NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 ATTITUDE OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TOWARDS THE AUTONOMOUS UNITS IN 1990-1991 ALEQSANDRE MOSIASHVILI Associate Professor of Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University. !§≤•≥≥ã ttrrá '•Ø≤ß©°á #©¥π ã 4•¨°∂©á '•Ø≤ß• 3°°´°§∫• ≥±µ°≤• Rtuä [email protected], +995599702969

ABSTRACT: In the 1980s, the existence of an As a result of the first multiparty economic crisis in the USSR became apparent. In elections on October 28, 1990, instead of the March 1985, was elected communist regime, the national government Secretary General of the Central Committee of came to power in the Republic of in the CPSU. He tried to rectify the situation by the form of a bloc "Round Table - Free pursuing a certain reformist policy - he started Georgia", Led by well-known Zviad "perestroika", declared "democratization", Gamsakhurdia, leader of the National "publicity" and so on. (Abashidze, Z. Liberation Movement. The new government Bakhtadze, M. Janelidze, O. 2013. pp. 648- inherited a bad legacy. Conflict zones were 649). artificially created in different parts of These attempts have not resulted in Georgia. Particularly cautious approaches overcoming the economic crisis. Instead, were needed to the regions with national liberation movements gradually began autonomous status. These were: the in various republics. Such a movement started Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of in 1987 in Georgia as well. Attempts by the Adjara (ASSR), the Autonomous Soviet Kremlin central government to somehow halt or Socialist Republic of (ASSR) and temporarily halt the process of disintegration of so-called Autonomous the USSR were unsuccessful. In such a situation, District. it was planned to artificially create conflict In order to determine the policy or centers in different regions, especially in the methods used by 's territories of autonomous units as a result of government in relation to the mentioned provocations. The creation of one of the first regions, it is necessary to use the following centers seems to have been decided on the methods: Description, comparison, methods of territory of the Ajara ASSR, Where, on critical and systematic analysis (division of December 10, 1988, the Soviet authorities material into parts, evaluation of each part to decided to organize a bloody provocation achieve the result). between the indigenous youth of the It must be said from the very beginning mountainous regions of Adjara and the that Georgia is a small, unitary state. As for the representatives of the Georgian National autonomies, they were created only as a result Movement. Its basis was to become a deliberate of the Russian Soviet policy on the territory of misinformation, as if the leaders of the national Georgia almost a century ago (Bendianishvili, liberation movement: Zviad Gamsakhurdia and A. Daushvili, A. Samsonadze, M. Kokrashvili, , together with activists, were Kh. Chumburidze, D. Janelidze, O. 2008. p. going to come to from and use 411). force against the local Muslim population to

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 convert to the Christian faith. And those who Georgian National Liberation Movement had resisted would be expelled from Adjara mainly private donors - A. M.), why not focus on [https://iberiana.wordpress.com/zviadgamsak allocating adequate financial resources to meet hurdia / achara/]. Eventually common sense the voters of the mountainous region of Adjara?! prevailed and provocations failed, but tensions It seems that the representatives of the remained in the region even after the national Communist Party worked with really insidious government came to power. methods that Zviad Gamsakhurdia needed to Zviad