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described terms, traditional rural and the linguistic be between society in in national might centers; terms, Brazilian of geographical ways, between study in in the society; many terms, indigenous on cultural in based in adaptation that, between’: and ‘in community change cultural Amazonian of an issues explores work This Introduction nheengatu ienFloydSimeon Change Cultural and Chronology Epistemology, Depolarizing Amazonian of Brazil: Ways Negro, Rio the Termson Local and Times Changing nmgcadsaaim r‘they or shamanism’ and magic in cutrto;rc n ethnicity; and race physicalacculturation; and social the ambiguity.Keywords: of and knowledge for complexity of resources non-linear provides its fields capturing discourse shifting better Amazonian in environments, process, about situated linear as talking a change for cultural as describing framed use Amazon often people have the alike in Amazonian discourses change academic rural and the these popular look between While that ethnographic change. space cultural an terms a takes non-polarizing paper negotiate This the skillfully ‘acculturated.’ at and inhabitants ‘traditional’ whose of Castanheiro, extremes region,polar of Amazon Northwest town famous the ethnographically is the from downstream and Manaus , o 2No. ´ , supernatural; ; etme 2007September otws mzn rzl i er;clua change; cultural Negro; Rio Brazil; Amazon; Northwest , p 111–140pp. paje ´ ; curupira caboclo still nieosdiscourse; indigenous ; pa h nieoslnug, u it but language,’ indigenous the speak ß 07Tyo Francis & Taylor 2007 lı ´ gageral ngua still ; believe brought toyouby provided byMPG.PuRe CORE Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 iaywy htpol na mzncmuiycntutterdistinct their construct community Amazon as elsewhere. an decidedly sometimes in are less people configurations, the origins of some that whose reveals cultural Negro thought Rio ways the on of non-linear patterns binary discursive school them bewilderingly at put look a and in ethnographic history, An with disciplinary articulation this in of dialogue points points particular into which some in earlier revisit change will cultural recalled I fashion. about have thought attempt also anthropological ideas will of I areold history town, of Amazon certain that an a negotiations in tensions trace the thought of to of tracing ways full discussion changing and a interactions, ideas Through social persistent analytically. negotiated resolve components through as to basic lived challenging are forms that as can ambiguities paradigms, culture discourse and Western contradictions of some the Amazonian unlike with epistemology peoples, nimbly on Amazonian Negro quite the Rio acrossdeal that of draw found discourse Indians I the will polarities. in un-become these reflected I up and breaking space moments, for become resource multidirectional a and people a places where as different but identity, Indianness constructing from for away progression unidirectional si eiiiie nieoskoldeb lcn ti oiiitchronology positivist a in issue, for ‘rationality.’ it of epistemological placing useful favor in an by it abandoned progressively is knowledge find is it ‘superstition’ indigenous resources where heart deligitimizes indigenous its it on At persistentas is counterclaims. claims chronotope The indigenous making now.’ discrediting pants and those claim: them; wear of all land because few they they a or – large just largely car, Indians for he your real kilometers a stop hundred even when A to with aren’t you. allowed they at tendency people not spears are their indigenous waving this you out and of come in highway, to of acquaintance group kilometers dimension An hundred small ‘A political flows. a and problematic about styles complained a cultural destabilize revealed modern who Indians in Manaus of authenticity visit engaging a the like by questioned is have community stereotypes indigenous Others an age.’ in ‘stone time the spending if to than a me More as asked 1983). (Fabian, have seen development people human sometimes few of a was stages previous ethnography to early time’ in popular temporality; back ‘trip present ‘uneducated’ ‘constructing of of of outside way to sites a other’ as primary limited change its cultural the of is model of evolutionary one linear perspective this been it of circulation historically While a has civilized.’ such already discourse are anthropological one that here discourse, Negro, people seem Rio ‘the sometimes that the observed may on he mouth nearby in relatively, town river Indians’; larger the a civilizing a there, past up missionaries floated are ‘There we remarked, traveler As happenings (1981). random sequentiality structures under- and into and discourse through pervasive circulates a that ‘chronotope,’ chronology a lying terms Bakhtin what change. like unconscious operating of held everywhere, direction deeply and where a nature timeline, the reveals the in of located, inevitability side usually of left are sense the membership features towards of nation cultural features modern traditional the the placing in of participation markedness and inherent The Portuguese.’ speak ‘they 112 odsrb h i ewe’saeo ua mzna epenta an as not people Amazonian rural of state between’ ‘in the describe To ndsoreaotidgnu utr nBai,rnig ln h ieieare timeline the along rankings Brazil, in culture indigenous about discourse In still .FloydS. ac eeiin r‘they or television’ watch still eiv nWsenmdcn’o ‘they or medicine’ Western in believe indios ‘nin’,sometimes (‘Indians’), 1 caboclos still Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 i er,clua rcie n esetvso pie epe iethe elements like with Bele people, and concert Manaus of in upriver middle cities operate the populous of On can change. partiality. above, perspectives patterns. of cultural passage and trajectory downriver and the with linear tension associated practices in a conflict in of rules cultural into other grandfather’s relations come the Negro, not by in need one Rio exist perspectives replaced adopted be to recently or and allowed held are Traditionally multiplicity and a eouae,hsoial rsn nieosgop a endcmtdand decimated been had groups Negro indigenous opportunistic Rio middle present the the of historically much down, depopulated, died century, finally was 20th extraction early rubber the of geographically In chaos often grandparents. the are the when Castanheiro, of of homes families the towards the upstream, for anchored things, doing of ways old The Downriver and Upriver to and Amazon. the terms, change in and local groups contact by cultural indigenous of provided and problem changes resources rural classic cultural the among the of describe of aspects to dynamic some attempt some highlight using will I by sections heterodoxies following and the In people’). [our] rdetvle of values gradient hybgnt etr akdwrvr onigcmuiislk Castanheiro, like peoples. Arawak communities and Tukanoan founding upriver slowly from downriver, upper boom; ancestries of rubber back the tell the people venture on of whose pressures to communities the of began indigenous some they distant spared were more tributaries Negro from Rio People 271–338). pp. infcneo h rdtoa ue nawyta osnthl hmi otatas contrast in them knowledge. hold of not way does scientific changing that ‘true’ the way a describes a for against She from grandfather, in relevance community. superstition rules current Negro ‘false’ her Teresinha their traditional Rio to for the middle notes, compared of her traditions as in significance field Negro, day those Rio present my upper at of the her 1983). meaning on from Jackson, past the a paraphrased 1977; indexing about (Silva, passage, speaks production following Castanheiro and hygiene, handling the health, for food regulations In and of systems eating complex for hunting, known is Castanheiro found comunidade ‘esns) sometimes(‘peasants’), a ontemfo h nieoscmuiiso h i er r the are Negro Rio the of communities indigenous the from downstream Far o-iaydvso ewe readutu,asaeta ol lo for allow would that scale a untrue, and true between division non-binary A h pe i er oit rmwihtedwrvrmgat aei re to order in came migrants downriver the which from society Negro Rio upper The fi,btteedy mbgnigt hn hti ih be all might true, it be that to think used to it beginning then am Back I things. days these these on but insist it, to of used Grandfather fishing. or oetruhcidit.I eddntflo h ue ecudgtsc with sick get could we rules the or follow menstruated recently not were forest had did meat dangerous who we attract of women or kinds If near Some childbirth. eat burst. without to through food would could eat prohibited gone throats We not was our could rules. it that We many and night. fear follow at forbidden, for us out well, food make as leave to water or used food, drinking reheated grandfather or our cold girl eat little not a was I When ‘u omnt’ n of and community’) (‘our estrueless seringueiros ribeirinhos or bichos oetruemore a oe oohretrrss(emn,1987, (Hemming, enterprises other to moved had rw ih get might we or , ‘ie-epe) oeie spolsfrom peoples as sometimes (‘river-people’), ´ n udeso ua omnte featuring communities rural of hundreds and m fesacrange raweecontradiction where area grey certain a offers , os otm,d gente da costume, nossa hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing panema n aen uka hunting at luck no have and estrueless ‘u utm, ‘of customs,’ (‘our . sarua ˜ nossa 113 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 on.Sm aiishv negn w rcse flnug hf within shift language of Negro Tupian processes Rio to two to Tukano barges undergone from and have ships generations, on two families the upriver throughout Some region Portuguese Tupi-speaking spreads towns. a Manaus, now of century, area 19th urban chaotic and huge the hnh ecie h uineeet fBaiinclue nldn h Tupian the today: including speak culture, Castanheiro ethnography Brazilian in classic of people his elements that in Tupian language conceptstrade the does employ describes Wagley to is he Charles traditions when as of mesh ‘fusing,’ this as describing such of way One ones. European huad fmlsiln nteRoNgo hr uaon rwk Nadahup Arawak, Tukanoan, where Negro, Rio the on (‘Maku inland miles of thousands nitiaeclaeo h bra,Tupı Iberian, the of collage intricate an 114 hog opiae rcse fcnatadaatto,adteincoming and the influences and of adaptation, share and its contact seen of has passed of processes before Negro populations prospectors long had complicated Rio to cultures downstream colonists the through the Brazilian Yet to gold, downstream. descent and from of or immigration Portuguese line to rubber recent as priests a seeking cultures trace downriver Catholic with can much From share Negro well. people Rio same the middle communities, the upriver further of people many While sadars h a,oeo huad ntegetrvr akbhn h town’s the behind Back river. great and the fields thin on manioc long thousands a the on of lie houses one of houses way, cluster another the towards across is out looks island calm. bedrock and it granite brought storm of water, harbor and beach low the a and of high other, of out currents and and the in flows in pulled to things have and that people one boats