour Party 1970-79 and the Roots of New Labour (2008) R. Saunders ‘Thatcherism in the Seventies’ in B Jackson and R Saunders, eds, Making Thatcher’s Britain (2012) G. Stedman Jones ‘Why is the Labour Party in a Mess?’ in Jones, Languages of Class (1983) T. Jones Remaking the Labour Party: from Gaitskell to Blair (1996) J. Thomas ‘“Bound in by History”: The Winter of Discontent in British Politics, 1979- 2004’, Media, Culture & Society (2007)

A15 Thatcherism

What is meant by “Thatcherism”; how far its political salience was dependent on the leadership of Thatcher herself; the success of her policies in terms of economic performance and of altering institutional structures and political assumptions; the social constituency for Thatcherism and the reasons for Conservative electoral predominance; gender, Thatcher and Thatcherism; the relationship between Thatcher and the media; waging “war” at home and abroad. Also see reading lists A6 and B3.

M. Thatcher The Downing Street Years (1993)

35 36

Introductory/General

D. Cannadine Margaret Thatcher: A Life and Legacy (2017) B. Jackson & R. Saunders (eds.) Making Thatcher’s Britain (2012) *A. Clark Diaries (1993) B. Campbell The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (1987) S. Hall ‘The Great Moving Right Show’ Marxism Today (January 1979) *John O’Farrell Things Can Only Get Better (1998) *M. Thatcher The Downing Street Years (1993) *‘Crisis, What Crisis?’ Conservative Party Election Broadcast, 1979 @ BFI screen online. M. Hilton, C.Moores and F. Sutcliffe Braithwaite ‘New Times revisited: Britain in the 1980s’, CBH (2017) R. Barker ‘Political Ideas Since 1945, or How Long was the Twentieth Century?’ CBH, x (1996) P. Clarke ‘The Rise and Fall of Thatcherism’, HR 72 (1999) A. Gamble 'The Thatcher Myth', British Politics , 2015 A. Gamble Britain in Decline (4th edn, 1994) E.H.H. Green Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the 20thC (2002) ch. 8 OR his ‘Thatcherism: An Historical Perspective’, TRHS ix (1999) P. Hennessy The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000) R. Saunders ‘The Many Lives of Margaret Thatcher’ HER 132 (2017) – review article P. Jenkins Mrs Thatcher’s Revolution (1987) is still useful – esp. chs 1, 2, 5, 8, & 13-16 D. Kavanagh Thatcherism and British Politics (1987). D. Kavanagh & A. Seldon (eds.) The Thatcher Effect (1989) R. Lowe ‘The Inglorious Revolution: the Debasement of British Govt. since 1976’, TCBH (2006) D. Marquand The Unprincipled Society (1988). P. Riddell The Thatcher Era and its Legacy (2nd ed. 1991) R. Vinen Thatcher’s Britain (2009)

The Origins of Thatcherism

A. Davies ‘“Right to Buy”: The Development of a Conservative Housing Policy, 1945 – 1980’, CBH (2013) J. Campbell Margaret Thatcher, vol. I: Grocer’s Daughter (2000) & vol.II: The Iron Lady (2003) R. Cockett Thinking the Unthinkable: Think Tanks and the Economic Counter-revolution (1994) C. Schofield Enoch Powell and the making of postcolonial Britain (2013) A. Denham & M. Garnett (2001) E.J. Evans Thatcher and Thatcherism (2nd edition, 2004) E.H.H. Green Thatcher (2005) D. Kavanagh ‘The Making of Thatcherism, 1974-1979’ in A. Seldon & S. Ball (eds), Recovering Power (2005) J. Lawrence & F. Sutcliffe-Braithwaite ‘Margaret Thatcher and the decline of class politics' in B. Jackson & R. Saunders (eds), Making Thatcher's Britain (2012)

36 37

S. Pugliese (ed.) The Political Legacy of Margaret Thatcher: Freedom Regained? (2002) R. Vinen Thatcher’s Britain: the Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s (2009) M. Wickham-Jones ‘Right Turn: a Revisionist Account of the 1975 Conservative Party Leadership Election’, TCBH, viii (1997)

The Practice of Thatcherism

A. Edwards ‘“Financial Consumerism”’: citizenship, consumerism and capital ownership in the 1980s’, CBH (2017) J. Ward ‘Financing the Information Age: London TeleCity, the legacy of IT-82 and the selling of British Telecom’ TCBH (2019) E Barrett ‘King Caz: Cazenove, Thatcherism and the 1980s financial revolution’ TCBH 30 (2019) M. Francis ‘Mrs Thatcher’s peacock blue sari: ethnic minorities, electoral politics and the Conservative Party, c. 1974–86’, CBH (2017) M. Francis ‘“A Crusade To Enfranchise The Many”: Thatcherism and the Property-Owning Democracy’, 20thCBH (2012) pp. 275-297 C, Moores ‘Thatcher’s troops? Neighbourhood Watch schemes and the search for “ordinary” Thatcherism in 1980s Britain’, CBH (2017) G. Alderman Britain: a One-Party State? (1989) CR , [Aut. 1987] Symposium on ‘The Thatcher years’, including L. Freedman on ‘The Falklands Factor’; see also CR (Winter 1988), reply from Helmut Norpoth D.G. Boyce The Falklands War (Palgrave, 2005) T. Hennessey Hunger Strike: Margaret Thatcher's Battle with the IRA, 1980-1981 (2014) D. Butler & D. Kavanagh The British General Elections of 1979/ 1983/ 1987 (1980-87) D. Butler et al Failure in British Government: the Politics of the Poll Tax (1994) D. Cannadine Class in Britain (1998) conclusion P. Clarke ‘Margaret Thatcher's Leadership in Historical Perspective’, PA, xlv (1992) I. Crewe & M. Harrop Political Communications 1983 & Political Communications, 1987 B. Evans ‘Thatcherism and the ’ in S. Ball & I. Holliday (eds), Mass Conservatism (2002) S. Evans ‘The Not So Odd Couple: Margaret Thatcher and One Nation Conservatism,’ CBH (2009) R. Finlay Thatcherism, unionism and nationalism: a comparative study of Scotland and Wales, in B. Jackson and R. Saunders, Making Thatcher’s Britain M. Mulholland ‘Just another country’? The Irish question in the Thatcher years’, in R. Saunders Making Thatcher’s Britain, pch. 10 G. K. Fry The Politics of the Thatcher Revolution (2008) A. Gamble The Free Economy and the Strong State (1988) S. Hall The Hard Road to Renewal (1988) B. Harrison ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, 20th Century British History, vol.5 (1994) D. Jarvis ‘“Behind Every Great Party”: Women and Conservatism in the Twentieth Century Britain’ in A. Vickery, Women, Privilege & Power (2001) B. Jessop et al Thatcherism: a Tale of Two Nations (1988) M.J. Oliver ‘Whatever Happened to Monetarism? British Exchange Rate Policy in the 1980s’, TCBH, viii (1997) A. O’Shea ‘Trusting the People: How does Thatcherism Work?’ Formations (1984) R. Samuel ‘Victorian values’ in T.C. Smout (ed.) Victorian Values (1992) [Proceedings of the British Academy, v. 78]; reprinted in his Island Stories (1998) R. Shepherd The Power Brokers: the Tory Party and its Leaders (1991) R. Skidelsky (ed) Thatcherism (1988) (and see I. Crewe, CR, Feb. 1990)

37 38 F. Sutcliffe-Braithwaite ‘Neo-Liberalism and Morality in the Making of Thatcherite Social Policy', HJ (2012) J. Tomlinson ‘Tale of a death exaggerated: How Keynesian policies survived the 1970s’, Contemporary British History (2007) H. Young One of Us: a Biography of Margaret Thatcher (1989)

A16 New Labour and Politics after Thatcher

The extent to which ‘Thatcherism’ outlived Mrs Thatcher’s premiership; the growing problems of the Conservative Party in the 1990s; Labour’s fortunes in the 1980s; the “triumph of New Labour” and the electoral transformation of 1997; political communication and media management; the relationship between Blair’s Labour party and twentieth-century social democracy; the social bases of ‘New Labour’ through three election victories; Scottish and Welsh devolution and implementing “peace” in N. Ireland; the reasons for New Labour’s downfall; Conservative ‘re-positioning’ and the politics of Coalition. See also reading lists A6, A7 and A8.

