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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The U.S. Pacific Command would like to acknowledge the following team members that supported the successful execution of the 2012 Regional Environmental Security Conference.
United States of America
1. Mr. Christopher Sholes, Environmental Program Manager, USPACOM J4
2. Col Raymond Tsui, USPACOM J4, Theater Contingency Engineering Management
3. Lt Col Kevin Thomas, USPACOM J4, Theater Contingency Engineering Management
4. LCDR Christopher M. Giacomaro, Chief, Navy Programs, Office of Defense Cooperation, U.S. Embassy - Jakarta
5. LN1 Gabriela Guerrero, USPACOM J4, Theater Contingency Engineering Management
6. Mr. Justin Pummell, Geographer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources
7. Ms. Dely Tjahjana, Navy Programs Support Specialist, Office of Defense Cooperation, U.S. Embassy - Jakarta
Republic of Indonesia
1. Mr. Rasio Ridho Sani, Director, Bureau for Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia
2. Ms. Gracia Paramitha, Environmental Specialist, Bureau for Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Executive Summary Event Dates ………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 Event Location ……………………………………………………………………………… 13 Background ………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 Mission ………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Vision …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 Daily Summary Day 1 (02 April 2012) ……………………………………………………. 15 Day 2 (03 April 2012) ……………………………………………………. 17 Day 3 (04 April 2012) ……………………………………………………. 19 Day 4 (05 April 2012) ……………………………………………………. 21 Participant Evaluation Summary ………………………………………………….. 22 Work Group Evaluation Summary ………………………………………………… 25
Conference Agenda Day 1 (02 April 2012) ……………………………………………………………………. 31 Day 2 (03 April 2012) ……………………………………………………………………. 32 Day 3 (04 April 2012) ……………………………………………………………………. 32 Day 4 (05 April 2012) ……………………………………………………………………. 33
Participants Australia ………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 Cambodia …………………………………………………………………………………….. 37 China ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 38 Indonesia ……………………………………………………………………………………… 38 Laos ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Malaysia ………………………………………………………………………………………. 43 Myanmar ……………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Philippines …………………………………………………………………………………….44 Singapore …………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 Timor L’este …………………………………………………………………………………. 45
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Participants (Continued) United States ……………………………………………………………………………….. 45 Vietnam ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Other …………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Presentation Summary 02 April 2012 – Day 1 Opening Ceremony Mr. Joshua Cartin, U.S. Mission to ASEAN …………………….. 51 H.E. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, Republic of Indonesia …….. 54 Keynote Address H.E. Prof Juwono Sudarsono, Republic of Indonesia ……… 59 Future Trends Dr. Mozaharul Alam, United Nations Environmental Programme …………………………………………………………………… 60 Lunch Alfred Nakatsuma, U.S. Agency for International Development ………………………………………………………………… 64 Future Trends (continued) Mr. NSMI Arambepola, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center …………………………………………………………………………… 68 Mr. Michael Sheinkman, World Food Programme ………… 73 Ms. Adelina Kamal, ASEAN Secretariat …………………………. 76 Panel Session ……………………………………………………………………….. 82 03 April 2012 – Day 2 AHA Centre Mr. Said Faisal, ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Centre …………………………………………………………………………… 86 Lunch Col Francis Ng, Singapore Civil Defense Forces ……………… 88 04 April 2012 – Day 3 Environmental Security Perspectives Mr. Christopher Sholes, U.S. Pacific Command …………….. 92 Col Judijanto, Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia ……………………………………………………………………… 94
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Presentation Summary (continued) Lunch Dr. Tantono Subaygo, Syngenta ……………………………………. 95 05 April 2012 – Day 4 Lunch Mr. Medi Herlianto, BNPB, Republic of Indonesia …………. 98
Problem-Solving Session Summary Problem-Solving Session Topics …………………………………………………… 105 Problem-Solving Session Questions ……………………………………………… 108
Practical Exercise Summary Exercise Delivery ………………………………………………………………………….. 111 Exercise Scenario …………………………………………………………………………. 114 Injection 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 118 Injection 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 119 Injection 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 120 Injection 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 121 Injection 6 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 122 Injection 7 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 123 Injection 8 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 124 Injection 9 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 125 Injection 10 ………………………………………………………………………………….. 126
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FOREWORD
It was my great privilege to participate in the Regional Environmental Security Conference hosted by Indonesia in Jakarta during the week of April 2, 2012. The Indonesians were gracious hosts to more than 135 participants of twelve countries concerned for the regional effects on environmental security.
Environmental security can be defined as the abundance or scarcity of environmental resources and/or environmental degradation that can critically impact theater security. Water scarcity and climate change are primary drivers of environmental security. Periodic drought can result in mass migration of people in search of water and food. Flooding periodically displaces others and causes damage to roads, bridges and other critical infrastructure. Poor water quality and sanitation cause outbreaks of cholera and other water-borne diseases. Climate change is a stressor of many environmental conditions and will likely exacerbate environmental security issues in the coming decades. Energy, ecologic, and mineral resources are other important components of environmental security in the Pacific region.
Over the course of the conference, five major environmental security topics were explored. These topics included pollution, global warming, deforestation, overfishing and water supply. These discussions were among representatives not only from the regional militaries, but also members from national disaster management agencies and ministries of environment and foreign affairs. NGO’s contributed to the meetings from United Nations organizations and other concerned regional groups. ASEAN also presented their efforts in the area to assist member states in disaster response efforts. Having participated in the work groups and listened to the subject matter experts, I found the entire experience enlightening and most encouraging for regional cooperation in these matters.
Environmental security is critical to sustaining peace, awareness, and protection for people and places throughout the Pacific region. It is my fervent hope that the findings and opportunities identified in this document will help contribute to environmental security considerations and measures throughout the Pacific and bring further awareness of the importance of protecting our water, land, and resources for generations to come.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
SUBJECT: Executive Summary, Regional Environmental Security Conference, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2-5 April 2012
In partnership with USPACOM J4 and the Indonesia Ministry of Environment, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Institute for Water Resources (IWR) helped design and produce the Southeast Asia Regional Environmental Security Conference in Jakarta, Indonesia from 2-5 April. The event involved over 135 participants from 12 countries from the region. ASEAN, UN-OCHA, UNEP, WFP, and other United Nation organizations were also present. The conference featured speakers briefing on trends for future environmental and disaster management scenarios, problem-solving sessions on regional environmental issues, and a practical environmental disaster response exercise. You can learn more about the conference at http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/03/us-asean-cooperate- environment.html or http://jakarta.usembassy.gov/news/pr_04092012.html.
1. EVENT DATES: 2-5 April 2012
2. EVENT LOCATION: Jakarta, Indonesia
3. BACKGROUND: As a result of the Republic of Indonesia’s expressed interest following the March 2011 Pacific Environmental Security Conference (PESC), USPACOM J4 developed a Regional Environmental Security Conference (RESC) for Southeast Asia in partnership with Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment (KLH). The proposal focused upon disaster-related problem-solving activities that culminated with a comprehensive practical exercise to explore regional and international emergency-preparedness and response capacity. The activity focused on a large- scale regional event that originated from a disaster occurring in Southeast Asia with significant environmental impact. The event was developed to allow Indonesia, USPACOM, Southeast Asian nations, international organizations, and the ASEAN Secretariat (ASEC) to meet face-to-face, further relationships, exercise international and national emergency response plans, leverage Subject Matter Experts (SME), and promote the founding correlating principles of the ASEAN Charter. These principles include, “to respond effectively, in accordance with the
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principle of comprehensive security, to all forms of threats, transnational crimes and trans-boundary challenges;” and, “to promote sustainable development so as to ensure the protection of the region’s environment, the sustainability of its natural resources, the preservation of its cultural heritage and the high quality of life of its peoples.” Additionally, the conference was developed to build upon previous regional disaster relief exercise activities and capitalize on experiences and lessons learned by USPACOM, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian nations.
The Regional Environmental Security Conference was designed to emphasize friction points in civil-military and multi-national interoperability during the response phase of a disaster. Furthermore, it was developed to focus upon the critical relationship between environmental security, disaster management, and national security. To accomplish this, the event consisted of a number of emergency problem-solving sessions that evaluated regional interoperability and common emergency management friction points identified by partner nations. It culminated with a final exercise, where all parties worked collaboratively to respond to a disaster scenario that examines and utilizes regional protocol, such as the ASEAN AADMER (ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response) and SASOP (Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations) documents.
An Initial Planning Conference (IPC) was held 22-26 Aug 2011, where a small delegation from the USPACOM J4 traveled to Jakarta to meet with KLH, ASEC, ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance (AHA) Centre, U.S. Embassy (USEMB) Jakarta, international organizations, and in-country civilian and military partners to exchange workshop ideas, emergency response goals, and identify a scenario to be exercised. After the IPC, a Final Planning Conference (FPC) was held in Jakarta 24-27 January 2012, and the ideas and concepts suggested during the IPC were refined and finalized. Finally, the final conference was held on 2-5 April 2012, which allowed all participating entities to gather and exercise a common disaster response and environmental security scenario, and enhance partner nations, Indonesia, and USPACOM’s ability to respond to a large-scale environmental disaster in Southeast Asia.
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4. MISSION: To conduct the Southeast Asia Regional Environmental Security Conference in partnership with the U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM), Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment (KLH), U.S. Embassy (USEMB) Jakarta, and the U.S. Mission to ASEAN (USASEAN).
5. PURPOSE: To create engagement opportunities to address environmental threats to regional security. Additionally, the conference fostered input and suggestion where capacity needs between civilian and military counterparts could be intertwined to foster resilience to the effects of environmental change. By bringing together policy makers and practitioners from the community of interest, the conference set the conditions to both establish a network for cooperation, and a platform for discussion and dialogue.
6. VISION: To strengthen and advance alliances and partnerships by enhancing the capabilities of regional states in Southeast Asia to assess causes and impacts of environmental security issues, develop response strategies to mitigate these issues, and conduct contingency planning for crisis response.
7. DAILY SUMMARY: The details found in the section below summarize the daily activities that occurred during the event. They were recorded on the denoted day, and reflect the current status of that day.
a. 02 APRIL 2012
- The first day of the Regional Environmental Security Conference was completed. There were no major issues in the material or presentation. The opening ceremony started a few minutes late, awaiting Mr. Juwono Sudarsono’s arrival. Upon his entrance, comments were provided by USASEAN Deputy Representative, Mr. Joshua Cartin, and the Indonesia Minister of Environment, Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya. After the opening ceremony, Mr. Juwono Sudarsono gave his keynote speech, which he highlighted the need for all sectors of the economy to develop a list of resources that could be used to combat the onslaught of climate change, increased disasters, and environmental security threats.
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- Following the keynote speech, all participants congregated together for a group photo. There were multiple photos taken, but the one prepared by the JW Marriott Hotel did not include all of the participants. The U.S team worked with the hotel to identify an alternative photo to be used that includes a clear view of all participants.
- The press conference followed the group photo session. There were approximately 25 media personnel who interviewed BG Kevin O’Connell (USPACOM), Mr. Joshua Cartin (USASEAN), and Mr. Alfred Nakatsuma (USAID). Mr. Sudarsono, Dr. Kambuaya, and Mr. Sani from Indonesia were also interviewed.
- After the press conference, four (4) future trends presentations were given. The first presentation was by Dr. Alam from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Dr. Alam highlighted the impacts of climate change in the region, and considerations that both civil and military institutions should focus upon when developing policy, conducting operations, and strategizing for the future. Dr. Alam was followed by Mr. Arambepola from the Asia Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). Mr. Arambepola presented on the regional threat disasters play in Southeast Asia. He stressed the importance of making science-based decisions to better understand risks. The next “future trends” presentation was given by Mr. Michael Sheinkman from the World Food Programme (WFP). Mr. Sheinkman highlighted the various food security vulnerability maps that his organization has prepared the last five years. The final “future trends” presentation was given by Ms. Adelina Kamal from the ASEAN Secretariat’s Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Division. Ms. Kamal explained ASEAN’s role in disaster preparedness and response and also provided detail on the latest progress of the AHA Centre, AADMER, ACDM, and other ASEC institutions. Ms. Kamal stated that the AADMER document does not cover environmental disasters. It is currently designed as a guidance document for only natural disasters. ASEAN
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will be working in the future to evaluate the ties between the environment and disasters.
- The last major activity of the day was the panel session. The participants were provided an opportunity to ask questions of all four future trend speakers. The conversation focused on civil- military interoperability, ASEAN’s role in disaster response, and environmental concerns. The session lasted approximately one hour. It began slowly, but eventually became an animated exchange.
- The day concluded with a “welcome dinner” hosted by the Indonesia Ministry of Environment. It provided an opportunity to relax, interact with all of the conference participants, and learn about Indonesian culture. b. 03 APRIL 2012
- The first activity of the day was a presentation by Mr. Said Faisal, Executive Director, ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Centre (AHA Centre). Mr. Faisal explained the role of the AHA Centre in managing requests and offers of assistance when natural disasters strike the region. His presentation also highlighted the current status of the center and its goals over the next five years.
- Three problem-solving sessions followed the AHA Centre presentation. The first session was delivered by Cambodia, and featured the topic of pollution. Each of the five work groups spent 45 minutes developing responses to the question that was posed. The question asked was, “What regional initiatives should countries in Southeast Asia enact to reduce the impacts of pollution on the environment and the populace's well being?” The question provoked much interesting dialog, all of which was captured by the note takers for inclusion in the final AAR.
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- The other two problem-solving sessions featured global warming and deforestation as topics. Mr. Willem Rampangilei, Deputy Minister for Environment and Social Vulnerability Affairs, delivered an interesting presentation on the role of the military in combating climate change impacts. He posed several questions to the work groups to solve. The work groups focused on three of his questions, namely: 1) What are the real climate change impacts we are facing? 2) Do we need a comprehensive, grand strategy? 3) Must the national defense strategy consider environmental security? These questions again provoked some very productive dialog in all five work groups. There was unanimous support that defense strategy must include environmental considerations and that a comprehensive strategy to fighting the impacts of climate change was necessary.
- The last environmental problem-solving session was delivered by Malaysia. Malaysia gave an overview of the impacts of deforestation in their country, and then issued the following question for each work group to answer. “What are the challenges and recommendations to intensify the present efforts for reforestation as a mean of remedial action?” Good suggestions were presented, including an idea to have each forester register receive a license and an allotted land boundary area that could be tracked via a Geographic Information System (GIS). If logging was detected outside of that allotted area, then it would be illegal and subject to conviction.
- In addition to the problem-solving sessions, COL Francis Ng, Singapore Civil Defense Forces, gave a presentation on their HAZMAT Assessment Unit. The presentation showcased how Singapore handles hazardous waste, as well as the equipment it uses to detect potential problems.
- The day concluded with a final summary provided by the Ministry of Environment.
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c. 04 APRIL 2012
- USPACOM began the morning by briefing its role and initiatives related to environmental security. The presentation, which was delivered by Mr. Christopher Sholes, explained how environmental policies are formulated by DoD and delivered to USPACOM and Service Component Commands for action. The presentation also showcased many examples of military environmental mitigation and cleanup efforts in the Pacific. The presentation sparked a request by Indonesia’s military (TNI) for additional training and/or outreach opportunity where US environmental SMEs could provide a workshop on range management and sustainability, as well as the incorporation of environmental policies (ex. Environmental Impact Statement) and regulations into military doctrine. TNI has a formal MoU with the Ministry of Environment signed two years ago, but TNI still is unsure how to move forward with enhanced environmental procedures.
- The USPACOM brief was followed by TNI’s perspective on environmental security. The presentation described the environmental threats facing Indonesia, and potential recommendations on how TNI could become more involved in addressing those threats. TNI has yet to incorporate environmental security policies and procedures in its national doctrine but recognizes the need to do so soon. At the conference, TNI and the Ministry of Environment have made an informal agreement to establish a national task force to develop a framework or blueprint to produce an integrated civil-military national environmental policy. This would build upon the MoU that has already been established.
- Following the environmental security presentations were two problem-solving sessions. The first session was on overfishing, and the topic was presented by the Philippines. The question posed asked how the region could develop a sustainable fishing industry. All work groups had very fruitful discussions on the topic.