ideas, Portuguese The and and from Arawakan practices. indigenous Tupian, and the Tukanoan, transitions patterns demarcate between rigidly divisions linear to easy impossible nor no nearly are non-indigenous, there Castanheiro the like place a In oa n ftels lcsta h oenfr fcatlTupı coastal of form modern that the note that to places interesting is last it the language, of of case one the today on focusing Particularly cultures. ruh oteohridgnu epe fteAaoinitros bringing interiors, Amazonian the of peoples indigenous other Tupı the to brought and h bd faoiia utr atrs fTupı of patterns’ culture aboriginal of ‘body The h ono atner lpsdw otenrhbnso h i er,where Negro, Rio the of banks north the to down slopes Castanheiro of town The ´ mestic¸o rnmte hog lı through transmitted brgnldtisi h rcs.TeCrsinGdadteDvlwr ie h names the given were Devil the and God lı Christian The (in process. the in details aboriginal uentrl fteesm ae.Wthsadwrwle fErpa medieval European of Tupı werewolves with and identified Witches easily names. were same belief these of supernaturals flf,acluedsicieo h einadwl dpe otepriua Amazon particular the to adapted well and aboriginal way 42) region a p. These form the 1964, to [1953] of Amazon. culture (Wagley, distinctive Iberian Brazilian environment. predominantly culture the the a of life, fabric throughout Amazonof the culture with the fused to patterns rural have culture taught patterns aboriginal in of and body persisted upon a conquerors, imposed has European patterns their by Iberian population with peasant along Thus, names. naesntihbtdi brgnltmsb Tupı by times aboriginal in inhabited not areas in ihti agae aytaiin fTupı of traditions many language, this With agaeadclueit otc ihohrAeida agae and languages Amerindian other with contact into culture and language ´ )adYnmm epecniu ouetelnug ftehsoia Tupian historical the of language the use to continue people Yanomami and ’) .FloydS. ´ gagrl fTpnadJuruparı and Tupan of geral) ngua ooit safrtlnug ra otc language. contact a as or language first a as colonists mestic¸os or ´ gagrlwr ujce omdfcto n crto of accretion and modification to subjected were geral ngua caboclos farinha hwdmn mrcnfaue lnsd their alongside features American many showed ´ ´ nadArcneeet fBaiincultures. Brazilian of elements African and an oetdmn n eeas ie aboriginal given also were and demons forest ´ ohto ncaatrsiso aboriginal of characteristics on took Both . rcsighue,adfrhrbyn are beyond further and houses, processing ´ rgnsra hogotAaoi even Amazonia throughout spread origin lı ´ gageral ngua ´ npols uoenconcepts European peoples. an ´ npolswssubsequently was peoples an n hnt Portuguese. to then and , 2 a downstreamFar mznTownAmazon ´ ssoe is spoken is Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 hne;i stepiaypito ria n eatr fpol n od nmn Amazonian many in goods and and contacts people cultural of of departure site and a arrival is of beach point The primary communities. the etc. is clothes, it washing changes; bathing, containers, water filling einn igitcivsiain ihsekr of speakers with investigations linguistic beginning Sa to north waters the plying two, Large or fishing. day for every preferred by lagoons and pass streams barges the and and boats lands hunting forested the 1Figure n rncie icus ilcmlmn hs et oso oeo h asthat my ways in the recorded of them of some examples of show few to A log texts state. those running mediated complement that a will in discourse keep here transcribed them to and cite began I and I journal, that field thoroughly so understandings ( hlrn oa,ms ftetw soeetne family. extended abandoned one is an town the of the founded of Tukanos, site most all Today, the siblings, children. in on younger axes, her community, a and several neighbors; and their new television on Marcilha of a out relatives Dona the spread ago with are townsfolk generation Houses house Most generator. lines. meeting perpendicular a and community parallel by school a a powered is and antenna there town chapel parabolic the Catholic in organiza- prominent: a major are and culture house, conduits relatively air national The an Brazilian a of have inaccessibility. styles With particularly or tional not confluence. isolation does geographical Amazon Castanheiro remoteness, door, the of front and its at Manaus passing at thoroughfare terminus the to oasadterwy ftligaottewrd ihri otgeeo,a iewent time know as to or, getting Portuguese basic in while documentation either camera world, in linguistic the off about that had on, talking about of I ways language directly conversations their the and on not how locals draws of is rather records paper some but This make project, to there. order spoken in community was home their visit to Tawa rie nCsahiob oigaogsm ftesm aiynetworks family same the of some along moving by Castanheiro in arrived I n ot oSnaIae ( Isabel Santa to south and ) pie.The Upriver. lı ´ gageral ngua garapa ´ . 4 ( porto oeo hs ovrain hlegdm own my challenged conversations these of Some nPruus) rnt ec sdfrmoigcanoes, mooring for used beach granite a Portuguese); in Tapurakwara hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing n ute oBreo n finally and Barcelos to further and ) lı fazenda ´ gageralngua ihtersossand spouses their with , nMnu,Iarranged I Manaus, in ˜ Gabriel o 3 after; 115 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 suso utrlcag n ne-ru otc ndvretrs including terms, diverse in traditions contact folklore the outlooks, Generally inter-group and more. 1985a, attitudes and and address culture, Parker, studies material change These 1985; relationships, 2002). ecological cultural Anderson, 1993, 1974; of Nugent, 1985; (Moran, issues Wesche, in Amazon peasants 1985; of Weinstein, the studies 1985b; of of number a regions writers, offered Other have different Wagley, 1953). of Watson, students 1974; several 1964, including [1953] (Wagley, society national Brazilian ebr ontietf sIdasa l,atog hi pue n hlrnmight. Vaupe children the are and jungle spouses the their into although deeper community all, and few at upriver Indians a Further as them; the identify in among not to prominent distinctions do become fixed members rights can blurring identities spaces the and and Reserve terms times with Indigenous Other different Negro in. and Rio included Middle is FUNAI the Castanheiro up that organization make that waters indigenous and lands state community the of services oa em a etertclrsucsfrfeigotnwapoce othe to approaches new out feeling for identity. resources indigenous of theoretical conceptions be of depolarization can terms local 116 and indios rcse fclua hneado utrltasiso n erdcinare reproduction and transmission cultural of where and and shift, change meanings their cultural as multidimensionality of even some complex important processes led the remain has traditions acknowledge populations which that tothough Amazonian tribal perspectives in more to research from studiesethnographers recent movement Earlier More linear change. a acculturated. cultural tracing more terms, of evolutionary accounts employed different often offered have authors different oprdt te rusi h ra h epeo atner a aibyor variably can Castanheiro of people the area, the when in ‘acculturated’ be or groups simultaneously ‘civilized’ other considered to often but compared Indians as recognized Legally oei nabgosae ewe nieosadrural and indigenous between area can peoples ambiguous Negro Rio an Middle in reside. groups move indigenous ‘traditional’ or ‘tribal’ more nin Wge,[93 96,ltrsitdhsfcsadcle o eerhon research rivers for Tupı wider or called the on Portuguese and towns rural larger focus the spoke in his living Tapirapewho those shifted the population, like later neglected groups previously indigenous 1976), a of [1943] ethnographer an (Wagley, as Indians Brazil in work his started etr fteAao ouain h itr f‘cutrtd Indians, ‘acculturated’ other of of mixture study the the population, undertook Amazon scholars Wagley, the Charles of of sectors work the around century n cutrto eg apr 15]17;Blu,[94 96 lvia 1974; Oliveira, 1976; [1964] Baldus, 1976; and change cultural [1957] Levi-Strauss, on of Caspar, sub-focus Galva tales, a those (e.g. including explorers’ today, like acculturation emphasis century studies of and area 19th ethnographic an be the century to 20th continuing and early accounts to colonial leading with beginning peoples, rrrlppltoswt nieosroots; indigenous with populations rural or h osa rzla antema ela ihtegop fteAao interior. Amazon the of groups Levi-Strauss, the as with as well as mainstream Brazilian coastal the h epeo atner lentvl dniyas identify alternatively Castanheiro of people The ieaueo h rzla mznrfet rdtoa ou nisindigenous its on focus traditional a reflects Amazon Brazilian the on Literature ic h ineigwr fatrplgsswrigi h rzla neirsuch interior Brazilian the in working anthropologists of work pioneering the Since ˜ nordeste ,17,17) naohrbd fltrtr,wihdvlpdltri h 20th the in later developed which literature, of body another In 1979). 1976, o, r‘nin. nieosiett fe eoe ain ncneto with connection in salient becomes often identity Indigenous ‘Indians.’ or , .FloydS. mirnssmtmsrfre ognrlyas generally to referred sometimes immigrants 6 ac ier,EuroGalva Eduardo Ribeiro, Darcy indios , caboclo caboclos ouaini rmda hrn oefaue with features some sharing as framed is population rsimplyor ´ n h fe neatdwt gnso the of agents with interacted often who and 5 brasileiros ribeirinhos ˜ ,CalsWge n tes many others, and Wagley Charles o, caboclos . ´ ieal rvrdelr’ and ‘river-dwellers’; literally , n aoaiaeswhere areas Yanomami and s emue for used term a , caboclo caboclos identifications. aly who Wagley, . mestic¸os mestic¸os ´ , Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 1prcn fia,4 e etAeida n 5prcn acsi none in Caucasoid cent per 35 and Amerindian cent populations: per Caucasoid 44 and Amerindian African, African, cent of per percentages 21 into down break itr Oier,19) hl h term the While their throughout 1999). boundaries these (Oliveira, crossing actors, history different by moments different at td nild‘tncamxuecnrbtoso w mzna populations’ Amazonian two of contributions one admixture example, (Ferreira For ‘Ethnic possibilities. unsettling entitled sometimes study and innovative up opened have place. Amazonian its of in something narrative social construct to old ways the for an looking negotiations, watching and them, these history, before dissolve their in societies confronting Enmeshed also which value. in are ways truth sciences the in establish and find subjects discourses these about not native our talk people anchoring do how and suggests in 3) He firmly who (p. understanding contradiction. altogether describes necessary and paradox in (1991) traditional/acculturated be self-identifications the Gow to abandoning ‘indigenous’ Amazon, between and Peruvian ‘mixed’ move like the oldcategories frequently of area who resuscitate emerging one an people In is to ‘ex-indigenous’ 2003). where histories Amazon, (Gow, for the identity of ongoing community also parts opting is other process in opposite their simultaneous indigenousness, The and 2004). (French, into generic purposes new for looking rejected denominations have ethnicities, people named some indigenousness, el fhwadco