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Ladda Ner Ladda Ned ARKIV FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI UTGIVET MED UNDERSTÖD AV AXEL KOCKS FOND FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI SAMT STATSBIDRAG FRÅN SVERIGE DANMARK OCH NORGE GENOM KARL GUSTAV LJUNGGREN UNDER MEDVERKAN AV JOHS. BRØNDUM-NIELSEN JÓN HELGASON LUDVIG HOLM-OLSEN VALTER JANSSON TURE JOHANNISSON TRYGVE KNUDSEN PETER SKAUTRUP ELIAS WESSEN ÅTTIONDE BANDET. FEMTE FÖLJDEN. TJUGOFJÄRDE BANDET. C.W.K. GLEERUP ROSEN KI LDE OG BAGGER [.UND KÖPENHAMN LUND MCMLXV INNEHÅLL Andersen, Harry, Universitetslektor, Dr. phil., Köpenhamn, Navnet Asser og beslægtede navne .................................................. — Formerne gjorde og gjort ................................................................... Benson, Sven, Arkivchef, Lund, se Ljunggren, K. G. Collinder, Björn, Professor emeritus, Uppsala, Till frågan om de äldsta Eddakvädenas ålder ........................................................... Grötvedt, Per Nyquist, Dr. Philos., Oslo, Landsvistbrevene i de norske middelalderdiplomer ....................................................... H allberg, Peter, Docent, Göteborg, ólafr Þórðarson hvítaskáld, Knýtlinga saga och Laxdæla saga. En m otkritik ..................... — Om språkliga författarkriterier i isländska sagatexter .... Heller, Rolf, Dr. Phil., Leipzig, Laxdæla saga und Knytlinga s a g a ............................................................................................................. Jakobsen, Alfred, Universitetslektor, Bergen, Strofe 33 i G rím n ism á l............................................................................................. K villerud, Reinert, Fil. mag., Göteborg, Några anmärkningar till Þrym skviða .................................................................................... Ljunggren, Karl Gustav, Professor, Lund, Paul Diderichsen f —, Benson, Sven, och Loman, Bengt, Litteraturkrönika 1964 Loman, Bengt, Docent, Lund, Rökrunorna som grafematiskt sy stem ......................................................................................................... — se Ljunggren, K. G. Sigurd, Bengt, Docent, Lund, Morfologiska mönster i nationali­ tetsord ........................................................................................................ Teleman, Ulf, Fil. lic., Lund, Svenskans genusmorfem ................. Till red. insända skrifter ................................................................................ BENGT LOMAN Rökrunorna som grafematiskt system 1. Terminologi, problem, m aterial .................. 1 2. Grafematiska system ........................................ 7 3. Rökrunornas distinktiva drag ........................14 4. Har rökrunorna varit »bokrunor»? .... 28 5. Om rökrunornas ursprung ................................ 42 6. S a m m a n fa ttn in g .................................................. 59 1. Terminologi, problem, material. 1.1. Vikingatidens sextontypiga runalfabet kan med en viss förenkling indelas i tre grafiska varianter, välkända från avbildningar i alla runolo- giska handböcker. Dessa varianter uppträder i litteraturen under väx­ lande benämningar, och den varierande terminologien speglar på sitt sätt forskningens svårigheter att finna termer soni på en gång ger träffande karakteristiker och bygger på verifierbara data. Bland svenska runologer har Otto von Friesen förordat en terminologi som tar sikte på typernas geografiska fördelning på nordiska inskrifter från vikingatiden: danska runor, svensk-norska runor samt svenska ru­ nor eller hälsingerunor.1 Som Elias Wessén framhållit kan denna lokali­ sering bygga på falska premisser; det bevarade materialet kan ge en fel­ aktig bild av typernas verkliga spridning. Wessén räknar i stället med att de s. k. »svensk-norska» runorna tidigt kommit till användning även i Danmark. Och han har sökt göra sannolikt att de båda runtyperna också skapats i Danmark och där använts sida vid sida men med skiftande funktion: den ena typen, som han kallar »inskriftsrunor» eller »stenrunor», 1 v. Friesen, Upplands runstenar (1913), Nordisk kultur VI (1933). 