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Suggestions included optimizing the ASEAN legal framework to stop transnational crime, promoting education and awareness to all governmental sectors, and incorporating local cultural practices to showcase the impacts of sustainable and environmentally-friendly fishing practices.
- The last problem-solving session was delivered by Vietnam. The presentation communicated the potential impact to future generations if water supplies were contaminated, reduced, or access limited. Vietnam posed a question about the region’s use of integrated water resource management. All work groups identified problems with current water use practices, and had recommendations tied to basin-wide solutions.
- After the water supply problem-solving session concluded, a video was played on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. The film was an excellent transition from the problem-solving sessions into the next day’s practical exercise. The video showcased how all levels of the U.S. government reacted to the spill and worked together towards finding common solutions. The U.S. crisis highlighted the need for public-private partnership, described lessons learned from the response, and stated the need for enhanced consensus and preparation on environmental security situations.
- The last presentation of the day was delivered by the Steering Group, and provided an overview of tomorrow’s practical exercise.
- A working lunch presentation was also given by Syngenta summarizing food security concerns in Indonesia, and how public- private partnerships can work together to reduce stressors (e.g. increased population). Dr. Tantono Subagyo provided examples of many companies and NGOs that are partnering with the Indonesian government to develop sustainable, healthy, and consistent food supplies throughout the country. Syngenta’s presentation sparked good questions from the participants, and the Steering Group
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recommends that public-private partnership presentations be included in future environmental security proceedings. d. 05 APRIL 2012
- The Regional Environmental Security Conference came to a successful conclusion today. A majority of the Day 4 proceedings were spent on the practical exercise, which featured an oil spill in the Malacca Strait and a tailings dam failure near the Mekong River. The exercise was divided into three (3) one-hour phases. The first phase featured strategic injections on response. The second phase highlighted civil-military friction points in the transition between response and recovery. The last phase of the exercise focused upon the need for disaster risk reduction and mitigation measures on a regional level.
- All five work groups responded to the same injections. Each injection featured between four and five questions for the work groups to answer. The responses varied, but overall, they were comprehensive, proactive, and showcased regional solutions to complex problems. Each work group progressed at their own pace throughout the exercise as it was designed.
- At the conclusion of the exercise, an after action review (AAR) was conducted. Each work group was given a primary injection to brief. A majority of the injections that were briefed were from the response phase of the exercise. These injections were chosen because not all of the work groups progressed to the last two phases of the exercise. Additionally, each work group provided their response to three factors that went well at the conference, and three areas where the conference could have been better. Positive comments included good organization, format, and delivery; an excellent medium for working with regional partners; and an opportunity to discuss environmental issues between both civilian and military counterparts. Areas for improvement included omitting the working lunches so that more networking could be
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accomplished, reducing the amount of technical material to avoid information overload, and providing the conference materials to all participants in advance to facilitate review prior to the conference.
- The last day also included a lunch presentation by Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). BNPB is Indonesia’s national agency for disaster management. The brief was delivered by Mr. Medi Herlianto, Director of Disaster Preparedness and featured BNPB’s role in disaster management in Indonesia, as well as BNPB’s role to analyze and respond to environmental disasters. The presentation was informative and well-suited for all participants.
- The day’s final activity was the closing ceremony which was led by Ms. Hermien Roosita, Executive Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, and BG Kevin O’Connell, J4, USPACOM. The ceremony highlighted the need for further civil-military cooperation on the environment, a desire by all participating countries to leverage the ASEAN tools and mechanisms at their disposal, and a need to further define and explore environmental security action items. Specifically, Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) and the Ministry of Environment plan to form a task force to further their collaborative efforts on environmental security based on the experiences they gained from the conference.
8. PARTICIPANT EVALUATION SUMMARY: At the conclusion of the Regional Environmental Security Conference, participant evaluation forms were disseminated to everyone to gain feedback on the event. Each question was ranked from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest and 1 the lowest. The percentages, and/or grades, were calculated by assigning the following values/weights: 1 = 0 2 = 25 3 = 50 4 = 75 5 = 100 The value that is highlighted indicates the majority vote by the participants.
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1) Do you believe the conference helped you gain a better understanding of environmental issues and threats in the region? 84%
1 2 3 4 5
2) Did the environmental, disaster preparedness, and food security topics discussed and presented raise your awareness of present issues, future trends, and potential solutions? 84%
1 2 3 4 5
3) Did other participants have an opportunity to understand your perspectives on issues related to the environment, food security, and disaster preparedness? 75%
1 2 3 4 5
4) Do you belief the six (6) environmental issues discussed at Days 2-3 of the conference were the top threats in the region? If not, then what other topics should have been discussed? 79%
1 2 3 4 5
5) Was the practical exercise conducted on Day 4 of the conference beneficial to your understanding on how to respond, recover, and prevent a large-scale environmental disaster? How could group interaction/management been better implemented? 79%
1 2 3 4 5
6) Do you believe that you now have a better understand of the connection between environmental issues and disaster preparedness, response, and prevention? 83%
1 2 3 4 5
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7) Did you think that having a mixed audience between civilians and military participants benefited the conference? Would another mix/ratio been better? 80%
1 2 3 4 5
8) Do you think the length of the conference was appropriate, and that it had the right balance between presentations, discussion, and exercises? 73%
1 2 3 4 5
9) Do you believe that the conference was prepared and delivered in a professional and worthwhile manner? 78%
1 2 3 4 5
10) Would you want to conduct another Regional Environmental Security Conference in the future? 77%
1 2 3 4 5
11) Will you take lessons learned from this conference and apply them to your job in the future? Which lessons-learned were most valuable to you? 80%
1 2 3 4 5
12) Were there adequate breaks between sessions so you could interact with all other participants you wished to meet? 77%
1 2 3 4 5
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The overall participant results can be found in the below table:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 3 1 1 4 15 3 2 1 12 7 3 2 5 8 3 11 2 4 60 4 34 38 38 35 45 37 36 33 38 31 41 37 443 5 25 22 11 18 13 22 19 15 17 18 17 16 213 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61
84 84 75 79 79 83 80 73 78 77 80 77 79
Feedback from participants varied, but overall, was very positive. One of the most positive comments was,
“A very well planned and executed event that hit the real issues. It is so refreshing to meet people who are not just talking about collaboration, but instead: (i) Understand that collaboration is the key; (ii) Can actually do it; and (iii) Can teach others.”
Many participants noted that they felt the conference was too long and covered too many topics. They recommend reducing the length to three days in the future.
9. WORK GROUP EVALUATIION SUMMARY: In addition to individual participant evaluations, each of the five work groups involved in the conference provided their feedback on three positive aspects of the conference to sustain and three areas where enhancement could make the conference better in the future. The results of this query can be found below.
- Work Group 1
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o Sustain The conference allowed the government, civilians, and the military all to practice disaster response together. The conference was a good opportunity to create ideas on how to respond to environmental disasters, when they occur. The conference improved environmental awareness among all participants.
o Enhance It would have been better if each work group discussion focused on one disaster only, instead of trying to discuss every environmental disaster. There should be at least one representative from every Asia-Pacific country in each work group. Language differences made it hard for some people to speak their mind.
- Work Group 2
o Sustain Excellent time management Excellent planning on conference Very educational presentations
o Enhance Translators needed/equipment Requirements for attendees (calling for capable participants) Too many injections
- Work Group 3
o Sustain Food
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Diversity Work group style and execution
o Enhance AHA Centre needs more definition Information overload The temperature of the room is too cold
- Work Group 4 o Sustain Participant diversity (many countries represented) Civilian and military engagement Hospitality (services)
o Enhance Working during lunchtime -> hard to appreciate presentation Too much information/material in the time given Conference material not distributed early enough, especially for participants
- Work Group 5 o No report provided
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Regional Environmental Security Conference: Agenda
Prepared by: U.S. Pacific Command and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of - 29 - Environment
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MONDAY, 2 APRIL 2012
0800 – 0900 REGISTRATION
Opening Ceremony 0900 - 0930 Comments by: Mr. Joshua Cartin, Deputy Representative, U.S. Mission to ASEAN Professor Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, Minister of Environment, Republic of Indonesia
Keynote Speaker 0930 - 1015 (Mr. Juwono Sudarsono, Minister of Environment (ret), Minister of Defense (ret), Republic of Indonesia)
1015 - 1030 PRESS CONFERENCE
1030 – 1045 GROUP PHOTO
1045 - 1115 BREAK
Future Views – Environment 1115 – 1200 (Dr. Mozaharul Alam, Regional Climate Change Coordinator, United Nations Environment Programme)
WORKING LUNCH 1200 – 1300 (Regional Environmental Problems and a Call for Intergovernmental Collaboration: A Focus on Fisheries, Mr. Alfred Nakatsuma, Mission Disaster Relief Officer, USAID)
Future Views – Disaster Preparedness 1300 - 1330 (Dr. N.M.S.I. Arambepola, Executive Director, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center)
Future Views – Food Security 1330 - 1400 (Mr. Michael Sheinkman, Senior Regional Advisor for Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis, World Food Programme)
Regional Disaster Management Cooperation in ASEAN 1400 – 1430 (Ms. Adelina Kamal, Head, Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Division, ASEAN Secretariat)
1430 – 1500 BREAK
Future Views Panel Session 1500 – 1600 (Moderator – Mr. Rasio Sani, Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment Panelists – Dr. N.M.S.I. Arambepola, Dr. Mozaharul Alam, Ms. Adelina Kamal, Mr. Michael Sheinkman)
1600 - 1615 DAY 1 SUMMARY & WORK GROUP ASSIGNMENTS
1900 – 2100 ICEBREAKER SOCIAL RECEPTION (OPTIONAL)
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TUESDAY, 3 APRIL 2012
0900 - 0915 DAY 1 RECAP & ADMINISTRATIVE ITEMS
AHA Centre Overview 0915 - 0945 (Mr. Said Faisal, Executive Director, ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management)
Roundtable Overview: Workgroup Assignments, Overview & 0945 - 1000 Introductions (Mr. Justin Pummell, Geographer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
1000 - 1030 BREAK
Environmental Problem-Solving – Session #1: Pollution 1030 - 1200 (Cambodia)
WORKING LUNCH 1200 - 1300 (HAZMAT Assessment Unit Col. Francis Ng, Hazardous Materials Director, Singapore Civil Defense Forces)
Environmental Problem-Solving – Session #2: Global Warming 1300 - 1430 (Indonesia)
1430 – 1500 BREAK
Environmental Problem-Solving – Session #3: 1500 - 1630 Deforestation/Desertification (Malaysia)
1630 - 1700 DAY 2 SUMMARY
WEDNESDAY, 4 APRIL 2012
0 9 0 0 - 0 9 1 5 DAY 2 RECAP & ADMINISTRATIVE ITEMS
U.S. Pacific Command Environmental Presentation 0 9 1 5 - 0 9 3 5 (Mr. Chris Sholes, Environmental Program Manager, J4, U.S. Pacific Command)
TNI Environmental Presentation 0 9 3 5 – 1 0 0 0 (Col. Judijanto, Head of War Game Centre, Indonesia Naval Command and Staff College)
1 0 0 0 - 1 0 3 0 BREAK
Environmental Problem-Solving – Session #4: Overfishing 1 0 3 0 - 1 2 0 0 (Philippines)
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WORKING LUNCH 1 2 0 0 - 1 3 0 0 (The Role of the Private Sector in Supporting Food Security in Indonesia Dr. Tantono Subagyo, Manager of Regulatory and Government Affairs, Syngenta)
Environmental Problem-Solving – Session #5: Water Supply 1 3 0 0 - 1 4 3 0 (Viet Nam)
1 4 3 0 – 1 5 0 0 BREAK
Can the Gulf Survive? 1 5 0 0 - 1 6 0 0 Lessons Learned from the BP Oil Spill
1 6 0 0 - 1 6 3 0 DAY 3 SUMMARY & PRACTICAL EXERCISE OVERVIEW
THURSDAY, 5 APRIL 2012
Practical Exercise – Scenario Delivery 0900 - 0 9 3 0 (Mr. Justin Pummell, Geographer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
0930 - 1 0 3 0 Practical Exercise – Phase 1 (Response)
1030 - 1 1 0 0 BREAK
1100 – 1 2 0 0 Practical Exercise – Phase 2 (Response-Recovery)
WORKING LUNCH 1200 - 1 3 0 0 (Disaster Management, Environmental Security & Sustainable Development Mr. Sugeng Triutomo, Deputy Chief for Prevention and Preparedness, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana)
1300 – 1 4 0 0 Practical Exercise – Phase 3 (Recovery-Prevention)
1400 – 1 4 1 5 BREAK
1415 - 1 5 0 0 After Action Preparation
1500 - 1 5 3 0 BREAK
1530 - 1 6 3 0 After Action Reporting
Closing Ceremony 1630 – 1 7 0 0 Comments by: BG Kevin O’Connell, Director for Logistics, Engineering, and Security Assistance, J4, U.S. Pacific Command Mr. Rasio Sani, Director of Bureau for Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia
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Regional Environmental Security Conference: Participants
Prepared by: U.S. Pacific Command and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of - 35 - Environment
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PARTICIPANTS
The following participants attended the 2012 Regional Environmental Security Conference in Jakarta, Indonesia. The countries are listed in alphabetical order.