rmtesaehat evc re oels e xetiptin input expert her enlist to tried service health Guaranı state the urban anthropologist from One doctor identifying 2001). a Warren, how & 2004; of the (Oliveira, tells (LePage of coast peoples diffused among eastern especially more Indians, populated Brazilian densely or of the count swelled focused total has the more of self-identification numbers indigenous census both of be resurgence A can 1985). ofTabouret-Keller, identities forms where spaces Amazonian in to address. few they looking a problems of the show advantage to studies orientation methodological innovative for These the understanding and 685). using narratives p. for in 2002, ways (Fausto, crystallized case rituals’ experiences, a in dreaming ontologicalrepresented historical as deep-rooted on on such ‘based and understandings Brazilian encounters, of assumptions the out of epistemological grew representatives confusion Turner, with where basic meetings 1993; state, first on (Pace, group’s indigenous mediums focused one new describing have the inhabited Some of have the2002). number forms and being A technologies expressive is new 2002). their with ‘tradition’ encounters ways Ruedas, that peoples’ 2004; indigenous ways described (Oakdale, the have studies dynamically of reworked aspect that and an ways refigured new articulated, with is integrated becoming leadership traditional are indigenous speech which shamanic in as processes such noted forms discourse have writers Several simultaneously. undergone eti omnt hr a ug fIda dniyso fe visiting a indigenous after many soon had considered identity be culture can Indian Populations local 132). of the p. 2004, surge that Filho, (Barretto observation a features the was made there anthropologist community certain a rmrl otgee snenwta hydntg rudnkdayoe rwear or anymore, naked (Ferreira around tell’ go to don’t hard it’s they feathers, that now ‘since Portuguese; primarily enhl e ehdlge fee ytebooia cecssc sgenetics as such sciences biological the by offered methodologies new Meanwhile h utrlpoesso en,ntbig eoigo ebcmn ninoperate Indian re-becoming or becoming being, not being, of processes cultural The tal et ,20)ue eei apigt hwhwto‘rhbi populations’ ‘trihybrid two how show to sampling genetic uses 2002) ., ´ epei h Sa the in people talet ,20,p 3) nte rtrdsrbshwin how describes writer Another 130). p. 2002, ., hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing ˜ al ra ayo hmspeak whom of many area, Paulo o caboclo sgnrlyascae with associated generally is indio or caboclo 117 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ftesm itrcl eelgcladgorpi nhr on nteRoNegro Rio the on value. found and truth anchors negotiate constructed geographic discursively some and is use to genealogical landscape’ people historical, where ‘supernatural same town, a the Amazonian of which rural Portuguese-speaking by a means describe in (2004) maintained primary Pinho and the what Chernela of as supernatural. ways value or talk truth the magical the of the establish supernatural, some call Castanheiro might accessing what of the outsiders people for about the strategy of the like speaking a Amazonians of is rural terms to that events ways supernatural in by local referred considered to culture be ‘superstition’ often might Attending Amazonian to contrasts. have applied rural epistemological observers making value of truth Non-Amazonian elements gradient earlier. indigenous of cited concepts Teresinha, the like resources, nteohr ifrn rmtecat htCalsWge aei h 1950s, the in made Wagley Charles that charts Caucasoid cent the like per categories from 63 racial and Different mapping Amerindian other. cent per the 12 in African, cent per 25 population; 118 aei xlctta a oudrtn h tr as story participants the the understand a children, to from her was of excerpt I some transcription that to following explicit story the a it original In telling made the in. Marcilha from Dona them translated of heard she therecording had which of of she learned some had one that she grandparents, Tukano that Marcilha, and stories parents Dona many related her commerce. Castanheiro, from current of revealing and community the region, networks of the founders in inter-group pervasive historical cross-linguistically are and and that forms story telling of circulation of wide ways a is There downstream. from traditions Portuguese lmnsi oenAaoinppltosi ulttv em sloigto looking is terms qualitative in cultural discourse different populations cultural the of Amazonian about considering patterns for talking modern way for in good frameworks a alternative elements terms, for methodological today In look change? we can are Where Truth exact resist of Topographies and yielding description biological, defy sometimes re-combinations, that social, ambiguities geographical, changes, are revealing often quantification. described and cultural more be but spiritual which percentages, can be material, by to pressures are technological, and terms this that at parallelisms correlations defined The clearly of adaptations, be to kinds moment. yet The have or studies way? data, emergent genetic biological some and purely ethnographic in between as meaningful found taken culturally be grounding information it a this claim is rather Should but science. constructions, these biological social 132), considered p. in be 1964, to [1953] (Wagley, not identity are gender categories and positions class onto (‘black’) trtle:Suasu the with connection experiential member’s Storyteller: family a story. the to of location geographical connection a through h egbrn ptemTkn n rwkgroups, Arawak and Tukano upstream neighboring the tre byStories .FloydS. lı ´ gageral ngua h eri h hl fadvl hysay. they devil, a of child the is deer The 7 n utrlepeso o ecitv n interpretive and descriptive for expression cultural and paeso h i er hr aytee ihtoeof those with themes many share Negro Rio the on speakers ´ yuruparı branco ´ raı 8 ´ ra (‘white’), paa ´ . moreno 9 reinformationtrue swl swt h uinand Tupian the with as well as (‘brown’), caboclo svalidated as , and preto Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ihlnae otelcllnsae oeteueo h vdnilrpriemarker reportive evidential the of use the Note landscape. paa local the to linkages with trtle:Kwaa Storyteller: o:Yuruparı Son: onigt h otws,weeteSraNbiarssoto h i er plains. Negro Rio the of out rises Neblina Serra the where Northwest, the to pointing 2Figure oeo the of home trtle:Yrpr usu Yurupari Storyteller: agtr Renhee Daughter: aclatlsu hthrgado a enaltewyt the to way the all been has grandson her that us tells Marcilha ´ udrie) bu neprln,awyo eoitn n hrn orally sharing and negotiating of way a line, per once about (underlined), oaMrih rcstevrct fhrsoyoe h egahcllnsae h is She landscape. geographical the over story her of veracity the traces Marcilha Dona yuruparı ´ n a ofre h rtfleso h vnsi h story the in events the of truthfulness the confirmed has and , ae,te a,a httm,te a ewn,ta ei,te say they devil, that went, he say they time, that at say, they Later, elhmta hsi resoy hysay they story, true a is this that him Tell h i devil big The nodrt euewmn osdc elpol,ta ei,te say they devil, that people, real Asuı seduce to women, seduce to order in ysn temIyusana h soyo)de;u hr tedvl aeata,te say they trap, a made devil) Nhaa (the there up deer; of) (story The hsi resoy tsgood it’s story, true a is This i rpi pi hs onan,te a,teoe aldSraNeblina Serra called ones the say, they Suasu mountains, these in up is trap His h ei went devil The ´ ´ ´ ´ paa a-kitı , kunha itrartw,katu retewa, historia ´ ´ xupe ´ kwaa wasu ´ ´ ´ ´ . paa rese paa -a ´ kwaa ´ ˜ . . . hora ´ ´ ´ kwaa umunha paa ´ paa ´ paa ´ nmrr paaenamorari ´ wtr,SraNbiatanhee Neblina Serra iwitera, ´ itraretewa. historia usu-a ´ ´ hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing iyusana. ? seremiariru (?) – (?)– ˜ paa ´ ygado,h ettee esaid he there, went he grandson, my nhaa ´ iartw rese retewa mira , ´ . yurupari. ´ ae ´ paa ´ ´ er NeblinaSerra usu waa ´ ´ nhaa . ´ . ´ , yuruparı . . . . the, ´ 119 . . Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 niomn hr ntesoe fa nrosywd tec fteRoNegro. Rio the community notes: of of tale field stretch his my paraphrased wide in I enormously reminisce, history member an new community the of one with to shores interacted Listening they the town, on new their there built environment and community a as together came spraua’big.Tesoyelradhrduhe retaon nothese into around orient daughter the I, her that sure about and make story to a elements storyteller tangible of value The truth beings. the situates establishing in ‘supernatural’ Marcilha involved are Dona elements that genealogical and place far-off that known in are is and of It story. ‘unbaptized,’ extreme her shamans. as an powerful to inhabit referred locals, their are Negro sometimes for mountains Rio are The some Negro. culture, Rio for forest the who, traditional from peoples day Yanomami clear a to on home visible just are foothills whose NeblinaSerra aher n h ooba odraogteVaupe the along border Colombian the and Cachoeira irnsfo pie lcsaloe h einbtentetw fSa by of town mid-century the repopulated between was region the town the of The over left all century. sometime is places 20th deserted that upriver the been from all of 138–139). have migrants are decades pp. to descendants first 1972, appears their the which [1889] of in Castanheiro, (Wallace, some of days his and founders few and settlers European a farmer these Portuguese for of a graves stayed found The he he whom century with mid-19th family, the in Castanheiro passed family. and history space, of experiences h tr as story the rnmte nomto Iofra prxmt rnlto s‘hysay’). ‘they as translation approximate an offer (I information transmitted 120 alya a optAaoinwy ftligaotsca hneinto change social about talking Charles of of ways work Amazonian the to put return negotiate to will people way section Negro This Rio a world. that as changing ways Wagley a some show in values to began truth sections previous The are their of creatures nature Magic such to the Science change less From they as If trees down big ecology. cut fewer environment. people are local their there that that on trees the fact impact inhabit, into the to to of back connected them be creature features for may the the it of in days, send inhabitants these dangerous rooted to encountered or fantastic able the are the on was experience forest forest and member of discourse sector community In that woods. creature extracting one the the through for town, and habitat trunk, vital of a its been edge on have thump to to seems came tree The that tree. old the and gravesites h xhnei h atfwlnso h rncitaoesoshwgeographical how shows above transcript the of lines few last the in exchange The paiin fforest of Apparitions hnBiihntrls .R alc,acneprr n redo Darwin, of friend and contemporary a Wallace, R. A. naturalist British When h ra redw n undi.Fo hno h noisy the on then From chopped and it. went burned he so and sound, down the of tree enough great had had the men the of one day One THUMPs! vrt h eto onteeue ob neomu rena h rvso the of graves the near tree or enormous an ghost be hear of to to used kind Castanheiro used in people some there the sunset town around