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Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics: Implications For
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTIO N AUTHORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky Tönu Parming CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS : Yaroslav Bilinsky, Project Director an d Co-Principal Investigato r Tönu Parming, Co-Principal Investigato r COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . NOTICE OF INTENTION TO APPLY FOR COPYRIGH T This work has been requested for manuscrip t review for publication . It is not to be quote d without express written permission by the authors , who hereby reserve all the rights herein . Th e contractual exception to this is as follows : The [US] Government will have th e right to publish or release Fina l Reports, but only in same forma t in which such Final Reports ar e delivered to it by the Council . Th e Government will not have the righ t to authorize others to publish suc h Final Reports without the consent o f the authors, and the individua l researchers will have the right t o apply for and obtain copyright o n any work products which may b e derived from work funded by th e Council under this Contract . ii EXEC 1 Overall Executive Summary HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOVIET NATIONALITY QUESTION by Yaroslav Bilinsky, University of Delawar e d Tönu Parming, University of Marylan August 1, 1975, after more than two years of intensive negotiations, 35 Head s of Governments--President Ford of the United States, Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada , Secretary-General Brezhnev of the USSR, and the Chief Executives of 32 othe r European States--signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperatio n in Europe (CSCE) . -
Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic. -
Human Rights and History a Challenge for Education
edited by Rainer Huhle HUMAN RIGHTS AND HISTORY A CHALLENGE FOR EDUCATION edited by Rainer Huhle H UMAN The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention of 1948 were promulgated as an unequivocal R response to the crimes committed under National Socialism. Human rights thus served as a universal response to concrete IGHTS historical experiences of injustice, which remains valid to the present day. As such, the Universal Declaration and the Genocide Convention serve as a key link between human rights education and historical learning. AND This volume elucidates the debates surrounding the historical development of human rights after 1945. The authors exam- H ine a number of specific human rights, including the prohibition of discrimination, freedom of opinion, the right to asylum ISTORY and the prohibition of slavery and forced labor, to consider how different historical experiences and legal traditions shaped their formulation. Through the examples of Latin America and the former Soviet Union, they explore the connections · A CHALLENGE FOR EDUCATION between human rights movements and human rights education. Finally, they address current challenges in human rights education to elucidate the role of historical experience in education. ISBN-13: 978-3-9810631-9-6 © Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” Stiftung “Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft” Lindenstraße 20–25 10969 Berlin Germany Tel +49 (0) 30 25 92 97- 0 Fax +49 (0) 30 25 92 -11 [email protected] www.stiftung-evz.de Editor: Rainer Huhle Translation and Revision: Patricia Szobar Coordination: Christa Meyer Proofreading: Julia Brooks and Steffi Arendsee Typesetting and Design: dakato…design. David Sernau Printing: FATA Morgana Verlag ISBN-13: 978-3-9810631-9-6 Berlin, February 2010 Photo Credits: Cover page, left: Stèphane Hessel at the conference “Rights, that make us Human Beings” in Nuremberg, November 2008. -
Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record
100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................ -
The Cases of the Litterateurs Tomas Venclova and Zviad Gamsakhurdia in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia
From Establishment to Dissent: The Cases of the Litterateurs Tomas Venclova and Zviad Gamsakhurdia in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia Vilius Ivanauskas The author Vilius Ivanauskas holds a PhD degree in history. He is a senior research fellow at the Lithuanian institute of history. In 2012-2013 he was a Fulbright scholar at UC Berkeley (US). His newest book on nationalism and soviet writers (Framed Identity: Lithuanian writers in “friendship of nations” empire) was published in 2015. His first book (“Lithuanian nomenklatura in bureaucratic system: between stagnation and dynamic (1969-1988)”) was published in 2011. One of his articles on writers was also published in the major international journal Europe-Asia” studies (66, 2014). His research