a. AUSTRALIA
NUM NAME ORG
1 Ms. Helen Blain Ministry of Defense
b. CAMBODIA
NUM NAME ORG
2 Mr. Ku Bunnavuth National Committee for Disaster Management
3 LTC Keo Rottana Ministry of Defense
4 Mr. Ma Chan Sethea Ministry of Environment
5 Mr. Phlang Ponleu Rath National Committee for Disaster Management
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c. CHINA
NUM NAME ORG
Mr. Wang Jinfeng 6 Chinese Embassy in Indonesia
Mr. Yang Lei 7 Chinese Embassy in
Indonesia
d. INDONESIA
NUM NAME ORG
8 HE Professor Dr. Balthasar Ministry of Environment Kambuaya
Ministry of 9 Environment/Defense HE Mr. Juwono Sudarsono
10 Ministry of Environment Ms. Hermien Roosita 11 Mr. Rasio Sani Ministry of Environment
12 Ms. Damayanti Ratunanda Ministry of Environment
13 Ms. Gracia Paramitha Ministry of Environment
14 Mayor Sus Tri Wahyu AP Lanud Halim PK Jakarta
15 Mayor Pnb Dwi Pantinovan Lanud Halim PK Surabaya
16 Letkol Laut (T) Permadi Agus Lantamal III
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NUM NAME ORG
Kodam 2 Sriwijaya- 17 Letkol Inf. Jahidin Chilo Palembang
Letkol Laut (S) Budi Djoko 18 Seputro Dispotmar Koarmatim
TNI AL (Lantamal V) 19 Letkol Bakat Gunawan Surabaya
20 Letkol Helmi Efendi, SH Dispotmar Koarmabar
21 Mayor Kav Eryzal Satria Kodam XII/Tpr
Mayor Cba (K) Eva Maria Dian 22 Agustin Kodam V Brawijaya
23 Mayor Cpl Rafael Nowo, M.Sc Kodam XVI/Pattimura
Letkol Laut (KH) Drs. Sony 24 Sondyamond, M.Si Dispotmar Mabes TNI AL
25 Letkol Inf. Teguh Wiyono Kodam Iskandar Muda
26 Mayor KAL Sapto Nugroho TNI AU Lanud Surabaya
27 Mayor Inf Mohammad Ilyas Kodam 1 Bukit Barisan
28 Mayor Laut (KH) Zulkarnaen Lantamal III Jakarta
Kodam XVII/ 29 Mr. Syaiful Thalib, SH Cendrawasih
30 Letkol Made Sosiawan Kodam 9
Ms. Sinta Ratna Dewayani 31 S.S.M.Sc Badan SAR Nasional
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NUM NAME ORG
32 Ms. Fina Syahfriani, S.E Badan SAR Nasional
Sekretariat Negara 33 Mr. Egi Dilianda Jakarta
34 Ms. Rima Gusnita SS Badan SAR Nasional
35 Ms. Kinanthi Kusumawardani University of Indonesia
36 Ms. Wahyu Rita Wulandari PT.Karyataruna
37 Mr. A.M. Adyarto
38 Kol Lek Penny Rdjendra, M.Sc Kementerian Pertahanan
39 Letkol CAJ (K) Effy Sutana Kementerian Pertahanan
40 Mr. AKBP Eko Prasetyo, SH,MH DIT POLAIR
Mr. AKBP Kuncung Suyanto, 41 SH,MH DIT POLAIR
42 Mr. Noviandri Wibowo Dit.Polkam ASEAN
Ministry of Foreign 43 Ms. Rima Meilasari Affairs
Ministry of Foreign 44 Ms. Dwi Imanita Rahmawati Affairs
Ms. Perthalia Noery Perdanasari Ministry of Foreign 45 Rosul Affairs
Ministry of Foreign 46 Mr. Ricky Ichsan Affairs
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NUM NAME ORG
Ministry of Foreign 47 Mr. Gopokson T. Situmorang Affairs
48 Kolonel Laut (P) J.E Manik SESKOAL
49 Brigjen TNI Dede K Atmaja Sesko TNI Bandung
50 Kolonel Laut (P) Wahyudi H.D Sesko TNI Bandung
51 Kolonel PNB H.RM.Djoko SP,SE Sesko TNI Bandung
52 Kolonel INF Yunadi Seskoad Bandung
53 Mr. Noviandri Wibowo Polkam ASEAN,Kemlu
54 Mr. Kolonel.DJ.A.Pohan Seskoal
55 Mr. Kal(T)Endang M Sofian Seskoal
56 Ms. Dyah Poerwayanti
57 Ms. Dita. M University of Indonesia
58 Mr. Frans Kishin P Kodam Jaya
59 Mayor Boyke Sukanta Kodam IV/DIP
60 Mr. Chandra Panjiwibowo WFP
61 Kolonel Judijanto Seskoal
62 Mr. Sumaloe Sterup Hansen WFP
63 Ms. Siti Aini Hanum
64 Ms. Vanessa Bago
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NUM NAME ORG
65 Mr. Brendan Owen
66 Mr. Gopokson T. Situmorang Kemlu-RI
67 Mr. Dandy F. Soeparan Kemlu-RI ASTIMPAS
68 Letkol Widy P.S Mabes TNI
69 Mr. D. Sunata USTAFF
70 Ms. RA.Annisa Niribito University of Indonesia
71 Mr. Agung Pamungkas University of Indonesia
72 Letkol Partaji Vikson GS Kodam VI/MLW Kaltim
73 Kolonel ARH Partono Bandung (Seskoal)
74 Mr. Nugroho Mujianto
75 Mr. Pudjo Hardyanto Kemenko Kestra
76 Ms. Mustikovini Indri J Kemenko Kestra
77 Ms. Dwi Tanjung Sari University of Indonesia
78 Mr. Rudolf Bastian Tampubolon University of Indonesia
79 Mr. Nasrullah Noor Edikresnha University of Indonesia
80 Ms. Devi Puspa Ratnaningrum University of Indonesia
81 Mr. David Immanuel Sihombing University of Indonesia
82 Ms. Defina Meisyanti University of Indonesia
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e. LAO PDR
NUM NAME ORG
83 Mr. Bounpan Ministry of Foreign Affairs KONGNHINSAYSENG
84 Lieutenant Colonel Patthana Ministry of National
BOUTTICHAK Defense
85 Major Santy LEAMPHY Ministry of National Defense
f. MALAYSIA
NUM NAME ORG
86 Dr. Mohd Yazid Ahmad STRIDE
87 Ms. Darus Mashitah Ministry of Environment
88 Mr. Mohd Yusni Adu Bakar National Security Council
89 Ms. Sarah Albakri Permanent Mission of Devadason Malaysia to ASEAN
90 Ms. Farah Rakesh Permanent Mission of Malaysia to ASEAN
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NUM NAME ORG
91 Mr. Arhan Syafrisyah Shah Permanent Mission of Anuar Malaysia to ASEAN
g. MYANMAR
NUM NAME ORG
92 U Htay Aung Ministry of Environment
93 U Tin Tun Ministry of Environment
94 Daw Kyi Kyi Than Aung Attorney General’s Office
95 Daw Su Su Tun Ministry of Social Welfare
h. PHILIPPINES
NUM NAME ORG
Phil Navy, Office of the 96 CDR Roy Vincent T. TRINIDAD Deputy Chief of Staff for Opns, AFP Mines and Geosciences 97 Mr. Albert Johann B. JACILDO Bureau, Dept of Environmental and Natural Resources
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i. SINGAPORE
NUM NAME ORG
98 Col. Francis Ng Singapore Civil Defense Forces
j. TIMOR L’ESTE
NUM NAME ORG
HE Mr.Abilio de Deus de Jesus Timor L’este 99 Lima
100 Mr. Antonio Lelo Tasi Timor L’este
101 Mr. Sr. Lino Saldanha Timor L’este
102 Mr. Mark Korsten Timor L’este
k. UNITED STATES
NUM NAME ORG
103 BG Kevin O’Connell USPACOM
104 Mr. Christopher Sholes USPACOM
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NUM NAME ORG
105 Mr. Bruce Fink USPACOM
106 COL Ray Tsui USPACOM
107 LTC Kevin Thomas USPACOM
108 Mr. Justin Pummell USACE
109 Mr. Quinton Ford NAVSEA
110 Ms. Kelly Busquets USARPAC
111 Dr. Bruce Compton ONRG
112 Ms. Ninette Sadusky OSD
113 Mr. Joshua Cartin USASEAN
114 CDR Walter Hokett USASEAN
115 Ms. Findie Fithya USASEAN
116 LCDR Christopher Giacomaro USEMB
117 Ms. Dely Tjahjana USEMB
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l. VIETNAM
NUM NAME ORG
Ministry of Defense 118 Senior Colonel THAN THANH CONG
119 Mr. Nguyen Minh Dao Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
m. OTHERS
NUM NAME ORG
120 Mr. Charles Kumar WFP
121 Mr. Michael Sheinkman WFP
122 Mr. John Packer USAID
123 Mr. Alfred Nakatsuma USAID
124 Mr. Harlan Hale USAID-OFDA
125 Dr. Mozahural Alam UNEP
126 Mr. NMSI Arambepola ADPC
127 Mr. Said Faisal AHA Centre
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NUM NAME ORG
128 Ms. Adelina Kamal ASEC
129 Mr. Nova Ratnanto UN-OCHA
130 Ms. Knarik Kamalyan UN-OCHA
131 Ms. Malikah Amril UNDP
132 Ms. Verania Andria UNDP
133 Mr. Dhannan Sunoto ADVANCE
Dr. Tantono Subagyo 134 Syngenta
Mr. Medi Herlianto 135 BNPB
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Regional Environmental Security Conference: Presentation Summaries
Prepared by: U.S. Pacific Command and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of - 49 - Environment
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Opening Ceremony
Mr. Joshua Cartin, Deputy Representative, U.S. Mission to ASEAN
“I’m delighted to be here this morning to help open the 2nd Regional Environmental Security Conference in Asia. This conference is sponsored by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and USPACOM. I would like to applaud their outstanding efforts in preparing such a robust program over the next four days.
What do we mean by environmental security? For the purpose of this conference, we define environmental security as: ‘Public safety from environmental dangers caused by natural or human processes due to ignorance, accident, mismanagement, or design.’ Through improved environmental security, we seek: To ensure availability of natural resources; Maintain a healthy environment; Stop environmental degradation; and Prevent social disorder and conflict.
It is particularly fitting that we are opening this conference at the beginning of April, which has been designated as Earth Month in many countries and calls on all of us to assess the work still needed to protect our planet for future generations. It is also fitting that we are opening this conference in Indonesia, one of the world’s most bio-diverse nations and, at the same time, one whose environment is among the most vulnerable to environmental disasters.
Much of our work at the U.S. Mission to ASEAN is focused on helping ASEAN build capacity to address the many challenges in the region that do not recognize borders. Those include: Climate change, Pandemics, Natural disasters, Food security, Migration, and many others. All of these share a nexus with changes taking place in our natural environment. Through better environmental stewardship and improved response to environmental disasters, we can prevent or minimize the harmful and deadly consequences of these disasters while preserving the natural environment upon which we depend for our lives and livelihoods. None of these are easy challenges to overcome and all of them require cooperation between and among nations. The U.S. seeks every day to work with our ASEAN friends, and the other ASEAN dialogue partners, to provide
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whatever support we can to boost ASEAN’s collective capacity to address these challenges.
Which brings us to the topic of the day – how does the region respond to an environmental disaster? To start with, it is vitally important that responders work together in teams. The United States is pleased to be working with all of the ASEAN member states and key dialogue partners including Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea on the important topic of disaster response.
Another important aspect of disaster response is a whole of government approach, inclusive of the military, which has important competencies and capabilities to bring to bear in the event of a disaster. I am particularly pleased that USPACOM has chosen to focus on the ASEAN region for this workshop. PACOM’s involvement highlights the U.S. commitment to Asia as well as the role the military can and should play in supporting effective disaster response.
Stakeholders recognize and acknowledge the critical importance of civil-military and multilateral cooperation to achieve successes in addressing environmental security concerns. As important as teamwork is the timeliness of disaster response, which compels a certain amount of pre-planning. Things such as standard operating procedures, both national and regional, prepositioning of relief supplies, and the necessary cooperative policies and mechanisms will save lives. In this respect, the U.S. is pleased to be working within ASEAN and the East Asia Summit to promote a Rapid Disaster Response (RDR) agreement, which aims to enable for the rapid deployment of Military and Civil Defense Assets (MCDA) to support relief efforts for a limited duration in the immediate aftermath of an exceptionally large disaster.
Progress has been made in recent years in improving the scale and scope of regional cooperation on environmental security, and ASEAN’s work on disaster management has played a key role. This work includes Track 1 approval of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER); development of the “Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations”, or SASOP; and Leaders’ approval for the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management, or AHA Centre during the ASEAN Summit in Bali this past
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November. The United States is pleased to be working together with the ASEAN member states and key dialogue partners on these initiatives and many others to further regional environmental security and enhance disaster response capability.
Finally, keep in mind that an environmental disaster not only wrecks havoc on people’s lives, but also causes significant damage to economic infrastructure and of course wreaks the natural environment. A fast, coordinated response to a regional environmental disaster will help protect the environment for future generations. There is still much work remaining to be done to improve our collective capability to respond to environmental disasters. This program from our friends from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and U.S. Pacific Command will challenge you, but will yield tremendous benefit toward our ability to work together, protecting lives and property, when an environmental disaster strikes. Thank you.”
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Opening Ceremony
H.E. Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, Minister of Environment, Republic of Indonesia
“It is an honor for Indonesia to host this Conference with support from United States Pacific Command. I hope this will become an annual forum in our region and in Indonesia to exchange ideas and best practices which leads to enhanced cooperation in the security and environmental fields.
We are honored to have with us today United States Ambassador-designate to ASEAN, His Excellency Mr. David L. Carden; United States Pacific Command Director for Logistics, Engineering and Security Assistance, Brigadier General Kevin O’Connell; Mr. Juwono Sudarsono, Executive Secretary and Deputy Minister of Ministry of Environment, distinguished quests from Indonesian Armed Force, Ministry of Foreign Affair and other ministries and honorable speakers. We are inspired by tireless efforts from United States Pacific Command to promote environmental securities in Asia Pacific region.
We are also honored by the presence of Minister for the Environment of Timor L'este, who has worked closely with us over the years. Indeed, the relation between Indonesia and Timor L'este offers some useful lessons for peace building. Indonesia and Timor L'este today are considered as countries with strong bilateral relation in Southeast Asia. And by doing so, not only do we make our borders peaceful; we also make our region more stable and the world safer.
This conference is very important Conference for Indonesia. This is the first Environmental Security Conference that we have conducted in Indonesia. We expect that this conference is able to increase our awareness and commitment in managing our environment and reducing environmental degradation threat to our people as well as to our local, regional and global security threat.
Currently the World is facing intensive pressure from environmental degradation. Nowadays, the World population increase significantly accounted for 7 billion people, and our natural resources decrease dramatically due to excessive exploitation. This leads to degradation of many water resources such as rivers,
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and lakes in critical condition. Natural forests were severely damaged. The ecological functions of forests are increasingly worrying. There are floods and landslides during rainy season. Water shortages during dry season. Water deficit occurs in several areas. This situation happens in many places, including in Indonesia. The impact of environmental damage is exacerbated by increasing number of people.
Without any commitment and radical measures for environmental protection and management, those issues could potentially pose serious threat to the nation. Therefore, we need to work together to resolve this alarming condition.
Facing this situation, there are many reasons why we have to tackle this situation seriously. Environmental degradation not only causes problem to the people but it also leads to increase pressure to security issues. Therefore now is the time, we need to reconsider our view on security issues, as pointed out by Brundtland Commission:
“The whole notion of security as traditionally understood-in terms of political and military threats to national security-must be expanded to include the growing impacts of environmental stress-locally, nationally, and globally. …… Environmental decline is becoming a source of political unrest and international tension”.
With increasing environmental degradation, security threats come not only from political concern and external attack. Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures, storms, rising sea levels, water and air pollution, land contamination as well as the scarcity of energy, water and food now become critical threat to individual, people's lives as well as country's sovereignty. It is very clear that it can represent a threat to the coherence and stabilities of communities. Accordingly, a sense of ecological crisis becomes priority.
Linkages between degradation of the environment and security are very clear. There are several security threat arise from environmental degradation. Water scarcity has been and remains one of the most persistent sources of conflict at every level; international, regional, national, community, even individual. Energy is similarly one of the potent motifs of environmental and security issues.
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Furthermore, one of or our non-traditional security threats we face today is climate change. Since the industrial revolution, global temperatures continue to rise due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The "high" scenario established by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates due to GHG emissions for the decade 2090-2099, global temperatures could rise 2.4 - 6.4°C compared to 1980-1999. If the global deal fails to reduce GHG emissions, life on earth slides to global catastrophe.
Rising sea level and coastal erosion due to climate change and environmental degradation in Indonesia and other island countries cause the threat to our sovereignty. Submerged islands at the border areas will change "territorial sovereignty". Another concerning issue is the mass migration. Displacement of people due to climate change poses serious risk to security. Mass migration not only produces social and homeland security issues, but also likely to cause inter- state tension.
In addition, the ecological damage is threatening our security, as echoed by Wenche Hauge and Tanja Ellingsen statement that, "the degree of environmental damage-deforestation, land degradation, as well as water availability per-capita affects the risk of post-Cold War armed conflict". Armed conflicts in many countries is thought to result from fight over natural resources, water and food scarcity.
In Indonesia, ecological damage affects security. Exploitation of natural resources that ignored principle of environmental friendliness has the risk to spread seeds of conflict. Such practices generate injustice and impoverish local communities. Ecological damage also aggravates the lives of the poor. Poor communities are more vulnerable and deteriorated- trapped in spiral of poverty-since access to resources gets more difficult.
Moreover, conflict may result from trans boundary pollution across region. The potential for conflicts concerning trans boundary environmental problems is very high in Southeast Asia, such as illegal trafficking of waste and chemical, haze of forest fire, pollution from ships and offshore activities, and pollution from rivers crossing countries. Conflicts over upstream/downstream inter countries allocation, in which upper stream abstraction, impoundment or pollution reduces the quantity and quality of water available to downstream user. In addition, as a
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result of increasing environmental pollution and damage of ocean ecosystems, supply of fish continues to decline. This also potent to create tensions in our Southeast Asia region is because of illegal fishing.
Since climate and the ecological crises due to environmental degradation could threat to our security, and thus military also could play an increasingly important role in mitigating pressure to our environment.
First of all ecological damage and climate change could have an impact to our state defense. It especially will affect defense facilities located in coastal areas. Therefore many army and navy base will be affected by sea level rise. It leads to increasing military expenses due to higher maintenance and operational costs. Environmental damage will intensify pressure on military operations because of difficulties in accessing and the scarcity of water and other required resources. Environmental degradation in some remote areas could also possible to trigger conflicts.
