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Trabajo De Diploma UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL “MARTA ABREU” DE LAS VILLAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGÍA Trabajo de Diploma Título: El Patrimonio Intangible. La Significación cultural de La Parranda para los jóvenes de Zaza del Medio. Autora: Lisandra Martínez- Moles Padrón. Tutoras: Msc. Darmis Machado Machado Lic. Dayana Mesa Martínez Curso: 2011-2012 Pensamiento “Hay que hacer un esfuerzo muy grande, todos mancomunados para que nuestras fiestas populares no desaparezcan, porque son la imagen más auténtica de nuestra cultura”. Miguel Barnet. “No descuidemos las tradiciones...expresión de respeto por nuestras raíces, nuestros ancestros y nuestra cultura”. Programe de la TVC; Hurón Azul. I Dedicatoria A mis padres por ser las personas que han estado a mi lado en los momentos buenos y malos, por hacer posible mi sueño de estudiar una carrera universitaria y por darme toda la confianza y el amor del mundo. A mi abuelita, que a pesar de estar en cama permanentemente, siempre se preocupa por mi desempeño en el ámbito educativo. II Agradecimientos A mis tutoras Darmis Machado y Dayana Mesa por la paciencia y el tiempo dedicado a la realización de este proyecto. A todos los profesores que de una forma u otra contribuyeron a mi formación profesional. A todos mis compañeros de estos cinco años por brindarme su amistad, en especial a mis amigas Yulia y Aylén. A mi familia por estar cerca siempre que lo necesitara. A mi novio por darme apoyo y mucho amor durante la realización de esta investigación. A todos los que de una forma u otra contribuyeron en la realización de la investigación. III Resumen El rescate de tradiciones, la conservación del patrimonio y el mantenimiento de la cultura local de los pueblos es una preocupación vigente en todo el mundo ya que constituyen las formas como los seres humanos desarrollan su vida, construyen su mundo y por tanto su identidad cultural. La conservación del patrimonio intangible, específicamente las fiestas populares tradicionales como La Parranda, es de suma importancia, pues constituye una gran fuente de riquezas y conservación de información sobre el pasado que permite comprender y explicar el presente en que viven las nuevas generaciones que a la vez son las encargadas de conservarlo en el futuro. En la presente investigación a través del uso del enfoque materialista dialéctico, que permite la utilización de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas como la entrevista en profundidad, la observación, el análisis de documentos y la encuesta, se pretende analizar la significación cultural que tiene La Parranda como patrimonio intangible para los jóvenes del Consejo Popular Zaza del Medio y contribuir a su conservación, pues ha sido una tradición que se ha visto afectada en varias ocasiones por falta de recursos o presupuesto que debe suministrar las instituciones políticas y culturales que rigen en la localidad. La investigación permite demostrar la importancia que tiene la tradición para la acción de los jóvenes, sus necesidades, intereses, relaciones sociales, universo simbólico, identidad cultural y sus prácticas culturales en general. IV Índice Introducción ...............................................................................................................................1 Capítulo I: Fundamentos teóricos metodológicos referentes a cultura y patrimonio intangible. ..................................................................................................................... 6 I.1: La cultura: un acercamiento desde la Sociología .....................................................6 I.2: El patrimonio cultural. La importancia de su conservación. ................................16 I.3: La cultura popular. Las fiestas populares como tradición ...................................22 I.3.2: Las Parrandas como fiestas populares tradicionales. .......................................30 Capítulo II: Fundamentos metodológicos conceptuales de la investigación ................... 34 II.1: Metodología y Técnicas: .............................................................................................34 II.2: Diseño de Investigación: ............................................................................................36 II.3: Selección de la Muestra: .............................................................................................37 II.4: Conceptualización y operacionalización de las variables: ..................................38 II.5: Análisis de resultados .................................................................................................42 5.1- El contexto histórico cultural del Consejo Popular Zaza del Medio:.................................................42 5.1.1- De