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Ouvrir La Préface (PDF) HN_685_Vorwort.fm Seite III Mittwoch, 12. April 2017 2:39 14 III Vorwort schloss Tschaikowsky die Skizzenarbeit Meinung nach nicht so gut in den Ge- ab und schrieb darüber an seine Gönne- samtzusammenhang der drei Sätze rin: „Ich beendete heute das Konzert. einfügte. Jedenfalls stellte er in einem Bleibt nur noch, es abzuschreiben, Schreiben vom 5. April an Frau von Peter I. Tschaikowsky (1840 – 93) kom- mehrmals durchzuspielen (mit Kotek, Meck fest, das neue Stück passe „besser ponierte sein Violinkonzert op. 35 in nur der hier ist) und dann zu instrumen- zu den benachbarten Sätzen des Kon- 25 Tagen im März und April 1878. An- tieren. Morgen mache ich mich an die zerts“ (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Bd. VII, geregt wurde er dazu durch den Geiger Abschrift und die Ausarbeitung der S. 196 f.). Das ursprüngliche Andante Iossif I. Kotek (1855 – 85), der sein Kom- Details“ (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Bd. VII, veröffentlichte Tschaikowsky bald dar- positionsschüler am Moskauer Konser- S. 182). auf als Nr. 1 der drei Stücke für Violine vatorium und später eng mit ihm be- An dieser Ausarbeitung war Kotek und Klavier op. 42 mit dem Titel Mé- freundet war. offenbar aktiv beteiligt. Strichbezeich- ditation, unter dem es sehr populär Nach der Fertigstellung der Vierten nung, Phrasierung und Dynamik der wurde. Symphonie und der Oper Eugen Onegin Solostimme stammen höchstwahrschein- Erst nach Erstellen des Klavieraus- im Januar 1878 war Tschaikowsky in lich von ihm, sicher auch zahlreiche vio- zugs begann Tschaikowsky damit, die eine tiefe persönliche Krise geraten, die lintechnische Details. In einem drei Jah- Instrumentierung des Werks in Angriff nicht zuletzt mit der Trennung von sei- re nach der Fertigstellung geschriebe- zu nehmen. Offenbar lag ihm viel dar- ner Frau Antonina I. Miljukowa zusam- nen Brief (27. Dezember 1881) an den an, diese Arbeit noch vor Koteks Abreise menhing. Neben schweren Depressionen Verleger Jurgenson stellte Tschaikow- nach Berlin abzuschließen, sodass sie quälten ihn auch Zweifel, ob „das Pul- sky selbst fest, dass „die Spielbarkeit tatsächlich nach nur sechs Tagen (6. bis ver für etwas Neues“ ausreichen werde [Tschaikowsky verwendet das deutsche 11. April) fertig vorlag. Gleichzeitig (P. I. Cajkovskij. Polnoe sobranie soci- Wort] der Geigenpartie in seiner [Ko- drängte er seinen Verleger Jurgenson nenij. Literaturnye proizvedenija i teks] Verantwortung“ liege (Cajkovskij wegen der Veröffentlichung des neuen perepiska, 17 Bde., Moskau 1953–81; Perepiska, Bd. X, Moskau 1966, S. 294). Werks und schrieb ihm: „Ich wünschte hier: Bd. VII, Moskau 1962, S. 30; im Am 29. März begann er bereits mit der natürlich, es könnten so bald wie mög- Original Russisch). Es war Iossif Kotek, Arbeit am Klavierauszug, damit man lich ein Klavierauszug oder Orchester- der versuchte, den älteren Freund auf- das neue Werk gemeinsam spielen stimmen des Konzerts gedruckt werden. zumuntern und ihm dazu vorschwärm- konnte. An seinen Bruder Anatoli schrieb […] Könntest Du nicht Bock [Gustav te, er träume davon, dass Tschaikowsky er dazu am 3. April: „Kotek hat es ge- Bock, Mitinhaber des Berliner Musik- der staunenden