Moreover, since our military has enormous capability to cope with environmental threats and crisis, and thus military resources can be optimized within a variety of activities such as restoration of water resources and damaged rivers, reforestation of critical lands and the rehabilitation of damaged coral reefs. This military involvement is not only gaining better environment, but also gaining people heart. Another important leadership could be taken by the military is controlling environmental impact of military activities. In this very important conference, I would also to encourage all of us to utilize eco-friendly technology in order to further improve the effectiveness our environmental management.
Why military and civil cooperation in the area of environment is important. By intensifying civil and military cooperation, we can increase our capacity to managing the environment as well as working closely with other strategic stakeholders. This cooperation has been practices in the area of in disaster management. Therefore, now is the time to expand civil-military cooperation in the area of environmental management. Ministry the Environment of Indonesia has cooperation with Indonesia Military Headquarter through Memorandum Understanding with Signed in 2010.
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Indonesia has played an important role in managing local, regional, and global environment. Under leadership of Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia has put voluntary commitment to reduce emission of Green House Gases by 26% and 41% with international support by 2020. This is one of our contributions for better World because we have only one Planet. In order to full fill this commitment, President Indonesia has launched Four Development Strategic Directives, Pro Growth, Pro Job, Pro Poor, and Pro Environment.
I expect the four-day meeting would enhance our cooperation and knowledge. I also hope it would improve the ability of countries in the region to respond to issues of environmental security and natural disaster management.
I thank the US Pacific Command, US Embassy, the committee, all speakers and participants, for your contribution to this important Conference.
Finally, I declare the 2012 Regional Environmental Security Conference open.”
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Keynote Address
H.E. Prof Juwono Sudarsono, Minister of Environment [ret.], Minister of Defense [ret.], Republic of Indonesia
- Nowadays, business plays a more powerful role than governments in maintaining environmental security. It has the technology, capital, human capital, and other resources to use the markets and rule the game to gain profit. The rules of technology and the globalization somehow are preceded, and exceed the rules of government.
- In the latest issue of TIME magazine, it highlights the five types of oil that are useful for energy security in US.
- TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia / Indonesia Defense Force) has a conceptual framework of the rule of defense, consisting of fighting force, people force, national force, and professional force. TNI does not only provide defense for the people physically, but also provides defense in positive values, the environment, and through security to the people.
- Speaker’s proposal is: that the Ministry of Environment should list out all of the resources that are available that can be used by the country, to see part of the matrix of the role of government and business in each sector, whether it’s soil, coral, timber, and copper. Other thing needs to be highlighted are the environment problems from Sabang to Merauke (in Indonesia), analyzing the impacts in the environment, and how to mitigate the risks. The biggest problem is how we translate the urgent matters into something that can be solved and implemented in reality.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Future Trends - Environment
Dr. Mozaharul Alam, Regional Climate Change Coordinator, United Nations Environmental Programme
Summary:
Southeast Asian countries reflect overall characteristics of whole Asia and the Pacific region, which also has its diverse ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and rainforests. Geographically, Southeast Asia Sub- region is a collection of various forms and categories such as Least Developed Countries (Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar), Island Developing States (Singapore), and Developing Countries with low-lying coastal areas and islands (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). Amidst this natural diversity and beauty, the region is facing important environmental and developmental challenges. Deltas are eroded; forests are cleared; coral reefs are degraded; coastal ecosystems are overfished; megacities have expanded; poverty is rampant; and climate change presents a clear and present danger to our lifestyle and existence. The experts have predicted that flooding, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation, to name some, will intensify due to climate change.
Actions to address current environmental and climate change are intricately intertwined with issues of human development. Given the diversity of countries in the region and the differences in resource endowment, geographical locations, levels of economic development and institutional capacities, support to these countries, especially with regards to environment and climate change, must be differentiated but coordinated as well. It is well recognized that there is no silver bullet and there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Presentation on “Future Views – Environment” will highlight trend of key environmental resources such as land and water, and climate change including temperature, rainfall, sea level rise and salinity in the region and will make an attempt to link with different aspect of human security issues such as food, water, health and human settlement.
Notes:
- Key environmental resources in Southeast Asian countries are divided into five main categories: freshwater ecosystem, marine ecosystem,
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coastal ecosystem, forest, and biodiversity. Those ecosystems can change due to the climate.
- The presentation delivered points on climate change, such as temperature increases, rainfall variation, sea level rise, extreme environmental change and anomalies; the impacts of climate change to Southeast Asian; the future challenges to ASEAN countries to deal with climate change; and the opportunities of Southeast Asian in the future.
- ASEAN has a 2015 roadmap that is in line with their vision for future. It contained 3 main ideas about the sustainable development; they are the sustainability of environment, sustainability of resources, and high quality of life of its people. Economic growth and social development should be the key and priority to address, because the political command should not address that. There is relationship between poor living people and environmental sustainability. Linkages of poverty and environmental degradation should be addressed simultaneously, not only the economic sector. Poverty in region is related to the distribution of resources per capita. Data showed that Brunei has the highest rank for distribution of resources per capita among the Southeast Asia countries.
- Environmental degradation can happen to freshwater resources, mangrove ecosystem, peat-land, coral reefs, and inland forest. In freshwater resources are abundant in the region, but the consumption are increased over year. Statistical showed that agriculture sector consuming more than 75% of freshwater resources because of irrigation and production. Mangrove as an ecosystem is also important to guard the environment. It can be a windbreaker, prevent erosion, and reducing the effect of typhoon in coastal areas. Peat-land sector remain being debate subject because there is statement said about green house gas from peat-land. Coral reefs ecosystem also the crucial one in marine ecosystem. Southeast Asian has 34% of world’s total coral reefs. The two highest coral reefs distribution are in Indonesia and Philippines.
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- Distribution of resources declining on 1980-2005 and Indonesia was one of country that has the highest total declining. Southeast Asian has 43% of inland forest cover in the world. Data of deforestation on 2000-2005 showed that there is declined 1.3 percent per year then slowed on 2006 and 2007. Total declining of total distribution of forest cover in Southeast Asian is 1.11 percent. The highest declining happens to Philippines on the contrary with Vietnam. Then, the ratio of the human population and resources available should be noted by the government. How we behave to power consumption now can implicate. In other words, anything how we’re going to teach our children about energy consumption can be implication for tomorrow destiny.
- Climate change is responsible mainly to the changing of global temperature, rainfall variation, and sea level rise. Global mean temperature has increased 0.76 °C during 1906-2005. Seasonal variation of rainfall had changed in many Southeast Asia countries. Some countries basically increased and some decreased. The distribution in the season of rainfall can be a huge implication of production, affect the crop of the region. Moreover, the changes in season of rainfall made monsoon cannot read well anymore. It become difficult nowadays to predict the rainfall. Sea level rise changes 1.8 mm/year since 1961 and 3.1 mm/year since 1993. IPCC estimated sea levels may rise 18cm-59m in the coming country. Data showed that globally, sea level increase has reached 6 cm. Allegedly it related to El Nino and La Nina effects.
- Actions to address current environmental and climate change can be done by reading the sign of it, one of the indicator is extreme events: heat waves, intense rains, floods, droughts, and typhoons. In order to handling it, government should take the prevention steps before it happen. Socio-economic scenario could affect the emission and increase the greenhouse gas concentration. It may lead to temperature rise then sea level rise. After that, it might emerge some reasons for people to start concern. Similar pattern of emission and gas concentration will continuously increase in the future, followed by rise of temperature and sea level. That global change can impact any different sectors: agriculture (crop may decrease 5% in the future
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Southeast Asian), distribution of water and monsoon characteristic (the timing, when water will be available), sea level rise (some cities like Bangkok Manila, Jakarta, and Ho Chi Minh vulnerable to going down), marine ecosystem (acidification, affect fisheries), health (heat stress, poor air ventilation and quality, and vector borne diseases), Mekong Delta (critical elevation area), multiple hazard in some region.
- Dr. Alam then closed the presentation by showing the graphic of population density and ecological sensitivity; adaptive capacity (socio- economic development, education, and consideration of technology); and climate change vulnerability. Those graphics showed to us the condition of Southeast Asian on those subjects so that we can address what to do for future. There are opportunities in politically in the agenda to formulated mandate, policy, and strategy. Last, the presentation showed the linkages between environmental sustainability, climate change, and disaster risk reduction.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Lunch - Regional Environmental Problems and a Call for Intergovernmental Collaboration: A Focus on Fisheries
Mr. Alfred Nakatsuma, Mission Disaster Relief Officer, U.S. Agency for International Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
Summary:
There are numerous regional environmental and disaster issues facing Southeast Asia. Mr. Alfred Nakatsuma will discuss some examples, but will focus on two of them as a way to analyze "a way forward" in addressing the problems that exist. Mr. Nakatsuma will touch on the topic of haze caused by fires, but will focus in- depth on the problem of illegal fishing. I will present causes, results, and dwell on what can be done on a regional level to address these problems, paying particular attention to the potential role of the military.
Notes:
- At the beginning, the speaker exposed the objective of the presentation which was to reveal regional environmental problems in South East Asia and specifically address the fisheries issue in terms of regional, environment, and security.
- His first remark upheld the importance of biological diversity for survival. As he stated, all living creatures in today’s ecosystem and future well-being of entire humanity depend on the stewardship of the earth. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity in which each species plays an irreplaceable role. Therefore, number of species measures how biologically diverse the area is.
- There are three places which are widely known for its world’s most diverse ecological complexes, namely: Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia. These three areas represent Biodiversity Economics.
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- Next, he also elaborated regional unprecedented problems associated with the issue of forestry, namely: illegal logging, trafficking species, mass deforestation conflict, haze, and climate change.
- Illegal logging has delivered a big loss for Indonesia. Reported, Indonesia losses around two billion US dollars every year due to illegal logging. His statement was further supported by a comparison between two images displaying the geographical condition of Sumatera island in 1991 and 2004. There was a very significant forest removal and land use conversion happened in the latter year.
- As the consequence, global average temperature increased and marked its highest point in southern Borneo, Sumatera and Java islands during July – December 1997.
- He also noted that illegal forest clearing fires in Southeast Asia, specifically Indonesia, has sent haze across the Malacca Strait to neighboring Malaysia and Singapore, as shown in Haze Map in 1998. The worst haze hit the regions when drought caused by El Nino led to major Indonesian fires. Based on the map, Papua is also marked as green zone – potentially polluted zone.
- Approximately 10 million Ha burnt during 1997 – 1998 which led Indonesia to loss 10 billion US Dollars.
- Later on, he explained in depth the impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity in coral triangle, Southeast Asia. In fact, The Coral Triangle proper covers the seas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste. It is scientifically defined by waters that contain more than 500 species of hard coral species; those are the ones that build reefs. Its reefs are more diverse than their better known counterpart, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. The shape of this vast area is roughly triangular in shape.
- Moreover, the Coral Triangle is brimming with marine life and a home to one of the highest human population densities in the world, directly
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providing food and livelihoods for more than 120 million people in the area, and benefiting millions more worldwide.
- Southeast Asia regional fisheries contribute more than 30% of global tuna catch; 17% of global marine capture fisheries output and around 14 million tons harvested each year. Indonesia was acknowledged as the vital tuna producer in the world, handing fish export that is worth 2.5 billion US Dollars in 2008.
- Despite the fact that fisheries contributes considerably huge financial benefit to Southeast Asia, fisheries induces serious environmental problems; dumping waste, pollution, and Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing.
- In the global scale, IUU causes annual losses from 10 billion to 25 billion US Dollars per year according to the report from Dr. U. Moreover, FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2010) reported that approximately 80% of the world’s fish stocks were fully exploited/overfished.
- Following facts above, a study published by The New York Times suggests that overfishing would lead to a catastrophic loss of marine species as soon as the middle of the century. It’s projected that the loss will reach 70% by the end of 2030.
- There are three types of illegal fishing complicity: (1) IUU fishing by domestic vessels exclusively within national jurisdictions, (2) IUU fishing by foreign fishing vessels frequently financed by multinational criminal syndicates, and (3) IUU fishing by domestic vessels in national waters, organized and financed by foreign interests.
- In reality, illegal fishing involves various schemes; illegal transshipment at sea or in port, false flags and ownership, re-flagging at sea, multiple vessels using same ID and permits and also fake licenses.
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- That’s why, domestic good governance through good policies and strong enforcement and global collaboration that involves military and civilian are needed to address the IUU fishing and OTC together.
- By committing in regional collaboration, the risk of duplication as well as expenses of administration and development would be incredibly minimized, relationship between military and civilian might be stronger, and the benefits to the region could be maximized.
- The scheme of global cooperation are reflected in these following activities: records and data sharing; sanctions and trade measures; market incentives; all state measures; and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS).
- As a conclusion statement, he strongly emphasized that illegal fishing is a threat to region’s economy, food security and social stability and inextricably linked with organized transnational crimes. In this relation, various civilian and military means exist to address. All means, indeed, require global collaboration to optimize the effectiveness. This will be possibly to achieve when determination, commitment, and strong cooperation are tied together in it.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Future Trends - Disasters
Mr. NSMI Arambepola, Executive Director, Asia Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)
Summary: 1. As the most hazard prone region in the World, the Asia-Pacific Region cannot afford to ignore nor delay addressing the challenges that confront it in disaster risk reduction (DRR). More and more, holistic and innovative approaches are needed in future to address disaster risk. Such approaches are becoming mandatory, given the close inter-relationships and inextricable links that exist between disaster risk and the other key challenges of poverty reduction, sustainable development, environmental sustainability, as well as the emerging realities of global climate change.
2. We know that Asia is the fastest urbanizing region in the world, with 43% of the population living in urban centers and estimation is that this will rise to more than 50% by 2030. We also know that disasters can impoverish people and leave those who are already poor unable to cope in a crisis. The effect of disaster risks coupled with poverty will come more into focus and will need special and concerted attention, as Asian cities grow and parts of these grow unplanned, pushing their marginalized populations to live in vulnerable areas.
3. In rural areas across the Asia-Pacific Region most people’s livelihoods are centered on agriculture and, the exploitation and extraction of natural resources. Such activities are often exposed and particularly vulnerable to weather and climate-related hazards such as cyclones, flooding and droughts. As a consequence disaster risks increase the vulnerability of rural livelihoods and, the difficulties in accessing markets, adverse trade policies and a lack of investment in resilient infrastructure, safe housing and public services, further compounds this vulnerability.
4. For countries with small and vulnerable economies such as Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Land-Locked Developing Countries (LLDC) the
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tendency is to suffer higher relative levels of economic losses with respect to the size of their Gross Domestic Products (GDPs).
5. Climate Change is altering the weather and climate hazard patterns that we are observing and experiencing today and that are magnifying disaster risks and poverty to more extreme levels. It is highly likely that slow on-set disasters will have major repercussions on both food security and water security in the future, which could lead to the further entrenchment of poverty and engender opportunities for conflict.
6. Evidence shows that ecosystems in the Asia-Pacific Region are under enormous pressures threatening aspirations for sustainable development and manifested through deforestation, loss of biodiversity, reduced water supply and desertification, which have been found to accelerate or amplify disasters, such as floods, landslides and droughts. As ecosystems produce many services simultaneously, an increase in the supply of one service, such as food, can frequently lead to decline in other services, such as flood protection. While people have modified ecosystems to increase the supply of food, these modifications have unintentionally led to the decline of regulating ecosystem services, including those responsible for increasing people’s exposure to hazards such as fires and floods.
7. The inextricable links between sustainable development, DRR and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is unequivocal yet there remain enormous challenges in successfully embedding and applying such a mindset and behaviors. This is demonstrated for example, in numerous national Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reports of countries, which fail to mention DRR and its importance in supporting and contributing to the attainment of MDGs.
8. What have we learned from the past as reasons for ever growing vulnerability? Limited institutionalization of disaster risk reduction at provincial, district and local community levels. Weak enforcement and implementation of national DRR instruments (such as policies, legislations, plans) and limited to no specific budgetary provisions.
