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The Charitable Work of the Macclesfield Silk Manufacturers, 1750-1900

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The Charitable Work of the Macclesfield Silk Manufacturers, 1750-1900 This work has been submitted to ChesterRep – the University of Chester’s online research repository http://chesterrep.openrepository.com Author(s): Sarah Jane Griffiths Title: The charitable work of the Macclesfield silk manufacturers, 1750-1900 Date: April 2006 Originally published as: University of Liverpool PhD thesis Example citation: Griffiths, S. J. (2006). The charitable work of the Macclesfield silk manufacturers, 1750-1900. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. Version of item: Submitted version Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10034/81282 The Charitable Work of the Macclesfield Silk Manufacturers, 1750-1900 Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Sarah Jane Griffiths April 2006 S. J. Griffiths The Charitable Work of the Macclesfield Silk Manufacturers, 1750-1900 Abstract The existing literature on philanthropic effort during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has taken a number of different approaches to the subject. These include general works charting the development of the charitable sector, the exploration of voluntary organisations as a subsidiary topic to broader themes and regional studies adopting a range of perspectives. Most research in this latter category has been conducted on large towns and cities that generally have copious amounts of source material. In contrast, lesser provincial towns have received relatively little scholarly attention, despite the more manageable nature of their documentation. The aim of this thesis is to explore the growth of charitable organisations within Macclesfield, an East Cheshire industrial town that was dominated by the silk industry. This study concentrates on the period from 1750 to 1900, when the silk industry was dominant within the town and philanthropic activity was at its height. The town’s silk manufacturers were renowned for their charitable work and thus this research focuses on the extent to which this occupational group was critical in the development of Macclesfield’s voluntary institutions, the motives that lay behind their contributions, and their achievements. In order to see whether their involvement was typical of other businessmen, comparisons are drawn throughout with the charitable activities of contemporary entrepreneurs in a variety of urban settings. This study investigates the silk manufacturers’ participation in Macclesfield’s voluntary institutions in the fields of religion, education, public services and public amenities, together with any additional charitable acts. The evidence from all these areas suggests that in most cases the silk manufacturers were heavily involved in funding and managing these institutions. Their obvious motives reflected altruistic, religious and educational beliefs, but there were also a variety of other concerns that could have been contributory in determining their support for particular institutions. The primary achievement of Macclesfield’s voluntary sector was to provide a network of services that, in conjunction with later state initiatives, improved living standards for inhabitants by the end of the nineteenth century. This thesis gives an insight into the development of charitable institutions in a medium sized industrial town and demonstrates how one group of businessmen were able to dominate this field. Many silk manufacturers were generous in their support of charitable causes in Macclesfield, but the scale of their support did not match that of some other notable philanthropic families, such as the Crossleys of Halifax. The charitable work of the silk manufacturers appeared to be broadly similar to that of entrepreneurs in other small and medium sized industrial towns where they could form a dominant occupational group in public life. In larger towns and cities, this strong manufacturer influence was less evident and a greater range of other people contributed significantly to philanthropic institutions. This type of approach supplements the existing material on philanthropic effort during the long nineteenth century and overlaps a number of related subject areas, such as urban élite activity and the growth of the welfare state. Acknowledgements A large number of people have helped throughout the long process of completing this project. Firstly, I would like to thank the following institutions for their assistance in providing access to primary and secondary sources: British Library Reading Rooms, London Charity Commission, Liverpool Chester City Library Macclesfield Public Library National Archives, Kew University of Chester Library University of Liverpool Libraries I am grateful to Louanne Collins from the