Gamsakhurdia's policy was aimed show the necessary prudence to avoid the at restoring Georgia's lost state independence allegedly planned provocations. and therefore he tried to remove the 4®•Æá ∑• ≤•°§ ©Æ ¥®• °∞∞•°¨ã ò/ƨπ ÆØÆ- background of tension in absolutely peaceful Georgian population can have autonomy in and legally held forms. Such attempts are well Georgia; The autonomy of in Georgia expressed in the appeals or resolutions of that is, to say the least, a big inconsistency, so it time, in particular: in one of the appeals made to should, of course, be abolished; In our opinion, the population of Adjara, Z. Gamsakhurdia the issue of its abolition should be raised by the seems to be trying to properly inform the Adjarans themselves: only in this case will the population of Adjara (especially the abolition be fair and natural. will not mountainous region) based on the current interfere in the abolition of the autonomy of situation. The appeal addresses the reasons why Adjara. " 69صÆß )∂•≤©°Æ6á s{{rä Rstu ä It the Communist Party won far more votes than can be said that there is no moment in the the national force in the October 28, 1990 appeal that there is a desire to retaliate in any elections: "We have not done the necessary way based on the election results. Here we are work in Adjara, our opponents are left in the talking only about reasonable, civilized, arena; They lied to the people, tarnished our democratic approaches - that the issue of the name - the irreconcilable national movement; presence or absence of illegally created They spread compromising rumors ... We can no autonomy of Adjara be decided by the people of longer provide so much, we have not been able Adjara themselves. There is another to reach people to see the true face of our noteworthy moment: "There is a small amount movementäó 69صÆß )∂•≤©°Æ6á s{{rä Rstu ä of land in Adjara, our goal is, if the local It must be said that the result of these territories are not enough, to give all the multiparty elections was in fact decisive for the necessary lands in all other parts of Georgia ... future of Georgia and therefore each vote had a Until now, we have been helping them in every special significance. So why did the way, and now, the official Georgian government representatives of the National Movement fail to will help everyone more. "Indeed, taking care of provide proper work? What could be the reason the problem of small land should have been one for this? The answers to the questions are of the best ways to establish close and probably possible due to various factors. First of unwavering communication with the hard- all, it must be said that the communist regime worker population of Adjara. This should have still in power had all the financial resources to been followed by the next reasonable steps, and fully finance the election campaign, but national indeed, if we look closely at the results of the ¶Ø≤£•≥ §©§Æï¥ ®°∂•ä "µ¥ ≥µch an explanation I subsequent elections, the result is already in think should not be entirely real reason. If they sight 9صÆß )∂•≤©°Æá s{{rä Rstu ä found the financial means to meet with the Pays attention to Z. Gamsakhurdia population of other regions (as it is known, the addresses the staff of Batumi University, Which 57 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 focuses on an attempt by a certain group of the constitutional framework. One of the main provocateurs to falsify a speech made at a and most important issues in the light of these session of the Supreme Council, where it was relations was the formulation of the alleged that Z. Gamsakhurdia accused the composition of the Supreme Council of the population of Adjara of Pan-Turkism and Pan- Abkhaz ASSR: 28-26-11. This is how the number Islamism. "Our people are wise