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25 75 All Patterns 25 75 Month Names 25 75 French Italian Romanian

75 all patterns 25 75 month names 25 75 date words (e.g., today) 25 ido lao thai tajik irish latin zulu zuni ewe hopi ainu taos avar vˆro urdu tatar fijian lezgi votic tamil hindi ladin veps azeri oriya shan wolof scots istriot yakut manx rusyn erzya dutch sotho tuvan maori swazi greek nama yup'ik welsh italian alutiiq polish novial sindhi talysh czech malay mansi lojban nepali lakota gothic uzbek xhosa arabic unami telugu hausa kongo khmer french buryat ojibwe slovak zazaki breton somali kyrgyz finnish latvian friulian turkish danish navajo ingush swahili sicilian tibetan pashto dakota tz'utujil romani korean uyghur yoruba tongan kalmyk yiddish udmurt ilocano dhivehi occitan kazakh khakas russian kurdish bashkir cornish bengali punjabi tahitian catalan abkhaz gujarati hebrew persian sorbian tagalog nahuatl basque adyghe silesian marathi aymara faroese galician livonian walloon german norman sanskrit spanish chinese slovene karelian maltese moksha amharic aramaic asturian manchu samoan luganda swedish umbrian turkmen garifuna rapa nui tok pisin nauruan corsican latgalian tashelhit balinese ossetian chuvash guaranÃ dena'ina albanian estonian venetian chechen o'odham alabama quechua kannada cebuano icelandic burmese georgian hawaiian javanese ukrainian sardinian afrikaans japanese maricopa bulgarian old norse cherokee romanian armenian chichewa volapÃ¼k sinhalese inari sami malagasy lithuanian dalmatian gilbertese sikkimese romansch skolt sami sichuan yi madurese hungarian esperanto limburgish assamese kashubian chamicuro interlingua norwegian belarusian mongolian neapolitan mirandese aromanian aragonese old english malayalam indonesian sundanese tocharian b tocharian a west frisian portuguese komi-zyrian vietnamese low german greenlandic montagnais north frisian papiamentu marshallese macedonian eastern mari crimean tatar haitian creole southern altai minangkabau northern sami scottish gaelic istro-romanian serbo-croatian luxembourgish saterland frisian karachay-balkar classical nahuatl ngazidja comorian old church slavonic central atlas tamazight american sign language.

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Old Norse Mythology — Comparative Perspectives Old Norse Mythology— Comparative Perspectives
Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature No. 3 OLd NOrse MythOLOgy — COMParative PersPeCtives OLd NOrse MythOLOgy— COMParative PersPeCtives edited by Pernille hermann, stephen a. Mitchell, and Jens Peter schjødt with amber J. rose Published by THE MILMAN PARRY COLLECTION OF ORAL LITERATURE Harvard University Distributed by HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England 2017 Old Norse Mythology—Comparative Perspectives Published by The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature, Harvard University Distributed by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England Copyright © 2017 The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature All rights reserved The Ilex Foundation (ilexfoundation.org) and the Center for Hellenic Studies (chs.harvard.edu) provided generous fnancial and production support for the publication of this book. Editorial Team of the Milman Parry Collection Managing Editors: Stephen Mitchell and Gregory Nagy Executive Editors: Casey Dué and David Elmer Production Team of the Center for Hellenic Studies Production Manager for Publications: Jill Curry Robbins Web Producer: Noel Spencer Cover Design: Joni Godlove Production: Kristin Murphy Romano Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hermann, Pernille, editor. Title: Old Norse mythology--comparative perspectives / edited by Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, Jens Peter Schjødt, with Amber J. Rose. Description: Cambridge, MA : Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature, 2017. | Series: Publications of the Milman Parry collection of oral literature ; no. 3 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2017030125 | ISBN 9780674975699 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Mythology, Norse. | Scandinavia--Religion--History. Classifcation: LCC BL860 .O55 2017 | DDC 293/.13--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030125 Table of Contents Series Foreword ...................................................
