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Terence Macdonald (1810 – 1874), Tithe Farmer, Jigginstown, Naas, Co

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Terence Macdonald (1810 – 1874), Tithe Farmer, Jigginstown, Naas, Co Terence MacDonald (1810 – 1874), Tithe Farmer, Jigginstown, Naas, Co. Kildare A Study of Person and Place By James Robinson M. Phil In Nineteenth Century Ireland, landholders were obliged to pay tithes to the maintenance of the Established church – the Church of Ireland. An organised campaign of resistance to the Tithe payment extended from 1831 – 1838 which became known as the “Tithe War”. This paper deals with Terence MacDonald, Tithe Farmer, of Jigginstown, Naas, Co. Kildare. The majority Roman Catholic section of the population resented this tax. An organised campaign of resistance to the Tithe payment resulted in large scale refusals to pay the tithe tax. The Composition Act of 1823 specified that this tax, which hitherto had been payable in kind, such as livestock, should now be paid in money. Consequently it was necessary to carry out a valuation of the entire country, civil parish by civil parish, to determine how much each land holder should pay. This survey was carried out over the ensuing 15 years, up to the abolition of the tithe in 1838. The results were recorded in the Tithe Applotment books. Non-payment of the Tithe resulted in the Irish Constabulary, founded in 1822, attempting to enforce government seizure orders at fairs and marts, which often resulted in violent resistance. The first clash of the Tithe War occurred at Graignamanagh, Co. Kilkenny on March 3 1831. A force of 120 yeomenry tried to enforce seizure orders on cattle belonging to a Roman Catholic priest. Shortly after this at Bunclody (Newtownbarry) Co. Wexford, the tenantry resisted cattle seizures by firing on the police who killed 12 and wounded 20 in the resultant melee. On December 14 1831 at Carrigshock, Co. Kilkenny, 12 constables were killed and more were wounded in an ambush. Burglaries, burnings, cattle maimings, arsons, riots and attacks on property ensued against seizure orders enforcements. In 1831, 402 homicides were attributed to the campaign. Violence against Protestant churchmen and Tithe proctors became an integral feature of the Tithe War. An atmosphere of intimidation prevailed to enforce sanction against proponents of the tithe. In 1831 also, Dr. James W Doyle (1786 – 1834), Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Kildare at Leighlin, who used the acronym ‘JKL’ wrote a powerful pastoral letter opposing the Tithe. It was read at all masses throughout the diocese. In it he railed against the tax and his expression ‘May their hatred of Tithes be as lasting as their love of justice’ became a campaign slogan. Bishop Doyle also spoke out against the Whiteboy-like paramilitary secret societies that used violence. He was the intellectual moral force who opposed the tithe payments in the campaign which was most prevalent in Cork, Kilkenny and Tipperary. The Tithe survey of the townland or denomination of Jigginstown, in the parish of Naas (in the barony of North Naas), Co. Kildare, was carried out in 1829. It lists landholder No. 33 as Terence McDonald, whose holding totaled 82 Acres- 2 Roods – 7 Perches and on which a Tithe of £5 - 3 - 2 per annum was due. 1 The following report gives an indication of the civil opposition and agrarian unrest in County Kildare and adjacent areas for the year 1832 – 3. At a tithe meeting in Monasterevan, the parishes of Monasterevan, Kildangan, Nurney and Lacca, forming the union of Monasterevan met on 5 Feb at the school house in Monasterevan to petition the legislature to remove the present causes of complaint under the odious and unjust Tithe System in Ireland. (Leinster Express Sat 11 Feb, 1832) Imperial Parliament; House of Commons Mr. Grattan presented a petition for several parishes in the counties of Wicklow and Carlow, praying for the abolition of Tithes. (Leinster Express, Sat 25 Feb, 1832) Also in the same issue A party of armed Whitefeet killed Jeremiah Farrell, tenant of Kavanagh of Borris, at Garnagully, about 4 miles from Castlecomer (Co. Kilkenny)…… blowing out his brains……on his knees in the presence of his family they held up a candle and said to the inmate ‘Look at us and try if you know us and prosecute us if you dare’. The deceased had taken land from which a person named Walsh had been evicted for non-payment of rent. Imperial Parliament, House of Lords Lord King presented petitions for parishes in Wicklow and Diocese of Leighlin praying for an abolition of tithes. He said he agreed with many sentiments contained there-in and expressed his conviction that it was impossible to maintain the present tithe system by coercion. Lord Cloncurry supported the petition. (Leinster Express, 3 March, 1832) A requisition notice for a meeting at the