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Lack of strong scientific evidence to back investments made in risk reduction efforts. Lack of sustained public awareness, particularly on low frequency disasters such as earthquakes, and expanding awareness beyond high- risk areas that experience recurrent disasters. Lack of coordination and information sharing between the many concerned individuals and departments addressing DRR. Lack of resources and capacities and in particular at sub- national levels.
9. Future directions to prepare our communities and build resilience: Enhanced capacity of countries in the utilization of SCIENCE based information to understand risk Improved capacity of countries to identify and assess disaster risk and use the science based data and information in decision-making processes Improved capacity to effectively respond and adapt to a changing climate based on science based information and data
10. Future directions to prepare our communities and build resilience: Strengthened SYSTEMS for effective management of risk at all levels in countries, especially at sub-national and local level Strengthened, inclusive and effective governance systems and capacities for managing disaster and climate risk, at all levels, from national to community Improved capacities for emergency preparedness and response at all levels, especially at local and community level
11. Future directions to prepare our communities and build resilience: Improved and grounded APPLICATION of risk reduction measures in development Development gains protected through inclusion and grounding of DRR and CCA in development Improved knowledge for safer development practices at community level in urban and rural areas
12. Future directions to prepare our communities and build resilience Enhancing skills and capacities in disaster risk reduction
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Building and strengthening partnerships and networks Imparting knowledge, sharing experiences & innovative practices and communicating with clarity Advocating for a disaster free future Ensuring needs and priorities of vulnerable population such as women, children, elderly, differently able people etc
Notes:
- In his opening, Mr. Arambepola stated how important it is for countries in Asia-Pacific region to work together in overcoming environmental issues. He pointed out that Asia Pacific region cannot ignore nor delay their effort in disaster risk reduction, as disaster has an enormous impact in life, especially those of the poor. Deforestation, loss of biodiversity, reduced water supply and desertification are several threats to the ecosystem in the Asia Pacific region.
- Working together to overcome environmental issues is necessary. - Asia pacific region cannot ignore nor delay addressing the challenge in disaster risk reduction. - Disaster can impoverish people and leave the poor unable to cope in a crisis - The unplanned growth, pushed the marginalized population to live in vulnerable areas - Disaster risks increase the vulnerability of rural livelihoods, as most people’s livelihood are centered on agriculture and natural resources. - Small and vulnerable economies and Land-locked developing countries (such as Philippines) have tendencies to suffer higher relative levels of economics to the size of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). - Ecosystem in the Asia pacific region are under enormous threat; deforestation, loss of biodiversity, reduced water supply and desertification. - In the past there are several reasons for ever growing vulnerability; (a) Limited institution, (b) weak enforcement, (c) lack of strong scientific evidence to back investment, (d) lack of sustained public awareness, (e)
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lack of coordination and information sharing between individuals and departments, (f) lack of resources and capacities at sub-national levels. - What can we do for the future? o Enhanced capacity of countries in the utilization of SCIENCE based information to understand the risk. o Identify and assess disaster risk, and use the data in the decision making process o Respond and adapt to a changing climate based on information and data o Strengthened Systems; Strengthened, inclusive and effective governance system o Application of Risk Reduction o Prepare our communities and build resilience: improved and grounded application of risk reduction measures in development. o Improved knowledge for safety development practices at community level in urban & rural areas.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Future Trends – Food Security
Mr. Michael Sheinkman, Senior Regional Advisor for Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis, World Food Programme
Summary:
ASEAN member states have made great progress in terms of economic development, but pockets of under-nutrition and food insecurity remain. The World Food Programme collaborates with governments, academic research institutions, and civil society organizations to analyze social, economic, and environmental data to identify food insecure populations. The analytical tools and information products include: food security maps and atlases; statistical analysis of secondary data; field assessments and surveys at community and household levels; and market/price analysis. Recent factors affecting trends in food security in ASEAN include: the food, fuel, and financial crises, urbanization, changing demographic profiles, and risks posed by natural hazards.
Notes:
- In the opening, Mr. Sheinkman describing the World Food Program (WFP) organization. The WFP organization worked in 14 countries, 5 ASEAN member states plus Timor L’este as more as 7 nations in South Asia. The WFP area of corporation is from Pakistan in the west to Indonesia and Philippines. The WFP intervention in Asia includes emergency response to relief and recovery, and the further system in support of development as well as their capacity in collaborating with government and partners.
- After he describes about the WFP organization, he continue to the issues that he want to share. The presentation itself generally presents food security maps and atlases, statistical analysis of secondary data, field assessments and survey at community and household level. The first slide contain: Food security and vulnerability atlas of Indonesia in 2009. This atlas is the second edition. The first edition was published in 2005 after Tsunami of Aceh. The publication of first edition is to resolve of the
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WFP commitment to government of Indonesia to allocate USD 35 millions to address insecurity ...
- Mr. Sheinkman showing to the audience the ratio of agricultural production to the consumption by the population. Basically this just to produce more or less food in population to consume. He describe it in one map, the deficit shows in red color and the surplus in green. Besides that, Mr. Sheinkman also give us some data that shows population below poverty line. In Indonesia there are more than 35% of population who still lived below poverty lines. The area who need attention in Indonesia are NTT, NTB, Papua and West of Sumatra.
- Mr. Sheinkman also showing us the population of children under 5 years old who has underweight, it is some condition that the children is too little for the ages, it caused by disease, particular diarrhea, parasites, etc. Then he continues with giving us the slide that contain population without access to clean water. About 17% of populations in Indonesia not have access to clean water; the red area in the map shows 60-75% and pink areas more than 50% of population.
- Besides atlas of Indonesia, WFP also publishing atlas of Nepal. He explaining to the audience with whom they collaborate to made this atlas of Nepal. The next part of presentation contains image of maps and statistical analysis of acute versus chronic malnutrition that prevalence the problem of malnutrition in children under 5 years old in Nepal. The other maps about hunger index combine three indicators (extremely alarming, alarming and ...). He continues the presentation by showing the audience food security atlases in state level, food security atlas in Bangladesh the pattern and issues about market, about accessing the food supply. In food security indicator there are five bars that described in some chart, first bar shows the proportion of food, second bar is the food ... markets, third bar ..., fourth bar is food on credit and last bar is food aid.
- In their statistical analysis of security food, the WFP also see the food grain markets and commodity flows. Most of their concern about is the
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food, how its transport and distributed. They investigated the flows of the food without disturbing the market. They also see the integration of market by example wheat in several markets in Pakistan. The WFP also see the impact of price on total cost of food basket that related to people daily life (household, work, etc). the WFP also see the vulnerability shock by natural or man-made. In generally, the WFP use several factor that affecting food security in ASEAN is the food, fuel, and financial crises, urbanization changing demographic profiles and risk posed by natural hazards.
- As a secondary data the WFP made emergency assessment to the household, community leaders, another key informant about what happen in their community with questioning how often are people eating, what foods are they eating, etc to get the general picture about the security food problems in the community. By the end of his presentation, Mr. Sheinkman said that with those data from assessment they have, the WFP distributed food for vulnerable groups like disaster victims. Last, Mr. Sheinkman suggest us to more concern about food nutrition for mother and children.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Future Trends – ASEAN
Ms.Adelina Kamal, Head of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Division, ASEAN Secretariat
Summary:
ASEAN is in one of the most disaster prone areas of the world, vulnerable to natural disasters that cause human suffering and devastation to property. This presentation will provide an overview of current regional disaster management cooperation in ASEAN. It will briefly describe the role of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM) and the background and purpose of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER). The presentation will also feature how recent disasters in the region, notably the mega disaster Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 and Cyclone Nargis 2008, influenced the development and implementation of the AADMER, Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP), and the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Centre).
ASEAN Leaders at the 19th ASEAN Summit in November 2011 emphasized the need to intensify disaster management cooperation amongst the ASEAN Member States while encouraging cooperation with Dialogue Partners, the United Nations, and other regional organizations. Additionally, the Leaders also encouraged cross sectoral coordination and multi-stakeholder participation, including greater civil- military coordination in emergency response operations. They also encouraged the various sectors and mechanisms related to disaster management in ASEAN, including those under ASEAN + 1, ASEAN + 3, East Asia Summit and ASEAN Regional Forum, to synchronize their policies using the AADMER as a common platform to ensure the principles of ASEAN Centrality.
Notes:
- First of all, Ms.Kamal opened up her speech by thanking Ministry of Environment and USPACOM for inviting ASEAN secretariat to present ASEAN’s assisting status in regional cooperation in disaster
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management. Ms.Kamal presentation was a little bit different because she would present about what ASEAN was currently doing at the moment.
- During the opening part of her presentation, she explained that basically there are five principles in ASEAN namely: 1) community building, 2) ASEAN Charter, 3) centrality, 4) connectivity, and 5) ASEAN platform. The next part that she would explain was about the ASEAN Cooperation in disaster management, such as disaster in ASEAN and lessons learnt, AADMER, and the available mechanisms and tools under AADMER.
- The first part was about the ASEAN itself. She explained that ASEAN would try to reach ASEAN Community by 2015. To achieve this, there are three pillars as the basis, namely: 1) ASEAN Political Security Community, 2) ASEAN Economic Community, and 3) ASEAN Socio- cultural Community. She also emphasized that there is a need to narrow the development gap considering that there are still many developing countries in ASEAN and the gap is one of the most important factors to consider to build a solid regionalism. She pointed out further that there are two important reasons why we should build ASEAN Community: 1) to intensify political cooperationa and strengthen peace and ensure security in southeast asia, and 2) to respond effectively to transnational threatst o human security and new challenges in the 21st century. To further achieve this, ASEAN had adopted ASEAN Charter to give legal personality so that ASEAN would be considered as a serious partner in international arena.
- She then further explained about the five principles in ASEAN. Centrality, for example, could be achieved by active primary driving force in every process initiated by asean, including East Asia Summit and ASEAN Regional Forum. There was also common ASEAN platform to enable ASEAN to formulate more coordinated positions on global issues of common interests, to contribute to global issues, to advance the asean’s principles, and to develop ASEAN community. Last but not least is connectivity, especially regarding the physical infrastructure (including
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information, communication, and technology), institutional (law, rules, and regulations), and people-to-people.
- Ms.Kamal summed up her first part of the presentation about ASEAN principles by stating that those 5Cs gave spirit to cooperation among members and reference whenever ASEAN members gathered in a conference or cooperation.
- Ms.Kamal then continued further her presentation regarding the regional cooperation in disaster management. Unlike economic cooperation, it’s a relatively new area of the cooperation. In 1994 for example, ASEAN used to have meeting every two years. Nowadays, ASEAN meeting regarding disaster management is one of the most regional priority in the summit. It also because of the increasing number of disasters. ASEAN itself has more than 600 million people that live in 10 countries. She pointed out that on average, ASEAN region experienced the losses related to natural disasters estimated at 4,6 billion US$. Moreover, the disasters could also happen in 3 or 4 countries at the very same time.
- She later pointed out that there were two disasters so far that had significant impact in establishing ASEAN disaster management: 1) 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, and 2) 2008 cyclon nargis. Those two, especially the second one, was quite significant in terms of death and how it tested ASEAN as a regional grouping and project ASEAN about its centrality. Those disasters gave momentum for the development of an ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER). They also tested ASEAN’s solidarity and relevance as a regional grouping. In other words, those disasters were considered as ASEAN wake up call. George Yeo of Singapore and Marty Natalegawa of Indonesia even stated that the disasters also push ASEAN to draw lessons to strengthen the regional cooperation on disaster management. Documentation and institutionalisation were indeed a big need for ASEAN.
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- She then mentioned there were some important lessons learnt from the tragedy, such as: 1) understand the risks better, 2) document the lessons learnt, 3) get the tools ready, 4) get connected, 5) learn possible magnitude and impact through simulation excercises and other concrete examples, and 6) know how to fit in and innovate since disasters always change and require us to strategize because we cant push only one strategy.
- Ms.Kamal explained further about the AADMER, which were signed in July 2005 and ratified by all ten member countries, and entered into foce in 2009. It’s also important to remember that the agreement is legally binding. The main objectives are reducing disasters losses in asean region, and jointly repsonding to disaster emergencies. It’s a legal framework for all ASEAN member states and serves as a common platform in responding to disasters within ASEAN.
- According AADMER, ‘disaster’ could be defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society cousing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental lossing. The definition is indeed quite wide and loose to accomodate more interests. There are general obligations in AADMER: 1) competing in developing and implementing measure to reduce disaster losses, 2) immediately responding to a disaster occuring within the territory, 3) if causing possible impacts on another country, responding promptly to a request for information, 4) promptly responding to a request for assistance, and 5) taking legislative, administrative, and other necessary measures. In general, there are contents in AADMER: 1) disaster risk identification, assesment, and monitoring, 2) disaster prevention and mitigation, 3) disaster preparedness, 4) emergency respone, 5) rehabilitation, 6) technical cooperation and scientific research, 7) AHA centre.
- There were several ways of AADMER arrangements: 1) a ministerial conference of the parties and evaluate, 2) national focal point and competenet authorities from each country, 3) ASEAN committee on disaster management to oversee operational impelemtnation, 4) ASEAN disaster management and emergency relief (ADMER) fund to pool
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voluntary contributions from member states and partners, 5) ASEAN secretariat as the secretariat to the cop, custodian of the fund and depository of aadmer, 6) AHA Centre to serve as the operational engine of the AADMER, 7) ASEAN comittee on disaster management (ACDM) to also function as the governing board for the AHA Centre, 8) AHA Centre fund to pool annual country contributions from member states, and voluntary contributions for partners AHA Center is brand new coz it’s just established. Ms.Kamal also mentioned about the existence of supporting arrangement which is secretary general of ASEAN as the AHA coordinators for natural disasters and pandemic in asean, as designated by asean leaders in 2009.
- On the other hand, she further pointed out that AADMER has several work programme from 2010 to 2015. First, it has strategic components that consist of: 1) risk assesment, monitoring, and early warning, 2) prevention and mitigation, 3) preparedness and response, 4) recovery. Second, it has building blocks such as: 1) institutionalization of AADMER, 2) partnership, 3) resource mobilisation, 4) information management and communication technology, 5) outreach and mainstreaming, 6) training and knowledge management, 7) monitoring and evaluation. AADMER also do the cross-sectional cooperation to cooperate with other sectors, such as economic, financial, political, security sectors, and etc.
- AADMER itself has several policy directions lately. For example, the focus in now more on the natural disasters, getting AHA Centre up and running and AADMER tools fully in place. If other secotrs want to utilise AADMER and its tools (including the AHA Centre) for other type of disasters, they should conduct a study to provide justification and suggest appropriate arrangements, including financial implications and resource mobilisation strategy, such as: 1) a workshop being planned to gather environment sectors to come up with a regional approach for environmental emergencies, 2) a study is being undertaken to explore and pandemic arrangemeng within AHA Centre. AADMER itsel would act as the main regional policy backbone and coordinating platform in ASEAN. Other sectors and mechanisms in ASEAN, including those under
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ASEAN+1, ASEAN+3, East Asia Summits, ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM), and ADMM Plus to synchronise their policies using AADMER as the common platform to ensure the principles of ASEAN centrality.
- AADMER has also tools under it, such as SASOO, ARDEX, AHA Centre, and ASEAN-ERAT. In AHA Centre as the tool under AADMER, AHA Centre consists of: 1) ASEAN Disaster Response and Monitoring System, 2) ASEAN Disaster Emergency Logistics System including emergency stockpile, 3) ASEAN standby arrangements, 4) knowledge management system, 5) recovery toolbox, and 6) network with partners. The netwok could be built internally and externally. Internally, the network is build between other sectors within ASEAN, ASEAN dialogue partners, and other mechanisms initiated by ASEAN. On the other hand, the network is built externally between regional cooperations, AADMER Partnership Group, academic and scientific community in the region, UN and World Bank, national society of red cross and red crescent in the region (including IFRC and ICRC), other institutions (ADPC, ADRC, PDC, etc), and private sectors.
- It’s important to note that at the end of the day, the most important actor is the government of the country itself since ASEAN is strongly upholding sovereignty of its member states. All the rest including ASEAN is just supporting the affected countries, but the one that take the main role and responsibility is the government of the country itself.