Macclesfield Silk Museum for her valuable advice at the beginning of this process. The staff at the Macclesfield Silk Museum patiently endured many visits while I was gathering material and Richard de Peyer has subsequently given useful guidance on the use of illustrations. I would like to thank you all for your help. As the bulk of the original material on Macclesfield is held at the Cheshire Record Office (now part of Chester and Cheshire Archives), staff members have had to deal with my requests for a large amount of documentation over many years. I am grateful for your speedy, efficient and friendly service. I would like to thank Jean Bray, Archivist at Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, for accommodating my visit and providing access to the private Brocklehurst family collection. I am grateful to Dr Steven Ainscough for his help in providing useful background information on Macclesfield in the early stages of the research process and for his subsequent encouragement. Similarly, Polly Bird has provided much moral support as we have progressed through the postgraduate system. A great debt of gratitude is owed to my three supervisors. Dr Chris Lewis (formerly at the University of Liverpool) who acted as Liverpool advisor in the early stages of the project and Dr Pat Starkey (University of Liverpool) who took over this position from 2002. Professor Peter Gaunt (University of Chester) has provided assistance from the outset and has acted as the primary supervisor for the entire registration period. I would like to thank you all for your unfailing patience, constant encouragement, endurance in marking large amounts of material and provision of valuable advice throughout this project. I am also grateful to the examiners, Dr Michael Huggins (University of Chester) and Professor Alan Kidd (Manchester Metropolitan University), for their constructive comments and guidance. I would like to thank the many family members, friends and work colleagues who have taken an interest in this thesis over the years, especially to Rachel Pennington, Caroline Hetherington and Mary Staveacre. Finally, I would like to single out my long-suffering husband, Bryan, for particular appreciation, as this project would never have reached completion without his constant support. Illustration Credits The following people have granted permission for me to use copies of illustrations from various sources within this thesis and this assistance is very much appreciated. John Feltwell has kindly given permission for me to reproduce his photographs of silkworms, a silkmoth and its cocoon on page 2 (originally published in his book, The Story of Silk). I am grateful to George Kelsall for allowing me to use the picture of Henry and Ann Brocklehurst on page 194, originally published in Brian Law’s book, Fieldens of Todmorden. Alyson Rogers from English Heritage has kindly given permission to reproduce the following pictures published in Calladine & Fricker’s East Cheshire Textile Mills and they are all © Crown copyright.NMR. Macclesfield garret houses, Little Street Mill and Chester Road Mill, page 37; Sunderland Street Wesleyan Chapel, p. 42; St George’s Church, Sutton and Holy Trinity Church, Hurdsfield, p. 44; Ragged and Industrial School, p. 79. The portrait of Charles Roe on page 17 has been used by kind permission of Macclesfield Team Parish. Many of the illustrations are derived from the collections held at the Macclesfield Silk Museum and I am very grateful to Richard de Peyer and Macclesfield Museums Trust for permission to use them in this thesis. Macclesfield silk buttons, p. 8; John and Thomas Brocklehurst, p. 19; James Kershaw, p. 20; garret silk weaver and mechanised silk processes, pp. 38-39; Duke Street Schools, p. 48; J. W. H. Thorp and William Whiston, p. 60; Macclesfield Sunday School, p. 64; Christ Church, p. 73; Macclesfield silk pattern p. 109; Park Green, Macclesfield, p. 112; Macclesfield Grammar School, p. 117; T. U. Brocklehurst, p. 118; Macclesfield School of Art, p. 131; J. O. Nicholson, p. 132; Macclesfield Infirmary, p. 178; Charles Brocklehurst, p. 199; View of West Park, p. 216; Victoria Park banner, p. 224; View of Victoria Park, p. 225. Table of Contents Page List of Abbreviations ii List of Tables iii List of Illustrations iv Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Religious Institutions and the Influence of the Silk Manufacturers 41 Chapter Three: Secular Education Institutions and the Influence of the Silk Manufacturers 107 Chapter Four: Public Service Institutions and the Influence of the Silk Manufacturers 156 Chapter Five: Public Amenities and the Influence of the Silk Manufacturers 208 Chapter Six: Conclusion 243 Appendix One: Macclesfield Town Map, c.1890 269 Appendix Two: Biographical Details of the Macclesfield Silk Manufacturers 270 Bibliography
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