*Philip Gould The Unfinished Revolution: How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party (1998) *Nick Jones Sultans of Spin: the Media and the New Labour Government (1999)

Introductory/General

T. Bale The Conservatives since 1945: the drivers of party change (2012) D. Butler & D. Kavanagh The British General Election of 1992/1997/2001 (1992/1997/2002) A. Geddes & J. Tonge (eds.) Labour’s Landslide: the British General Election 1997 (1997) A. Jackson The Two Unions. Ireland, Scotland and the survival of the United Kingdom, 1707-2007 (2012) S. Jenkins Thatcher & Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts (Penguin edn, 2007) D. Kavanagh The Re-ordering of British Politics (1997) E. Robinson & J. Twyman, ‘Speaking at Cross Purposes? The Rhetorical Problems of “Progressive Politics”,’ Political Studies Review, 12: 1 (2014) M. Scammell Designer Politics: how Elections are Won (1995)

Conservatism after Thatcher

B. Anderson : the Making of the Prime Minister (1991) T. Bale The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron (2010) J. Critchley & M. Halcrow Collapse of Stout Party (1998 ed.) I. Gilmour Whatever Happened to the Tories? The Conservatives Since 1945 (1997) J. Gray & D. Willetts Is Conservatism Dead? (1997) P. Hennessy The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000) D. Hurd Memoirs (2004) D. Kavanagh & A. Seldon (eds.) The Major Effect (1994) S. Lee & M. Beech (eds) The Conservatives under : Built to Last? (2009) S. Ludlam & M. Smith (eds.) Contemporary Conservatism (1996) J. Major John Major: The Autobiography (1999)

38 39 A. Rawnsley The End of the Party (2010) A. Seldon & L. Baston John Major: A Political Life (1997) A. Seldon & M. Finn (eds) The Coalition Effect (2015) intro & conclusion J. Turner The Tories and Europe (2000), chs. 5-7 P. Whiteley et al True Blues: The Politics of Conservative Party Membership (1994)

The Making of “New Labour”

Daisy Payling, ‘Socialist republic of South Yorkshire’: Grassroots activism and leftwing in 1980s Sheffield’ TCBH 25 (2014) Stephen Brooke ‘Space, Emotions and the Everyday: the affective ecology of 1980s London’ TCBH 28 (2017) C. Murphy ‘The ‘Rainbow Alliance’ or the Focus Group? Sexuality and Race in the Labour Party’s Electoral Strategy, 1985-7’ 20thCBH (2019) I. Crewe & A. King SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party (1995) S. Lee (eds) Ten Years of New Labour (2007) B. Brivati & T. Bale (eds) New Labour in Power: Precedents and Prospects (1997) G. Hassan Strange Death of Labour Scotland (2012), ch. 5 P. Cowley, ed. Revolts and Rebellions: Parliamentary Voting Under Blair (2002) P. Toynbee and D. Walker The Verdict: Did Labour Change Britain? (Granta Books, 2010) S Childs ‘The New Labour women MPs in the 1997 British Parliament: issues of recruitment and representation’, Women’s History Review (2000), pp. 55-73 J Spear ‘The Labour Party and Women: Policies and Practices’ in MJ Smith and J Spear, eds., The Changing Labour Party (1992), pp. 151-67 L. Martell New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (1998; 2nd edn 2006) N. Fairclough New Labour, New Language (2000)

Leadership

M. Westlake Kinnock: the authorized biography (2001) L. Minkin The Blair Supremacy: A study in the politics of Labour Party management ( 2014), review by Eric Shaw available at: http://www.renewal.org.uk/articles/the-blair-supremacy-a-study-in-the- politics-of-labours-party-management A. Seldon (ed.) The Blair Effect (2001) & Blair’s Britain, 1997-2007 (2007) A. Seldon Blair (2004) A. Seldon Blair Unbound (2007) T. Jones Remaking the Labour Party: from Gaitskell to Blair (1996)

New Labour, social democracy and Thatcherism

M. Pugh Speak for Britain, ch. 14 R. Jobson Nostalgia and the post-war Labour party: prisoners of the past (2018), chps 4-6 A. Campsie '"Socialism will never be the same again"'. Re-imagining left-wing ideas for the "New Times"', CBH (2017) M. Beech et al New Labour’s Pasts (2004) V Atkinson et al The Labour Party: Continuity and Change in the Making of ‘New’ Labour (2002) A. Giddens The and Its Critics (2000)

39 40 H. Heath, R. Jowell & J. Curtice (eds) Labour’s Last Chance? (1994) R. Heffernan New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain (2000) S. Meredith ‘Mr Crosland's Nightmare? New Labour and Equality in Historical Perspective,’ BJPIR (2006) & 2007 exchange with Hickson P. Riddell ‘The End of Clause IV’, 1994-5, CBH, xi (1997) F. Sutcliffe- Braithwaite ‘“Class” in the development of British Labour Party ideology, 1983-1997’ Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (2013) [in English] R. Toye ‘“The Smallest Party in History”? New Labour in Historical Perspective’, LHR (2004) Jon Davis and Jon Rentoul Heroes or Villains? The Blair Government Reconsidered (2019)

War in domestic and foreign policy

K. Bean ‘Leaving the soundbites at home? , New Labour and N. Ireland’, in The British Labour Party and twentieth century Ireland (2016) S. Kettell Dirty politics? New Labour, British Democracy and the invasion of (2013) P. Jones America and the British Left (1997) J. Kampfner Blair’s Wars (2004 edn) R. Little & M. Wickham-Jones (eds) New Labour’s Foreign Policy (2000) D. Marquand The New Reckoning: Capitalism, States and Citizens (1997) D. Tanner et al (eds) Labour’s First Century (2000) J. Lawrence ‘What Did Cook Want?’ London Review of Books (19 February 2004).

40 41 SECTION B ~ Themes and Issues

B1 Adjusting to Democracy: Parliament, Parties and the Constitution, 1880-1914

The effects of the Second Reform Act and subsequent constitutional changes on the political structure; the extent of the challenge to 'parliamentary government' posed by the growth of extra-parliamentary parties and pressure groups, and by the increasing careerism of MPs; the causes and consequences of growing tension between Lords and Commons; the effect of these changes on the power of (the cabinet, the monarchy). See also reading list A4.

Introductory/General T. Gourvish & A. O’Day Later Victorian Britain (1988), chs. 5 & 6 J. Lawrence & M. Taylor (eds.) Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820 (1997) J. Vernon (ed.) Re-reading the Constitution (1996) B. Griffin The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain. Masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights (2012), part 3

Monarchy and the House of Lords

A. Adonis Making Aristocracy Work 1884-1914 (1993), chs. 5 and 7 N. Blewett The Peers, the Parties and the People: the General Elections of 1910 (1972), Part I D. Cannadine 'The Last Hanoverian Sovereign?: the Victorian Monarchy in Historical Perspective', in The First Modern Society, ed. A.L. Beier, D. Cannadine and J.M. Rosenheim (1989) J. Cannon The Modern British Monarchy: a Study in Adaptation (1987) E.A. Smith The House of Lords in British Politics and Society 1815-1911 (1992) D. Thompson : Gender and Power (1990)

Electoral Reform and the Party System

E.F. Biagini British democracy and Irish nationalism, 1876-1906 (2007), chapt. 4 N. Blewett 'The Franchise in the United Kingdom, 1885-1918', P&P (1965) M. Cowling 1867, Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: the Making of the Second Reform Bill (1967) C. Eustance ‘Protests From Behind the Grille: Gender & the Transformation of Parliament’ in E. Green (ed.), An Age of Transition. British Politics, 1880-1914 (1997) J. Garrard, ‘Parties, Members and Voters after 1867: a local study’, HJ (1977) C. Hall & K. McClelland Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender & the British Reform & J. Rendall Act of 1867 (2000) H.J. Hanham Elections and Party Management (1978 edn.) W.A. Hayes The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act (1982) B.L. Kinzer The Ballot Question in Nineteenth-century English Politics (1982) J. Lawrence Speaking for the People: Party, Language & Popular Politics, 1867-1914 (1998) J. Lewis (ed.) Before the Vote was Won: Arguments For and Against Women's Suffrage (1987) M. Pinto-Duschinsky British Political Finance, 1830-1980 (1981) M. Pugh Electoral Reform in War and Peace, 1906-1918 (1978) J. Roper Democracy and its Critics (1989)

41 42 R. Saunders Democracy and the Vote in British Politics, 1848-1867 (2011), intro., ch.8 and epilogue

B2 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century

Whether Britain has a 'constitution', and the extent to which its image belies the reality of the distribution of power; the extent to which it has changed under key Prime Ministers including Lloyd George, Thatcher and Blair; how to understand the processes of 'prime-ministerial' or cabinet government, and of the power network centred on Whitehall; the political significance, if any, of the modern monarchy.

*Walter Bagehot The English Constitution, intro. R.H.S. Crossman (1963; Fontana)

Introductory/General

V. Bogdanor (ed.) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (2003) P. Catterall et alii Reforming the Constitution. Debates in 20th Century Britain (2000) J. Cronin The Politics of State Expansion (1991) P.B. Evans et alii Bringing the State Back In (1985) B. Harrison The Transformation of British Politics, 1860-1995 (1996) P. Hennessy The Hidden Wiring (1995) G.H. LeMay The Victorian Constitution: Conventions, Usages and Contingencies (1979) K. Middlemas Politics in Industrial Society: the Experience of the British System Since 1911 (1979) K. Middlemas Power, Competition and the State (3 vols, on 1940-61, 1961-74, 1974-91) (published 1986-91) J. Paxman Friends in High Places: Who Runs Britain? (1990) A. Sampson Anatomy of Britain, various eds. (1965- ) D. Vincent The Culture of Secrecy: Britain, 1832-1998 (1999)

Parliament and Government

S. Ball ‘Parliament and Politics in Britain, 1900-51’, PH (1990) E. Dell The Chancellors (1996) B. Donoughue Prime Minister: The Conduct of Policy under Wilson and Callaghan (1987) P. Joyce The State of Freedom: a Social History of the British State since 1800 (2013), esp. PtII M.O. Furner & B. Supple (eds.) The State and Economic Knowledge (1990) P. Hall Governing the Economy (1986) H. Heclo & A. Wildavsky The Private Government of Public Money (1981 ed.) P. Hennessy The Prime minister. The office and its holders since 1945 (2000) A. King (ed) The British Prime Minister: a Reader (1969) J. Lawrence ‘What is to be done with the Second Chamber?’ @ http://www.historyandpolicy.org/archive/policy-paper-50.html B. Lenman The Eclipse of Parliament: Appearance & Reality in British Politics Since 1914 (1992) M. Rush The Role of the Member of Parliament since 1868: from Gentlemen to Players (2001) P Thane & H.