interests are soviet intellectuals, ethno-particularism in soviet peripheries, party and cultural elites in Lithuania. Abstract Soviet intellectuals were closely related with indoctrination practices and the legitimisation of the regime. During post-Stalinism Soviet intellectuals experienced the impact of destalinization by opening more room for the dynamic exchange of ideas and expressions. It is important to explore the Soviet peripheries, which were important for the demise of USSR, and to track down similar manifestations in them. This article pays special attention to those controversial situations in Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Georgia, that showed the shift in ideologies, conflicts in cultural establishment and the lines of cleavage that have emerged within the dissident movements. By embracing the Cold war atmosphere in Soviet peripheries, this article analyses the trajectories of two intellectuals - the poet Tomas Venclova and the literary critic Zviad Gamsakhurdia, who came from the families of cultural nomenclatura in Soviet periphery, but who in the 70’s increasingly moved to the position of dissidents and human rights activists. -
Exploring the Erosion of the Post-Soviet Space
FEBRUARY 2019 58 WHAT HAS REMAINED OF THE USSR EXPLORING THE EROSION OF THE POST-SOVIET SPACE Arkady Moshes, András Rácz ( eds.) FEBRUARY 2019 58 WHAT HAS REMAINED OF THE USSR EXPLORING THE EROSION OF THE POST-SOVIET SPACE Arkady Moshes, András Rácz (eds.) FEBRUARY 2019 58 This publication is the final report of a research project conducted by the Finnish Institute of International Affairs with the participation of a group of European and Russian experts on the post-Soviet space. The project was co-funded by FIIA and Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Reports can be ordered from the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. +358 9 432 7707 [email protected] All FIIA reports and other publications are also available on our website at www.fiia.fi Language editing: Joan Nordlund and Lynn Nikkanen Graphic design: Mainostoimisto SST Oy Layout: Kaarina Tammisto Printed by Punamusta Oy, 2019 ISBN (print) 978-951-769-592-3 ISBN (web) 978-951-769-593-0 ISSN 2323-5454 The Finnish Institute of International Affairs is an independent research institute that produces high-level research to support political decisionmaking and public debate both nationally and in- ternationally. All manuscripts are reviewed by at least two other experts in the field to ensure the high quality of the publications. In addition, publications undergo professional language checking and editing. The responsibility for the views expressed ultimately rests with the authors. CONTENTS List of abbreviations 8 Introduction 11 Arkady Moshes, András Rácz PART ONE 17 1. The law and politics of post-Soviet constitutionalism 21 Peter Van Elsuwege 2. -
The Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics
FINAL REPORT T O NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : The Helsinki Watch Committees i n the Soviet Republics : Implica - tions for Soviet Nationalit y Policy AUTHOR : Yaroslav Bilinsky T8nu Parmin g CONTRACTOR : University of Delawar e PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Yaroslav Bilinsk y COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 621- 9 The work leading to this report was supported in whole or in part from funds provided by the National Council for Sovie t and East European Research . Yaroslav Bilinsky (University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA ) Tönu Parmin g (University of Maryland, College Park, ND 20742, USA ) HELSINKI WATCH COMMITTEES IN THE SOVIET REPUBLICS : IMPLICATIONS FOR SOVIETY NATIONALITY POLICY * Paper presented at Second World Congres s on Soviet and East European Studies , Garmisch-Partenkirchen, German Federal Republic , September 30 - October 4, 198 0 *This paper is based on the authors' longer study, The Helsinki Watch Committees in the Soviet Republics : Implications for the Sovie t Nationality Question, which was supported in whole or in part fro m funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East Europea n Research, under Council Contract Number 621-9 . Travel to Garmisch- Partenkirchen has been--in Bilinsky's case—made possible by grant s from the American Council of Learned Societies and the University o f Delaware . The authors would like to thank their benefactors an d explicitly stress that the authors alone are responsible for th e contents of this paper . 2 Unexpectedly, within two years of the signing by the Sovie t Union, the United States, Canada, and thirty-two European states , of the long and solemn Final Act of the Conference on Security an d Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki, August l, 1975, there sprang u p as many as five groups of Soviet dissenters claiming that th e Helsinki Final Act justified their existence and activity . -