evening of Every colonists. Portuguese west the to Over .FloydS. retewa sadsatmuti ag nteVnzea odrt h north, the to border Venezuelan the on range mountain distant a is r‘re’Teraiyo rdtoa nweg ste noreal into tied is knowledge traditional of reality The ‘true.’ or , bichos bicho etn ntete-rn,mkn eoniggreat resounding making tree-trunk, the on beating ikt h hscladhsoia lcso the of places historical and physical the to link kariwa wiepro) rpryunderstand properly person), (white ´ bicho n caarvr.A they As rivers. Ic¸ana and s ee returned. never ˜ are da Gabriel o 10 The Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ih perta mznaswr tpaedo cec,a hysee to seemed they as science, it of hindsight ahead with step back to a to Looking were communities adapt 252–255). Amazonians to and failure that pp. houses a appear 1964, to their might attributes ([1953] some he in that causality that DDT notes hesitation scientific Wagley a spray lines. mosquitoes, to straight malarial of fromcombat hesitant instead strategies acculturation webs were of of and Amazonians timeline spirals combinations the in defy form patterning systems, to by knowledge indigenous adaptations and Western parallel both of United civilization’ in or own logics information, ‘our causational of different account between obvious tension most good society. the continued very only States is the one-way a evolutionists of This Amazonian and not rural creationists example science. between is to of battles apply it reasoning where to either, true knowledge; difficult the is of perspectives by systems changing revealed of be model will sequential thus and untrue cec,wihcam oeadmr ftesaeta h uentrlonce supernatural the for that knowledge. here of space system room scientific the unified no of a is to more entirely There way and giving more eventually occupied, claims which science, ywa ti,btb hti a n hti sasmdt ebcmn.These becoming. as be but own, to Wagley’s their assumed culture. below: of is non-Indian passage culture and it Indian cohesive what not between Town no and transition defined Amazon having in was stage as phase intermediate it a seen an what representing were 1953), by peoples (Watson, but between’ it is, ‘in saw puts it essay scholars what more one some by of the and title between’ mainstream, the urban ‘in as Amazon the be the and as to such traditional groups people appeared of traditional populations study and historically or important of rural isolated such distinct, have field The culturally scholars the as groups. Amazon peasantries of century, interesting rural the expansion mid-20th include an to in the for subjects indigenous In called change (1960) writing. cultural Redfield anthropological Robert that in ways framed been the with dialogue rcie fcrua eeso oodkoldeatrepsr onew to exposure after knowledge old to reversion circular of Practices ytm fmgclcuaiyaese sbigelpe yteepnigfedof field expanding the by eclipsed being as seen are causality magical of Systems forwyo ie stefedo cec xad,tesgeto human of segment the expands, science of steadily is field disease explanation sense’ the the ‘common 215) As control p. even 1964, or to life. ([1953] magical spherereduced. any how of upon almost depending from us way taken experience be shown might our examples has Similar of insect. be the science even of anopheles can control the malaria; through that and known causes used transmits is were natural it airs, Today to mosquito night experiments. attributed controlled out is scientifically harmful keep by rainfall Often to produced closed crops. Nowadays tightly the the malaria. room for prevent upon a rainfall Magicalto in depend sufficient ‘humors.’ increasing sleeping ensure bad to as ever or to such thought air with used precautions, bad was were place from prayers rainfall taking result and to ago, still means believed time is was malaria short and and relatively ago supernatural, a centuries began Only change view velocity. basic This replaced world events. gradually for our and have in phenomena explanations for naturalistic explanations supernatural and and scientific magical civilization own our In a hpe nild‘rmmgct cec’wihbgn ihthe with begins which science’ to magic ‘From entitled chapter a has caboclos oetrue more srpeetn wysaino Westernization,’ of station ‘way a representing as and hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing estrue less aia aslt sstrictly is causality magical ; 121 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 mdr cetfcve, mzna huh id ast oxs ihi or it a with by coexist erased to being ways necessarily finds of thought it. counter Instead Amazonian to sometimes view,’ forces. scientific and ‘modern beings supernatural with with aspol akaotitrcin ihsaas or shamans, with interactions the of into some about many sketch taken in will talk that have I and might principles. science people logical approach as reasonable, contemporary better ways to as according A just operates be line. it can the ways magic cultural that on pushing fact and spot the behind, orderly account left long an have into societies modern forms that stage a in moment, iia rwn on na18 olcino nhoooia rilson articles anthropological of form. collection explicit most 1980 its in a a out of timeline copy in the a brings parallel, presents that found a 4 acculturation in Figure drawing than civilization. rather Western past, similar modern European with the alignment in current trapped Castanheiro of community neatwt ocsadbig hthleso h mdr cetfcve’would view’ scientific ‘modern the the of characterizes holders he that supernatural, beings consider and forces with interact isl iigadatn nacrac otelgco ai ssmlrt htof that of to areas similar grey is in magic practices of cultural logic organizes the who true to Castanheiro, accordance from in ambiguousTeresinha acting of and state living a himself in and resulting concepts 243–244). and reconciled,’ to pp. categories easily 1976, in possible be time, ([1937] same ‘half-believing’ cannot was the often at it which thought of values lives witchcraft, one worlds that different the Azande say two ‘to in systems, in of contradictory himself apparently systems within immersing operate spirituality.simultaneously comprehensive after indigenous that, out and the ways seeking found coherent superficial and pilgrims Evans-Pritchard less Age magic in New ethnographer of sometimes of British and realities example occur, obvious alternative to the the known than been to also adapting has causality supernatural, on of have views could scientific environment. DDT local that the effects and poisonous neighbors, the their about them, controversies coming sense 122 mznwt h itrclcag fErpas fetvl lcn rural placing effectively Europeans, the of in change change location: of temporal historical earlier processes an history. modern the at of Amazonians equated stages with directly earlier Wagley into Amazon that by peoples acculturation Amazonian passage of banishing Another with perspectives future, models Western oncoming and unidirectional past the waning the destabilizes with perspectives truths indigenous associate gradient of webs iue3i iulrpeetto fteseai ecie ntepsaeabove, passage the in described scenario the of representation visual a is 3 Figure hl alyi ecpiei onigotwy htrrlAaoinpeople Amazonian rural that ways out pointing in perceptive is Wagley While h xeineo hl-eivn’ta vn-rthr etwe efound he when felt Evans-Pritchard that ‘half-believing’ of experience The hold who people Western of that acculturation, indigenous to scenario inverse The and etr omnte ayyasao [93 94 .252) p. 1964, ([1953] ago. years many communities Western iiiain ti tl aigpaei ayoto-h-a ein fteWestern the Ita Western of of in regions centers point out-of-the-way many a in many reached ago in has time place some process taking place scientific The took still modern World. a that is possesses one It which is one Civilization. world to the folk of magical a view from change The transition. h ol iwo h epeo Ita of people the of view world The caboclos .FloydS. oetruemore rmcmuiislk alyspednmu onIta town pseudonymous Wagley’s like communities from h ycrncda aiiyo utpessescntttdby constituted systems multiple of validity dual synchronic The . ´ n te mzncmuiisi napoesof process a in is communities Amazon other and caboclo ´ qiaett htrahdi most in reached that to equivalent seitn u ftepresent the of out existing as paje ´ s n encounters and , 11 ´ rtereal the or less Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 tognwa hyoc ee hyaelsn l fteodwrs paigin speaking words, old the of all losing are Portuguese. they in were; and once they as now strong epei atner nwta n antsn lsigi Nheengatu in blessing a sing cannot one that know Castanheiro in People hf nems ihsitn ilso nweg n oe.The power. and knowledge language of as fields such changes shifting socio-linguistic with and force, intermesh magical shift same the wield not does hsee uao eta h ateiec ftegadohrtongue. grandmother the of evidence last the as left Tukano, whispered pk uao iaaua aia uua Bare Tuyuka, Baniwa, Piratapuya, Tukano, spoke epc oWsencvlzto atadftr,a ecie n‘rmmgct cec’i Wagley’s in science’ to magic ‘From in described as future, Town and Amazon past civilization Western to respect osc hn ssaai oe;isedi sbcuepol r ogtigteold the forgetting are people because the is is of it there knowledge that instead believe The power; to skills. shamanic begun as have thing science, with such encounter no their in locals, the because ubro ls noneswt oeflbig ftefrs.I h account the In forest. the of beings had he powerful bush, with the rush, in in encounters gold recorded deep Amazon close below, time the a of of at number days months early spent a Luis the brother In Marcilha’s life. Dona jungle when of hazards the against defense from 4Figure 3Figure ewslcyt aea have to lucky was he h oe fthe of power The fi stu httepwro the of power the that true is it If cutrto:Ter,Mdl n oeNwFindings New Some and Models Theory, Acculturation: hnItre sh hue,adte h id anadtudrreturned thunder and rain wind, the then and shouted, he as turned I Then p yr p usasemu-a ape ayiri Ape rpi ersnaino h pseooia oaino Amazonian of location epistemological the of representation graphic A hoeia oe facluaina iermvmn vrtm.Gah adapted Graphs time. over movement linear as acculturation of model theoretical A [93 1964). ([1953] lı ´ gageral ngua paje paje ´ ˜ s p r iwitu uri ape , lhuhi a aedmnse,i tpeetavital a present at is diminished, have may it although , ´ ae onc o i companion. his for Joanico named paje usmesteinfamous the meets Luis , ´ sfo ale ie,fo h ie hnpeople when times the from times, earlier from is paje ´ mn trova e amana ´ s sls vr o hni h at ti not is it past, the in than now overt less is hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing ˜ ´ Saozi utns 90 .146). p. 1980, Kurtines, & (Szapocznik o. n oe te languages. other dozen a and , curupira n xliswhy explains and , paje . ´ s Lı caboclos ´ r o as not are gageral ngua ´ nyin only , geral with 123 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ne ieotadte tugigt tn.H eandwa ni ae hnh a ue ya by cured was he when later until weak remained He stand. to struggling then paje and out give knees iue5Figure 124 a rn ifrueadatatdneoscetrssc sthe as