1 ---- ARKIV FÖR NORDISK FILOLOGI LXXX. 2 Bengt Loman [2 har framför allt använts epigrafiskt, till ristningar på sten, medan den andra, förenklade varianten, »bokrunorna», varit vardagslivets skrift för ristning i trä, ben och annat mera förgängligt material. Av denna anled­ ning avvisas även benämningen »vanliga» runor som synonym till »sten- runor» (och »danska» runor). Enligt Wesséns uppfattning skulle ju »bok­ runorna» (dvs. de »svensk-norska» runorna) egentligen ha varit »de vanli­ gaste, liksom de mest utbredda».1 Sven B. F. Jansson ansluter sig i huvudsak till Wesséns uppfattning om en funktionell fördelning mellan de två huvudvarianterna av den sextontypiga runraden: de har använts vid sidan av varandra, men har tjänat olika syften. Han understryker emellertid (liksom redan Wessen) att gränsen mellan de båda runradernas funktion inte varit skarp, och han förordar att i stället varianternas olikartade utseende får utgöra den mera neutralt-objektiva grunden för namngivningen. Han rekommen­ derar därför termerna »normalrunor» resp. »kortkvistrunor». Denna no­ menklatur har den fördelen att den utgår från en konstant grafisk aspekt, som även kan utsträckas till de båda yngre varianterna, de »stavlösa» runorna (dvs. hälsingerunorna) och de stungna runorna.2 Janssons terminologi innebär här delvis en återgång till äldre runolo- giskt språkbruk; det äldsta svenska belägget på kortkvistrunor finns i Brates Sveriges runinskrifter II (1917), s. 232. Den vanligare termen vid denna tid var annars rökrunor eller rökstensrunor, använd av bl. a. v. Friesen (se t. ex. Svenska turistföreningens årsskrift 1906, s. 45, och Ru­ norna i Sverige (1907), s. 11 — jfr också rökstensgruppen, belagt i Sveriges runinskrifter I (1900—1906), s. 97). I sitt val av term anknyter Brate uttryckligen till Bugge, som i Der Runenschrift von Rök (1910) talar om »die kurzzweigige Runenschrift» (s. 169). Påpekandet att denna runtyp skulle ha uppstått ur en äldre runtyp genom att bi stavarna förenklas eller förkortas finns framfört redan i äldre litteratur, t. ex. i Bugges uppsats om Rökstenen i Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige V (1878); Bugge talar här om en »tendens til at simplificere runeformerne, hvilken tendens navnlig viser sig deri, at kvistene eller bi stavene ved de fleste runer ind­ 1 Wessen, Om vikingatidens runor (1957), Runstenen vid Röks kyrka (1958), särsk. s. 15 f. Jfr: »Av den sextontypiga runraden finns två varianter, med nypräg- lade termer kallade stenrunor och bokrunor. De gamla, missvisande termerna är »danska» eller »vanliga» runor respektive »svensk-norska» runor eller »Rökrunor». De dekorativare stenrunorna har, som namnet anger, huvudsakligen använts på stenmonument, bokrunorna är en stil för vardagsbruk.» (Elisabeth Svärdström i:) Diringer, Skrift (sv. uppl. 1962), s. 138 f. 2 Jansson, Runinskrifter i Sverige (1963), s. 27 ff. 3] Rökrunorna som grafematiskt system 3 skrænkes eller sættes længer ned på staven, og at bistave, der gå i modsat­ te retninger, gjærne undgåes» (s. 109). Och Wimmer ger i sitt arbete Die Runenschrift (1887) en detaljerad beskrivning av hur den förenklade varianten kan tänkas ha uppstått ur en tidigare runtyp, t. ex. hur (s, \ och 'j uppkommit ur j., \ och genom att bistavarna reducerats till hälf­ ten, blivit »kortkvistar».1 Att »kortkvistrunor» är en lyckad term tycks också framgå av den normaliserade futhark, som i handböckerna brukar beledsaga beskriv­ ningen av den sextontypiga runradens variantformer.2 Här är t. ex. a- och w-runorna, liksom g-, t-, b- och Z-runorna, genomgående försedda med ensidiga bistavar: rhmr imi 1.2. Men bilden — och terminologien — kompliceras av att även genom­ strukna former av t. ex. g-, n-, a-, t-, b- och Lrunorna förekommer i in­ skrifter som annars brukar hänföras till rökstensgruppen. Vi har sålunda det genomstrukna \ på ungefär hälften av de c. 20 rökruneristningarna: Sparlösa, Oklunda, Boberg, Ingelsta, Slaka, Rottnekvarn, Pilgårds, Ulv­ sunda och en av Björköristningarna (U 9). Det genomstrukna \ är belagt på Sparlösa, Slaka, Rottnekvarn, Pilgårds och Gamla Ladoga. Typerna och \ finns på Sparlösa och Slaka; \ dessutom på Rottnekvarn och Pil­ gårds. Av i-runan finns tre olika typer med dubbelsidiga bistavar: 'f på Rök, Sparlösa och Rottnekvarn; f på Sparlösa, Boberg och möjligen även på Gamla Ladoga; f på Sparlösa, Ingelsta och Slaka. Ett genomstru- ket j l finns på Sparlösa och Ingelsta. Ett annat anmärkningsvärt drag — som heller inte kommer fram i den pedagogiska standardfutharken — är att vissa bistavar kan vara påfal­ lande långa i inskrifter med rökrunor. Det gäller k- och /-runorna, där bistavarna ibland kan ansättas långt ner på huvudstaven, ja ibland ända nere vid basen, för att så dras upp i höjd med huvudstavens topp. Sådana former som [/ och ty finner man med vid spridning: på Rök, Kälvesten, Gursten, Pilgårds, Ulvsunda och Gamla Ladoga. Man måste även beakta att bistaven i jö-runan kan vara särskilt lång: Oklunda, Gursten, Rottne­ kvarn och Ulvsunda ger exempel på hur den kan gå från huvudstavens topp till dess bas (Q), medan den på bl. a. Kälvesten, Ingelsta, Slaka och 1 Wimmer, a.a. s. 289 f. 2 Se t. ex. v. Friesen, Upplands rimstenar (1913), s. 5, Nordisk kultur VI, s. 146, Bæksted, Runerne (1943), s. 74, Wessen 1957, s. 3, Jansson, Runinskrifter i Sverige (1963), s. 27. 4 Bengt Loman [4 Pilgårds löper mellan punkter strax innanför huvudstavens ändar (D). Sådana vanliga variantformer på ristningarna inom rökstensgruppen gör att man kan sätta i fråga om »kortkvistrunor» verkligen är en
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