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Scandinavian Word Phonology: Evidence for a Typological Cycle
Kurt Braunmüller (Hamburg University): Scandinavian word phonology: evidence for a typological cycle 1. The Germanic languages: phonological principles and drift (a) Grimm‟s and Verner‟s Law, (b) consequent placement of stress on the first sylla- ble of a word, (c) subsequent reduction of vowels in unstressed syllables (cf. Gothic /i, a, u/ or Faroese /e [< ], a/) but there are also languages with schwa (/ë/) or apocope: //. Drift: (1) Dominance of monosyllabic words with complex consonant clusters in the coda, (2) this could give rise to the origin of (simple) tone languages (e.g. in SE Jutish, cf. Braunmüller 1995b/[1987]), in Low German and some Norwegian dialects), and (3) apocope and/or schwa (quite typical for many modern Germanic languages). 2. Intervening factors In the Scandinavian languages: (I) Emergence of (new) clitics, both in the nominal and the verbal part of grammar, (II) language contact (vowel harmony, new word formation elements), (III) language cultivation and language planning; moreover: com- plex consonant (C) clusters: in the onset (1–3 Cs), in the coda (with a max. of 5 Cs). 3. Splitting up Proto-Germanic: mainly a case of vowel change? Relative continuity of the consonantal frames (exception: [Old] High German); a short paradigmatic survey of this development: (1) Gallehus (about 425 AD): ek hlewagastiR holtijaR horna tawido (where the final R still represents [z] and not [r], as it did in later times) „I Legest, son of/from Holt, made [the] horn. (2) *ek[a] hlewa stiz hultijaz hurnan tawiðón. (Proto-Germanic) (3) *ik hliugasts hulteis haúrn tawida. (Gothic) (4) *ek hlégestr hyltir horn g{e|ø}rða [táða].
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The Level of Old Norse Influence on the Development of Middle English
The level of Old Norse influence on the development of Middle English Hanna Dorthea Hellem Supervisor Dagmar Haumann This master’s thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as a part of this education. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. University of Agder, 2014 Faculty of Humanities and Education Department of Foreign Languages and Translation Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Anglo-Norse language contact ............................................................................................... 2 2.1. Social factors ................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1. The people and the languages .................................................................................. 3 2.1.2. Historical setting ...................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Linguistic factors ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.1. Language contact ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Contact-induced language change ............................................................................ 8 2.2.3. Borrowability,
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Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography?
Lars S. Vik0r, Sectionfor Norwegian Lexicography, University ofOslo Norsk Ordbok - the Crown of Nynorsk Lexicography? Abstract Norsk Ordbok 'Norwegian Dictionary' is a multi-volume dictionary of the Norwegian standard variety Nynorsk and the Norwegian dialects. It is one of the very few dictionaries which cover both a written standard language and the oral dialects on which this standard is based. It was initiated around 1930, based on dialect material collected by volunteers and stored in a vast card archive, and on a variety of written sources. At present, three oftwelve planned volumes have appeared, reaching into g. The paper gives a historical outline of the project, followed by a brief description of its structure and the types of information it gives. This is exemplified by the treatment of one particular word, bunad. Finally, some fundamental problems are briefly discussed: 1) the selection of lemmas, 2) the character of the sources, 3) the treatment of dialect forms, 4) the sequence of definitions. The full title of Norsk Ordbok is Norsk Ordbok. Ordbok over det norske folkemâlet og det nynorske skriftmâlet 'Norwegian Dictionary. A dic tionary of the Norwegian popular language [i.e. the Norwegian dialects], and the Nynorsk written language'. This title at once indicates the dual aspect of the dictionary: It gives integrated coverage of both oral dialects and a written standard language. This dual aspect is the most special distinguishing feature of Norsk Ordbok as a lexicographic work. Normally, dictionaries cover written standard languages or some aspect of them (or, in the case of pro nouncing dictionaries, oral standard language).