Musikwelt bald neue schafft, den Violinpart des Konzerts ab- verlags Bote & Bock] schreiben, er möge Werke präsentiere, darunter ein Violin- zuschreiben, und vor dem Mittagessen die Übergabe von Klavierauszug und konzert, das mit ihm selbst als Solist haben wir es gespielt. Der Erfolg für den Partitur an Dich übernehmen? In die- und Tschaikowsky als Dirigent in Mos- Autor wie für den Ausführenden war sem Fall könnte Kotek, dem die Erledi- kau und Petersburg aufgeführt werde. enorm. In der Tat spielte Kotek so, dass gung all dessen obliegt, sie zu ihm brin- Im Februar 1878 hatte Tschaikowsky er es sofort auch öffentlich hätte spielen gen. Denkst Du nicht, es wäre möglich, sich in den Schweizer Kurort Clarens können. […] Abends spielte er das An- Bock auf die Schnelle mit der Abschrift am Genfer See zurückgezogen, wo ihm dante, das um einiges weniger gefiel als der Stimmen in Berlin zu beauftragen? seine Gönnerin Nadeschda F. von Meck der erste Satz. Ich selbst bin auch nicht Aber mach es einfach, wie Du denkst. ihren Landsitz zur Verfügung gestellt besonders zufrieden damit“ (Cajkovskij Das Konzert befindet sich jedenfalls bei hatte. Kotek war ihm am 14. März dort- Perepiska, Bd. VII, S. 191). Kotek in Berlin; seine Adresse wird Bock hin nachgereist. Das gemeinsame Musi- Zum Andante nahm Tschaikowsky bekannt sein. […] Ich möchte noch den zieren scheint Tschaikowsky sehr schnell auch in einem Brief vom selben Tag an ausdrücklichen Wunsch äußern, dass dazu angeregt zu haben, tatsächlich mit Frau von Meck Stellung: „Mit dem An- keines meiner Werke ohne meine End- der Arbeit an einem Violinkonzert zu dante war ich nach dem Durchspielen korrektur gedruckt werden soll. Daher beginnen. Bereits am 17. März schrieb mit Violine unzufrieden; ich werde es bitte ich Dich, weder die Oper noch die er an Frau von Meck: „Seit dem Morgen entweder einer radikalen Revision un- Symphonie noch das Konzert oder an- war ich von diesem unerklärlichen Feu- terziehen oder ein neues schreiben. Das dere Stücke erscheinen zu lassen, bevor er der Inspiration erfasst […]. Ich fühlte Finale ist, wenn ich mich nicht täusche, sie mir vorgelegen haben. Im Übrigen mich ausgezeichnet und war sehr zufrie- ebenso gelungen wie der erste Satz“ gehe ich davon aus, dass keines davon den mit dem heutigen Tag. Die Arbeit (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Bd. VII, S. 192). vor September fertig sein wird und ich ging sehr erfolgreich voran. Neben eini- Dass er einen neuen zweiten Satz kom- mich daher nach meiner Rückkehr nach gen kleineren Stücken schreibe ich eine ponieren wollte, hatte möglicherweise Moskau an die Korrektur machen kann. Klaviersonate und ein Violinkonzert“ nichts damit zu tun, dass ihm der ur- […] Das Konzert aber muss unbedingt (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Bd. VII, S. 154 ff.). sprüngliche Satz als solcher nicht gefiel, Kotek korrigieren und niemand ande- Nur elf Tage später, am 28. März 1878, sondern damit, dass dieser sich seiner rer; denn er ist nicht nur ein guter Musi- HN_685_Vorwort.fm Seite IV Mittwoch, 12. April 2017 2:39 14 IV ker, sondern auch ein guter Geiger“ Tschaikowsky befreundet war, habe die der Komponist mir die Partitur nicht (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Bd. VII, S. 203 f.). Partitur