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Day 1 - 02 APRIL 2012 Future Trends – Panel Session
Moderator: Mr. Rasio Sani, Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment
Panelists:
Mr. N.M.S.I Arambepola, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Dr. Mozaharul Alam, United Nations Environmental Programme Ms. Adelina Kamal, ASEAN Secretariat Mr. Michael Sheinkman, World Food Programme
1. Rasio Sani provoked a question: “Are you sure that the future will change?” Dr. Mozaharul Alam answered that everything has changed in the mean time. Aside from his explanations of several environmental cases, he stated that the climate change vary in different places in terms of frequency as well as intensity, for instance the speed of the wind. He also pointed out that the drought occurred mostly in agriculture sector in the region. It could be the new phenomena in the different place, not necessarily new phenomena in the same place. Ms. Adelina Kamal also added that there are also other factors that increase the environmental damages; those are decline of resources, mass migrations, and many more. She stressed that one of main reason is on climate change, and other is on other factors. Lastly, Dr. N.M.S.I Arambepola emphasized the vulnerability of several places impacted by climate change.
2. Question from Muhammad Ilyas (TNI, Sumatra Utara) for Ms. Adelina Kamal and Dr. N.M.S.I Arambepola. He stated that when disaster happened, we had problems in logistic, transportation and distribution. Last disaster happened in Mentawai, deployment was ready yet nothing we can do in the field. The situation was very critical at that time. The question is that how can you coordinate or handle in the field as fast as possible with local authority,
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government as well as international community when disaster happens? Ms Adelina Kamal promptly answered that it is always challenging when disaster happens. I would like to assure you that ASEAN in this area is not only talking, but also doing something. First of all, it will go to the national government. The incident in Mentawai, Indonesia did not ask for foreign assistance. However, ASEAN has initiative to provide rapid assessment team. The idea is not to take over the team that is handled by national government, but for supporting the primary agent coordinated by the government. Therefore, it is up to the country to decide to request the assistance from other countries. With the TNI, we can be able to respond to the disaster quickly. The resilience of the country plays the biggest role in facing the disaster and they are the only one who is able to take a decision, so it’s urgent to strengthen the system to reduce the risk of disaster.
N.M.S.I Arambepola also stated that, despite the standard operating procedure (SOP), the military has very well resources and discipline in the field. As other civilian organization has some gaps in several factors, working arrangement with the civilians and military should be strengthened. These groups start working together to tackle sort of environmental issues so as to solve the problems. Then Muhammad Ilyas came up with another question that, in reality, we are still waiting the assistance from other countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore and the United States. We are ready about logistic, but we cannot distribute it due to the lack of infrastructure. Thus, how is it taking so long around 1 week while it costs peoples’ lives? Ms. Adelina Kamal said that there was no requests made by government of Indonesia to ASEAN countries. At that time, our assessment team in Mentawai indeed observed that infrastructure was an issue. However, the thing was that the assistances could not be automatically delivered because we are talking about sovereignty.
3. CDR Roy Trinidad gave his opinion about the big challenges between military and civilian power. He also added that we need to
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make things more effectively. Ms Adelina Kamal answered that it should not only be between regional level, but also most importantly in national level. Most important thing is to maintain this moment and continue the dialogue.
4. Suggestion from Charles Kumar (World Food Programme) toward this issue is civil and military coordination has to be improved. And without logistics, there will be no improvement. We are delivering in the right time and to the right people.
5. Lino from East Timor addressing the question on what are the key elements frameworks for national environmental security. Mr. Mozaharul Alam answered there are some operational definitions from the UN, but there is no rigid definition about environmental security. The natural and human dynamics that support each other is called environmental security. If we look on economic development, how can the environment contribute on that? And vice versa. Meanwhile, Mr. Rasio Sani added, it is really important to include growing impact of environmental impact locally, regionally and internationally. Water shortage, food crisis, climate change would affect individual community as well as the nation. Exploitation of natural resources without concern of local community will adversely affect to growing poverty. Mr. N.M.S.I. Arambepola stated that the development that is taking place also contributes to the climate change. One is not happening in disaster aspect is that assessment process.
6. Findie from US asked what the panelists think that this conference can contribute to disaster relief and management. Ms. Adelina Kamal answered that’s they are currently doing right now, emphasizing the necessary to get ASEAN colleagues to meet with environmental experts to come up with environmental emergencies. It is very practical and quite focus in terms of emergencies; we don’t talk about security aspects. That has been endorsed by ASEAN Disaster Management Agency. For the contribution itself, it is too early to say.
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7. The Philippine gave the comments that hopefully the government will establish the prevention not only to the place that considered safe.
8. Mr. U Tin Tun, Myanmar, gave the situation in his country, Myanmar, where they have institutions that specifically focus on tackling the environmental security issues. Environmental security issue is very new in many levels, including governmental level. How is ASEAN going to blend the issues and policies with the people in Southeast Asia? Mr. Mozaharul Alam answered that the intention is that to have credible information. Regarding the knowledge, it is important to know that knowledge is necessary for people in local level. In terms of any action in local level, we need climate change information protection so that there is no dispute. They also need capacity to understand the knowledge. Local level information is important. Ms. Adelina Kamal also added whether or not ASEAN Security would follow up the issues of environmental security? There is still no rigid definition of environmental security as I am focused on environmental emergencies. It would depend on not only ASEAN Secretariat, but also countries in the region. This topic is broader because it also encompasses political factors. So that we need to come up with fixed and rigid definition of environmental security. Mr. Michael Sheinkman added that we need preparations for Southeast Asia nations to tackle some disasters.
9. Conclusion by Mr. Rasio Sani: We are facing the threat of environmental degradation therefore in order to handle the issues; we need to strengthen cooperation and coordination with military as well as civilians.
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Day 2 - 03 APRIL 2012 AHA Centre
Mr. Said Faisal, Executive Director, ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Centre
Summary:
This presentation will provide the background and purpose of the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Centre) along with an overview of the progress in establishing initial operational capability. It will review the current capabilities and future plans for establishing a fully functional AHA Centre. The presentation will conclude with a description on how ASEAN Member States can utilize its current and future services. The AHA Centre was established for the purpose of facilitating cooperation and coordinating among ASEAN Member States, other countries, and with relevant United Nations and international organizations, in promoting regional collaboration. The AHA Centre shall work on the basis that an ASEAN Member State will act first to manage and respond to disasters. In the event that any ASEAN country requires assistance to cope with such a situation, in addition to direct request to any Assisting Entity, it may seek assistance from the AHA Centre to facilitate such request.
Notes:
- The main role of the AHA Centre is to facilitate cooperation and coordination among all parties (ASEAN member states). It should work on the basis that the Party will act first to manage and respond to disasters. Its functions are 1) Risk Identification and Monitoring; 2) ASEAN Standby Arrangement; 3) Emergency Response; and 4) Cooperation and Collaboration. The AHA Centre is also tasked to perform most of the aspects under SASOP (sort of Standard Operating Procedure). The AHA Centre basically has three-level alert system (level- green, level-yellow, and level-red). During 2011-2012 is in the process of Institutional Set Up, 2012-2015 will be moving to Institutional Strengthening then to Institutional Stability.
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- What is the most difficult challenge for the operational of the AHA Centre? The biggest challenge is that when the disaster happens, and its standard and financial mechanisms.
- The distribution of database? The mechanism is only with the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO).
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Day 2 - 03 APRIL 2012 Lunch – Singapore’s HAZMAT Assessment Unit
Col. Francis Ng, Hazardous Materials Director, Singapore Civil Defense Forces (SCDF)
Summary:
INTRODUCTION 1. In September 2008, SCDF was approached by the Joint Environment Unit (JEU) from the United Nations (UN) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) to identify opportunities for collaboration during international HazMat incidents. JEU is responsible for the coordination and mobilization of international assistance to respond to such incidents. Their response activities focus primarily on environmental emergencies which can cause secondary risks. In view of this, SCDF developed the HazMat Assessment Unit (HAU) to provide HazMat support in an environmental emergency. HAU includes a ready team of officers and equipment that are integral for HazMat support. Its role is to assist in countries that lack the specialized equipment and manpower to deal with HazMat incidents.
TRAINING 2. JEU had conducted training to prepare SCDF responders for international deployment. In November 2009, SCDF and JEU jointly organized the UN Environmental Emergencies Training (EET) in Singapore. EET uses a variety of different modules that are taught by experts with practical experiences so as to enhance the competency and knowledge of our responders operating in an environmental emergency.
DEPLOYMENT AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 3. For any natural disaster response, JEU will forward the request to SCDF through the SCDF Operations Centre. SCDF Operations Centre will make the assessment and recommendation to Commissioner SCDF. Once approval is given to respond to this request, SCDF will then deploy the HAU with a United Nations international mission to the requesting country.
EQUIPMENT READINESS 4. The HAU carries equipment for detection as well as basic communication services so as to support an overseas HazMat response. The equipment provides the response team with the capability to detect and analyze the hazard present.
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However this does not include the capability to mitigate the hazard as this should be managed by the country’s national authorities.
LOGISTICAL 5. Logistical resources such as tentages, generators, and vehicles can be sought from International Humanitarian Partnership (IHP) /Asia Pacific Humanitarian Partnership (APHP) support modules or request make directly to the national authorities.
MANPOWER READINESS 6. Manpower will be drawn from SCDF officers who have attended the 2nd UN EET course. Each team comprises a team leader with another 2 members performing detection, identification and field sampling during the mission. There are a total of 3 teams and one team is on 24/7 standby at any one time.
GOING FORWARD 7. The ASEAN region is one of the most vulnerable and disaster prone region in the world. Recognizing this, ASEAN has already set in place legal instruments, institutions and policies to address environmental emergencies and disasters. ASEAN secretariat has decided to pilot a regional approach that aims to build and strengthen the national capacity of member states through the enhancement of preparedness and response capabilities.
8. SCDF proposes to organize a workshop to discuss on how to move forward the regional approach for environmental emergencies. SCDF could jointly host the workshop with the ASEAN Secretariat and the UN JEU in Singapore. This workshop would be attended by officials from the ASEAN Secretariat and JEU and participants from the ASEAN member states who are involved with the environmental emergencies and/or environmental related issues in their respective countries.
CONCLUSION 9. SCDF has proven its ability to rapidly deploy to various disasters within our region and Singapore has become the first Asian country to develop an International HazMat Assistance Module – SCDF HAU, to render assistance to the requesting country through JEU. SCDF has put the HAU at the disposal of the APHP and affected countries in the region.
Notes:
- At the beginning, the speaker exposed the focus of HazMat Assessment Unit (HAU) which is on SCDF’s capabilities in the international response
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toward environmental emergencies. He stated that there is an urgent need for HazMat stronghold in The Asia Pacific Region to support the IHP to overcome specific problem.
- He also mentioned that as part of collaboration, JEU has conducted a training to prepare SCDF responders for international deployment. In November 2009, SCDF and JEU jointly organized the UN EET in Singapore. The training aimed to: (1) strengthen the capacity of HazMat experts’ knowledge, skills and understanding of global response; and (2) enable effective response during a global deployment throughout disaster mission cycle.
- To attain the objectives above, SCDF and JEU set specific modules, videlicet: (1) response and approach toward environmental emergencies; (2) key international environmental tool and resources; (3) organizational structure of UNDAC and its role and function; (4) on site management; and (5) simulation exercises.
- Later on, he upheld the deployment and concept of OPS which is started by conveying a request for international assistance from UN resident coordinator or the local authorities, assisting in the detection of hazmat releases, identifying and assessing issues that need to be addressed in search and rescue operation, and coordinating with disaster responders and local emergency management authorities to identify immediate needs for technical assistance.
- He also explained expected actions which are: (1) use the hazard identification tool and the flash assessment tool, (2) conduct detection and real time monitoring of chemical, (3) take soil, water and air samples for analysis, (3) gather, consolidate and analyze assessment data and make recommendations on how to minimize and mitigate secondary impacts, (4) communicate findings to the lEMA and OSOCC, and last but not least (5) provide support function in hazmat issues to the UNDAC team, as needed.
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- Therefore, equipment procurement is needed to accomplish the actions above. He specifically mentioned in depth criteria of equipment readiness that cover equipment stored in ruggedized pelican boxes for easy retrieval and deployment, equipment to detect chemical, biological, and radiological hazard, and the HAU equipped with PPEs (personal protective equipments) and basic satellite and other communication equipments.
- He finds that the ASEAN region is one of the most vulnerable and natural disaster prone regions in the world. Recognizing this, ASEAN has already set in place legal instruments, institutions, and policies to address environmental emergencies: agreement on trans-boundary haze pollution (2002) and ASEAN agreement on disaster management and emergency response (2009).
- Said, the ASEAN secretariat has welcomed the idea of a regional approach in responding to environmental emergencies. The primary purpose is to build and strengthen the national capacity of member states to respond rapidly and effectively.
- A proposed workshop can be conducted to discuss on how to move forward the regional approach. He also noted that workshop could be attended by participant from ASEAN member states and officials from the ASEAN secretariat.
- To wrap up the presentation, he elaborated the proposed terms of reference: (1) ASEAN secretariat to share on the development, scope and mandate of the ASEAN coordinating centre for humanitarian assistance on disaster management (AHA centre), (2) JEU to share on the existing humanitarian response mechanism to environmental emergencies, and (3) JEU to share on case studies on JEU response to environmental management.
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Day 3 - 04 APRIL 2012 Environmental Security Perspectives – United States
Mr. Christopher Sholes, Environmental Program Manager, USPACOM J4
Summary:
BACKGROUND. Environmental security can be defined as the abundance or scarcity of environmental resources and/or environmental degradation that can critically impact theater security. Water scarcity and climate change are primary drivers of environmental security. Climate change is a stressor of many environmental conditions and will likely exacerbate environmental security issues in the coming decades. Energy, ecologic, and mineral resources are other important components of environmental security in the Pacific region. Unsound environmental management, including poor waste management practices, can hinder a military’s ability to conduct training and peacekeeping operations and be a major stressor and threat to stability on the region.
POLICY. The goal of USPACOM’s Environmental Security (ENSEC) Engagement Program is relationship and partner-nation capacity building. The ENSEC Engagement Program is an effective and cost efficient way to support the SECDEF Security Cooperation Guidance objectives of: (i) Build defense relationships that promote specific U.S. security interests, (ii) Develop allied and friendly military capabilities and willingness for coalition operations with the U.S. military. and (iii) Improve force interoperability. The program encompasses the idea that cooperation among nations and regions to solve environmental security problems can help advance the goals of political stability, economic development, and peace. In addition, by addressing the environmental components of potential security “hot spots”, threats to international security may be prevented before they become a threat to political and economic stability or peace.
USPACOM and its component services have a wide array of environmental programs to address regulations and challenges in meeting mission objectives and core operations.
Notes:
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- Military will provide assistance if the disaster is overwhelming. The purpose of USPACOM is to 1) build defense relationships that provide security interests; 2) develop allied and friendly military capabilities and willingness for coalition operations with the U.S. military; and 3) improve force interoperability. Draft of environmental security’s definition: the abundance or scarcity of environmental resources that can critically impact theater security.
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Day 3 - 04 APRIL 2012 Environmental Security Perspectives – Indonesia
Col. Judijanto, Head of War Game Centre, Indonesia Naval Command and Staff College, Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia
Notes:
- Topic: Military Response to the Environmental Security Threats. Four general types of environmental conflicts are identified: 1) ethno-political conflicts; 2) migration conflicts (internal, cross-border and demographically caused migration); 3) international resource conflicts; and 4) environmental conflicts due to fundamental global environmental change. Why should military involve in managing environmental security? Military is part of national force element and responsible to the possibilities of conflict from the impact of environmental security threats. Why should military respond? 1) support the government and people in the context of Military Operation Other Than War; 2) create doctrines and SOP for response to environmental security; 3) improve capability to prevent, protect, and respond to the environmental security threats; 4) prevent environmental damage from war; 5) comprehensive approach for managing the environmental security for sustainable development; and 6) promote global partnership to implementation a cooperative strategy. The legal framework for managing the issue of environmental security: 1) UN Security Council resolutions; 2) direct UN doctrine with effective enforcements power; 3) ASEAN Defense Regional Framework for Managing the Environmental Security; and 4) National Defense Policy for Managing the Environmental Security. The recommendations are 1) more collaboration and partnership of multi-actors (military, other government agencies, foreign governments, NGOs); 2) promote multilateral exercise and operation mechanism which is to involve civil and military in terms of strategic, operation and tactical level; 3) establish interoperability and enhance capability of Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Information, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance; and 4) establish Network Sharing Information to build accurate database.