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Middle English: a Creole? the Influence of Old Norse
Language Change through Language Contact Summer term 2015 Middle English: A creole? The Influence of Old Norse Katharina Laberer, Martin Gloger, Anita Sommer The History of Old Norse in Britain Characteristics of Old English and Old Norse • Norse is the first language of a Old English (550-1100) Old Norse (Viking Norse 700- substantial immigrant community 1000) • Anglo-Saxon England is marked by over two centuries of Viking raids and West Germanic family North Germanic family Scandinavian settlement • England was settled by Danes and • Synthetic language • Synthetic language Norwegians and perhaps a few Swedes • Weak and strong declesions • Weak and strong as well as verbs declensions as well as verbs 787: first attack by Norwegians when • Strong stress accent on the • Stress on the first syllable three ships put to shore near Portland and further isolated instances first or the root syllable • 835 onwards: constant threat of attack • 3 grammatical genders • 3 grammatical genders by Danish armies (masculine, feminine and (masculine, feminine and • 870 onwards: Settled Norse speakers neuter) neuter) • could be found in England 871 - 899: Viking wars of the time of Figure 1: Location of the Danelaw on a map of Great Britain (BBC) The two languages are similar and are believed to have been King Alfred who reigned over Wessex 1016-42: Danish King Cnut and his sons ruled over England “mutually intelligible to a limited extent.” (Baugh and Cable 2002, 92) • 1042: Edward the Confessor came to the throne, ending the Danish rule in England 11th
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On the Origins of the Gothic Novel: from Old Norse to Otranto
This extract is taken from the author's original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive, published, version of record is available here: https:// www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9781137465030 and https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137465047. Please be aware that if third party material (e.g. extracts, figures, tables from other sources) forms part of the material you wish to archive you will need additional clearance from the appropriate rights holders. On the origins of the Gothic novel: From Old Norse to Otranto Martin Arnold A primary vehicle for the literary Gothic in the late eighteenth to early nineteen centuries was past superstition. The extent to which Old Norse tradition provided the basis for a subspecies of literary horror has been passed over in an expanding critical literature which has not otherwise missed out on cosmopolitan perspectives. This observation by Robert W. Rix (2011, 1) accurately assesses what may be considered a significant oversight in studies of the Gothic novel. Whilst it is well known that the ethnic meaning of ‘Gothic’ originally referred to invasive, eastern Germanic, pagan tribes of the third to the sixth centuries AD (see, for example, Sowerby 2000, 15-26), there remains a disconnect between Gothicism as the legacy of Old Norse literature and the use of the term ‘Gothic’ to mean a category of fantastical literature. This essay, then, seeks to complement Rix’s study by, in certain areas, adding more detail about the gradual emergence of Old Norse literature as a significant presence on the European literary scene. The initial focus will be on those formations (often malformations) and interpretations of Old Norse literature as it came gradually to light from the sixteenth century onwards, and how the Nordic Revival impacted on what is widely considered to be the first Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole (1717-97).
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Authentic Language
! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
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Geminates: from Old Norse to Scandinavian Languages
Geminates: from Old Norse to Scandinavian Languages. Laurence Voeltzel - Université de Nantes, Lling EA 3827 Consonants in scandinavian languages (Icelandic, Faroese, Danish, Swedish and one variety of Norwegian, Bokmål) have very similar behaviors: they undergo the same changes. Some examples showing this proximity are given below in (1): (a) semi-vocalization Icelandic (1). /lagɪ/ [lajɪ] lie past. part. ; /segja/ [sejːa] say inf. Faroese /stʊtligʊr/ [stʊtlijʊr] pleasant ; /drɔugu/ [drɔuwu] drag past. part. Danish /lægə/ [læjə] play inf. ; /sɒg/ [sɒˀw] sorrow ; /bɔg/ [bɔˀw] book (b) voicing Icelandic /ljɛku/ [ljɛgu] play pret. ; /tapa/ [taba] lose inf. ;/matur/ [madur] meal Faroese /tɛaka/ [tɛaga] take inf. ; /drepa/ [dreːba] kill inf. ; /sita/ [siːda] sit inf. Danish /ʁyːpə/ [ʁyːbə] lagopus; /pawkə/ [pawgə] kettledrum ; /ʁuːtə/ [ʁuːdə] route This similarity finds its source in the diachrony of these languages: they all are from the same language continuum, Old Norse (henceforth ON). In order to explain their behavior and to test if this genetic proximity still holds in the synchrony, we used the contrastive hierarchy method (Hall : 2007, Dresher : 2009), which allows us to identify the phonologically active material in the segments. We obtained the same hierarchy for the five nordic languages. It is given in (2): (2). [glottal] >> [compact] >> [grave] >> [Spread Glottis] >> [strident] >> [voice] [+glottal] [-glottal] /h/ [+compact] [-compact] [+SG] [-SG] [+grave] [-grave] /k/ [+strident] [-strident] [+SG] [-SG] [+SG] [-SG] 1 /j/ - /w/ /g/ /p/ /t/ vocalization [+strident] [-strident] [+strident]2 [-strident] voicing /f/ /b/ /s/ /d/ The contrastivist approach allows us to explain most of the consonantal changes in nordic languages: segments that interact share most of their features and hence they appear under same node.
