A Note on Sources

A Note on Sources I have not included a Bibliography to this monograph. There are already many, most notably the vast but still flawed volume edited by Oliver and Karen Pollak, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe: an international bibliography (George Prior, 1977), so that further duplication seemed unnecessary. Bibliography users are either searching for basic books, in which case those volumes explicitly produced for their purposes are better, or hoping to find an esoteric reference that had eluded them, in which case a perusal of the notes (to which such scholars turn first almost instinctively) will offer some joy, I hope. Most of the unusual sources to which I have turned are referred to in the notes. The material for this monograph comes from four distinct sources. Published works are, of course, one. But the bulk of the information and detail has been gleaned from archival sources, most notably the excellent collection of Government papers and historical manuscripts in the Zimbabwe National Archives. These have been supplemented by a large number of small collections, sometimes no more than two or three letters or a diary for a single year, to which I was given access at various times during my research. One, at least, of these collections has unfortunately since been destroyed. The problem with such sources is that they tend to overemphasise problem settlers, who appear in Government papers, or the articulate and educated members of society. It was partly to place such people in a wider perspective that the third source was created. In July 1967, each fifth elector on the voters' roll was interviewed. (There was a 93 per cent response rate and those randomly selected who had died or left the district by the time of the survey were replaced by a further random selection.) Most of the questions were factual ones, designed in part to discover how representative of the whole the articulate members of the community were. Much of the later chapters is derived from this survey, but I have fought, I hope successfully, against too statistical a presentation of data there since it would have been such a contrast with earlier chapters. 229 230 A Note on Sources Finally, the tone and sense of priorities in most of Parts II and III derive from the interviews' I conducted in the district with a large number of men and women who had played some public role in the area's affairs. The recollection of some reached back to before the First World War. In selecting archival data, I have often chosen evidence which supports analysis suggested to me during my interviews. In the later chapters, such corroborating evidence is, of course, much less, since the national archives practise a thirty-year rule. In dealing with the postwar period, I have relied a good deal on personal recollections, but I have tried to ensure that, where used, at least two interviewees agreed on what had happened. Perhaps there is one final point that might be made to explain in part how that variety of source material produced this book. As a student of politics, with behavioural leanings, I have unquestionably looked at the evidence through the eyes of a political scientist. But I have, for long, believed that the study of politics was as much art as science and I make no apology if some of my analysis is based as much upon 'feel' and 'intuition' as upon the calculated process of hypothesis creation and statistical testing. That approach has its place, as some of my articles indicate; but in an historical context in particular, it can lead to too many unproven conclusions. In this book, then, I have written the history of whites in Marandellas as I see it through the range and variety of evidence I have studied. I hope that, despite its academic intentions, it is readable and persuasive. Notes All archival references are to the National Archives in Salisbury. The abbreviation Hist. Mss. refers to the historical manuscripts collection held there. Other sources are mentioned where appropriate. Some primary material, however, is not open to the public and this material is merely designated 'privately held'. INTRODUCTION 1. C. T. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (London, Oxford University Press, 1959) p. 241. 2. T. M. Frank, Race and Nationalism: the struggle jor power in Rhodesia- Nyasaland (London, Allen & Unwin, 1960); c. Rogers and C. Frantz, Racial Themes in Southern Rhodesia (Yale University Press, 1962); P. 1. M. McEwan, The Assimilation oj European Immigrants into Southern Rhodesia (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh, 1962). 3. Since I began my research work in 1966, two local histories have been published: Hazel Townsend, The Story oj Umvukwes (Salisbury, Unvukwes Women's Institute, 1967); and Shirley Sinclair, The Story oj Melsetter (Salisbury, M. O. Collins, 1971). 