Staff Delegation to Moscow, Georgia, Moldova
STENY H. HOYER, MARYLAND, CHAIRMAN COMMISSION ON DENNIS DECONCINI. ARIZONA, CO-CHAIRMAN SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE DANTE B. FA5CELl, FLORIDA FRANK LAUTEN BERG, NEW JERSEY EDWARD J. MARKEY , MASSACHUSETS TIMOTHY WIRTH, COLORADO 237 FORD HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING Bill RICHARDSON, NEW MEXICO WYCHE FOWLER , GEORGIA EDWARD FEIGHAN, OHIO HARRY REID, NEVADA WASHINGTON, DC 20515 DON RITTER, PENNSYLVANIA ALFONSE M, D' AMATO, NEW YORK CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH. NEW JERSEY MALCOLM WALLOP, WYOMING JOHN EDWARD PORTER, ILLINOIS LARRY E. CRAIG. IDAHO (202) 225- 1901 FRANK R. WOlF, VIRGINIA ARLEN SPECTER. PENNSYLVANIA EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS RICHARD SCHIFTER. DEPARTMENT OF STATE STEPHEN J. HADLEY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WilLIAM D, FRITTS, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SAMUEL G. WISE. STAFF DIRECTOR MARY SUE HAFNER, DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR AND GENERAL COUNSEL JANE S. FISHER, DEPUTY STAFF DIRECTOR 102ND CONGRESS SECOND SESSION STAFF DELEGATION TRIP REPORT ON MOSCOW, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA AND BELAUS JUNE 25 . JULY 4, 1992 A REPORT PREPARED BY THE STAFF OF TIlE HELSINKI COMMISSION August 1992 HELSINKI COMMISSION STAFF DELEGATION VISIT TO MOSCOW, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA AND BELARUS From June 25 - July 4, a Helsinki Commission staff delegation consisting of Senior Advisor David M. Evans, Michael Ochs and John Finerty visited Moscow and three new CSCE member states: the former Soviet republics of Georgia, Moldova and Belarus. The delegation met with government officials, opposition, religious and national minority representatives, businessmen, journalists, academics and others. The trip was part of Commission examination of CSCE implementation in new CSCE member states of the former Soviet Union, and completed a program of visits undertaken this year to each of these new states. -
Cover Pagr 1999 Eng Small.Jpg
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for CIVIC CULTURE Political Parties of Georgia Directory 1999 Tbilisi 1999 Publication of the Directory was possible as the result of financial support of INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE (IRI), USA (IRI – Georgia is a grantee of USAID) Special thanks to all people who has supported the ICCC. The directory has been prepared by : Konstantine Kandelaki, Davit Kiphiani, Lela Khomeriki, Salome Tsiskarishvili, Nino Chubinidze, Koba Kiknadze. Translated by: Tamar Bregvadze, Nino Javakhishvili Cover design: Tamaz Varvavridze Layout: Davit Kiphiani ISBN 99928-52-40-0 © INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for CIVIC CULTURE, 1999 Printed in Georgia INTERNATIONAL CENTRE for CIVIC CULTURE Address: 20a, Baku St., Tbilisi, Georgia Phone: (+995 32) 953-873 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iccc.org.ge Political Parties of Georgia INTRODUCTION This directory was created prior to the October 31, 1999 parliament elections for the purpose of providing a complete spectrum of Georgian political parties. Therefore, it was decided to include here not only the parties participating in elections, but all registered political parties. According to the Ministry of Justice of Georgia, as of September 1, 1999, there are 124 political parties registered in Georgia. (79 parties were registered on September 26, 1998) In order to collect the material for this directory, ICCC distributed questionnaires to all 124 registered parties. 93 parties have been included in the directory, 31 parties failed to return the questionnaire. Some claimed they didn’t have adequate time to respond, some of the parties have not been found at the addresses given by the Ministry of Justice and others just refused. -
Organising Diversity and Training Polytaxis in a (Post-) Soviet Periphery
THE SCHOOL OF THE STREET: ORGANISING DIVERSITY AND TRAINING POLYTAXIS IN A (POST-) SOVIET PERIPHERY Jan Koehler Freie Universität Berlin The developments on the political surface of the recent history of what is now the sovereign state of Georgia do not seem to make much sense at first sight. On the surface the disintegration of the USSR was accompanied by the rise of an influential national movement under the leadership of the former dissidents Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia who later became president. When the national movement finally took over the state and declared independence Georgia found itself challenged by internal ethnic movements also claiming independence – most dramatically the conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Up to this stage the development seems to have been pretty much in line with what has been