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Etymology 1 Cost (“Option, Choice, Possibility, Manner, Way, Condition”)
Apart from a mild comment about the quaintness of thrice, and I am in no position to quibble about quaint, I think your sentence is fine. Costed is not the same as cost. If I costed the company, I evaluated it in some way to put a price on it. If I cost (past tense of some kind) the company, I caused it spend money or other resource. The fact that cost and caused sound somewhat similar is a cosmic coincidence for which I apologise. 1. Welcome to the forums, Leo, For the verb: "to cost" Simple Past: cost Past Participle: cost There is confusion among the various meanings of the verb. You used "cost" properly. The sense of the verb in your sentence is ~to have caused something or somebody to bear an expense. The other meaning deals with, as you have written, calculating or estimating expenses. That's common in fields such as finance, accounting, and manufacturing. It has nothing to do with your sentence. This project has cost us far more than we expected, due to bad weather, poor design specifications, and sloppy work. 1 The accounting department has costed the project, on the basis of work done to date, and projects a massive budget overrrun. Those two sentences illustrate two distinct meanings of the verb. Here is how Cambridge Advanced Learners Dict. sees it. cost verb [T] cost, cost If something costs an amount of money, you must pay that amount to buy or do it: "How much does this book cost (= What is the price of this book)?" "It costs £25." It costs a lot to buy a house in this part of London.
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The Influence of Old Norse on English
The influence of Old Norse on English Kapetanović, Nataša Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2018 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:100977 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-29 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Studij: Preddiplomski studij Engleskog i njemačkog jezika i književnosti Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Završni rad Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2018. Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Odsjek za engleski jezik i književnost Studij: Preddiplomski studij Engleskog i njemačkog jezika i književnosti Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Završni rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mario Brdar Osijek, 2018. J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Study Programme: Double Major BA Study Programme in English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Bachelor’s Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Mario Brdar, Full Professor Osijek, 2018 J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of English Study Programme: Double Major BA Study Programme in English Language and Literature and German Language and Literature Nataša Kapetanović The influence of Old Norse on English Bachelor’s Thesis Scientific area: humanities Scientific field: philology Scientific branch: English studies Supervisor: Dr.
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Dialects of the North Germanic Language Group
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The Grouping of the Germanic Languages: a Critical Review Michael-Christopher Todd Highlander University of South Carolina - Columbia
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2014 The Grouping of the Germanic Languages: A Critical Review Michael-Christopher Todd Highlander University of South Carolina - Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the German Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Highlander, M. T.(2014). The Grouping of the Germanic Languages: A Critical Review. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2587 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Grouping of the Germanic Languages: A Critical Review by Michael-Christopher Todd Highlander Bachelor of Arts University of Virginia, 2012 ______________________________ Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in German College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2014 Accepted by: Kurt Goblirsch, Director of Thesis Yvonne Ivory, Reader Lacy Ford, Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Abstract The literature regarding the grouping of the Germanic languages will be reviewed and a potential solution to the problems of the division of the Germanic languages will be proposed. Most of the Germanic languages share a great number of similarities, and individual languages often have features common to more than one which complicates the grouping. The grouping of the Germanic languages has been debated by linguists since the 19th century, and there are still dissenting views on this topic. Old English, Old Low Franconian and Old Saxon pose significant issues with regard to grouping, and the research for this thesis will attempt to clarify where these languages fit with other Germanic languages and what the best classification of the Germanic languages would be.
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