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Les Cités, As Favelas, and the Projects: International Law Obligations in Combating Racialized Police Brutality in French, Braz

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Les Cités, As Favelas, and the Projects: International Law Obligations in Combating Racialized Police Brutality in French, Braz Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito (RECHTD) 4(2):110-130, julho-dezembro 2012 © 2012 by Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/rechtd.2012.42.02 Les cités, as favelas, and the projects: International Law obligations in combating racialized police brutality in French, Brazilian, and American ghettos Les cités, como favelas, e os projetos: obrigações do Direito Internacional na luta contra a brutalidade policial racista em guetos franceses, brasileiros e americanos Cherine Foty1 Université Panthéon-Assas, França Comparative Law Institute of Paris [email protected] Abstract Police brutality is a problem that plagues countries across the globe. All too frequent- ly the victims of police abuse are racial minorities in their respective countries. This paper investigates the notion that international treaty obligations against torture, racial discrimination, and the violation of civil and political rights, when ratified, make state parties liable for systemic acts of racialized police brutality within their terri- tory. It will analyze the treaty obligations of each country (the United States, France, and Brazil) which stem from their ratification of three treaties: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, The Conven- tion Against Torture, and The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. A discussion of how race is framed as well as the institutionalization of racism in each of the three societies in question will be followed by an evaluation of the practice of police brutality along racial lines. The United States has a traditionally binary concept of race, and Blacks and Latinos are subjected to disparate treatment at every stage of the criminal process. France adopts the notion of “colorblindness,” however the po- lice’s use of excessive and lethal force against Arab and African suspects is conducted without fear of serious repercussions. And while Brazil sees itself as a “racial Utopia,” non-white Brazilians are disproportionately beaten, tortured, imprisoned, and killed by Brazilian police. Finally, the paper will address the possibility of legal redress for the violation of the above treaties through the practice of racialized police brutality by the United States, France, and Brazil. Key words: police brutality, racial minorities, favela, ghetto, treaty obligations Resumo A brutalidade policial é um problema que aflige os países em todo o mundo. Frequentemente vítimas de abuso policial são minorias raciais em seus respectivos países. Este artigo investiga a noção que as obrigações dos tratados internacionais contra a tortura, a discriminação racial e a violação dos direitos civis e políticos, 1 Université Panthéon-Assas. 12 place Panthéon, 75005 Paris, France. Foty | Les cités, as favelas, and the projects quando ratificadas, fazem o estado responsável por atos sistêmicos de brutalidade policial no seu território. O artigo analisa as obrigações do tratado de cada país (os Estados Unidos, França e Brasil), que decorrem da ratificação de três tratados: Convenção Internacional sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Racial, a Convenção contra a Tortura, e no Pacto Internacional sobre os Direitos Civis e Políticos. Primeiramente, há uma discussão sobre como a raça é definida as- sim como sera analisado como ocorre a institucionalização do racismo em cada uma das três sociedades em questão e, na sequência, sera feita uma avaliação da prática da brutalidade policial considerando as diferentes raças. Os Estados Unidos têm um conceito tradicionalmente binário de raça, e os negros e latinos são submetidos a tratamento diferenciado em todas as fases do processo criminal. A França adota a noção de “daltonismo”. No entanto, a polícia usa força excessiva e letal contra sus- peitos árabes e africanos, sem receio de repercussões graves. Enquanto o Brasil se vê como uma “utopia racial” os brasileiros não-brancos são desproporcionalmente espancados, torturados, presos e mortos pela polícia brasileira. Por fim, o artigo irá abordar a possibilidade de reparação legal para a violação dos tratados mencionados por meio da prática de brutalidade policial racista praticada pelos Estados Unidos, França e Brasil. Palavras-chave: brutalidade policial, minorias raciais, favela, gueto, tratado de obrigações. Introduction goslavia and Rwanda. These tribunals were successful in quietly prosecuting mid and high-level offenders of hu- Police brutality is a problem that plagues many man rights, establishing a historical record of the crimes countries across the globe. All too frequently the vic- committed, and allowing for the vindication of victims tims of police abuse are racial minorities in their re- by their day in court with stark numbers of witnesses spective countries. Police forces, rather than protecting testifying. The tribunals were effective in allowing insti- racial minorities often target them as lowly elements tuting closure for the effected communities, and con- of society, meant to be kept in line. They are stripped tributed to the development of international law by ap- of their dignity, autonomy, and basic rights and placed plying legal principles that were formerly only abstractly in a different category where they are stigmatized, ha- articulated. Additionally, international human rights law rassed, and abused. This article will investigate the no- has been quite successful on the regional level. The Eu- tion that international treaty obligations against torture, ropean Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American racial discrimination, and the violation of civil and po- Court of Human Rights have ruled on an enormous litical rights, when ratified, make state parties liable for magnitude of human rights cases, resulting in the incor- systemic acts of racialized police brutality within their poration of human rights principles into domestic law. territory. Additionally, there have been numerous convictions for Many skeptics argue that international human the torture of individuals, such as Chuckie Taylor’s con- rights law is an ineffective means for addressing hu- viction in Florida in 2008 for the torture of scores of man rights violations. How can the international human Liberians, and the Second Circuit conviction of Américo rights community be effective at addressing problems Norberto Peña Irala for the murder by torture of Joseli- as minimal as racial discrimination and police brutality, to Filártiga in Paraguay. The triumphs of the international if it is unable to resolve catastrophes as extensive as human rights system have not been as greatly publicized genocide? This type of argument greatly undermines as the failures; however there has been a plenitude of the significant accomplishments of international human positive accomplishments globally. rights law, which go unacknowledged publicly. While in- Given the general move of the world to an in- ternational human rights failures are objects of constant creasingly international plane, there is a real possibility public scrutiny, the international human rights system for change regarding international law’s acceptance, in has achieved great triumphs, such as the creation of ad the future. Globalization, in all of its forms, has contrib- hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yu- uted to the increased prominence of international law in Revista de Estudos Constitucionais, Hermenêutica e Teoria do Direito (RECHTD), 4(2):110-130 111 Foty | Les cités, as favelas, and the projects domestic arenas. This trend will only increase with time, Next, this review will evaluate the practice of and the United States is part of that trend. The impor- police brutality along racial lines. In the United States, tance of treaty obligations will continue to expand and Blacks and Latinos are subjected to disparate treatment perhaps in the future, fundamental violations of Ameri- at every stage of the criminal process. In France the po- can, French, and Brazilian treaty obligations will be more lice’s use of excessive and lethal force against Arab and substantially addressed. African suspects is conducted without fear of serious Loïc Wacquant, in his book “Urban Outcasts,” repercussions, whereas in Brazil, non-white Brazilians explains the context in which race and police brutality are disproportionately beaten, tortured, imprisoned, must be viewed (Wacquant, 2008, p. 12). He states: and killed by Brazilian police. Finally, the article will address the possibility of [Ghettos] ... are mere warehouses for supernumerary legal redress for the violation of the CERD, CAT, and populations that no longer have any identifiable politi- ICCPR treaties through the practice of racialized police cal or economic utility in the new polarized capitalism brutality by the United States, France, and Brazil. … [and] are spatial containers for the ostracization of undesirable social categories and activities... As the ‘frontline’ agency and frowning face of the state di- Treaty obligations rectly turned down towards precarious and marginal categories, the police... have again been entrusted, not The United States, France, and Brazil have each only with maintaining public order, but also, in a very signed and ratified the following treaties: The Interna- concrete sense that returns it to the historic mission tional Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of of its origin, to buttress the new social order woven Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) (United Nations High out of vertiginous inequalities and to check the tur-
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