expected from the downfall of a multinational empire.1 What happened next, however, hardly fit the expected pattern. Gamsakhurdia’s enthusiastically elected nationalist government was forcibly removed from power after only few months by an urban alliance of underworld authorities, scientists, intelligentsia and former Soviet patrons. Even more surprisingly seems the decision taken by the two most powerful leaders of the eclectic opposition – Tengiz Kitovani and Djaba Ioseliani, warlords-to-be and Georgian style big men with a criminal past in the USSR – to invite the high-profile apparatchik Eduard Shevardnadze to return to Tbilisi in order to share power with them. Two peculiar legacies of the USSR were uniting force: one-party-state and underworld. Shevardnadze against all odds survived not only de facto control of the two warlords Ioselini and Kitovani and two years of deteriorating state control amid a vivid market of violence but also the loss of two civil wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.2 The warlords are in jail now and the remaining nationalist followers of the ousted Gamsakhurdia are treated by the government in Tbilisi as if they have a mental illness (i.e. -
Freedom in the World 1979 Complete Book
Freedom in the World Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1979 RAYMOND D. GASTIL With papers by Bohdan R. Bociurkiw Herbert J. Ellison Lewis S. Feuer Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone Published by Freedom House in cooperation with G. K. Hall & Co. G.K.HALL &CO. 70 LINCOLN STREET, BOSTON, MASS. FREEDOM HOUSE 20 WEST 40 STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. International Standard Book Number: 0-932088-01-5 Freedom House, 20 West 40th Street, New York, N.Y. 10018 International Standard Book Number: 0-8161-8387-2 G. K. Hall & Co., 70 Lincoln Street, Boston, Mass. 02111 Copyright © 1979 by Freedom House, Inc. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gastil, Raymond D Freedom in the world. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Civil rights. I. Bociurkiw, Bohdan R., joint author. II. Title. JC571.G336 1980 323.4 79-87596 Contents PREFACE ix PART I: THE SURVEY IN 1978 The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Nature and Purposes 3 Survey Ratings and Tables for 1978 15 PART II: FREEDOM, EQUALITY, AND CULTURE Freedom and Equality 63 National Cultures and Universal Democracy 75 PART III: SUPPORTING LIBERALIZATION IN THE SOVIET UNION Supporting Liberalization in the Soviet Union 85 The Struggle for National Self-Assertion and Liberalization in the Soviet Union 100 Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone Comments and Discussion 111 Religious Dissent in the Soviet Union: Status, Interrelationships, and Future Potential 115 Bohdan R. Bociurkiw Comments and Discussion 133 Reform and Repression in the USSR: The Western Influence, Herbert J. Ellison 137 Comments and Discussion 152 v vi CONTENTS American Activists and Soviet Power 161 Lewis S. -
Sacralization of Politics in the Context of Modern Georgia
European Scientific Journal December 2016 /SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Sacralization of Politics ın the Context of Modern Georgia Nana Sumbadze, Professor Erekle Maglakelidze, PhD student Anna Menagarishvili, PhD student Shalva Abzianidze, Professor Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract Sacralization of politics characterizes tyrannies and democracies alike, functioning as strengthening power bases and maintaining continuity of collective identity. The goal of the study was to register these two directional processes in the modern political context of Georgia. The political landscape of Georgia after gaining independence is characterized by oscillation of voters between charismatic and rational leaders. Inauguration speeches of the presidents were subjected to thematic analysis to reveal religious allusions. All of them although to a different degree refereed to five main themes: Holy path and trial, hierarchies and Gods, rituals, national religious consciousness and anti secularism. Analysis proved the resemblance between the first and the third presidents, both being charismatic, emotional leaders, most often referring to holly path and trial, and religious national consciousness in contrast to the second president, who was steered more by rationality than emotion, referring to hierarchies and Gods, and rituals. Estimations of young voters of the leaders pointed to the preference to the first president – Gamsakhurdia. The idealization of the leaders occurred more in regard to charismatic leaders by those who proved to be less tolerant of ambiguity and hence, more striving to sustain black and white worldview. This result with some precautious can be taken as an indicator of the need to sacralize the leader and thus to maintain continuity and stability of collective identity.