42 43 McCarthy ‘The Politics of Association in Industrial Society’ 20thCBH 22(2), 2011, pp. 217-229 R. Toye ‘The Rhetorical Premiership: a New Perspective on Prime Ministerial Power since 1945’, PH (2011)

Civil Service & Monarchy

A. Blick & G Jones At Power’s Elbow: Aides to the Prime Minister from to David Cameron (2013) D. Cannadine ‘Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The Monarchy 1820-1977’, E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger eds, The Invention of Tradition (1983) J. Cannon The Modern British Monarchy: a Study in Adaptation (1987) P. Hennessy Whitehall (1989) S. Jenkins Accountable to None (1995) A. Olechnowicz (ed) The Monarchy and the British Nation, 1780 to the Present (2008) T. Nairn Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy (1988) J. Pearson The Ultimate Family: the Making of the Royal House of Windsor (1986) B. Pimlott The Queen (2002 edn) J. Plunkett Queen Victoria: First Media Monarch (2003) F. Prochaska Royal Bounty: the Making of a Welfare Monarchy (1995) A. Sampson Anatomy of Britain (1962, and subsequent editions, 1971,1992, 2004) D. Sinclair Two Georges: the Making of the Modern Monarchy (1988) Z. Steiner The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 1898-1914 (1969)

B3 Political Communication

The role of the mass communications, especially the newspaper press, in influencing the political process and shaping popular attitudes; the impact of broadcasting and digital media, especially film, television and the internet; the influence of the media on voting habits, on the political agenda, and on perceptions of the role and stature of politicians; the influence of professional marketing on late twentieth-century politics.

*R. Hoggart The Uses of Literacy (1957; Penguin 1992) *B. Ingham Kill the Messenger (1991) J. Bartlett The People versus Tech: How the Internet is Killing Democracy (2018)

Introductory/General

S. Anthony Public Relations and the Making of Modern Britain: Stephen Tallents and the Birth of a Progressive Media Profession (2011) *J. Lawrence Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (2009) D. LeMahieu A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind Between the Wars (1988) H.C.G. Matthew ‘Rhetoric and Politics in Great Britain, 1860-1950’, in P. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (1987) R. Negrine Politics and the Mass Media in Britain (2nd ed., 1994) P. Norton & D.M. Wood Back from Westminster: British MPs and their Constituents (1993) M. Rosenbaum From Soapbox to Soundbite: Party Political Campaigning in Britain Since 1945 (1997)

43 44 J. Seaton & B. Pimlott The Media in British Politics (1987) C. Seymour-Ure The British Press and Broadcasting Since 1945 (2nd ed. 1996) M. O’Brien Political communication in the (2014)

The Press

H.C.G. Matthew ‘Rhetoric and Politics in Britain, 1860-1950’ in P.J. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (1987) A. Jones Powers of the Press: Newspapers, Power and the Public in Nineteenth-Century England (1996) Anne Kane ‘The ritualization of newspaper reading and political consciousness: the role of newspapers in the Irish land war’, in McBride, Lawrence W. (ed.), Reading Irish histories : texts, contexts and memory in modern Ireland (2003) M. Dawson ‘Party Politics and the Provincial Press in Early Twentieth Century England’, TCBH, ix, (1998) A Bingham and M Conboy Tabloid Century: The Popular Press in Britain, 1896 to the Present (2015) J. H. Wiener (ed.) Papers for the Millions: the New in Britain, 1850s to 1914 (1988) A. Bingham Gender, modernity, and the popular press in inter-war Britain (2004) L. Beers Your Britain: Media and the Making of the Labour Party (2010) A. Bingham ‘Representing the people? The Daily Mirror, class and political culture in inter- war Britain’ in L. Beers and G. Thomas (eds), Brave new world (2011) G. Boyce, J. Curran & B. Franklin & D. Murphy What News? The Market, Politics and the Local Press (1991) M. Hampton Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850-1950 (2004) M. Haeussler ‘The Popular Press and Ideas of Europe: The Daily Mirror, the , and Britain’s First Application to Join the EEC, 1961–63’ 20thCBH, 2014, pp. 108–131 M. Pugh ‘The Daily Mirror and the Revival of Labour 1935-45’, TCBH ix, (1998) C. Seymour-Ure and P. Catterall Northcliffe’s Legacy: Aspects of the British Popular Press, 1896-1996 (2000) W. Shawcross : Ringmaster of the Information Circus (1992) J. Thomas ‘Labour, the Tabloids and the 1992 Election’, CBH, ix (1998) A. Jones Press, politics and society: a history of journalism in Wales (1993)

Broadcasting, Film and Visual Propaganda

M. Cockerell Live From Number Ten: the Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television (1988) R. Cockett ‘The Party, publicity and the media’ in A. Seldon and S. Ball (eds), Conservative Century (1994) S. Fielding ‘A Mirror for England? Cinematic Representations of Politicians and Party politics, circa 1944-1964’, JBS (2008) S. Fielding ‘British Politics and Cinema’s Historical Dramas, 1929-1938’, HJ (2013) S. Fielding A State of Play: British Politics on Screen, Stage and Page from Anthony Trollope to ‘The Thick of It’ (2014) S. Nicholas The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC, 1939-1945 (1997)

44 45 S. Nicholas ‘The construction of national identity: Stanley Baldwin, “Englishness” and the mass media in inter-war Britain’ in M. Francis and I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds), The Conservatives and British Society (1996) J. Ramsden ‘Baldwin and Film’ in N. Pronay and D.W. Spring (eds), Propaganda, Politics and Film, 1918-45 (1982) J. Richards Film and National Identity (1997) J. Richards The Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema and Society 1930-39 (1984) P. Scannell & D. Cardiff A Social History of British Broadcasting: vol. I, 1922-39 (1990) J Seaton ‘The BBC and the ‘Hidden Wiring’ of the British Constitution: The Imposition of the Broadcasting Ban in 1988’ 20thCBH 24 (2012) T. Shaw ‘Eden and the BBC During the 1956 ’, TCBH, vi (1995) T. Shaw Eden, Suez and the Mass Media (1996) J. Thompson ‘Pictorial Lies’? — Posters and Politics in Britain c.1880–1914, P&P 197 (2007), pp. 177–210 J. Thompson ‘‘The Lights of the Electric Octopus Have Been Switched Off’: Visual and Political Culture in Edwardian London’ TCBH (2018), pp. 331–356 R. Savage The BBC's Irish Troubles: Television, Conflict and Northern Ireland (2017)

Political Marketing

S. Ball Doles, queues and demons: British election posters from the Conservative party archives (2012) D. Cowan ‘The “Progress of a Slogan”: Youth, Culture, and the Shaping of Everyday Political Languages in Late 1940s Britain’ 20thCBH (2018) B. Franklin Packaging Politics: Political Communications in Britain’s Media Democracy 2nd ed. (2004) N. Jones Sultans of Spin: the Media and the New Labour Government (1999) D. Kavanagh Election campaigning: the marketing of politics (1995) P. Norris et al On Message: Communicating the Campaign (1999) M. Scammell Designer politics: how elections are won (1995) J. Street Mass Media, Politics and Democracy (2001)

B4 Electoral Behaviour since 1918

The nature of the electoral system; the extent to which consumerism has replaced class as the important determinant of voting behaviour; the ‘gender gap’: the persistence of ‘third party politics’; the role of non-governmental activism.