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Day 3 - 04 APRIL 2012 Lunch – The Role of the Private Sector in Supporting Food Security in Indonesia
Dr. Tantono Subagyo, Manager of Regulatory and Government Affairs, Syngenta
Summary:
World population will be more than 8 billion in 2030. The increasing population means increasing demand of food. Meanwhile, food production has to cope with limited farmland, limited water supplies, increase in fuel price and uncertainty of climate. One of the answers is increasing food production and efficiency. It can be achieved only with high and appropriate technology. Syngenta is one of the world’s leading companies with more than 26,000 employees in over 90 countries dedicated to the purpose: Bringing plant potential to life. With its unique broad product portfolio, combining expertise as a leader in world crop protection and third in high value commercial seeds, Syngenta offers integrated crop solutions to the farmers. In Indonesia, Syngenta has crop protection production plants at Gunungputri and recently investing IDR 250 billion in a seed processing plant in Indonesia, world class research facilities for plant protection at Cikampek, and seeds R&D facilities at Malang, East Java. Each year Syngenta cooperates with more than 15,000 farmers in East Java to grow commercial seeds, increasing grower’s income by 12 to 16%. Meanwhile in delivering technology to the farmers, Syngenta works together with the farmers developing crop advice through mobile phone reaching 5,000 farmers by 2012 and developing 35 Syngenta learning center training 100,000 farmers in 2012. By delivering world class technology in combination with the training for product usage and stewardship, crop advice, learning center and model farm, Syngenta is supporting government effort to increase production and efficiency of crops and increasing farmer’s welfare.
Notes:
- To open the presentation, the speaker delivered the current environmental issues in Indonesia in which he emphasized that current trend of economic growth and globalization and its implication to the environmental security in Indonesia, in particular food security.
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- Following the issue, he mentioned that government of Indonesia has conducted strategies to prevent and mitigate the disaster. In fact, some programs are not working at the right way since there’s poor fund resource allocated to execute the programs and lack supporting resources as well as facilities provided.
- That’s why, motivated by the reason of lack support, Syngenta is established to connect and engage all sectors, multi-disciplinary, and entire levels in overcoming the national problem in particular agriculture.
- There’s a scheme that’s been run by Syngenta called Partnership for Indonesia Sustainable Agriculture (PISAGro). There are numerous values that could be obtained from private sectors, as he stated. As an example, since 1994, Nestle has been cooperating with Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in assisting around 10000 coffee farmers at Lampung and give advice on how to increase their productivity and product quality. Since June 2010, Nestle has also been cooperating with HIVOS to help cattle farmers in initialization of biogas.
- Another example, Danone is now also working with Cargill Animal Nutrition and HKSP to develop training program and affordable feed supplement that use locally available food stock.
- He added that Syngenta Indonesia helps farmers to get the highest value from agriculture input from Syngenta. Farmers are enabled to obtain best values by using Syngenta’s product. Syngenta Indonesia also continues to develop technical agronomy of Indonesia farmers through model farm.
- Closing the presentation, he stated that nowadays a lot of corporations between private sector, governments and international agencies are happening to address food security issue. Private sectors should do the researches for new technology, do the extension to the farmers related to their business and get faithful customer, better products and create
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better business. This relationship will sustain in the long run and give benefit to both parties.
- At the other side, NGO is encouraged to do the extension as a part of their mission in community empowerment, working with various national and international donor agencies. Public private partnership between government, private sector, and NGO has to be increased to empower Indonesian farmers. By doing so, it’s not impossible to achieve a sustainable development in regard to food security.
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Day 4 - 05 APRIL 2012 Lunch – Disaster Management, Environment & Development
Mr. Medi Herlianto, Director of Disaster Preparedness, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Republic of Indonesia
Notes:
- This presentation consists of five parts: problem identification; definition of natural disaster, hazard, vulnerability and risk; issues related to environment and disaster; a few illustrative examples of environment and disaster linkages, and global and local policy environment.
- The purpose of the presentation is to provide an overall idea of environment and disaster issues, and to exemplify its linkages.
- Bad environmental management – whether forest management practices, deforestation, riverbank management, soil erosion and silting, etc. increases the vulnerabilities that human populations face in the event of heavy rain or flooding. On the other hand, water contamination, waste and debris, ecosystems destruction etc. are some of the impacts of disasters on the environment. Therefore, environment and disasters are interlinked.
- Despite this understanding, environment and disaster issues at the local and national levels are often dealt separately – with different departments, ministries, organizations and people handling different issues in an uncoordinated manner.
- This should be noted that environment actions lead to disaster preparedness and vice versa. Thus, there is a strong need for synergy among different agencies working for environment and disaster management activities, and synergy of policy and action at different levels.
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- Lack of inter-linkage of policy, plan, lack of perception, understanding, lack of local actions and lack of resource distributions are the essential factors in the environment-disaster linkage.
- In understanding the complex interface of different factors of a disaster event, we need to remember that a natural disaster is the consequence of a hazard i.e. an event. - One of the key aspects focused on in understanding disasters is the human interface, and hence the critical issues considered in disaster management are risk and vulnerability. At the local level, we need to clearly look at what the risk factors are, and the impacts and vulnerabilities of the human population to those risks.
- There are several earthquakes occurring in the middle of ocean and/or mountain. However, so long it does not directly or indirectly affect the human population or built environment, it is not considered as disaster.
- A disaster ‘risk’ is caused by a hazard and the vulnerability of the human population that lie in its path.
- Hazards can be of different types. They are usually categorized as geological (e.g.: Earthquakes and volcanoes), hydrological (e.g.: floods), and meteorological (e.g.: typhoons). Sometimes, many of these hazards are also inter-related. For example, typhoon or cyclone is considered as a meteorological hazard, but it causes flooding, which is considered as hydrological hazard.
- Vulnerability is a factor determined by the proximity of human populations to a hazard. Human settlements – the built environment, and socio-economic environments – are critical aspects considered when understanding vulnerability. A ‘risk’ therefore is the consequence of hazards and vulnerabilities, and manifests itself in the form of human casualties, injury, social and financial loss.
- Some people argue that risk is a factor of hazard, vulnerability and capacity. Capacity means the ability to analyze, understand, correlate,
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and take action to mitigate the negative impacts of a risk. Thus, higher the capacity, lower the vulnerability and lower the risk. Thus, capacity can be considered as a separate element, or it can be included as a part of vulnerability.
- Disasters can have different natural and human dimensions: conflict, natural disasters, population increase and migration from rural to urban areas. These contribute to exacerbating disaster vulnerability.
- Development is related to a number of issues such as water issue, health, education and poverty reduction. Environment is related to issues such as built environment, air, land and sea. When we look at these development and environment issues from the perspective of disasters, we see a strong interdependency – each influencing and being influenced by the others. At the area of interaction between these three spheres are the objectives of reducing risk and enhancing security. These two objectives, in fact, form the core of the overall umbrella of human security.
- Human security is related to people’s freedom. This is a new concept developed over last 4-5 years, and is concerned with development, environment and disaster issues. The UN Millennium Summit of 2000 first described the concept of human security as a development concept related to ‘the degree of freedom’ enjoyed by people.
- Disaster and poverty are very much interlinked. Disaster impacts the poor people the most, affecting the lives and livelihood. This is the case for both drought and flood situations. - Lower income groups are more dependent on the immediate local environment for their survival. This leads to degradation of the environment, and increasing the risk and their vulnerabilities during disaster events.
- Understanding how humans use environmental assets – forests, lands, water etc. as well as production and consumption patterns, is important for good disaster risk mitigation. It plays a critical role in developing
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environmental management policies and strategies that are also focused on disaster risk mitigation.
- For instance, of poor workers being laid off at bit banana plantations, moving into the rainforest, cutting down a parcel of land on a steep slope to grow their own bananas, hardly making a living on it, but then being hit by a big storm/flood, which wipes out the bananas and flushes away all the soil, so that the poor family moves on the another plot of rainforest, where the same pattern repeats itself. The overall result is continuing poverty, degradation of the natural environment, and increasing risk of flash floods – including far downstream.
- Disaster cycle consists of response, rehabilitation, reconstruction, prevention, mitigation and preparedness in a cyclic pattern. Among these, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction are steps to be undertaken after the disaster, while prevention, mitigation and preparedness are preparedness for the next disaster. Different stakeholders play important roles in the development and disaster cycle: government, NGO, academicians and international organizations. However, the most important stakeholder is the people and community, and should be the central role player in any disaster prevention or development activity.
- Climate change is another area where environment and disaster are linked. Climate change impacts are seen as natural disasters like drought, flood, and typhoons. While climate change is considered as a major global environmental problem, and different measures are taken as mitigation measures in different parts of the world, climate change adaptation at local level is of extreme importance. People’s livelihood like agriculture, aquaculture are strongly affected by climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change is considered as one of the best preparedness measures. For example, a good drought proofing measure for 2-3 consecutive years of drought, or cyclone-resistant housing in the areas which are not usually affected by the regular cyclone paths are considered as effective pre-disaster mitigation measures. This part will be elaborated in the Session 2.
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Regional Environmental Security Conference: Problem-Solving Session Summary
Prepared by: U.S. Pacific Command and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of - 103 - Environment
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Problem-Solving Session Topics
Background: Throughout Southeast Asia, rapid economic and population growth creates serious social consequences from environmental problems of urban excess, deforestation, overfishing, global warming, pollution, disasters, and limited safe water supplies. The global economic crisis has aggravated this trend. Economic policies have encouraged growth in some sectors while ignoring damage to others. Furthermore, little regard is given to sustainability of the exploited resources. The social costs in terms of health, economic efficiency, and cultural dislocation are immediate, while the long-term costs of environmental rehabilitation are humbling. Left unbridled, environmental damage can lead to economic decline.
Problem-Solving Session Overview: On Days 2 and 3 of the Regional Environmental Security Conference, five main environmental issues were presented and discussed. The five major issues were:
1) Pollution 2) Global Warming 3) Deforestation 4) Overfishing 5) Water Supply
Each topic had a pre-designated country assigned to prepare the overview presentation for the conference. The presentation was short (no more than 10 slides), summarizing the regional issue, and posing a question at the end for all conference participants to try to answer in designated work groups.
Issue 1 – Pollution (presented by Cambodia): Air pollution from vehicles, power plants, incinerators and industry is a major problem in Southeast Asia. Outdated pollution control technology and the use of high polluting fuels compound this problem. Additionally, the haze pollution that is emitted into the air from clearing land (especially peatland) exacerbates the predicament. This can cause premature deaths, chronic bronchitis, reduced crop yields, increased acid rain, damaged buildings, and can stress trans-boundary relationships. Unfortunately, air pollution
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is not the only problem. Other forms of pollution, such as marine debris, medical waste, electronic waste, and litter also cause irreparable harm to the environment.
Issue 2 – Global Warming (presented by Indonesia): Carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide act like glass in a greenhouse, letting the sun’s rays in but trapping heat that would otherwise be released back into space. Carbon dioxide accounts for more than half of the warming affect, while CFCs contribute about a quarter and methane and nitrous oxide the remainder. Temperatures have increased .3 to .6 degrees centigrade (C) over the last century, consistent with the rise in greenhouse gases as predicted in recently-developed computer models. Climate models predict that temperatures will be 1 to 3 °C higher in 2100. Rising ocean temperatures and melting polar caps could elevate sea levels by 15 to 95 cm in the next century. Coastal countries could lose land area to rising seas, and offshore islands could become uninhabitable or disappear. Temperature fluctuations are also expected to reduce crop yields in Southeast Asia, reducing the amount of food production and placing a greater demand on scarce water resources. The affects of global warming are also expected to increase the intensity and frequency of storms, such as flooding, cyclones, and drought.
Issue 3 – Deforestation (presented by Malaysia): Asian environmental, water, and food security is threatened by deforestation and desertification. More than a third of the arable land in Asia is at risk. Nearly 75% of Southeast Asia’s original forest cover has been destroyed at an annual loss rate equivalent to the size of Switzerland. The loss of forests and agricultural land is due to 1) the exploitation for profit and 2) the negligence to use good practices. Timber, oil, and mineral resources are exploited. Poor farmers use improper clearing techniques, fertilization practices, and irrigation techniques. These practices result in increased salinity, smog, and toxic soils. Unexploded ordinance leaves vast tracks of land unusable. Regardless of motive and method, the loss of workable land hurts not only the local community, but also has broad consequences for the region, including erosion, downstream flooding, and pollution. There is an obvious need to invest in improved oversight, management, monitoring, methods, and conservation.
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Issue 4 – Overfishing (presented by Philippines): Fish are a key food source for virtually all Asian states, providing a large basis of animal protein to the world's fastest growing commodity markets. Across the coastal and riparian parts of Southeast Asia, fishing is a significant part of the economic base, providing food, employment, revenue, and foreign exchange earnings. However, fisheries are being exploited as marine catches increase to keep up with demand and an exploding population. As a result, there has been a steady increase in the frequency of maritime international incidents caused by fishing. Additionally, untraditional means, such as using dynamite on coral reefs, have been introduced causing serious environmental degradation. To protect fisheries and insure sustainability, cooperative resource management schemes such as fishing quotas could be established and enforced. Militaries, coast guards, law enforcement, and the legal system should cooperate to reduce the possibility of disputes, collisions, and pollution, such as negligent oil spills.
Issue 5 – Water Supply (presented by Vietnam): As the demand for water grows with population and the economy, water supplies will be increasingly polluted from untreated sewage, from industrial discharges, and from salt-water intrusion of overexploited water tables. This causes water scarcity, cleanliness, and security concerns. Millions of people now have to boil water for home use. In coastal areas that are heavily polluted by sewage, fish catches have dramatically dropped leading to food security concerns. Many people are not served by sewers, and as a result, millions of tons of sewage and industrial effluent pour untreated into the sea and fresh water systems. Water disputes continue to affect national and international relations. High-use agriculture competes with populations for scarce water supplies. Increased severity in hazardous events, such as flooding and cyclones, has also stressed available clean water supplies.
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Problem-Solving Session Questions
The following questions were presented at the conference for the work groups to solve.
Issue Question 1. Pollution (Cambodia) What regional initiatives should countries in Southeast Asia enact to reduce the impacts of pollution on the environment and the populace's well being? 2. Global Warming What are the real climate change issues we are (Indonesia) facing? Do we need a comprehensive grand strategy? Must the national defense strategy consider environmental security? 3.Deforestation (Malaysia) What are the challenges and recommendations to intensify the present efforts for reforestation as a mean of remedial action? 4. Overfishing (Philippines) How can member countries contribute to an effective collaborative effort towards the attainment of a sustainable fishery industry in the region? 5. Water Supply (Vietnam) How could a holistic (civil and military) integrated water resource approach be implemented in Southeast Asia to promote water security?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference: Practical Exercise Summary
Prepared by: U.S. Pacific Command and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of - 109 - Environment
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EXERCISE DELIVERY
The Regional Environmental Security Conference practical exercise took place on the last day (Day 4) of the event. The exercise started by having all workshop participants sit in their assigned work group. There were five work groups, and assignments were provided at the end of the first day of the conference. For those conference participants that arrived after Day 1, work group assignments were provided by the Steering Group directly upon arrival.
After all participants were seated in their respective work groups, a member of the Steering Group took the stage in the main conference call, and presented the scenario. The scenario was presented via Microsoft PowerPoint and it was shown on a large screen visible to all five work groups. After the Steering Group had completed the exercise scenario presentation, each work group had approximately 15-20 minutes to review the STARTEX (Start of Exercise) scenario details provided by the Steering Group. Furthermore, they utilized this time to prepare for the various injections that would be presented to them. Exercise injections were delivered by the Steering Group to each of the five work groups via three methods.