and therefore no of pre-election districts was distributed, in ambitious politician or careerist will be able to which 28 seats belonged to Abkhazians, 26 to hostile in any part of Georgia against the Georgians, and 11 to other nationalities living in common national unity ... I have planned Abkhazia. Consequently, if the Abkhaz meetings with the population of Adjara in the separatists wanted to make an anti-state near future. It is clear to us that Adjara has decision and be able to use the other 11 non- endured a lot of hardships and now it still needs Georgian mandates in their favor, it would not to be treated gently. With this in mind, prefects be enough to carry out the intention, as they were appointed. We have selected such would need 2/3 of the total votes. They could candidates, for whom the homeland, the nation, not collect 2/3 for one simple reason - 26 seats our country as a whole are the most important. belonged to Georgians. Thus, the separatists' ó 2•∞µ¢¨©£ ض '•Ø≤ß©°á s{{sä Rvw ä dream of separating Abkhazia from the Republic All the above-mentioned practical of Georgia, despite the Kremlin's stance, was activities were clearly reflected and now, it is doomed to failure from the outset and, most possible to say that the new government, importantly, simply forced the Georgian and through its cautious and flexible policy, tried to Abkhaz sides to resolve all disputes through maintain calm in the Adjara region, as well as to dialogue. Which looks quite attractive in terms gain more support. of democracy and should be considered a Let us now turn to the issue of the victory for Georgian national policy. Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of (Gamakharia, J. 2004. pp. 12-13). As for The Abkhazia. Tensions in the region have been situation here in the so-called South Ossetian around since the 1970s, and the Soviet Autonomous Region was quite complicated. As government has done nothing to neutralize early as September 20, 1990, the Council of them. Moreover, it was with their People's Deputies of the South Ossetian encouragement and support that on July 15-16, Autonomous District had adopted a resolution 1989, as a result of certain provocations, on the transformation of so-called "South bloodshed took place between Abkhazians and Ossetia into a Soviet Democratic Republic" and Georgians. After that, a state of emergency was the start of the separatist movement was not declared, a curfew was introduced in Sokhumi, going to back down. (Newspaper: "New which only temporarily stopped the existing '•Ø≤ß©°6á s{{rä Rsr-11). Due to the current tension. situation, as there was a danger of violating the After coming to the helm of the country, territorial integrity of the country, the Supreme the national government began to take care of Council of the Republic of Georgia adopted the the problem in the Abkhaz region. Despite the ò,°∑ ØÆ !¢Ø¨©¥©ØÆ Ø¶ ¥®• !µ¥ØÆØ≠ص≥ $©≥¥≤©£¥ ض anti-state approaches of the separatist /≥≥•¥©°ó (Khositashvili, M. 2013. pp. 68-70). government of Abkhazia, encouraged by Apparently, this was a forced retaliatory step Moscow, to certain issues, the government of against the illegally created Autonomous the Republic of Georgia was able to manage the District in 1922, which was to finally determine processes from Tbilisi and bring them within the issue of its legal status. 