Introductory/General

D. Butler The Electoral System in Britain Since 1918 (2nd ed., 1963/1986) P. Catterall ‘The British Electoral System, 1885-1970’, HR 58:181 (2000) J. Hart Proportional Representation: Critics of the British Electoral System, 1820-1945 (1992) D. Butler & G. Evans & P. Norris (eds) Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-term Perspective (1999) J. Lawrence & M. Taylor (eds) Party, State and Society: Electoral Behaviour in Britain since 1820 (1997) (esp. intro)

45 46 P. Norris, Electoral Change since 1945 (1997) J. Stevenson Third Party Politics Since 1945 (1993)

Voting Behaviour

B. Campbell The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (1987) P. Clarke ‘Electoral Sociology of Modern Britain,’ History, 57 (1972) I. Crewe et al ‘Symposium: Elections and Voting Patterns’, CR, vol 2, No 4 (1988), pp. 2-17 J. Curtice How Britain Votes (1985) J.P.D. Dunbabin ‘British Elections in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: a Regional Approach’, EHR (1980) J. Goldthorpe The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour (1968) A. Heath, R. Jowell & R. Johnston et al ‘The Conservative Century? Geography and Conservative Electoral Success During the Twentieth Century’, in D. Gilbert et al (eds), Geographies of British Modernity: Space and Society in the Twentieth Century (2003) S. Koss Nonconformity in British Politics (1975) D. Lockwood & I. McLean Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair (2001) W.L. Miller Electoral Dynamics in Britain since 1918 (1977) M. Pugh ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain: Continuity & Change, 1880-1987’, JBS 27 (1988) R. Rose & R. Waller ‘The Decline of Class Voting in Great Britain?’ PH (1987) I. McAllister Voters Begin to Choose: From Closed Class to Open Elections in Great Britain (1986) I. Zweiniger- ‘Explaining the Gender Gap …. 1945-1964’, in M. Francis and I. Zweiniger- Bargielowska Bargielowska (eds.), The Conservatives and British Society, 1880-1990 (1996)

Non-Governmental Activism

H. McCarthy 'Parties, voluntary associations and democratic politics in interwar Britain', HJ (2007) H. McCarthy The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c. 1918 – 1945 (2011) N. Crowson et al NGOs in Contemporary Britain: Non-State Actors in Society and Politics since 1945 (2009) M. Hilton et al The Politics of Expertise: How NGOs Shaped Modern Britain (2013) Wyn Grant Pressure Groups and British Politics (2000) Matthew Hilton, James McKay et al A Historical Guide to NGOs in Britain: Charities, Civil society and the Voluntary Sector since 1945 (Basingstoke, 2012) Adam Lent British Social Movements since 1945: Sex, Colour, Peace and Power (Basingstoke, 2001) Holger Nehring ‘The Growth of Social Movements’ in H Jones and P Addison, eds., Companion to Contemporary Britain, 1939-2000 (Oxford, 2005) Abigail Beach ‘Forging a ‘nation of participants’: Political and Economic Planning in Labour’s Britain’ in Richard Weight and Abigail Beach, eds., The Right to Belong: Citizenship and National Identity in Britain, 1930-1960 (London, 1998), pp89- 115 *Maggie Black A Cause for Our Times: Oxfam, the first fifty years (Oxford, 1992)

46 47 Michael McCarthy Campaigning for the Poor: CPAG and the Politics of Welfare (London, 1986) Kevin O’Sullivan ‘The search for justice: NGOs in Britain and Ireland and the New International Economic Order, 1968-82’ Humanity 6 (2015), pp. 173-187 Chris Moores ‘The progressive professionals: the National Council for Civil and the politics of activism in the 1960s’ Twentieth Century British History, 20(4), 2009, pp. 538-60 Paul Byrne ‘Pressure Groups and Popular Campaigns’ in , ed., 20th-Century Britain: Economic, Social and Cultural Change (Harlow, 1994), pp. 442-459 *Paul Byrne The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (London, 1988) Stephen Hopgood Keepers of the Flame: Understanding (Ithaca, 2006) Hilda Kean Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800 (London, 2000)

B5 Women, Gender and Politics since 1880

The history of British and Irish feminism; the suffrage campaign and its aftermath; women’s experiences of party politics before and after 1918; the existence or otherwise of a ‘women’s agenda’ in politics; political masculinities.

*Virginia Woolf A Room of One's Own (1929: Penguin, 2002) * ‘Why We Are Militant’ speech delivered in New York, 21st October 1913, in Jane Marcus, ed., Suffrage and the Pankhursts (1987), pp. 153-162

Introductory/General G. Bock & P. Thane (eds) Maternity and Gender Policies (1991), essays by Thane & Lewis B. Caine English Feminism, 1780-1980 (1997) K. Cowman Women in British Politics, c.1689-1979 (2010) A. Vickery (ed.) Women, Privilege and Power: British Politics, 1750 to the Present (2001) I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (2001), chs. 16-18

Gender

B Caine English Feminism, 1780-1980 (1997) K Cowman Women in British Politics, c.1689-1979 (2010) J. Gottlieb & R. Toye (eds.) The Aftermath of Suffrage: Women, Gender and Politics in Britain (2013) *S. Pašeta Irish Nationalist Women, 1900-1918 (2013) *S. Browne The Women’s Liberation Movement in Scotland (2017) S. Bruley Women in Britain since 1900 (1999) H Jones Women in British public life, 1914-1950: gender, power and social policy (2000) J. Lewis Women in Britain since 1945 (1992) M McCormack, ed., Public Men: Political Masculinities in Modern Britain (2007) J. Purvis, (ed.) Women’s History in Britain, 1850-1945 (1995) *J. Rendall (ed.) Equal or Different: Women's Politics, 1800-1918 (1987) *H. Smith (ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century (1990) I. Zweiniger- Bargielowska Women in Twentieth-Century Britain: Social, Cultural and Political Change (2001) Feminism, Suffrage and Political Participation before 1914

47 48 S Pedersen ‘The Women’s Suffrage Movement in the Balfour Family’ TCBH (2019) J. Bush Women Against the Vote: Female Anti-suffragism in Britain, (2007) K. Cowman ‘“Incipient Toryism”? The Women's Social and Political Union and the Independent Labour Party, 1903-14’, HWJ (2002) B. Griffin ‘Class, Gender and Liberalism in Parliament, 1868-1882: the Case of the Married Women’s Property Acts’, HJ, xlvi (2003) B. Griffin The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain. Masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights (2012) N. Gullace ‘The Blood of Our Sons’: Men, Women and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the First World War’ (2002) J Hannam & K. Hunt Socialist women: Britain 1880s to 1920s (2002) B. Harrison Separate Spheres: the Opposition to Women’s Suffrage in Britain (1978) P. Hollis Ladies Elect: Women in Local Government (1988) S.S. Holton Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900-18 (1986) S.S. Holton ‘The women’s movement, politics and citizenship’ in I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (2001) P. Jalland Women, Marriage and Politics, 1860-1914 (1986) S.K. Kent Sex and Suffrage in Britain 1860-1914 (1987) P. Levine Victorian Feminism (1987) J. Lewis (ed.) Before the Vote was Won: Arguments For and Against Women's Suffrage (1987) J. Lewis Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England (1991) J. Liddington & J. Norris One Hand Tied Behind Us: the Rise of the Women's Suffrage Movement (1978) J. Liddington & E. Crawford 'Women do not count, neither shall they be counted': Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the 1911 Census , History Workshop Journal (2011) J. Lawrence ‘Contesting the Male Polity: the and the Politics of Disruption in Edwardian Britain’, in A.Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power (2001) M. Pugh The March of the Women. A Revisionist History of the Suffrage Campaign (2000) M. Pugh The Pankhursts (2002) K.D Reynolds Aristocratic women and political society in Victorian Britain (1998) E. Riedi ‘Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901- 1914’ HJ (2002) pp. 569-599 K.Y. Sternberg ‘Working-Class Women in London Local Politics, 1894-1914’, TCBH, 9 (1998) R. Strachey The Cause: A Short History of the Women’s Movement in Great Britain (1928, reprinted 1978) D. Thackeray 'Home and politics: women and conservative activism in early twentieth-century Britain' JBS (2010)

Women’s Political Activism since 1918

R. Reeves Women of Westminster: The MPs Who Changed Politics (2019) J. Alberti, Beyond Suffrage: Feminists in War and Peace, 1914-1928 (1989) M. Andrews The acceptable face of feminism: the Women’s Institute as a social movement (1997) D. Kelliher ‘Solidarity and Sexuality: Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners 1984-5', History Workshop Journal 77:1 (Spring 2014), pp. 240-262. N. Thomlinson Race, ethnicity and the women's movement in England, 1968-1993 (2016). O. Banks O. Banks The Politics of British Feminism, 1918-1970 (1993)

48 49 C. Beaumont Housewives and Citizens: Domesticity and the Women’s Movement in England, 1928-64 (2013) E. Breitenbach & P. Thane Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the Twentieth Century (2010) J. Gottlieb & R. Toye (eds) The Aftermath of Suffrage: Women, Gender and Politics in Britain (2013) J. Gottlieb Feminine Fascism. Women in Britain's Fascist Movement 1923-45 (1999) D. Jarvis 'Mrs Maggs and Betty: the Conservative appeal to women voters in the 1920s', TCBH, Vol. 5.2 (1994) S.K. Kent Making Peace: the Reconstruction of Gender in Inter-war Britain (1993) H. McCarthy 'Parties, voluntary associations and democratic politics in interwar Britain', HJ (2007) H. McCarthy The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c. 1918 – 1945 (2011), chapter 7. S. Pedersen ‘Gender, Welfare and Citizenship in Britain during the Great War’ AmHR, xcv (1990) S. Pedersen Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State (1993) S. Pedersen and the Politics of Conscience (2004) M. Pugh Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-59 (1992) H. Smith (ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century (1990) P. Thane ‘What Difference did the Vote Make?’, in A. Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power (2001) & reprinted in HR (2003)