schon Korrektur gelesen; er gezeigt hatte, bevor sie zum Stich ging, Zum weiteren Vorgehen teilte Tschai- fügte beruhigend hinzu: „Hab keine und beschloss, sie einer Revision zu un- kowsky Jurgenson mit, Kotek, der noch Angst, ich gebe sie nicht ohne Dein Pla- terziehen, die sie besser spielbar machen bei ihm in Clarens sei, werde alles nach cet heraus“ (P. I. Cajkovskij. Perepiska s würde, und sie dann dem Komponisten Berlin mitnehmen und dort, da der Kla- Petrom Ivanovicem Jurgensonom, hrsg. vorzulegen. Ich wollte diese Arbeit so vierauszug sehr unrein geschrieben sei von Vladimir A. Ždanov und Nikolaj T. bald als möglich ausführen; aber vieles und er selbst es nicht mehr schaffen Žegin, Bd. II, Moskau 1952, S. 89; im hinderte mich daran, und ich entschloss werde, die Violinstimme in die Partitur Original Russisch). Tschaikowsky nahm mich, sie für kurze Zeit beiseite zu le- einzutragen, alles einem Kopisten über- die Korrektur dann während seiner ers- gen. […] Tatsächlich verschob ich die geben. Jurgenson werde daher eine ten großen Konzertreise als Dirigent in Revision so lange, dass nach zweijäh- überprüfte Reinschrift des Klavieraus- Paris vor und schrieb dem Verlag am rigem Warten der Komponist, sehr ent- zugs und das Partiturmanuskript erhal- 19. April 1888: „Die Partitur des Vio- täuscht, die ursprüngliche Widmung ten. So geschah es dann auch. Kotek linkonzerts ist in einer der Kisten, die zurückzog“ (Leopold Auer, My Long konnte Tschaikowsky am 16. Mai 1878 aus Paris ankommen oder schon ange- Life in Music, New York 1923, S. 208). melden, er habe Jurgenson die Partitur kommen sind“ (Cajkovskij Perepiska, Brodsky wurde schließlich wohl deswe- geschickt und werde am nächsten Tag Bd. XIV, Moskau 1974, S. 406). gen als neuer Widmungsempfänger aus- auch den Klavierauszug an ihn absen- Ein eigenes Kapitel der Entstehungs- gewählt, weil er am 4. Dezember 1881 den. Der Kopist habe ihn ihm erst tags geschichte des Violinkonzerts stellt seine in Wien die erste öffentliche Aufführung zuvor gebracht (die Stichvorlage für Widmung dar. Angesichts der direkten des Konzerts gespielt hatte. Während den Klavierauszug war also eine von und weitreichenden Beteiligung Koteks das Werk beim Publikum sofort großen einem Berliner Kopisten angefertigte an der Enstehung des Werks hätte man Erfolg hatte, wurde es in der Presse Abschrift). Er habe sehr viele Fehler erwartet, dass Tschaikowsky es ihm mehrheitlich negativ beurteilt, vor allem enthalten, aber er hoffe, alle entdeckt gewidmet hätte. Er war jedoch durch von Eduard Hanslick, der es verriss wie und verbessert zu haben; vor allem Bö- bestimmte Gerüchte, die über seine kein anderes Werk Tschaikowskys. Der gen und Zeichen seien nun korrekt. Wie persönlichen Beziehungen zu seinem Geiger und Dirigent Leopold Damrosch vereinbart, übernahm Kotek auch die ehemaligen Schüler im Umlauf waren, hatte das Stück zwar bereits zwei Jahre Korrekturlesung. Ende Mai oder auch so beunruhigt, dass er vor dieser öf- zuvor in New York gespielt, aber nur mit erst im Juni (der Brief ist nicht datiert) fentlichen Geste zurückschreckte. Am Klavierbegleitung, sodass man dabei benachrichtigte er Tschaikowsky, er 13. Juli 1878 schrieb er dazu an Jurgen- nicht von einer
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