su población e historia: ........................................................................................................43 5.2- La Parranda como patrimonio intangible del Consejo Popular Zaza del Medio ...............................48 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................59 Recomendaciones ....................................................................................................................60 Bibliografía ...............................................................................................................................61 Anexos .....................................................................................................................................69 V Introducción Existe en el mundo una preocupación creciente por el rescate de tradiciones, la conservación del patrimonio y el mantenimiento de la cultura local de los pueblos como forma de lucha contra la penetración imperialista, que no solo se reduce al marco económico, sino que ya está irrumpiendo hasta lo más hondo de los modos de vida de los países subdesarrollados. La conservación de la cultura, que identifica a cada pueblo, debe ser preocupación fundamental de la sociedad, ya que la cultura es la forma como los seres humanos desarrollan su vida y construyen su mundo. El hombre es el creador de su propia historia y siempre ha experimentado especial atención por todo lo que le provoca placer, entretenimiento y engrandece lo bello de ahí la importancia que tiene la conservación del patrimonio cultural de cada localidad. (Tangible e intangible) El patrimonio local devela diferentes etapas de una cultura, que llega a la actualidad convertida en una auténtica tradición. Este constituye una gran fuente de riquezas y conservación de información sobre el pasado que permite comprender y explicar el presente en que viven las nuevas generaciones que a la vez son las encargadas de conservarlo en el futuro. Las tradiciones culturales son de vital importancia, contienen elementos claves para el rescate de la diversidad de costumbres, hábitos y prácticas que caracterizan y definen al sujeto de una nación, permiten lograr una cultura general y no perder el legado histórico de actividades y anécdotas propias de los antepasados. (Reyes, 2010: 12) Debido a la importancia de estas es preciso multiplicarlas y salvaguardarlas en toda su magnitud, teniendo presente las necesidades espirituales de la población, así como los gustos y preferencias específicos de cada región del país. 1 Es importante mencionar que las tradiciones culturales son imprescindibles para el ser humano y que facilitan la formación cultural de la generación joven además de socializarla, forman parte de la cultura popular de cada región y conforman la identidad cultural que identifica a cada pueblo ante el mundo. Para la Sociología cubana el estudio de las tradiciones culturales permite comprender y explicar los comportamientos, representaciones y fenómenos de la sociedad en la actualidad y constituyen, en muchas ocasiones, un reflejo del pasado. En Cuba existe una gran mezcla de culturas: española, africana, china, que conforman el ajiaco cubano, como diría Fernando Ortiz, y que se reflejan en la cultura popular cubana, estas se mantienen a través de diferentes tradiciones que caracterizan y están latentes en cada región del país. Para conservar las tradiciones, que conforman la cultura nacional, existen diversas políticas culturales que a través de la producción, suministro y distribución de los recursos culturales crean unos servicios culturales de mayor acceso para la población. Las políticas promueven la búsqueda de un sujeto cultural participativo sobre la base de la diversidad cultural. Las líneas generales de las políticas culturales son la defensa y desarrollo de la identidad nacional y la vocación universal y profundamente latinoamericana y caribeña de la cultura nacional; la conservación y difusión del patrimonio cultural; el reconocimiento a la diversidad cultural, la creación por diferentes vías y lenguajes, el fomento y estímulo a la creatividad artística y literaria; el respeto y apoyo al protagonismo de las comunidades en la conducción de sus procesos socioculturales.(Hart, 2001: 37) Estas políticas culturales tienen como objetivo el desarrollo del factor humano y de su calidad de vida, en general tratan de favorecer el desarrollo humano más pleno sobre todo a nivel comunitario. (Hart, 2001: 37) Dentro del programa de políticas culturales, en el país y en las regiones centrales, se encuentra la conservación de las fiestas populares, específicamente de las parrandas. Las parrandas son fiestas que se han convertido en una tradición que 2 el pueblo no debe perder, pues pone en función de los jóvenes y demás pobladores
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