Women in Party Politics

L. Beers Red Ellen: The Life of Ellen Wilkinson, Socialist, Feminist, Internationalist (2016) S. Brooke 'The Labour Party, women, and the problem of gender, 1951-66', JBS, 36 (1997) S. Childs ‘The New Labour women MPs in the 1997 British Parliament: issues of recruitment and representation’, Women’s History Review, 9, 1 (2000) C. Collette For Labour and For Women: Women’s Labour League, 1906-18 (1989) K. Cowman Mrs Brown is a Man and a Brother (2004) M. Francis ‘Labour and Gender’, in D. Tanner et alii, Labour’s First Century (2000) P. Graves Labour Women: Women in British Working Class Politics 1918-39 (1994) David Howell MacDonald's Party (2002), ch. 20-1 D. Jarvis ‘The Conservative Party and the Politics of Gender, 1900-1939’, in M. Francis & I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska (eds.) The Conservatives and British Society, 1880- 1990 (1996) D. Jarvis ‘“Behind Every Great Party”: Women and Conservatism in 20th century Britain’, in A. Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power (2001) P. Norris ‘Gender: a Gender-Generation Gap?’ in G. Evans & P. Norris, Critical Elections (1999) M. Pugh Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-59 (1992) A. Seldon & S. Ball (eds.) Conservative Century (1994) ch. 16 D. Tanner ‘Gender, civic culture and politics in South Wales: explaining Labour Municipal Policy, 1918-1939’ in M. Worley (ed.), Labour’s Grass Roots (2005) P. Thane 'The women of the British Labour Party and feminism 1906-45', in H.L. Smith (ed.), British Feminism in the Twentieth Century (1990) P. Thane ‘Women, liberalism and citizenship, 1918-1930’ in Eugenio Biagini, ed, Citizenship and Community (1996)

49 50 J. Turner ‘Sex, Age and the Labour Vote in the 1920s’, in P. Denley et al (eds), History and Comuting II (1989) L. Walker ‘Party Political Women: a Comparative Study of Liberal Women and the , 1890-1914’, in J. Rendall (ed.) Equal or Different? Women’s Politics 1800-1914 (1987) S. Ward ‘Labour Activism and the Political Self in Interwar Working-Class women’s politics’ TCBH 30 (2019) G. Love A ‘Mixture of Britannia and Boadicea’: Dorothy Crisp’s Conservatism and the Limits of Right-Wing Women’s Political Activism, 1927–48’ TCBH 30 (2019)

Gender, Masculinity and Politics

N. Ellenberger ‘Constructing : narratives of aristocratic masculinity in fin-de- siècle England’, JBS (2000). M. Francis ‘Tears, tantrums and bared teeth: the emotional economy of three Conservative Prime Ministers, 1951-63’, Journal of British Studies (2002), pp. 354-87. M. Francis ‘The Labour Party: modernisation and the politics of restraint’, in Becky Conekin, Frank Mort and Chris Waters, eds., Moments of modernity: reconstructing Britain, 1945-64 (1999) B. Griffin ‘Masculinities and parliamentary culture in modern Britain’ in Sean Brady, Christopher Fletcher, Rachel Moss and Lucy Riall, eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Masculinity and Political Culture in Europe (2018). *B. Griffin The politics of gender in Victorian Britain: masculinity, political culture and the struggle for women’s rights (366 pages; Cambridge, 2012), chapters 3, 6 and conclusion. N. Gullace The Blood of Our Sons’: Men, women and the renegotiation of British citizenship during the First World War (2002). M. Johnson ‘Leading from the Front: the ‘service members’ in parliament, the armed forces, and British politics during the Great War’, EHR 130 (2015) J. Lawrence ‘Class and gender in the making of urban Toryism, 1880-1914’, EHR (1993). J. Lawrence ‘Forging a peaceable kingdom: war, violence and fear of brutalization in post- First World War Britain’, Journal of Modern History (2003). M. McCormack (ed.) Public men: masculinity and politics in modern Britain (2007). M. Roberts ‘W.L. Jackson, exemplary manliness and late Victorian popular Conservatism’, in M. McCormack (ed.), Public men: Political masculinities in modern Britain, (2007), pp. 123-42. S. Rose Which people’s war? National identity and citizenship in wartime Britain 1939- 1945, (2003), ch. 5. L. Ugolini ‘Independent labour party men and women’s suffrage, 1893-1905’ in C. Eustance et al, A suffrage reader (2000).

B6 War, State and Society, 1900-1945

From imperial to world wars; the impact of world war upon British and Irish societies; mobilisation and the role of the state; conscription and pacifism; grand strategy and war aims; civil-military relations; Lloyd George and Churchill as war leaders; press and propaganda; mortality and remembrance.

*Vera Brittain Testament of Youth (1933: Virago, 2004) *Noel Coward & David Lean (dirs.) In Which We Serve (1942: 2002 DVD/1998 VCR)

Introductory/General

50 51 M. Daunton Just Taxes. The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914-1979 (2002) P. Dewey War and Progress: Britain, 1914-1945 (1997) J. Harris ‘Society and State in the 20thC Britain’ in F.M.L. Thompson, Cambridge Social History of Britain vol. 3 (1990) M.R. Higonnet et al Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars (1987) L. Noakes War and the British: gender, memory and national identity (1998)

The Boer War

P. Laity The British peace movement 1870-1914 (2001) S. Mackley ‘Liberal Party Politics, the South African War, and the Rhetoric of Imperial Governance’ 20thCBH (2018) pp 1-24. K.O. Morgan ‘The Boer War and the media (1899-1902)’ 20th Century British History, 13:1 (2002) D. Omissi & A.S. Thompson (eds.) The impact of the South African War (2002) T. Pakenham The Boer War (New York, 1979) R. Price An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working-Class Attitudes and Reactions to the Boer War 1899-1902 (1972) P.A. Readman ‘The Conservative Party, patriotism, and British politics: the case of the General Election of 1900', Journal of British Studies, 40:1 (2001) P. Warwick & S.B. Spies (ed.) The South African War: The Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 (1980)

First World War (see also reading list A9)

J. Charmley Splendid Isolation? Britain, the Balance of Power and the Origins of the First World War (1999) A. Gregory The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War (2008) and The Silence of Memory (1994) C. Pennell A Kingdom United. Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland (2012) N. Gallagher Ireland and the Great War: A social and political history (forthcoming, 2019) C. MacDonald, E. McFarland Scotland and the Great War (1999) P. O’Leary ‘Wales and the First World War: Themes and Debates,’ Welsh History Review, 9 (2019), 591-617. S. Grayzel Women and The First World War (2013) P. Dehne ‘The Ministry of Blockade during the First World War and the demise of Free Trade’ TCBH 3 (2016) R. Adams & P. Poirier The Conscription Controversy, 1900-18 (1987) K. Burk (ed.) War and the State (1982) M. Ceadel Pacifism in Britain, 1914-45 (1980) S. Constantine et al The First World War in British History (1995) G.J. DeGroot Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (1996) P. Fussell The Great War and Modern Memory (1989 & subsequent editions) J. Grigg Lloyd George: vol. 3, From Peace to War, 1912-16 (1985) N. Gullace “The Blood of Our Sons”: men, women and the renegotiation of British Citizenship during the Great War (2002) J. Lawrence ‘Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence and Fear of Brutalisation in Post- First World War Britain', JMH (2003)

51 52 J. Lawrence ‘The transformation of British public politics after the First World War’, P&P (2006) A. Tooze The Deluge (2015) A. Offer The First World War: an Agrarian Interpretation (1989) D. Reynolds The Long Shadow: The Great War and the Twentieth Century (2013) T. Wilson The Myriad Faces of War (1988) J. Winter The Great War and the British People (1985)

Second World War (see also reading lists A12 and B7)

P. Addison The Road to 1945 (1975) B. Brivati et al What Difference did the War Make? (1993) A. Calder The People's War (1969) A. Calder The Myth of (1991) M. Donnelly Britain in the Second World War (1999) D. Reynolds In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (2004) R. Blake & R. W. Johnson : A Biography (2006) W. R. Louis (eds.) Churchill (1993) A. Roberts Churchill: Walking with Destiny (2019) J. Fennell Fighting the People’s War: The British and Commonwealth Armies and the Second World War (2019) A. Jackson The British Empire and the Second World War (2006) A. Stewart Empire Lost: Britain, the and the Second World War (2008) Kevin Jefferys War and reform: British politics during the Second World War (1994) M. Evans & D. Morgan The Battle for Britain: Citizenship and Ideology in the Second World War (2002) A. Thorpe Parties at War: Political Organization in Second World War Britain (2009) D. Edgerton Warfare State. Britain, 1920-1970 (2006) J. Harris ‘Great Britain: the People's War?’ in D. Reynolds et al., Allies at War (1994) C. Ponting 1940: Myth and Reality (1990) D. Reynolds Rich Relations: the American Occupation of Britain (1995) S. Rose Which People’s War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain, 1939-1945 (2003) B. Girvin . Neutral Ireland 1939-1945 (2006)

B7 Keynes, Economic Policy and the State

Policy responses to the ‘’ and the changing economic role of the state in the 1930s and 1940s; what we mean by ‘Keynesian’ policies; how far they were unique to J.M. Keynes and how appropriate as a political strategy for managing the economy; why Keynesianism was resisted before the Second World War, then ostensibly adopted, and with what implications for post-war politics.

*J.M Keynes Essays in Persuasion (1930 etc) for 'The Economic Consequences of Mr Churchill' (1925) and 'Can Lloyd George Do It?' (1929)

Introductory/General

R.E. Backhouse & K. Tribe ‘Economic thought and ideology in Britain, 1870-2010’, in R.