Curragh, Co. Kildare on 6 March 1832 was signed by a typical cross section of people who took part in the agitation:- E. Ruthven, J.P. , landowner, liberal Protestant politician and later M.P. for Kildare; Fr. Doyle P.P. Naas who was later prosecuted for anti-Tithe speeches; J.P. Hickey, shopkeeper, Naas; B. O’Callaghan; P O’Callaghan; S Farrelly; P Farrell; M Synnott – all shopkeepers in Naas; Fr. Lawler, PP Baltinglass; J Fitzgerald and C Flood, miller, Naas. Imperial Parliament, House of Commons Mr. M O’Ferrell presented a petition for Queens Co. praying for an alternative to the Tithe Laws. A similar petition was presented by Sir Henry Parnell. (Leinster Express, 7 April, 1832) Monasterevan Petty Sessions 150 of the parishioners were summoned by the churchwarden for non-payment of church cess (tithe). The case was dismissed. (Leinster Express, 21 April, 1832) State of the Country Whitefeet took arms from Mr. Green, Kilkea, Mr. Le Clarias and several farmers assembled and they paraded (about 300) in Moone to the great terror of peaceful inhabitants. The country is completely in the power of the rabble. No man dare mention an opinion contrary to the midnight rulers under pain of certain death. The magistrates and gentry have lost all confidence in the government. 2 (Leinster Express, 12 May 1832) At Athgoe, Mr. Grayden of Newcastle served notice that if he paid the tithes no man would be allowed to cut his harvest or work for him in any other manner. This he disregarded and in consequence every employee left his work – they numbered about 100. The cows were left unmilked. At a meeting Mr. Grayden expressed his deep regret at having opposed the wishes of the people and promised that in future he would not pay tithe. The men then returned to work. Others, including Mr. Read of Newcastle and Mr. Ebbs of Rathcoole, did likewise. (Leinster Express, 14 July 1832) Murder of a Protestant Clergyman Rev. George Houston, Rector of the Glebe House, Feighcullen near Rathangan was murdered. It was in his parish that a police camp was set up to protect parish tithe keepers and who consequently enabled Mr. Houston to get his income. He was an inoffensive old man, nearly 80 years of age and guilty of no severity or offence save that of collecting his tithe, his only support. Mr. Pomeroy, Capt. Flinter, Major Tandy and Mr. Townend of the police have arrived. Several have been taken up. (Leinster Express, 3 Nov 1832) Rev. Mr. Spray of Kinneagh, Co. Kildare had impounded pigs in the yard of his house for tithes which were due ………… he was followed by a mob, who threatened to burn down his house if he didn’t release the pigs. This he promptly did. Although he knew some of the crowd who had ashplants and pitchforks he refused to give evidence against them. Later he moved to Baltinglass. (Leinster Express, 30 Nov 1831) The accounts for the counties of Kilkenny, Kildare, Carlow, Westmeath, Longford continue to pourtray (sic) increesed (sic) symptoms of the deplorable system to which society is reduced in every quarter. (Leinster Express, 2 February 1833) On Saturday last at midday three armed men went into the house of Mr. John Simpson, land steward of Moone-abbey, Moone. They took one gun. Then they went to the home of the game keeper William Davis, but his firearms were fortunately sent away. The county of Kildare is in as disturbed a state as any of the neighbouring counties. (Leinster Express, 9 Feb 1833) On Saturday night or Sunday morning, a party of armed men attacked the house of Thomas Cross, respectable farmer, living at Ballyna near Prosperous. They demanded his arms….. and he refused……….they fired into his house. Cross returned fire and shot a young man named Philip Gerathy who was carried by his party to his father’s home near Milerstown, Robertstown and thrown on a dunghill. He was still alive when found at daylight by his mother. He died 1 ½ hours later. He was traced by his blood by a police party from Prosperous. An inquest found that Mr. Cross shot Philip Gerathy defending his property. Cross had one man in his house named Alcock who refused to assist his master. (Leinster Express, 6 April 1833) 3 We are pained to find that County Kildare is this winter likely to be subject to its dreadful reign. (Leinster Express, 2 Nov 1833) Also in this issue On 24 (Thurs) a large party of armed men attacked the dwelling of a man named Litchfield at Usk (between Ballitore and Kilcullen). He tried to escape through the back window but became stuck. His attackers pulled him out breaking his jawbone and legs. They carded him and dragged him in a most savage manner around the house. The unfortunate man still lingers but no hopes of his recovery are entertained. Nobody was caught. Carding was a vicious lacerating of the back perpetrated by agrarian secret societies in which a tool for combing wool was used.
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