peoples, such regulations creatures Negro hunting dangerous and Rio attract food Among hygiene, and of misfortune occasion. system bring complex this can the on with comply cure to appropriate failure the tobacco, with etoe bv.I h olwn tr fafml ihn rpagnrto ago, generation a trip fishing family a of story following the In above. mentioned usfl h hsclefcso his of effects physical the felt Luis ´ h lse i ihtbcosmoke. tobacco with him blessed who iuawasu-aPituna Waa fell branches tree and came Nighttime n ieta,Imsl rie hr h uuiawas curupira the where Kwaa arrived myself I that, like And htsotwslk hne n ettebrsfyn,alu hu o quiet not – shout loud a flying, birds the sent Yawe-ra and thunder like was shout That or apunheePorra EEEE shouted it here, and path the for ran I me; on soft went (knees) These an rwe n rwe u ol o idhm an a bet tn n go. and stand to able was I Damn, him. find not could Aikwe I but crawled and crawled I Damn, hr a ag amte hr onc a standing. umunha was uiku Joanico ape where Joanico tree palm large a was There onc hnwsmkn a making was then Joanico p asuApe Then p amunhaApe hnImd a made I Then Kartuxo-riru ( hnIwn n sIwnee he yltl ihadfsigpl wherever. pole fishing and fish little my threw I ‘Nhaa wandered Ape I as and went I Then p yk prr kartuxo-riru upirari uyuka Ape hnh o tadoee h hl aig aeacgrte i tadsoe it smoked and it lit cigarette, a made casing, shell the opened and it got he Then n egot he And .FloydS. ´ ´ usprom i hsclrato oa none ihthe with encounter an to reaction physical his performs Luis aeu kwaasasemu, ´ -ta ‘ It yepe ´ ˜ ´ ’ thes sepira-mirı eaaasikesewara ebk ixe-ramembeka ´ ´ uuia’anheekurupira,’ ) ´ ´ busu ˜ h iteselcsn hr ehdwapdup wrapped had he where casing shell little the patrona-mirı jakurawa. ´ curupira,’ mira ‘ apunhee ´ idtail bird iwa-wasu ´ ´ ´ trova ´ pedaso-ta sepindaı kurupira-suı ´ ˜ (’ ˜ adt him. to said I wr eumee ne kwera wirao kwaa, ´ ´ ´ efumbrellaleaf iujakurawa. uiku ´ ‘ pk paupeka idtail bird onc upuamu, Joanico ´ xupe aawatawa ´ ´ ´ ´ uwari. -ta pa umunha ´ ´ ˜ Krpr tinku.’ ‘Kurupira . ´ . yn aao asu varador ayana ma ˜ (’ . ´ uxari. ˜ iumaa-iku efumbrellaleaf -kitı curupira ‘ ´ ). The ´ or pauasu apuamu Porra . iaouudk ufumari. umundeka cigaro ´ o aeut kwaı ti sasemu boa , curupira ´ -kitı none ni the until encounter ´ ) . amburi. ´ sthere. is . p kwaaape ´ ( ’ iri. h tobaccothe ´ ´ anhaara ssm EEEE! usasemu curupira ´ . ) curupira paje n etit. left and is aln shis as falling first , ! ´ . lse himblessed . monster Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 n omnt ebrtlso uha instance: an such of tells member community one tespraua. silsrtdi h tr bv,tebs a ocutrthese counter to as way to a best refer by the to blessing above, not a story difficult with the is is in conditions, what conditions illustrated spiritual to As and attributed physical supernatural.’ logic like adverse ‘the casual creatures create systematic with to a encounters Amazon reflecting or the supernatural’ magic around the Evil and on known world 76). are regulations natural p. these tangible 1964, the negotiating [1953] between people(Wagley, when distinguish the unfortunate not who, with ‘do wisdoms hunters such hunt, and a mentions precautions by same He the Castanheiro. Para of about in many of town shared brought a who of 1950s parts population be the many Portuguese-speaking in a in can describes encountered Wagley be fishing, Amazon; can the of restrictions and and discourses hunting Similar circumstances. in luck bad good itnto ewe aua n uentrlmyntb ssleta h one the as the salient and of danger as magical skills be of the relevance not preventive people, changing Amazonian may The the rural forgotten. supernatural and many remembered and For between knowledge. natural old between that distinction retain still who many er oassofaotagopo cetssfo Sa contradict from Castanheiro scientists might in of While group encounter existence. a their very about serpent’s scoff above, the locals black denies heard anecdote great that I the the account like scientific in creature a dangerous mentioned life. a forest of attract serpent immediacies inadvertently the from with Amazonians better body fade corresponds When Amazonian often alternative they which an one reinforces as knowledge, explain of easily memory not will from or cannot fade knowledge are can systems and knowledge operational, Local are knowledge. they prominence. of as body valid a as of transmission unsuccessful xet nterevrneti asta uefca ii,ee fudrae na in undertaken if even visit, have are superficial could Amazonians a Negro Rural that Rio said. ways everyone the in eyes, of environment own inlets their their the on and Any with meters. experts anacondas; lagoons size 12 that the largest or twice 10 in region’s snakes of fished the maximum seen had a of to who search up person grew in snakes local Negro the that Rio claimed the had scientists to crew television a odtossc as such Conditions h ua mzna’ is-adeprec ihfre n ensta scientific that beings and forces with experience first-hand Amazonian’s rural The hnalo udnasombe nadtedybcm sdr sngt sound A night. as dark as became day the and grandfather forest: in departed the blew dear did storm my of she with a out but shore sudden menstruation came the a first on her of out had all camped cousin when were my We trip anyone. fishing tell a not on were we when Once opemr iue twudhv ece s erdpre rnfte sdt tell to used grandfather In departed water. Dear the us. began under reached and disappeared about have blessing serpent would river us finished the it and grandfather the minutes sudden departed more in departed a couple dear of surfaced a all dear as down long, soon died our meters storm smoke as the 30 told the but movingher blowing about camp, cousin river, and serpent, our cigarette my towards black the a moving great finally lighting in A her, scared; around her. bless got all to on moving began sound were something he The Quickly We heard grandfather. cousin. camp. we my our and about towards knew louder Nobody and replied. louder we ‘Nothing,’ grandfather. paje ´ sdt eal obesaa eryaypolm oa hr r o so not are there today problem; any nearly away bless to able be to used sarua ˜ I antbe ee’h ad ‘that said, he here,’ been hadn’t I ‘If . sarua uuuiiiiii! ˜ ido ikeso flcin and affliction, or sickness of kind a , paje ´ Wa i o isd? se u erdeparted dear our asked do?’ kids you did ‘What paje r xrse ntrso h ucsflor successful the of terms in expressed are ´ rdtoa otrsaa.I h ata past the In doctor/shaman. traditional a , hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing bicho ol aeetnyuall.’ you eaten have would ˜ al h a brought had who Paulo o panema chronic a , curupira 125 ´ Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ihsiisadtae newtrwaigsaesis(15]16,p 2) nIta speak In 227). to p. abilities 1964, powerful ([1953] had skins snake who wearing upriver underwater far travel from and generation spirits with older an of echo an onie,aentlann l ftebesns ote r espwru today. powerful less are they Ita so in blessings, people for the scenario of similar a all describes learning Wagley not are downriver, nw osn ihnn fe hi nme i od r eoddi yntsas notes my in recorded are words his – enemies their follows: after lightning send to known ahrta etn padcooybtenmgcadsine hyoffer they happenings. science, supernatural and of ‘supernatural.’ magic is decline between what the dichotomy and for older ‘real’ a The explanations is up systematic what setting about reasonable perspectives judgment offer than people our local Rather inform visible, less help becoming that are monsters they forest when out dangerous Amazonians eye wary Some a keep operational. still forest. they currently but the waning, in all be walk may are power their beings, that suggest powerful and monsters h l lsig;hsTkn-paigfte a nw aymr.Tepwr of the powers The after more. of morning many few known three-day-old the a had knew her father when, only the Tukano-speaking bathed he surprised his that had blessings; explained was mother Antenor old one gone. the a completely No was where pain before. that the hours blessing, spot few same a the newborn at swam I after ylgDn aclaakdhrbohrAtnrt a uaobesn o me. for blessing Tukano as a known say condition to the Antenor had I brother in that her pain determined sharp asked They a Marcilha developed Dona I leg When my problems. specific for alternatives complementary h iyhv n xlnto,pol rudhr aeaohr’Ntexplicitly be to Not explanation another.’ his a found Neither have experience. clearly his here he in his, from grounded around with People reasonably passed. more conflict people bullet into the explanation, explanation said, where my one simply see placing can he have you Unconvinced, half, that city generated. in and split it the together, tree slapping heat the air the see the you with ‘When of trees turbulent sound by split the generated could was electricity lightning thunder is lightning that that storms, say during we air that him told I was. thunder o uehwwl ol rudacnrr argument. contrary a ground could I well how sure not colece one otesom esi hti h past town the The in east. that the said to He off storm. sky the the to across pointed themselves anchorschoolteacher to trace try strikes I lightning different as watched even a here, offer presenting am terms. well I local might one in the They analysis than my explanation. change ‘scientific’ social of outsider’s account own their an trust often over will eyes Amazonians and approximate, cannot framework, scientific 126 nodrt drs h oilcagstruhwihsaaitcpwr and powers shamanistic which through changes social the address to order In h colece se ewa ypol’ xlnto o ihnn and lightning for explanation people’s my what me asked schoolteacher The nteRoNgobt etr eiieand medicine Western both Negro Rio the On eebrhvn natronca ihsm ftemno atner swe as Castanheiro of men the of some with chat afternoon an having remember I paje rud evn ahbhn t on f h nw hr?Te a htpaje that say They where? knows who the into – marks then off and the tree going in the it, path through its behind goes see It path apart. can a tears You it leaving bullet. tree-trunks ground, a the on like leaves shoots it that that stone a contains Lightning raetudradlgtigbls nteodtmste sdt edmn lightning many send to paje used old they the times of old many the now In but bolts. bolts, lightning and thunder create ´ .FloydS. s h oc fteodrlsadrsrcin,teapaacso forest of appearances the restrictions, and rules old the of force the , paje ´ s rmfrurvraedigofadteyugoe,rie further raised ones, young the and off dying are upriver far from ´ h nwhwt oti aedied. have this do to how know who s ´ sarua h one hmn r only are shamans younger the ; paje paje ˜ hc a nee yleg my entered had which , ´ ´ o eerlgs,Iam I meteorologist, a nor uig r considered are curings paje ´ s a fe been often had ´ s ´ as Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 oiinlte.A h onie xrm r h ra ot,Mnu Fgr )and 6) (Figure Manaus ports, urban the are Bele extreme downriver the At positionalities. aia u-ufc oeetadtril ie raue iethe powers, like shamanic creatures and river extremes, terrible upriver and become the movement people from the moves sub-surface Negro, migration away magical Rio Downriver temporally