52 53 Floud, J. Humphries & Paul Johnson (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (2014 edition), II A. Booth British Economic Policy, 1931-49: Was There a Keynesian Revolution? (1989) P. Clarke ‘Keynes in History’ History of Political Economy, xxvi (1994) P. Clarke ‘The Historical Keynes and the History of Keynesianism’ in D Cannadine and T Blanning (eds.) History and Biography (1996) D. Edgerton The Rise and Fall of the British Nation (2018) M. Fourcade Economists and Societies: Discipline and Profession in the , Britain, and France, 1890s to 1990s (2009) E.H.H. Green & D. Tanner (eds.) The Strange Survival of Liberal England: Political Leaders, Moral Values and the Reception of Economic Debate (2007) M. Furner & B. Supple (eds.) The State and Economic Knowledge (1990) P. Hall (ed.) The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations (1989) K. Middlemas Politics in Industrial Society (1979) R. Middleton Charlatans or Saviours? Economists and the British Economy from Marshall to Meade (1998) G. Peden Keynes, the Treasury and British Economic Policy (1988) G. Peden ‘Economic knowledge and the state in modern Britain’ in S.J.D. Green and R.C. Whiting (eds.), The Boundaries of the State in Modern Britain (1996) J. Tomlinson Public Policy and the Economy since 1900 (1990) J. Tomlinson Managing the Economy, Managing the People: Narratives of Economic Life in Britain from Beveridge to Brexit (2017)

Inter-War Debates

A. Booth & M. Pack Employment, Capital and Economic Policy, 1918-39 (1985) P. Clarke The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 1924-36 (1988) E. Durbin New Jerusalems (1985) W.R. Garside British Unemployment 1919-39: a Study in Public Policy (1991) W.R. Garside ‘Party Politics, Political Economy and British , 1919-32’, History (1998) B. Jackson ‘At the Origins of Neo-Liberalism: the Free Economy and the Strong State, 1930-1947’, HJ (2010) R. McKibbin ‘The Economic Policy of the Second Labour Government’, P&P (1975) R. Middleton ‘British monetary and fiscal policy in the 1930s', Oxford Review of Economic Policy (2010) D. Moggridge : an Economist's Biography (1992) D. Ritschel The Politics of Planning: the Debate on Economic Planning in Britain in the 1930s (1997) R. Skidelsky Politicians and the Slump (1994 ed.) R. Skidelsky John Maynard Keynes, vol. i, 1883-1920 (1983) and vol. ii, 1920-37 (1992) P. Sloman ‘Can we conquer unemployment? The Liberal Party, public works, and the 1931 political crisis’, Historical Research (2015)

Policy After 1939

B. Jackson ‘Currents of Neo-Liberalism: British Political Ideologies and the , c. 1955-79’, EHR (2016) S. Brooke ‘Problems of "Socialist Planning": and the Labour Government of 1945,’ HJ, xxxiv, (1991)

53 54 S. Brooke ‘Revisionists and Fundamentalists: the Labour Party and Economic Policy during the Second World War,’ HJ, xxxii (1989) A. Cairncross Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 1945-51 (1985). G. O’Hara From Dreams to Disillusionment: Economic and Social Planning in 1960s Britain (2007) H. Pemberton Policy Learning and British Governance in the 1960s (2004) K. Thorpe ‘“Statistical Floodlighting”? The Unpublished Economic Surveys’, 1946-7, CBH, xi (1997) J. Tomlinson Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy, 1945-51 (1996) J. Tomlinson Employment Policy: the Crucial Years, 1939-57 (1987) J. Tomlinson ‘Re-inventing the Moral Economy in Post-War Britain’, HR (2011) R. Toye The Labour Party and the Planned Economy, 1931-1951 (2003) R. Toye ‘The Labour Party and Keynes’ in E.H.H. Green and D. Tanner (eds), The Strange Survival of Liberal England (2007)

B8 Britain Abroad: Free Trade, Europe and Empire, 1880-1914

Britain’s interests as a European, imperial and commercial power; the strategic implications of Free Trade and its relation to empire; Britain’s response to the changing balance of power in Europe; attitudes to continental engagements; the logic of entry into World War One.

*J Seeley The Expansion of England (1887) J.A. Hobson Imperialism: A Study (1902)

Introductory/General

P. Brendon The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (2010) J.M. Brown & W.M. Roger Louis (eds.) The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4 (1999) P.J. Cain & A.G. Hopkins British Imperialism, vol. 1: Innovation and Expansion 1688-1914 (1993) M. Chamberlain Pax Britannica? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914 (1988) J. Darwin The Empire Project: the Rise and Fall of the British World-System 1830-1970 (2009), chs 6 & 7 T.G. Otte The Foreign Office mind: the making of British foreign policy, 1865-1914 (Cambridge, 2011) R. Hyam Britain’s Imperial Century, 1815-1914: a study of Empire and Expansion, 3rd Edition (2002) B. Nasson Britannia's Empire: a Short History of the British Empire (2006) *D. Reynolds Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the 20th Century, 2nd edition (2000), chs 1-3 Z Steiner ‘Beyond the Foreign Office Papers: The Making of an International Historian’, The International History Review, 39:3 (2017), 546-70 *A. Thompson The Empire strikes back: the impact of imperialism in Britain since the mid- nineteenth century (2005)

Foreign Policy (General)

R. Bickers The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils and the Qing Empire (2011), ch.11 M. Howard The Continental Commitment (1972) P. Kennedy The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914 (1982) *P. Marsh Bargaining on Europe. Britain and the First Common Market, 1860-1892 (1999)

54 55 T. G. Otte (ed.) The Makers of British Foreign Policy: from Pitt to Thatcher (2002) J.P. Parry The Politics of Patriotism: English Liberalism, National Identity and Europe, 1830-1886 (2006), ch 7 M. Swartz The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli (1985) A.J.P. Taylor The Trouble-makers: Dissent Over Foreign Policy 1792-1939 (1957) K.M. Wilson (ed.) British Foreign Secretaries and Foreign Policy 1854-1914 (1987)

Imperialism & Imperial Policy

J. Belich Replenishing the Earth: the Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-World, 1783-1939 (2009) D. Bell The Idea of Greater Britain. The Empire and the Future of World Order 1860- 1900 (2007) R. Bickers (ed.) Settlers and expatriates: Britons over the seas (Oxford, 2010) J. Darwin ‘Imperialism and the Victorians: the Dynamics of Territorial Expansion,’ EHR (1997) D. Cannadine Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire (2001)

S. Dubow ‘How British was the British World? The Case of ’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 37:1 (2009), 1-27 E.H.H. Green ‘The Political Economy of the British Empire, 1880-1914’, in A. Porter, (ed.) The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3 (1999) M. Harper & S. Constantine (eds.) Migration and empire (Oxford, 2010) S. Howe ‘British Worlds, Settler Worlds, World Systems, and Killing Fields’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 40:4 (2012), 691-725 R. Hyam ‘The Myth of Gentlemanly Capitalism’, in Understanding the British Empire (2010), pp.133-54 Wm. R. Louis Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and (2006), pp. 35-184 G. Magee & A. Thompson Empire and globalisation: networks of people, goods and capital in the British world, c.1850-1914 (Cambridge, 2010) B. Nasson The South African War 1899–1902 (1999) P. O'Brien ‘Costs and Benefits of British Expansion,’ Past and Present (1988) and comment by P. Kennedy P&P (1989) A. Offer ‘The British Empire, 1870-1914: a waste of money?’ EcHR (1993) D. Omissi & A. Thompson (eds.) The impact of the South African War (2002) A. Porter Religion versus Empire? British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion 1700-1914 (2004), ch 11 R. Robinson & J. Gallagher ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, EcHR (1953) R. Robinson & J. Gallagher Africa and the Victorians (1961) K. Wagner ‘Savage Warfare: Violence and the Rule of Colonial Difference in Early British Counterinsurgency’, History Workshop Journal, 85:1 (2018), 217-37

Empire at Home

55 56 A.M. Burton ‘British Feminists and the Indian Women’ in N.Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds.) Western Women and Imperialism Complicity and Resistance (1992) C. Hall & S. Rose (eds.) At Home with the Empire (2006) C. Hall & K. McClelland (eds.) Race, Nation and Empire: Making Histories, 1750 to the Present (2010). C. Hall ‘Culture and Identity in Imperial Britain’ in S.E. Stockwell (ed.), The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives (2008) M. Jones The last great quest: Captain Scott’s Antarctic sacrifice (2003) J.M. MacKenzie Propaganda & Empire: the manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960 (1984) J.M. MacKenzie ‘The British empire: ramshackle or rampaging? A historiographical reflection’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 43:1 (2015), 99-124 M. Matikkala Empire & Imperial ambition. Liberty, Englishness and anti-Imperialism in Victorian Britain (2011) K.O. Morgan ‘The Boer War and the media (1899-1902)’, Twentieth Century British History, 13:1 (2002), 1-16 B. Porter The absent-minded imperialists. Empire, society and culture in Britain (2004) R. Price An Imperial War and the British Working Class (1972) R. Price ‘One Big Thing: Britain, its Empire, and their Imperial Culture’, JBS, 45:3 (2006), 602-27 C. Prior Edwardian England and the idea of racial decline: an empire’s future (2013) P. Readman ‘The Conservative Party, patriotism, and British politics: the case of the general election of 1900’, JBS, 40:1 (2001), 107-45 P. Readman ‘The Liberal Party and patriotism in early twentieth century Britain’, TCBH, 12:3 (2001), 269–302. B. Schwarz Memories of empire, volume I: the white man’s world (Oxford, 2011), chs 2-4 B. Sebe Heroic imperialists in Africa: the promotion of British and French colonial heroes, 1870-1939 (Manchester, 2013) A-L. Stoler & ‘Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda,” in Cooper & F. Cooper Stoler (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (1997), 1–56 A. Thompson Imperial Britain: The Empire in British Politics, 1880-1932 (1999)

B9 Britain, Europe and the World between the Wars

The extent and timing of Britain’s loss of international standing and of her adjustment to this; the role of economic pressures and domestic politics on foreign policy-making; the extent of popular internationalism and pacifism after 1918; the roots of ‘appeasement’ in the 1920s; what we mean by ‘appeasement’; how far it was a rational response to global over-stretch; the possible alternatives to Chamberlain's policies; the politics of rearmament; the possibility of a negotiated peace in 1940.