58 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 Attention is drawn to the Chairman of provided conditions for improving the situation the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia in Shida Kartli and Tskhinvali regions. Of course, Z. Gamsakhurdia's appeal to Shida Kartli and st. such a meeting should be considered a positive To the Ossetian population of Tskhinvali, where, step in itself. Especially since it was from the in addition to handing over weapons to the Russian Soviet military bases in the region that Ministry of Internal Affairs, there is a call for weapons were distributed to the separatists, reconciliation: ""Ossetians will retain all the and in general, there was an active participation rights of cultural autonomy that they had during of Russia in these processes. Thus, the the existence of the district, these rights will be participation of the leader of the Russian Soviet further increased, expanded and even Federal Socialist Republic in the process of strengthened by the legislation of the Republic resolving the issue was important. It is also of Georgia, Provided that all refugees will return noteworthy that the leadership of the Republic to Tskhinvali, Georgians and Ossetians will of Georgia was able to bring the Chairman of the enjoy equal rights, their inviolability, work of the RSFSR to Georgia. Prior to arrangements and peaceful life will be that, for decades Georgia was ruled by puppet guaranteed throughout Shida Kartli ..." authorities, who only came to Moscow 62•∞µ¢¨©£ ض '•Ø≤ß©°6á s{{sä Rvv ä Such themselves to get directives on any issue. This approaches should have been the basis for time, we are dealing with a meeting of the stabilizing the situation in the region, but leaders of the two equal republics on equal unfortunately, such a thing did not suit Moscow, terms, where even the advantage of the that is, the very force that was the initiator and Georgian side is felt in a way, based on the main facilitator of provoking the conflict. meeting held on the territory of the Republic of Despite the fact that on December 12, Georgia. But, most important is the fact that the 1990, by the resolution of the Presidium of the meeting did not remain a formal issue. It is true Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia, that the Russian side did not fulfill its Emergency rules were declared on the territory obligations under the treaty and continued to be of Tskhinvali and Java districts ("Republic of grossly involved in the negative processes, but '•Ø≤ß©°6á s{{rä Rz The situation was still one thing is certain: signed the difficult. There was bloodshed against Ossetian document, Which read: "As a result of a joint extremists (including Ossetian militants from action agreement to stabilize the situation in the the North Caucasus - A.M.) and Georgian law region of the former South Ossetian enforcers (Georgian volunteers, armed groups, Autonomous Region ..."(Khositashvili, M. locals and others also fought. At that time, the Jgerenaia, E. 2015. p. 270). With this Georgian army was only in the process of signature, he actually acknowledged the formation and did not participate - A. M.). abolition of the South Ossetian Autonomous Effective action was needed to stop the negative District, which could be considered one of the processes that had begun. In such conditions, most important events. Thus, as it is known, the meeting of the Chairman of the Supreme after winning the elections of October 28, 1990, Soviet of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin and the the national government of Georgia ruled the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Georgia country until January 6, 1992. This was Zviad Gamsakhurdia took place on March 23 in happening under the most difficult inheritance Kazbegi on the territory of the Republic of conditions. Not to mention the financial, Georgia, as a result of which an interstate economic or other problems, one of the most relations agreement was signed. The document important issues is to maintain the territorial 59 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 integrity of the country. According to the 3) Gamakharia, j. 2004. Zviad Gamsakhurdia's Kremlin calculations, artificially stirred so- policy in Abkhazia (1990-1993). Tbilisi. I / M called Ethnic conflicts should have become a "Lika"; serious obstacle for the country on the way to 4) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ã ò9صÆß )∂•≤©°Æóá s{{rä Rstuâ restoring state independence. But in the name 5) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ã ò.