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WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012

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WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012 Ministry of the Environment WEPA Outlook on 2012 Water Environmental Management WEPA Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012 Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) Ministry of the Environment, Japan Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Outlook on Water Environmental Management in Asia 2012 Copyright © 2012 Ministry of the Environment, Japan. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from Ministry of the Environment Japan through the Institute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES), which serves as the WEPA Secretariat. ISBN: 978-4-88788-108-2 This publication is made as a part of WEPA and published by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the publication of study results does not imply WEPA partner country’s endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions. Ministry of the Environment, Japan 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8795, Japan Tel: +81-(0)3-3581-3351 http://www.env.go.jp/en/ Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan Tel: +81-(0)46-855-3700 http://www.iges.or.jp/ The research team for WEPA Outlook 2012 includes the following IGES members: [Drafting team] Yatsuka Kataoka, Director, Freshwater Sub-group Tetsuo Kuyama, Policy Researcher, Freshwater Sub-group Ayumi Goto, Research Associate, Freshwater Sub-group Bijon Kumer Mitra, Associate Researcher, Freshwater Sub-group Bhim Nath Acharya, Policy Researcher, Freshwater Sub-group [Supporting team] Binaya Raj Shivakoti, Policy Researcher, Freshwater Sub-group Kumiko Yokoyama, Administrative Assistant, Freshwater Sub-group Ayako Hongo, Group Administrator, Freshwater Sub-group Printed in Japan Table of Contents Background to the Publication ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Message from WEPA: Water Quality Challenges in Asia for a Sustainable Future ...................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 [ Chapter 1 ] Outlook on Water Environmental Management in WEPA countries ....................................................................... 13 [ Chapter 2] Discussion and Findings on Priority Topics ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Climate Change and the Water Environment - Summary of findings based on WEPA discussions and surveys - ............... 42 [ Chapter 3] Country Profiles of Water Environmental Management in WEPA Countries ................................... 51 3.1 Cambodia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 China ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 3.3 Indonesia ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.4 Japan ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Republic of Korea ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 3.6 Lao PDR ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 82 3.7 Malaysia ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 3.8 Myanmar ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 3.9 Nepal .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 3.10 Philippines ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 102 3.11 Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 108 3.12 Thailand ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114 3.13 Viet Nam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 120 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127 Selected social, economic and water related indicators in WEPA partner countries ........................................................................................ 128
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