* ‘Cato’ (1940; Penguin, 1998) E. H. Carr The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (1939) J. M. Keynes The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)

Introductory/General

T. Bouverie Appeasing Hitler (2019) M.G. Fry (ed.) Power, Personalities and Policies: Essays in Honour of D.C. Watt (1992) M. Gilbert The Roots of Appeasement (1966)

56 57 H. McCarthy The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, Citizenship and Internationalism, c. 1918 – 1945 (2011) B.J.C. McKercher ‘National Security and Imperial Defence: British Grand Strategy and Appeasement, 1930-1939’ Diplomacy and Statecraft (2008) G. Martel (ed.) The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered (1986) K. Robbins Appeasement (2nd ed., 1997) W.R. Rock British Appeasement in the 1930s (1977) A.D. Stedman Alternatives to Appeasement: Neville Chamberlain and Hitler’s Germany (2011) AJP Taylor The Trouble Makers: Dissent over Foreign Policy 1792-1939 (1957) D.C. Watt How War Came (1989) (conclusion)

The Political Context

P.J. Beck ‘Searching for Peace in , not Geneva: the British Government, the League of Nations and the Sudetenland Question,’ Diplomacy and Statecraft (1999) M. Ceadel ‘The “King and Country” Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators’ HJ, (1979) M. Ceadel Semi-Detached Idealists: the British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854-1945 (2000) P.O. Cohrs ‘The First ‘Real’ Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925’, Contemporary European History, 12:1 (2003), 1-31 P.O. Cohrs ‘The Quest for a New Concert of Europe: British Pursuit of German Rehabilitation and European Stability in the 1920s’ in G. Johnson (ed.), Locarno Revisited (2004) J. Darwin ‘Imperialism in Decline? Tendencies in British Imperial Policy between the Wars', HJ (1980) J. Darwin ‘An undeclared Empire: the British in the , 1918-39,’ JICH (1999) W. Roger Louis Speak for England. and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill (2016) G. W. Egerton, ‘Ideology, diplomacy and international organisation: Wilsonianism and the League of Nations in Anglo-American relations, 1918-1920’, in B. J. C. McKercher (ed.), Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s (1990), pp. 17-54 R.S. Grayson and the Commitment to Europe: British Foreign Policy, 1924-29 (1997), chs 1, 2 & 3 P. Jackson ‘French Security and a British ‘Continental Commitment’ after the First World War: a Reassessment’, The English Historical Review, 126:519 (2011), 345-85 C. Kaul Reporting the Raj: the British Press and India c.1880-1922 (2003), ch.8 M. Macmillan Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 (2001) H. McCarthy ‘Leading from the Centre: The League of Nations Union, Foreign Policy and “Political Agreement” in the 1930s,’ CBH (2009) H. McCarthy ‘Democratising British Foreign Policy: Rethinking the Peace Ballot, 1934-5’ JBS (2010), 358-387 B.J.C. McKercher ‘Austen Chamberlain and the Continental Balance of Power: Strategy, Stability, and the League of Nations 1924-29’, Diplomacy and Statecraft (2003) E. Manela The Wilsonian Moment: Self Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (2007), chs S. Marks ‘Mistakes & Myths: the Allies, Germany and the Versailles Treaty, 1918-21’, The Journal of Modern History, 85:3 (2013), 632-59 K. Middlemas The Diplomacy of Illusion (1972) W. Mulligan The Great War for Peace (2014), chs 8-10

57 58 G.C. Peden ‘The Burden of Imperial Defence and the Continental Commitment Reconsidered,’ HJ, xxvii (1984) S. Pedersen ‘Modernity and trusteeship: Tensions of empire in Britain between the wars’, in M.J. Daunton & B. Reiger (eds.) Meanings of modernity: Britain from the late- to World War II (2001), 203-20 S. Pedersen The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire (2015) P. Satia ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control in Iraq and the British Idea of Arabia’, American Historical Review, 1:111 (2006), 16-51 P. Satia Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East (2010) A. Sharp The Peace Conferences of 1919-23 and their aftermath (2011) Z. Steiner The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-33 (2005) G. Stewart Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain and the Battle for the Tory Party (1999) M. Thomas Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914 (2008) A. Tooze The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order 1916-1931 (2014) P. Yearwood Guarantee of Peace: the League of Nations in British Policy, 1914-1925 (2009)

Appeasement and Its Critics

RJQ Adams (ed.) British Appeasement and the Origins of World War II (1994) S. Aster ‘Appeasement: Before and After Revisionism’, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19:3 (2008), 443-80 G. Batonyi Britain and Central Europe, 1918-1933 (1999) R. Carr ‘Veterans of the First World War and Conservative Anti-Appeasement’ TCBH, 22:1 (2011), 28-51 R. Cockett Twilight of Truth: Chamberlain, Appeasement and the Manipulation of the Press (1989) J. Charmley Chamberlain and the Lost Peace (1989) and Churchill: The End of Glory (1993) P. Corthorn ‘The Labour Party and the League of Nations: the Socialist League’s Role in the Sanctions Crisis of 1935’, TCBH, 13 (2002) M. Cowling The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-40 (1975) N.J. Crowson Facing Fascism. The Conservative Party and the European Dictators, 1935- 1940 (1997) D. Dutton Neville Chamberlain (2001) D. Gillard Appeasement in crisis: from Munich to , October 1938-March 1939 (2007) J Gottlieb Guilty Women: Foreign Policy and Appeasement in Interwar Britain (2015) P.M. Kennedy ‘The Tradition of Appeasement in British Foreign policy, 1865-1939’, BJIS (1976) B.J.C. McKercher ‘National Security and Imperial Defence: British Grand Strategy and Appeasement, 1930–1939’, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 19:3 (2008), 391-442 W.J. Mommsen & L. Ketternacker (eds.) The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement (1983) K. Neilson ‘The Defence Requirements sub-committee, British strategic foreign policy, Neville Chamberlain and the path to appeasement’, EHR, 118:447 (2003), 651- 84 G.C. Peden ‘Sir Horace Wilson and Appeasement’, HJ, 53:4 (2010), 983-1014 R.J. Overy Origins of the Second World War (1987)

58 59 R.A.C. Parker Chamberlain and Appeasement (1993) and Churchill and Appeasement (2000) D. Reynolds ‘Churchill and the Decision to Fight on in 1940: Right Policy, Wrong Reasons’ in R. Langhorne (ed.), Diplomacy and Intelligence During the Second World War (1985) P.W. Schroeder ‘Munich and the British Tradition’, HJ, xix (1976) R. Self Neville Chamberlain: A Biography (2006) N. Thompson The Anti-Appeasers (1971) P. Ward ‘Preparing for the People’s War: the Left and Patriotism in the 1930s’, LHR (2002) D. C. Watt How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (2001) P. Williamson ‘Christian conservatism and the totalitarian challenge, 1933-40’, EHR, 115:462 (2000), 607-42 P. Williamson ‘Baldwin's Reputation: Politics and History, 1937-1967’, HJ, (2004)

B10 Britain, Europe and the World since 1945

How far post-war foreign policy recognised new realities; British reactions to European integration; gains and losses from alliance with the USA; the impact of the Suez crisis; the ‘’ – myth or reality?; the end of empire as a planned retreat or a chaotic scuttle; the end of Empire and the making of “post-colonial” Britain.

*John Osborne The Entertainer (1957; film 1960)

Introductory/General

E. Buettner Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture (2016), sections on Britain P.J. Cain & A.G. Hopkins British Imperialism, ii, 1914-90 (1993) J. Darwin The Empire Project (2009), chs. 13-14 S. Greenwood Britain and the Cold War, 1945-91 (2000) B. Harrison Seeking a role: the UK 1951-1970 (2009) B. Harrison Finding a role: the UK 1970-1990 (2010) D. Reynolds Britannia Overruled (2nd ed., 2000) C. Schenk The Decline of Sterling: Managing the Retreat of an International Currency, 1945-1992 (2013) S. Stockwell ‘Ends of Empire’, in S Stockwell (ed.), The British Empire: Themes and Perspectives (2008) A. Thompson (ed.) Britain's Experience of Empire in the Twentieth Century (2012)

The Cold War and the ‘Special Relationship’

A. Bullock , , 1945-51 (1983) K. Burk ‘The Alliance since 1945’, ch.8, Old World, New World (2007), 561-638 J. Charmley Churchill's Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship, 1940- 1957 (1995) A. Deighton ‘Entente Neo-Coloniale?: Ernest Bevin and the Proposals for an Anglo–French Third World Power, 1945–1949’, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 17:4 (2006), 835-852 A. Deighton ‘Britain and the Cold War, 1945-1955’, in O.A. Westad and M. Leffler (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. I: Origins (Cambridge, 2010), 112-32.