1. The injections were presented aloud to the work groups via a microphone system in the conference hall.
2. The injections were shown on a large screen in the conference hall via Microsoft PowerPoint.
3. The injections were printed on 24” x 36” paper and hung on easel boards adjacent to each work group.
The injections were delivered in three phases to the work groups. The first hour of injections focused on disaster response. The second hour featured injections on response and recovery. The final hour of exercise injections was on the recovery and prevention phase of the disaster lifecycle.
The same injections were presented to each of the five work groups. There were approximately three (3) injections per phase of the exercise. Each work group consulted amongst their members to answer the associated questions. A facilitator was present in each work group to assist with the process and explain
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the details of the inject questions. Each work group had approximately 15-20 minutes to collectively work through an injection and prepare answers to the questions posed. Responses to inject questions were recorded by the work group’s documentation unit, and were written on the easel paper provided. If a work group facilitator felt that his/her work group needed more time responding to an injection, then the work group was allocated additional time. When answering an injection question, the goal was not to see how quickly each question could be answered. Rather, the goal of each injection (and the practical exercise overall) was to spark collaborative dialog and common goals to solving regional disaster management and environmental security issues.
Each work group was assigned a “Primary Injection”, which was the injection that they briefed during the final After Action Report (AAR) presentation. Work group members did not know the “Primary Injection” until the exercise had ended. The Steering Group and each work group’s facilitator determined the most appropriate “Primary Injection” for each group. The “Primary Injection” was selected based on the dialog and responses prepared by the work groups.
The three phases of exercise injects were broken up by breaks and lunch so that participants did not become overwhelmed by the scenario. Please refer to the conference agenda for specific detail on the exercise phases and/or breaks.
At the end of the third phase of the practical exercise, the Steering Group announced the ENDEX (End of Exercise). This concluded the dissemination of injections to the work groups, and facilitators ensured that all injection questions posed throughout the course of the exercise were properly documented on the easel boards. After the ENDEX announcement was made, the five work groups had approximately one (1) hour to prepare their AAR presentations. The AAR presentations consisted of the following five topics.
1. Response to Primary Injection Questions 2. Overall comments on the practical exercise 3. Three positive aspects of the Environmental Security Conference 4. Three areas where the Environmental Security Conference can improve in the future 5. Additional comments
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The presentations were performed orally and were prepared in Microsoft PowerPoint or delivered informally. Each work group had a designated speaker that briefed the final AAR presentation. Each work group had 10 minutes to present their final results. After the AAR session was complete, all practical exercise materials and final presentations were collected and incorporated into the final Environmental Security Conference After Action Report (AAR).
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Exercise Scenario
BASIC SCENARIO
On 01 April 2012, a large explosion occurs at the Big Energy Oil & Gas Company’s Mea Po'ino Oil Platform off the shores of Indonesia near the Malacca Strait. The explosion results in a large fire, which is extinguished within 24 hours of the incident, but damage to the platform’s underwater well head has resulted in a blowout, which is releasing oil into the ocean at an approximate rate of 50,000 barrels/day. The explosion killed five people, two still remain missing, and the oil has spread to an area nearly 330,000 square kilometers in size. Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia are immediately affected, with Brunei, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam also forecasted to be affected.
In addition to the oil spill, a large industrial waste accident has taken place near the Myanmar, Thailand, and Lao PDR border. The incident caused a mine site’s tailings dam to fail, emptying its toxic holdings into a tributary of the Mekong River. The pollutants eventually enter the main stem of the Mekong River, and are slowly flowing downstream towards Vientiane, Lao PDR. There is not enough equipment, personnel, and technical expertise to manage the situation.
DETAILED SCENARIO
Shortly after 03:00 AM on 01 April 2012, a powerful explosion rips through the Mea Po’ino Drilling Platform engulfing both the operating deck and housing area in flames and smoke. Emergency alarms are sounding and personnel are scrambling to the pre-designated mustering stations. Recognizing the severity of the situation, the platform’s shift supervisor gives the order to evacuate the platform.
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Operators who were on shift at the time of the incident try desperately to activate the Blow-Out Preventer (BOP). (The BOP is a system designed to close the well at the well head, preventing an oil spill in case of an emergency.) Unfortunately, the BOP is unresponsive and the operators abandon the platform without being able to close off the flow of oil coming from the well head 200 meters below the water’s surface.
The entire platform is quickly engulfed in flames (Figure 1). The platform remains standing, but many of the employees are unaccounted for as the fire rages. Employees take a headcount and determine that there are seven personnel missing. They immediately notify their home base via a satellite phone with the details of the accident. There is a strong stench of oil in the air Figure 1 - The Mea Po'ino Oil Platform fire rages, and and several large slicks of oil are a large oil spill starts to spread floating on the surface of the water in the general vicinity of the platform. The platform operators are fearful that there may be significant damage to the platform, including the wellhead. An uncontrolled blowout from this well head could potentially release oil at a rate of 50,000 barrels/day, which would impact several busy shipping lanes. Upon notification, Big Oil & Gas Company immediately contacts the Indonesian government requesting assistance. The Republic of Indonesia stands up its Incident Command System.
Meanwhile, those living near the Mekong River have no idea what has happened near the Malacca Strait. They are awakening to a beautiful morning, with the sounds of fishing boats puttering in the distance. Those hard at work on the third shift at the Dig Deeper Mine near the Myanmar/Thailand/Lao PDR border (Figure 3) have finished their duties and turned their operations over to the first shift. The workers are extracting gold and copper. A variety of chemicals are used
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during the mining process, and the spent waste and sludge are stored in a large holding pond near a tributary of the Mekong River.
At approximately 7:00 AM, the tailings pond experiences an unexpected engineering failure. The tailings, which are filled with pollutants such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury and potassium cyanide, cascades from the side of the dam and runs downhill towards the river. The workers try to contain the spill, but the rate at which it flows out of the dam is too rapid (Figure 2). Finally, the entire wall of the dam collapses, and the sludge rips through the mine complex and pours over the banks and into the river.
Those nearest to the scene quickly become victims of the environmental disaster. Figure 2 - Industrial waste covers everything in its path as The sludge continues to gush it heads towards the Mekong River out of the dam, and is now flowing downstream into the river and towards the main stem of the Mekong. The holding pond has nearly emptied and pollutants and hazardous materials are everywhere. The Governments of Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Thailand try to quickly respond to the incident, but the area is remote, and the equipment needed to slow the spread of the sludge is not readily available. Downstream cities and towns in Lao PDR and Thailand have started evacuations, and those in Cambodia may do the same. All surrounding countries have activated their contingency response plans. Approximately 1,000,000 people have had their main source of water and protein contaminated. The waste has spread through the tributary and down the main stem of the Mekong. Monitoring systems have picked up higher than normal pollutant levels 175 kilometers upstream from Vientiane (Figure 3). The situation has exhausted government resources and assistance is required.
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Figure 3 - Exercise Scenario Map showing the location of the two incidents
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 2
Inject #: 2 Inject Time: 0930
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Examine AADMER Part V Method: Announcement protocols and procedures
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: At the Mea Po'ino Platform, a large oil spill has taken place. Off-shore salvage and marine fire fighting personnel were able to extinguish the platform fire, but oil continues to gush from the underwater wellhead. Five oil platform workers died in the initial explosion, and two are still missing. The winds and current have pushed the oil out into the main shipping lanes of the Malacca Strait and many parties have called for the shipping lanes to be completely closed. It is feared that the oil will quickly spread north towards other critical shipping lanes and environmental habitat. Within a 36 hour period, the oil has extended from 150,000 square kilometers to 330,000 square kilometers (Figure 3). It is the largest oil spill ever to occur in the region, and chaos and panic have become commonplace.
Questions: 1. How will the missing persons be recovered?
2. How will the leaking oil from the wellhead be stopped?
3. Will Member States respond individually or expect the AHA Centre to coordinate?
4. How will the littoral states of the Malacca Strait decide to close the shipping lane?
5. Who will engage and coordinate with the Tier 3 Spill Response Co-Op’s (EARL, AMSA, OSRL)?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 3
Inject #: 3 Inject Time: 0950
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Examine AADMER Part V Method: Announcement protocols and procedures
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: Despite Indonesia’s, Malaysia’s, and Singapore’s best efforts to stop the spread of oil, the pollutant has proliferated in all directions. The main oil slick now extends north through the Malacca Strait towards Thailand and northeast towards major shipping lanes off Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei. Sensitive coastal zones, migratory bird paths, and offshore marine sanctuaries have been impacted. The oil has caused serious disruption to society, generating widespread human, material, economic and environmental loss. Littoral countries have scrambled their military assets (e.g. military aircrafts and naval ships/boats) to monitor the situation and save lives. Search and rescue teams have been deployed to the damaged oil rig to hunt for any sign of life that remains. Additionally, teams are also helping several ships that have been stranded in the vicinity of the oil slick. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore have formally requested assistance through the AHA Centre.
Questions: 1. What assets will be pulled from the ASEAN Standby Arrangements for Disaster Relief and Emergency Response?
2. What entry points will be utilized for supplies and expertise from assisting entities?
3. Should the ASEAN Emergency Rapid Assessment Teams (ERAT) be deployed?
4. What party will coordinate, consolidate, update and disseminate the regional earmarked data?
5. How will differences in national legislation be overcome to mobilize equipment, facilities, materials, human and financial resources required to respond to the regional disaster?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 4
Inject #: 4 Inject Time: 1010
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Determine region’s ability to Method: Announcement respond to simultaneous large scale disasters
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: The situation along the Mekong River has deteriorated. Despite the halt of sludge passing out of the tailings dam, contamination levels continue to remain high and spread downstream. The impact of the spill has caused serious water and food security concerns among the populace. Both Lao PDR and Thailand have made formal requests for assistance under AADMER SASOP. The spread of sludge has caused animal migration patterns to shift from the forest into urban areas. Elephant stampedes have occurred, and life and property have been trampled underfoot. The company responsible for the mine has claimed that they are not at fault for the accident.
Questions: 1. How will alternative nutrition sources be delivered to the affected population?
2. What regional assets will be brought to bear to stop the spread of the contamination?
3. Will the mining company assist with the response, or will regional governments take over?
4. How will member states and the AHA Centre coordinate requests for assistance with the Joint Environmental Unit (UN-OCHA and UNEP) and its Environmental Emergencies Centre (EEC)?
5. How will the wild elephants be controlled and do the affected States have sufficient personnel, transportation, and techniques to manage the migratory elephants?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 5
Inject #: 5 Inject Time: 1100
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Examine how foreign Method: Announcement humanitarian assistance is handled by regional entities
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: Due to the scale of the disaster, many foreign governments outside of Southeast Asia have offered financial, technical and material assistance to support the disaster response and recovery in the region. Formal donations have been offered by Australia, China, Japan, Korea, and the United States. Donations have been directed to specific Member State governments, as well as to ASEAN.
Questions: 1. Will assets that have been provided from a foreign government be added to the ASEAN Standby Arrangements for Disaster Relief and Emergency Response inventory?
2. How will the AHA Centre manage the logistical aspects of mobilizing foreign government assistance to the affected countries?
3. How will equipment and personnel be prioritized by regional Member States?
4. Will foreign donors submit financial contributions to the ASEAN Disaster Management and Emergency Relief Fund, will a separate fund be created, or will the funds be disseminated to specific impacted countries?
5. How will foreign disaster responders be in-processed to existing work flows?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 6
Inject #: 6 Inject Time: 1120
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Examine how regional Method: Announcement partners will clean up the environment
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: The source of oil in and around the Malacca Strait has been stopped from the damaged wellhead. Cleanup measures are fully underway. Requesting and supporting parties are working collaboratively together with international partners to ensure environmentally sensitive areas are cleaned first. A formal schedule and set of priorities have been circulated through the AHA Centre to all National Focal Points. Each Member State is working to support the completion of these tasks so that the economy and environment of the region can quickly return to a state of normalcy.
Questions: 1. What resources will be protected and how will the protection of those resources be prioritized?
2. What response strategies should utilized to clean up the oil (ex. dispersant, in-situ burning, skimming booms, etc.) from the water?
3. Is the AHA Centre mandated and equipped to deal with environmental emergencies; and does it have formal linkages with environmental ministry focal points in Member States?
4. What regional steps will be taken to determine when international shipping lanes can be re-opened for commerce?
5. What procedures will regional partners take to resolve disputes in the recovery process?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 7
Inject #: 7 Inject Time: 1140
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Verbal Objective(s): Determine recovery Method: Announcement measures along the Mekong River
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: Similar to the situation in the Malacca Strait, the recovery process along the Mekong River is well underway. Water contamination is no longer spreading downstream, and has been contained before reaching the populated area of Vientiane. The governments of Thailand and Lao PDR continue to manage requests and acceptance of assistance from regional parties. The major concern remains the long term impact of contamination on food and water resources.
Questions: 1. Will Member States utilize the AHA Centre in the recovery process, or will they work these requests independently and/or bilaterally?
2. How will technical research into the long term impacts of the disaster be managed by the region to ensure duplicative efforts are minimized?
3. How will the public be warned of the contamination dangers?
4. What identification measures will be utilized for foreign aid workers assisting with the recovery process?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 8
Inject #: 8 Inject Time: 1300
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Objective(s): Examine necessary enhancements Method: Verbal to AADMER and SASOP documents Announcement to account for environmental disasters
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: The main disaster areas along the Mekong River and Malacca Strait have been cleaned to the best of the region’s capability. Shipping sea lanes have re- opened, and commerce is slowly returning to normal. Waters along the Mekong River are slower to recover, and it will take several more months before the area is deemed safe for recreational and subsistence use. From both of these disaster situations, a myriad of invaluable lessons learned have been obtained and documented by local, regional, and international responders.
Questions: 1. How will lessons learned from the disaster be recorded, archived, and shared among Southeast Asian nations?
2. How will regional cleanup costs be evaluated to determine if money and resources were utilized appropriately?
3. What gaps exist in AADMER and SASOP to respond to and recover from environmental disasters?
4. Should the AHA Centre’s procedures be the same for environmental disasters as they are for natural disasters?
5. What amendments should be added to AADMER to enhance the document’s ability to support environmental security issues?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 9
Inject #: 9 Inject Time: 1320
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Objective(s): Evaluate enhancements in civil Method: Verbal military coordination to combat Announcement environmental and disaster management issues
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: To ensure the region can recovery more quickly in the event of a major environmental disaster, joint civil and military prevention measures are developed. These mitigation techniques enhance traditional response roles to a truly collaborative environment where both parties are working together towards the common goal of protecting the environment, its people, and its resources.
Questions: 1. Provide a list of ways in which civilians and the military could partner together to mitigate future environmental issues. An example could be the use of the military to plant mangrove in coastal areas to prevent erosion from sea level rise.
2. Should National Focal Points include a military liaison officer to expedite the use of its resources and personnel?
3. What is the timeline for military engagement when supporting civil authorities in disaster situations?
4. How will respective national civil-military collaboration efforts be linked to the bigger AADMER work program?
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Regional Environmental Security Conference Injection 10
Inject #: 10 Inject Time: 1340
Delivery Flip Chart, PPT, Objective(s): Determine how regional partner Method: Verbal nations will respond to public outcry Announcement for enhanced environmental communication and education
From: SIMCELL To: All Participants
Inject: The oil and mining incidents have raised the public’s environmental awareness to an all time high. As a result, the public has demanded that regional solutions be implemented as soon as possible to ensure another large scale environmental accident does not occur in the future. Furthermore, the public desires concrete steps outlined to maintain food and water security for future generations. Without these measures, serious panic, chaos, protesting, and looting could overwhelm affected nations.
Questions: 1. What public outreach campaigns will be implemented to ensure the region is informed about top environmental issues and concerns?
2. How will these efforts be collaborated among ASEAN member states?
3. What regional ecosystem preventive measures will be put into place to reduce the impacts of future environmental and natural disasters? (ex. re- planting of forests to reduce landslides after an earthquake)
4. What educational opportunities will be afforded to children to ensure they learn from the lessons of these environmental disasters?
5. How would Member States respond to a large scale protest that results from environmental security concerns?
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