4. T. O. Ranger, 'The Recent History of Central Africa', Journal oj Commonwealth Political Studies, 3 (1965) pp. 148-52. 5. R. Gray, The Two Nations (London, Oxford University Press for Institute of Race Relations, 1960). 6. See F. G. Bailey, Politics in Orissa (California University Press, 1959), for a somewhat similar division into three arenas. 7. G. Arrighi, The Political Economy oj Rhodesia (The Hague, Mouton, 1967); Leys, European Politics; D. 1. Murray, The Governmental System oj Southern Rhodesia (London, Oxford University Press, 1970). 8. M. Gluckman, 'The Tribal Area in South and Central Africa', in L. Kuper and M. G. Smith (eds.), Pluralism in Ajrica (University of California Press, 1969) pp. 375,379. 9. G. A. Nasser, Egypt's Liberation: the philosophy oj the revolution (Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1955) pp. 85-114. 10. The administrative district's boundaries have altered hardly at all since 1895. The constituency boundaries have altered considerably: F. M. G. Willson (ed.), Source Book oj Parliamentary Elections and Rejerenda in Southern Rhodesia (Salisbury, the University College, 1963) pp. 26-37. By 1962, the constituency boundary approximated very closely to the 231 232 Notes to pp. 5-/9 district's. The sampling frame for my 1967 survey was the electoral register, which covered the district almost exactly. 1l. The sources for population figures based on the 1961 census were given to me by the Director of Statistics in 1966. They have not been published. 12. G. Kay, Rhodesia: a human geography (London, University of London Press, 1970) p. 159. 13. Marandellas Regional Survey (Salisbury, Department of Conservation and Extension, 1972). CHAPTER 1 ESTABLISHING A PRESENCE, 1890-1904 1. The literature on the acquisition of Southern Rhodesia for the British South Africa Company is voluminous. Some general works are: P. Mason, Birth of a Dilemma (London, Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1958) pp. 105-45; L. H. Gann, A History of Southern Rhodesia: early days to 1934 (London, Chatto & Windus, 1965) pp. 74-87; S. Samkauge, Origins of Rhodesia (London, Heinemann, i968) pp. 56-229. 2. High Commissioner, Cape Town, to Currey, CT 1I23/l. 3. E. E. Burke, Twenty-eight Days in 1890: two reports by Lieut.-Colonel E.G. Pennefether (Salisbury, National Archives of Rhodesia, Occasional Paper No. I, 1965) pp. 25, 29-30. 4. L. C. Meredith, Reminiscences, Hist. Mss. ME 4/111. 5. C. E. Finlason, A Nobody in Mashonaland (Vickers, 1894) pp. 192-3. 6. Shimmin to Hartley, 9 May 1892 (Methodist Archives, London). 7. Finlason, A Nobody in Mashonaland, p. 193. 8. W. H. Brown, On the South African Frontier (New York, Sampson, Low, Marton, 1899). 9. See Reports on Administration of Rhodesia, 1898-1900 (British South Africa Company, 1901) pp. 175-6. 10. A. S. Hickman, Men Who Made Rhodesia (Salisbury, British South Africa Company, 1960) pp. 203, 207; D. C. de Waal, With Rhodes in Mashonaland (Cape Town, Juta, 1896) p. 216. 11. Meredith, Reminiscences. 12. Hickman, Men Who Made Rhodesia, pp. 329-30. 13. Quoted in T. O. Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896-1897 (London, Heinemann, 1967) p. 59. 14. Quoted in Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, p. 60. 15. Meredith, Reminiscences. 16. Cf. Milner to Asquith, 18 November 1897: 'A lot of unfit people were allowed to exercise power, or at any rate did exercise it, especially with regard to the natives'. Quoted (? but mislocated) from C. Headlam (ed.), The Milner Papers (London, Cassell, 1931), in Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia. 17. Meredith, Reminiscences. 18. Shimmin to Hartley, 7 August 1893 (Methodist Archives, London); LO 5/2/22. 19. Quoted in Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, p. 63-4. Notes to pp. 19-25 233 20. Douglas Pelly, Reminiscences, Hist. Mss. PE 3/2/1. 21. Brown, On the South African Frontier, pp. 385-6. Hickman, Men Who Made Rhodesia, p. 181, maintains that Lendy died of overstrain in Rhodesia on 15 January 1894. 22. CT 1/1517. 23. Cape Times (Cape Town), 31 May 1892. See generally: CT 1/1517, A 1/9/1, and Meredith, Reminiscences; L. L. Ballantyne-Dykes to his mother, 26 March 1892, Hist. Mss. DY 1/1/1. 24. Lendy, Report, A 1/9/1. 25. Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 64-5. 26. Gifford to James, 1 April 1892, A 1/3/4. 27. Brown, On the South African Frontier, p. 387. 28. Lendy, Report, A 1/9/1. 29. Meredith, Reminiscences. 30. M. Hunter, Reaction to Conquest (London, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1961) p. 412. 31. J. J. Taylor, 'The Origins of the Native Department in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1898' (unpublished seminar paper, University College of Rhodesia History Seminar, 1967). 32. Meredith, Reminiscences. 33. Meredith, Reminiscences. 34. C. E. Weale, Reminiscences, Hist. Mss. WE 3/2/5. 35. W. Edwards, Reminiscences, Hist. Mss.

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