59 60 M. Dockrill British Defence 1945-70 (1988) M. Grant ‘“Civil defence gives meaning to your leisure”: Citizenship, participation, and cultural change in cold war recruitment propaganda, 1949-54’ TCBH, 22 (2011), pp. 52-78 M. Grant The British way in cold warfare: Intelligence, diplomacy and the bomb 1945- 1975 (2009) M. Jones ‘Great Britain, the United States, and consultation over use of the atomic bomb, 1950-1954’, HJ, 54:3 (2011), 797-828 W.R. Louis & H. Bull (eds.) The 'Special Relationship': Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 (1986) P. M. McGarr The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965 (2013) A. Mumford The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare (2014) R. Ovendale Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century (British History in Perspective) (1998) J. Ramsden Man of the Century: Winston Churchill, the Man and His Legend (2002) D. Reynolds From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s (2006) D. Reynolds (ed.) The Origins of the Cold War in Europe (1994), essay 3 K. Ruane The Rise and Fall of the European Defence Community: Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European Defence, 1950-55 (2000) K. Ruane & J. Ellison ‘Managing the Americans: , Harold Macmillan and the pursuit of “power by proxy” in the 1950s’, Contemporary British History, 18:3 (2004), 147-67 A. Scott Allies Apart: Heath, Nixon and the Anglo-American Relationship (2011) M. Thatcher Margaret Thatcher: The Autobiography (2013) D.R. Thorpe Anthony Eden (2003) R. Vinen ‘Thatcherism and the Cold War’, in Jackson & Saunders (eds.), Making Thatcher’s Britain (2012), 199-217 C. Walton Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire (2013) G. Warner ‘From Ally to Enemy: Britain's Relations With the , 1941-8,’ in M. Dockrill & B. McKercher (eds) Diplomacy & World Power (1996) J. Young Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-5 (1996) J. Young ‘German Rearmament and the European Defence Community’, in J Young (ed), The Foreign Policy of Churchill’s Peacetime Administration (1988), 81-109

The Ends of Empire

D. Anderson Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire: Testimonies from the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya (2006), chs.1 & 3 C. Bayly & T. Harper Forgotten wars: The end of Britain’s Asian Empire (2008) P. Brooke and the Informal Politics of Britain’s Late Decolonisation (2017) L. Butler & S. Stockwell (eds) The Wind of Change: Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization (2013) P. Clarke The last thousand days of the British Empire (2007), chs 11-14

60 61 F. Cooper ‘Reconstructing Empire in British and French Africa’, Past and Present, 210:6 (2011), 196-210 J. Darwin Britain and Decolonization 1945-65 (1988) F. Heinlein British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945-1963 (2002) J.M. Hodge Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian doctrines of development and the legacies of British (2007), pp.207-253 A.G. Hopkins ‘Rethinking Decolonisation.’ P&P (2008) R. Hyam Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonization, 1918-1968 (2007) P. Keleman ‘The British Labor Party and the Economics of Decolonization: the debate over Kenya’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 8:3 (2007) K. Kyle Suez (1991) J. Lewis ‘“Tropical east ends” and the second world war: some contradictions in colonial office welfare initiatives’, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 28:2 (2000), 42-66 W.R. Louis Ends of British Imperialism (2006), chapters 21-31 on various aspects of the imperial crisis in the late 1950s A. May (ed) Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe (2001) M. Mazower No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire & the Ideological Origins of the (2009), chs.1 & 4 P. Murphy Party Politics and Decolonization: The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa 1951-1964 (1995) P. Murphy The empire's new clothes: the myth of the Commonwealth (2018) R. Ovendale ‘Macmillan and the Wind of Change in Africa, 1957-60,’ HJ (1995) N. Owen ‘The Conservative Party and Indian Independence, 1945-1947’, HJ, 46 (2003) C. Prior ‘“This community which nobody can define”: meanings of Commonwealth in the late 1940s and 1950s’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 47:3 (2019), 568-90 C.L Riley ‘“Tropical Allsorts”: The Transnational Flavor of British Development Policies in Africa’, Journal of World History, 26:4 (2015), 839-64 S. Stockwell The British End of the British Empire (2018) M. Thomas Fight or flight. Britain, France, and their roads from empire (2014) J. Tomlinson ‘The decline of Empire and the economic “decline” of Britain’, TCBH, 14:3 (2003), 201-221

The Making of Post-Colonial Britain

J. Bailkin The afterlife of empire (2012) A. Bocking-Welch British civic society at the end of empire: Decolonisation, globalisation, and international responsibility (2018) E. Buettner ‘“This is not Alabama”: Racial Geographies of Commonwealth Immigration in Early 1960s Britain’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 42:4 (2014), 710-40 K. Connell Black Handsworth: Race in 1980s Britain (2019) J. Darwin ‘Memory of Empire in Britain: A Preliminary View’, in D. Rothermund (ed.) Memories of post-imperial nations: the aftermath of decolonization, 1945-2013 (2015) D. Feldman ‘Why the English Like Turbans: Multicultural Politics in British History’, in D. Feldman and J. Lawrence (eds.) Structures and Transformations in Modern British History (2011) M. Francis ‘Mrs Thatcher's peacock blue sari: ethnic minorities, electoral politics and the Conservative Party, c. 1974–86’, Contemporary British History, 31:2 (2017), 274-93

61 62 P. Gilroy Postcolonial melancholia (2005) P. Gilroy There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack (2013) N. Jackson ‘“A nigger in the new England”: ‘Sus’, the Brixton riot, and citizenship’, African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal, 8:2 (2015), 158-70 J. Lewis ‘Daddy wouldn’t buy me a Mau Mau’, in E.S. Atieno Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (Eds.) Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority, and Narration (2003) M. Matera Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century (2015) K Hammond Perry London is the Place for Me: Black Britons, Citizenship and the Politics of Race (2016) C. Schofield Enoch Powell and the making of postcolonial Britain (2013) B Schwarz The White Man’s World: Memories of Empire (2011) S. Ward British Culture and the End of Empire (2001) Z. Smith Feel free: essays (2018), chs. 3 & 4 R. Waters Thinking black: Britain, 1964-1985 (2018) W. Webster Englishness and Empire, 1939-1965 (2005) A. Whipple ‘Revisiting the “Rivers of Blood” Controversy: Letters to Enoch Powell’, JBS (2009) C. Wills Lovers and Strangers: An Immigrant History of Post-War Britain (2017)

European Integration

L. Aqui ‘Government Policy and Propaganda in the 1975 Referendum on European Community membership’, CBH (2019) A. Deighton & P. Ludlow ‘A Conditional Application: …. the First Attempt to Seek Membership of the EEC, 1961-3’ in A. Deighton (ed.), Building Post-War Europe (1995) J. Ellison ‘Accepting the Inevitable: Britain and European Integration’ in W. Kaiser and G. Staerck (eds) British Foreign Policy 1955-1964: Contracting Options (2000) J. Ellison ‘Britain and Europe’, in: P. Addison and H. Jones (eds), A Companion to Contemporary Britain 1939-2000 (2005), 517-539 S. George The Politics of Semi-detachment: Britain and the European Community (1994) M. Gilbert 'The Significance of British Entry into the European Community in 1973', in A. Varsori and G. Migani (eds.) Europe in the International Arena during the 1970s: Entering a Different World (2011) R. Griffiths & S. Ward ‘“The End of a Thousand Years of History”. The Origins of Britain’s Decision to Join the European Community 1955-1961’, in R. Griffiths and S. Ward (eds), Courting the Common Market: the First Attempt to Enlarge the European Community 1961-1963 (1996) B. Grob-Fitzgibbon Continental Drift: Britain and Europe from the end of Empire to the Rise of Euro-Scepticism (2016) M. Haeussler ‘The Popular Press and Ideas of Europe: the Daily Mirror, the Daily Express, and Britain’s First Application to Join the EEC, 1961-63’, TCBH, 25:1 (2014) W. Kaiser Using Europe, Abusing the Europeans: Britain and European Integration, 1945-63 (1996) C. Lord British Entry to the European Community under the Heath Government (1993) A. Milward The United Kingdom and the European Community Volume I: The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy 1945–1963 (2002) H. Parr Britain's Policy Towards the European Community: Harold Wilson and Britain's World Role, 1964-1967 (2005)

62 63 D. Reynolds & K. Spohr Transcending the Cold War: Summits, Statecraft, and the Dissolution of Bipolarity in Europe, 1970–1990 (2016) R. Saunders Yes to Europe! The 1975 Referendum and Seventies Britain (2018) P. Stephens Politics and the Pound: the Tories, the economy and Europe (1997) S. Wall The Official History of Britain and the European Community, Volume II: From Rejection to Referendum 1963-1975 (2013) H. Young This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (1998) J.W. Young Britain, France, and the Unity of Europe, 1945-51 (1984) J.W. Young Britain and European Unity, 1945-1999, 2nd Edition (2000)

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