•∑ '•Ø≤ß©°óá s{{rä Rsr-11; of the national government, it should be noted 6) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ã ò2•∞µ¢¨©£ ض '•Ø≤ß©°óá s{{rä that with the right approaches, tensions in the Rzâ Adjara region were eased, Abkhaz separatism 7) Newspaper: "Republic of Georgia", 1991. was not given a go and the existing negative Rvvâ charge was replaced by a regime of dialogue. It 8) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ã ò2•∞µ¢¨©£ ض '•Ø≤ß©°óá s{{sä should also be noted that the majority of the Rvwâ population on the territory of Abkhazia was 9) Khositashvili, M. 2013. Heads of State of ethnically Georgian, and the above wording 28- '•Ø≤ß©°ä 4ä )ä 4¢©¨©≥©ä ò)≤©§°ó ,¥§â 26-11 seemed to put the Abkhazian side in an 10) Khositashvili, M. Jgerenaia, E. 2015. Heads of advantageous position, but judging by the 3¥°¥• ض '•Ø≤ß©°ä 4ä )6ä 4¢©¨©≥©ä ò)≤©§°ó ,¥§â results, It may be noted that this was a genius 11) https://iberiana.wordpress.com/zviad- calculation, which, on the one hand, clearly gamsakhurdia/achara/ . showed goodwill towards the Abkhazians, and, on the other hand, did not allow their ¹¨±•¨´Ãµ ¹°º¿•¬©°: ¨Å¨¸¨, ¶¸µ•µ±¨Â°¨, separatism. The result was also appropriate. ¹¬¶¨¸¨º°¹º¬©°, ¬¸µ•´»²° Ƭ²°¹»¼²¬©¨, Until January 6, 1992, when the national ¨¼Æ¨®¬¯°, ©µ¬•°±¬©°. government in Georgia was responsible, there were no unpleasant incidents between ¸¬®°»³¬ Abkhazians and Georgians, which should be considered the greatest merit of the ruling bloc 1990 IJ°¹ 28 µ½ºµ³©¸°¹ ¶°¸•¬²° "Round Table - Free Georgia" and its leader ³¸¨•¨²¶¨¸º°»²° ¨¸Á¬•´¬©°¹ À¬«¬ª¨« Zviad Gamsakhurdia. The abolition of the ¹¨½¨¸¯•¬²µ¹ ¸¬¹¶»©²°±°¹ ¹¨¯¨•¬À° illegally created autonomous region of South ±µ³»´°¹º»¸° ¸¬·°³°¹ ´¨Â•²¨« ³µ•°«¨ Ossetia should be considered the only legally ¬¸µ•´»²° Ƭ²°¹»¼²¬©¨ ©²µ± ,,³¸ª•¨²° correct decision based on the current situation, ³¨ª°«¨ _ ¯¨•°¹»¼¨²° ¹¨½¨¸¯•¬²µò ¹¨Æ°¯, which was finally signed by the Chairman of the ¸µ³¬²¹¨Â »«° ³¬³±•°«¸¬µ©¨ ¬¸ªµ. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR and should be ¹¨½¨¸¯•¬²µ¹ ¹Æ•¨«¨¹Æ•¨ ¨«ª°²¬©À° considered a great diplomatic and political-legal victory. Ƭ²µ•´»¸¨« °¿µ À¬½³´°²° ±µ´¼²°½º»¸° ®µ´¬©°. ª¨´¹¨±»¯¸¬©°¯ ¼¸¯Æ°²° REFERENCES: ³°«ªµ³¬©°¹ ª¨³µ´¨Æ•¨ °¿µ ¹¨Å°¸µ 1) Abashidze, Z. Bakhtadze, M. Janelidze, O. ¨•ºµ´µ³°°¹ ¹º¨º»¹°¹ ³½µ´¬ ¸¬ª°µ´¬©°¹ 2013. Georgia and Georgians. Tbilisi. ³°³¨¸¯. ¨¹¬¯¬©° ±° °¿µ: ¨Å¨¸°¹ ò ó â &°∂Ø≤©¥• 0≤©Æ¥ ,¥§ ¨•ºµ´µ³°»¸° ¹¨©Åµ¯¨ ¹µÂ°¨²°¹º»¸° 2) Bendianishvili, A. Daushvili, A. Samsonadze, ¸¬¹¶»©²°±¨ (¨¹¹¸), ¨¼Æ¨®¬¯°¹ M. Kokrashvili, Kh. Chumburidze, d. ¨•ºµ´µ³°»¸° ¹¨©Åµ¯¨ ¹µÂ°¨²°¹º»¸° Janelidze, O. 2008. Russian Colonialism in Georgia. Tbilisi. "Wagon"; ¸¬¹¶»©²°±¨ (¨¹¹¸) «¨ ¬. Ä. ¹¨³Æ¸¬¯ µ¹¬¯°¹ ¨•ºµ´µ³°»¸° µ²½°. ¬¸µ•´»²°

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 8, Aug. -2020 Ƭ²°¹»¼²¬©°¹ ¹¨¹¨Æ¬²µ« »´«¨ ¨¾°´°À´µ¹, ¸µ³ ¹Äµ¸° ³°«ªµ³¬©°¯ ª¨´³»Æº»² °½´¨ «¨Ã¨©»²µ©¨ ¨Å¨¸°¹ ¸¬ª°µ´À°, ¨¸ ³°¬Â¨ ª¨¹¨½¨´° ¨¼Æ¨®»¸ ¹¬¶¨¸¨º°®³¹ «¨ ¨¸¹¬©»²° ´¬ª¨º°»¸° ³»Æº° «°¨²µª°¹ ¸¬·°³°¯ Á¨´¨Â•²«¨. »±¨´µ´µ« À¬½³´°²° ¹¨³Æ¸¬¯ µ¹¬¯°¹ ¨•ºµ´µ³°»¸° µ²½°¹ ª¨»½³¬©¨ ±° À¬½³´°²° ³«ªµ³¨¸¬µ©°«¨´ ª¨³µ³«°´¨¸¬ ³°¾¬©»² ¬¸¯¨«¬¸¯ ¹¨³¨¸¯²¬©¸°•¨« ¹Äµ¸ ª¨«¨Ä¿•¬º°²¬©¨« »´«¨ ª¨´•°Æ°²µ¯, ¸¨Â ¹¨©µ²µµ« ¸¹¼¹¸-°¹ »®¬´¨¬¹° ¹¨©Åµ¹ ¯¨•³Ç«µ³¨¸°¹ Ƭ²³µÄ¬¸°¯¨Â ª¨¼µ¸³«¨ «¨ »«°«¬¹ «°¶²µ³¨º°»¸ «¨ ¶µ²°º°±»¸-¹¨³¨¸¯²¬©¸°• ª¨³¨¸Ç•¬©¨« »´«¨ Á¨°¯•¨²µ¹.

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