upper magic. the and potent of most spatially cultures the Arawakan of and origin Tukanoan topographical the in credibility his nCsahio h oe fthe of power the Castanheiro, in the of front in directly pass later, days 6Figure egahclsae n ftefmu Ita famous the of One space. geographical rvosybgnt eebervvdeouinr aaim vna social as even paradigms evolutionary revived resemble to of begin much chronotope in the previously people ways Amazonian the about of discourses some ways. scholarly show covert in more section the persists this explicitly, of relatively change in writings emerges cultural address the chronotope will If the ones. I when better examples which moment by in a trajectory replaced represent linear progressively own Wagley always their however, are in academia, sciences ideas in and social influential outmoded the longer spotted place no Assuming to are easily progressively circumnavigate. attempts change to ironically more cultural been difficult of more are have models are linear groups latter they that where cultural the surface the of because under rankings pushed surface, ones hierarchical than the dangerous Explicit more above avoided. are out rocks submerged stick that know that Negro Rio the on Boaters Surface the Under 82–83). pp. 1989, (Campbell, xesoso hi w xeinilmgclwrd n oevstr aebeen have real visitors are some places and these – the Amazonians worlds sense magical rural to experiential for known own contexts; their those of in extensions operational it make rmwrsdaigo h ilgclsine ietegntcsuycited study genetic the like sciences biological the on drawing Frameworks ´ ,ytee hs lcsaentdvi fmgcfrtoewowudcniu to continue would who those for magic of devoid not are places these even yet m, oetrue more onie.Tepr fMnu;lresisdsmakeeyFia n,too three or two and, Friday every disembark ships large Manaus; of port The Downriver. or or grandecobra estrue less eedn ndfeettmoa,sailadsocial and spatial temporal, different on depending garapa wmigblwtepvmn ntect sewers city the in pavement the below swimming paje ´ ´ s nCastanheiro. in ´ stae ngnrtoa iea elas well as time generational in traced is hmn htWge ecie grounded describes Wagley that shamans hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing or grande cobra 127 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 ihasgiiatslne opr hs w etne ihatnint h phrases the only to associated attention with emphasis): are sentences (my medicine two italics Western these in to Compare silence. references said significant ‘are whereas phrases a to,’ the with by believed to accompanied made ‘is always is and are reference they to’ when Western practices, that, and Amazonian the notice practices most of a may healing the any reader local in for the between is axis. practice However, interplay what knowledge. the treatment cosmopolitan’ offers medical of and (2000) account to Reeve sensitive illness Amazon,’ a ‘traditional of lower part the ‘Concepts a of entitled community along article caboclo unidirectional recent as another In change cultural of aieSuhAeidas n fiasbogta lvst rzl (Silva Brazil’ to slaves colonizers, as European of brought admixture Africans the and from Amerindians, originated South who Native groups peasant rural akro tnciett’(.9) hnti sn ess nweees,adcare and else, anywhere people so of less groups systems. different no salient thought between is a division respective rigid this is their a and medicine then delineating ‘traditional when 96), deeply taken says, (p. is be Reeve more it should identity’ as where ethnic much forms, Amazon, of linguistic the is unmarked marker on and here if marked But of practices level naturalized. scientific the to and down submerged, magical between opposition 06 .11); p. 2006, correlation a participation make and authors to ‘exposure in the or culture’ ‘modernization’ Amazon,’ Western in and in differences Brazilian pressure ecological blood the and high rate, between of heart article fat, populations recent a body caboclo in seasonal example, pressure, For ‘Blood them. entitled deconstruct to attempting are anthropologists 128 ihclua hnersntswt h cutrto aaimo h 1950s: the of paradigm acculturation the correlated with is data resonates biological change that cultural way The with 11). (p. populations’ indigenous traditional alyotnpitdotsmlrte between similarities out pointed often Wagley aecnrt h itnto ewe rusta r o laseasily always not are that groups between distinction the concrete make h ercta hs uhr r mlyn eelacneto ftenature the of conception a reveal employing are authors these that metric The hl h ieaueseiial about specifically literature the While the that above cited article pressure’ ‘Blood the with comparison by see can We cnm ihgetracs owg ao,cs noe osmrgos n large a and goods, consumer income, varied cash (Santarı more labor, city a wage have to local access residents other greater Santana life the with several and of the economy residents Aracampina prevailed of do Conversely, than more that groups communities. practice earlier ways two such do life resemble they more practicing However, economically and Americans. still ways Native of among sense ago the generations in traditional completely ifrne ewe ilgspoieafrtapoiaint hi oiinalong position their environmental to approximation and Caxiuan first subsistence continuum. a ‘traditional–transitional–cosmopolitan’ sociocultural, provide the villages economic, between political, differences observed The ies rvlnei h region the in prevalence Disease 101)(p. h u,mo,adwind and moon, sun, The to traditional from transition of levels across differences average cosmopolitan for test swl slc facs ohat aefclte.(.105) (p. facilities. care health to access of lack as well as .FloydS. caboclos . . . 20,p 13) p. (2006, ´ [ m r amxd epea oprdt gntclyhomogenous ‘genetically to compared as people ‘admixed’ are caboclo sic ) hs omnt-ocmuiydfeecsalwu to us allow differences community-to-community These ]). r ocie of conceived are ouain htte ucntydsrb s‘trihybrid, as describe succinctly they that populations slreyarsl of result a largely is sspraua ocsta a as illness. cause can that forces supernatural as caboclo caboclos orsntto n ndqaediet, inadequate and sanitation poor utrsdtn akt h r of era the to back dating cultures n nin,i a eddto tended has it Indians, and ˜ eiet r not are residents a tal et ., Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 itnusal npractice. in distinguishable adfrtofwIdas’Qikyatrteitriwwspbiie,indigenous publicized, was interview Kayapo the the after of Quickly leadership the Indians.’ like few organizations too for land displeasure: urn rsdn ftesaeidgnu diitainFNI Me FUNAI, administration indigenous and anthropologist state involving the scandal recent of a president during as current & foreground, (Santos the to jeans brought blue wearing people by 15–140). Portuguese indigenous pp. of in 2003, elements Oliveira, spoken as when qualify would even membership definitions, group culture, was most personhood, under she about that, speaking found genealogy of and ways and investigation local unique Later, serious describe opponents. more no to their had a able of they undertook delight that anthropologist the reporting second before to anthropologista question surely the in indigenousness, 168); people claiming the for (p. with grounds politicians Indians’ hours local few asserting ‘false a of was opportunistic Oliveira only face that spent them the & group in labeling Santos a rights of others by land claims and corresponding described the the case assess and to one identity the sent indigenous In in was institutions. unidirectional anthropologist decidedly and an remains (2003) people border many the of crossing eyes traffic the and policed, boundary, permeable are discrete the they overlap. as solidifying constructed no fact problematically with the By are onlycategories is ‘acculturated’ 460). the and group day p. ‘traditional’ a again the 2005, as once of cohere (Greene, end Amazonians’’ Amerindian’ the ‘‘Other ‘at not these notes, makes Green that as thing but ‘non-indigenous,’ explicitly are Amazonians uprigteKayapo the supporting ttmnsipidsmtigaltl o ls o ofr otecliche the to comfort for close these too people indigenous little presumably many identity-based a limits, For of something control. define of implied should regulation out Brazil statements snowball state to and of little began Court said, claims been Supreme the he the before had land,’ soon of there much that resurgence now and too the claims, until that ‘It’s saying that far: as out too interview pointed going 2006 was early an self-identification in indigenous quoted was who Gomes, hmdi,icuigidgnu nhoooitFoecoVz h hrdhis shared www.midiaindependente.org): who on Vaz, posted 2006, Florencio (Vaz, web anthropologist the indigenous on analysis including in, chimed otninoe otse lw fclua hneadatetct r sometimes are authenticity and change cultural of flows contested over Contention heavily still is non-indigenousness and indigenousness between border The onidgnu edr rmnrh eta n otenAaoi pk out spoke Amazonia southern and central north, from leaders indigenous Soon tpdcmaio ftegopo nieosLns(I ihtesz fEuropean of size the the with enjoyed (TI) who Lands Those Indigenous peoples. of indigenous always the group hearing, to the up contrary grew of we sectors comparison that the stupid argument of an part was Indians,’ the few on too for land much ‘Too naessekaantu,btapeietsol ee pa gis Indians. against speak never should land and president miners a gold but owners, hacienda us, a say politicians, to against (Txucarrama heard Indians the speak have defends too We who invaders for president that. land (FUNAI) much a like ‘too expect is thing not there did that about stated We worried you very Indians.’ where are few newspaper group the ethnic in Mebegokre declaration the your of people indigenous we President, Ngn ars 04 el pcfclywt mzna epe who peoples Amazonian with specifically deals 2004) Harris, & (Nugent ˜ 06Saeet indb Kayapo by signed Statement, 2006 e ´ ttmns(OI,20) ninvie rmaon Brazil around from voices Indian 2006). (COAIB, statements 12 eetcleto fatce entitled articles of collection recent A hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing ´ ´ rmteXingu the from edrhp ytranslation) my leadership; ´ rargsee their registered area ´ ´ oeOther Some coPereira rcio tomuch‘too 129 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 la htVza ela ayohridgnu epehv upcosabout suspicions more no weakens have have severely they people rights. revoked, it is indigenous because status indigenous to Indian authenticity, their claim other their moment judge the many position; to political as rights their full well state the as granting Vaz that clear fCsahioi urnl negigwt epc omrig atrs Upper Vaupe patterns. the marriage of necessary groups to the in respect particularly with result Indians, undergoing while community Negro not the currently Rio even that does is transformations constant social Castanheiro this specific remain some of how to can look will and I elements ofcontradiction, change, cultural order ways undergoing In Amazonian indigenous the identities. simultaneously how of how indigenous of some illustrate categorizing destabilize example to in to final ways employed offer a dichotomies kinship offers and problematic paper descent genealogy, this about of thinking section last The Exogamies itself. other reasserts in and it service ‘Linguistic’ challenged, is into it back while even comes and reflects, chronology it unidirectional hierarchies the the (Vaz, of wrote’’’ moment defense ever I this everything ‘‘Forget At of now, many some earlier2006). say out for would this points he contradict Vaz 1988), ‘Maybe movements. to contradictions: re-Indianization (Gomes, the seemed limit president change to threatening a FUNAI cultural by as as position of actions resurgence his notions indigenous people linear describes indigenous to that challenge Indians Brazilian positive of survey book-length onsothwa dooyo uiyi en sdt eIdaiealbttemost the but all de-Indianize Vaz claims. to identity-based processes. their used these increased deflate being in and is when complicity people purity of ‘forest-dwelling’ census, of and level ideology ‘primitive’ their last an for how and the out anthropologists conviction points chastises in of also lack He counted parties. their all for for Indians stakes the self-identified upped numbers indigenous new the of oge culypr facmlxsse fafnte n ne-ru contact, spouses of inter-group pairing and the to affinities correlate Vaupe of major mother the a system different been in complex a traditionally speak a has who contrast of those linguistic part from is form, chosen Actually simplified are a tongue. partners in expressed marriage which, that by exogamy’ meant ‘linguistic of system a featuring ilcso aia hl h aau (‘Maku related Nadahup speak Baniwa who the the groups area sib while Ic¸ana or Rio Baniwa, clan the exogamous of in a having north dialects as Further described (2005). are Stenzel peoples in recently more 130 hl MeWhile a hre UA ihakn f‘tnccenig civdb icutn many discounting by achieved cleansing’ ‘ethnic of kind a with FUNAI charges Vaz ytranslation)my urne h uvvlo piiie epe n utrs h oe‘rmtv’a to ‘primitive’ way more changing a went The be times cultures. The would land. and their lands peoples demarcate the to indigenous ‘primitive’ reason of inexistent more of Demarcation people, survival to immanent. of the danger few and the guarantee and times. were real 200,000, other above was There be number were not not extinction those others. did could themselves But Indians were that non-indigenous. the life organizations, anthropologists for of used those of mode criteria chorus another And same A land. had the much so Indians by have the evaluated to is that it Indians argued the anthropologists of absurd how show always countries .FloydS. ´ coPriaGmsi nacmlse nhoooitadato fa of author and anthropologist accomplished an is Gomes Pereira rcio ´ ;tesse sdsrbdi oesn(97,Jcsn(93 and (1983) Jackson (1967), Sorenson in described is system the s; ´ )gop rmtefrs are forest the from groups ’) ´ ,hv endsrbdas described been have s, . . . Vz 2006; (Vaz, 13 tisIt Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 community. rnprns eaaml n oa whose woman a and male Desana a grandparents, eetefrtgnrto omryi atner.T h etsd ftedarmthe diagram the of side left the To Castanheiro. nephews in and marry Desana nieces to took her generation marriages and first earlier children the The Marcilha’s generation. were Dona next communities; the upriver to in on carry place not did it as interlocutors, hlrn l ftefml ecnat ftefrtcul nti eod shown record, this in non-Desana couple of first children had the diagram, of the descendants of center female the the towards of All children. arn ewe w niiul ftesame the of men same individuals the The two of individuals children. between two and for pairing undesirable parents considered be or would etnia to cousins, it only apply that taboos first me incest assured which siblings, in exogamy is exogamy ‘linguistic’ it between of What traditional system change. relationships European a linguistic a of and of cultural version replication to a a response is both in adaptation was an that and system system a of outline the eeal one’s Generally falnae antgv hi indigenous outside their marry give who however, cannot women, lineage, Indigenous a one. same of the have will daughter or ebro h omnt a an had community the of member uuaad o hs ihu an without those for and, Tuyuka atrssee ob byn ytmo xgm htwsntbsdo the on based her indigenous an not or have his was to of order group that in language parents exogamy indigenous heritage the of on system Since but lineage. speaks, a individual obeying an that be language to seemed patterns etnia norms underlying was deeply way, more another implied? were it practices or put system, and to the Or to meaning? fundamental any contrast have linguistic still exogamy’ ‘linguistic of concept eaieyedgmu.I atner ersnaie fVaupe of representatives Castanheiro In endogamous. relatively pk,bigafauetasitdfo h ahrssd.Atog oa epenow people local Although side. father’s the from speak transmitted feature a being spoke, n fwihrpeetdapiigo w niiul rmtesame the from individuals two of not pairing marriages, of a generations represented several of which help, record their of a With made one spouses. I choosing discourse, for their patterns through local and about Castanheiro of men older significant. be to continues speak, actively hmsekPruus swl,adayugrgnrto fPruus speakers, Portuguese of generation understand younger whom a and of well, some as Portuguese speak whom oeo esblnul iha le eeainof generation older is an today with Castanheiro different bilingual, of their community less bringing the or together, Linguistically more community them. a with formed patterns have marriage groups area Negro Rio aydifferent many okn ttetpo h hr nFgr ,tefrtcul sDn Marcilha’s Dona is couple first the 7, Figure in chart the of top the at Looking hteegdfo ycnesto ihsm fteedr fCsahiowas Castanheiro of elders the of some with conversation my from emerged What n feno ntecmuiymeighueIcnesdwt oeo the of some with conversed I house meeting community the in afternoon One epei atner r osiu fterehi ru,actgr nw as known category a group, ethnic their of conscious are Castanheiro in People UA eitr an registers FUNAI . omry n h opig nCsahiocnimdtercam sntone not as claim, their confirmed Castanheiro in couplings the and marry, to lı ´ gageral ngua etnia ssont etasitdtruhtofrhrgnrtoso male of generations further two through transmitted be to shown is etnia etnias etnia n otgee hi tncfml agae hc hyd not do they which language, family ethnic their Portuguese, and stasitdfo h ahrssd,acidne o aetwo have not need child a side, father’s the from transmitted is r ersne,icuigTkn,Prtpy,Bnw,Bare Baniwa, Piratapuya, Tukano, including represented, are orsod otelnug htoespriielancestors partilineal one’s that language the to corresponds etnia lı ´ gageral ngua o ahofcal nieospro.I Castanheiro In person. indigenous officially each for etnia etnia htwskonb h tes n marriage and others, the by known was that h o-nieosctgr f‘ of category non-indigenous the , nti e igitccnet osthe does context, linguistic new this In . etnia hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing oterchildren. their to etnia etnia lı ´ gageral ngua ftefte a n,teson the one, has father the if ; a efudi h entire the in found be can etnia a nnw omy to unknown was ´ etnias ,I¸n n other and Ic¸ana s, paes oeof some speakers, ste were they as , etnia cruzado Each. not 131 ´ .’ , Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 132 .FloydS.

Figure 7 Genealogy of the Middle Rio Negro community of Castanheiro. Each couple is marked with M ¼ male and F ¼ female. Individuals who married into the lineage are indicated with italics. An individual cannot marry another individual of the same etnia . Children are assigned their father’s etnia . Children of males without an indigenous etnia are known as ‘ cruzados ’ or ‘crossed.’ Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 eurdt ar u fterfte’ Desana father’s their of out marry to required omnte are notefml.Teeuin rdcdcide fdifferent of children produced other unions from males These as family. system etnias the the into into entered married Piratapuya communities and Tukano Baniwa, as such spouse’s are ebr ftefml n eeicroae notesse.I h aeof case the In system. the into incorporated were ‘Maku and the family the of members married xgm,sc soe‘Maku one as such exogamy, xgmu rcie a hfe nfvro iuto fblnulitrcinin interaction bilingual of situation a of favor in shifted lı has practices exogamous atrsit lywt h ido ieruiietoa rjcoyo acculturation cultural of and trajectory discourses unidirectional linear local of put kind to the attempted with the play have of into I view patterns transformation clearer Amazonians. and charts, a adaptation rural presented and maintenance, have among change, graphs to cultural hope expressions, of I nature and details, complicated images other and Amazonian notes these ethnographic through wading By Conclusions under- of way persists change. and this cultural time, furthermore, over of resilient midst And extremely the and understandings. in adaptive dynamic, local is formation of identity in identity pathways standing for along grounded basis indigenousness non-linear is of a out genealogy.that offers and of generations in understandings across weave native descent can of patrilineal lines terms family in that instead way practices but The terms, modern genetic that or ethnic so only continuity. multilingualism, that of with form that feature deep cultural overlap be a underlying may constitute sometimes and It to independent is multilingualism. it an happens way, without and is a to exogamy in exogamy similar and, ‘linguistic’ people, inter-group both Negro practice is Rio to Castanheiro upper are for linguistic in possible described people new exogamy patterns to which sense the it from in this different adapting In one marriage and conditions. change, the system social of But traditional and kind complex Brazilians. different a non-indigenous a maintaining a towards or actively show path urban Castanheiro inevitable of an of on that patterns Castanheiro to practices of the identical people locate the system might like change Amazonians of rural model of linear a preferences, marriage traditional r‘afbod’I sipratt oe oee,ta hs hlrnaenot which are indigenous at have spouse, children again indigenous once are an these grown, choosing will are by generation that system they third the when however, the into girls, point back the note, marry since to sense, to able racial fully strictly important a in is ‘mixed’ considered It ‘half-blood.’ or ieterfte.I h ae ftennidgnu epe oeo hmwr the patrilineal were of them principle of the some to people, according non-indigenous and the pairing, of the cases of the male In father. their like hi hlrnrcie oindigenous no received children their ´ gageral ngua ie hnigclua lmt hr h le iuto fmultilingual of situation older the where climate cultural changing a Given h epeo atnir ocieo nieosespiaiynti racial, in not primarily indigenousness of conceive Castanhiero of people The h e rnmtigtheir transmitting men the , etnia ´ ’a h a h ieo h ar h hlrnwr osdrdPiratapuya considered were children the pair, the of wife the was she as ,’ n otgee n hr pue a ecoe rmotieo the of outside from chosen be may spouses where and Portuguese, and neetnl,gop o sal nlddi h ytmo linguistic of system the in included usually not groups Interestingly, . ´ oa n ubro o-nieospeople, non-indigenous of number a and woman ’ etnia etnia n h oe asn hlrno their of children raising women the and hywr osdrd‘ considered were they ; hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing etnia te pe i Negro Rio upper Other . etnias etnia cruzados . transmission, ’‘crossed’ ,’ etnias 133 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 otiprattee on nsca hoyadclua nlss n specifically And and analysis. values cultural and truth theory the social gradient of in some as found with themes resonate such important knowing most ideas of ways change, most geographically-based do and social than genealogically- ambiguity to agile and more contradiction approaches prove with terms dealing theoretical linear their for do binary context only Amazonian a Not an which times. in changing in these ways negotiating many for the terms forms. of the submerged few in under a in persists reified linearity just change working on into cultural touch anthropologists a of back indigenous to understanding and lapsing able towards was stake, between themselves I stances find at strain. can boundary are administrative capacity Disjuncture resources and administrative the cultures. when academic Indian especially savage/civilized solidify and between peoples, the society arises to of Amazonian often of versions attempting sector modified is‘non-Amerindian’ employing to and ethnography closer ways, Amazonianist dichotomy people hidden old current resurrecting Amazonian in how sometimes placing while described linearities approaches timeline, innovative I for linear grasping And fluiditysimultaneously a and pole. multiplicity into ‘primitive’ this it describe the causality, compress to attempts Amazonianist to knowledge, branching of early tried and review topography, how my showed parallelisms of Through I innovation. loops, ethnography conceptions and spirals, tradition local kinship, of experience, in series resting a multiplicities through Negro. moves Rio they the which Amazonia of from stretch position particular this epistemological identity along of coherent change site a social key share approach how a demonstrate Castanheiro as examples in current These remained people reinvention. show and has opposition Castanheiro and adaptation exogamy in through remembered an of practices construction the system marriage in of how traditional not realm out a pointed delineated power that I less finally shamanic the And in placing forgotten. young but the of blessings, science failure and old a magic to the but between ‘superstition,’ learn as to exposure their people to not powers magic fading epeo h i er,we paigaottepwr fthe of powers the about many speaking how when described Negro, the I Rio of explanation. the schoolbook understanding on my his with people contrasted lightning who are of member for effects causes positions community magical alternative adverse the offer basis their Castanheiro like shamanic of how causality, people a with on The and encounters terms. relevant, Amazonian are how on remain with tell dealt beings configurations Some supernatural information. geographical and of power and validity the genealogical negotiating how expressed nTrsnasacuto h pe i er ytm ftbo n euain in reflected regulations and epistemology taboos of non-oppositional systems Negro the Rio becoming upper of on the processes in of world drew account the Teresinha’s align not I in do that binaries. ways currents in eddies, downriver contradictory navigate and to upriver order between whirlpools in and topographies genealogical show and temporal to spatial, it. and reworking discourse, for academic resources and offers popular thought of Amazonian how moments different in observable 134 hog hi icus,tepol fCsahioofrcretadoperational and current offer Castanheiro of people the discourse, their Through rural in change cultural time, over movement linear a in patterning than Rather nteeape nti sa ecie o epei atner negotiate Castanheiro in people how described I essay this in examples the In .FloydS. estrueless hog hnigtms te omnt members community Other times. changing through paje ´ s attributed, Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 atclryws otakDn aclaBraza Marcilha Dona thank to wish particularly I ol iet hn h eiet fCsahiofrptigu ihm,m video my me, with up putting for Castanheiro of residents rudimentary the my thank and to camera like would I Acknowledgements in above, the places. of all and course, times of different is, in answer The configurations modern? different or traditional they Are science? oneRpaot n w nnmu eiwr o odsgetosand suggestions good in for afflictions lost magical reviewers of hopelessly Wibbelsman, result been Michelle anonymous the are Feinberg, have confusions two Ben would and Epps, mischaracterizations I and Pattie All Brunocomments. whom to Carla Rappaport, also Ana without and thank thanks Joanne Manaus, must forms, Many also discourse in Amazon. I local manioc. the family document with me her soups help pepper and to and and fish me excellent their with converse to willingness nra cinaditrcintruhpromne icus n expression. and discourse and performance, or upward Indians through or Castanheiro interaction constructed backward in are and they and people as forward Are graphable, action really moving not real are time, points in given These points axes. any of the on number at statisticsdownward given bureaucratic graph any cultural in occupy the it simultaneously their on might categorize has undermine individual to Amazonia an attempts rural to graphs; to in and attempt challenge continuity identity of constant that cultural nature a resources dynamic presented about and and ambiguous concepts to The rights local challenges authenticity. the of to Amazon, counterarguments claims for Brazilian grounds Indian offer the change cultural of in enmeshed case the for manner. diachronic and/or synchronic any a with in together points occupied possible simultaneously be other may of line number the imaginable along point any positionalities; possible 8Figure natraiemdlo utrlcag nteAao.Tedte ierepresents line dotted The Amazon. the in change cultural of model alternative An lı ´ gageral ngua caboclos uigtetm pn ntercommunity. their in spent I time the during hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing ˜ n e aiyfrterptec,their patience, their for family her and o r hybleesi ai rin or magic in believers they Are ? 135 Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 3 a nMnu ospotdsrpielnusi rgasa h einllvl okn with working level, regional the at programs linguistic descriptive support to Manaus in was I [3] otatdi h oetfo h deadly the from forest the in contracted I 136 4 auaitA .Wlae nhs1t etr con,cle h agae‘ipeand ‘simple language term the the of called use the account, questions (1997) century Pace 19th [5] his in Wallace, R. A. Naturalist [4] 2 e alr(95 n Moore and (1985) Taylor See [2] 1 Palmie [1] Notes limitations. 8 lhuhm ilwr ihRoNgopol a o ena ogtr sm xeinein experience my as long-term as been not has people Negro Rio with fieldwork my Although [8] here it using am I way The ways. many in employed be can ‘discourse’ term The [7] [6] n al rn,aCrblnug pcaita eerhisiueweew organized we where institute husband research her met a I at Carla Ana specialist Through technology. Aldeva language recording and Carib methodology on a anworkshops nouns, Bruno, possessed Carla inalienably Ana marking, tense no etc. constructions, system, verb includingevidential Tupi/Amazonian, serial typologically like are forms features discourse and phonology morphosyntax, geral uhnos [89 92 .34.Hwvr h agae’iiilacsiiiycnprove can accessibility initial languages’ the However, 334). p. deceptive. 1972, ([1889] euphonious’ oal utpyrfatd–taiini t w ih’(02 .16). p. (2002, and right’ diffused own globally its nowadays in if tradition practices – – and specific thought refracted culturally of multiply as configuration locally understood a as be the modernity consider profitably ‘Western to might of us that think helps can that we one which change, in cultural ways of flow unidirectional the to counterexample uigma ie,we vroegtee osaei ovrain,sois oe,political especially jokes, discourse. talk, stories, of constant conversations, kinds in by other share characterized many to is and gathered Castanheiro everyone discussions in when times, life meal Daily during had. have I experience er omnt fCsahio ie ntehm fAldeva of home the in lived I Castanheiro, of community Negro iie eea te on nteae eoertrigt aasweeIcniudworking continued I where Manaus to returning before area urban the with in towns other several visited ic 01 rmrl nEudr,i a nmn astemost the ways many in communities was Amazonian it and Ecuador), Andean in (in primarily communities 2001, American since South systems monolithic indigenous epistemological of other approach up of I thought 8). made be that p. should not here discursive. 1990, way presented are primarily (Sherzer, information the as study genealogical discourse’ constantly the underlies we of even and form performance; instances people through dynamic expressive and the but moments to monolithic of 1987; of actual Attention and worlds rather (Sherzer, constitutive static that but ‘the interaction recognition mutually abstractions, not that ‘the social by are as so through shown categories is language emerging’ lived identity cultural of are cultural and of they properties nature social performative as the The forms 1991). sees Urban, and that patterns approach cultural paradigms. an structuralist certain 1992,reflects about [1955] (Levi-Strauss, said dazzling farce’ the be that sinister might feeling a also same help than not cannot The more they I 244). little are done, p. is and but witnessed said system, is I their all dance of When metaphysical is logic too? it the way found, by another way is in deluded system deluded thought the are Indian’ natives ‘true reflect ‘The a dismissed: once as to yet quickly well Indians; as term acculturated self less to the successively refer for use to both Tropiques I used it Tristes true, heard I partly where others. discourse, is to Amazonian this in it While encountered I self-identification. for used thsotnbe icaatrzdi h ieauea roie r‘ie’language. ‘mixed’ or creolized a as literature the in mischaracterized been often has It .FloydS. saTpa agaeta a negn aypoesso hne u t ai lexicon, basic its but change, of processes many undergone has that language Tupian a is ´ ´ ’ aiywoaesekr of speakers are who family n’s ecie h otnigrlvneo ai n2s etr uaa another as Cuba century 21st in magic of relevance continuing the describes lı ´ gageral ngua fesisonacuto utrlcag nSuhAeia search a America, South in change cultural of account own its offers speakers. tal et 19)frmr on more for (1994) . lı ´ gageral ngua caboclo curupira oigta tcnb fesv n sseldom is and offensive be can it that noting , uigatomnhfedti oteRio the to trip field two-month a During . swl so yoninrneand ignorance own my of as well as , lı ´ gageral ngua ´ ’ utDn acla I Marcilha. Dona aunt n’s lokonas known also , icrieyintense discursively nheengatu Lı ´ ngua field ´ . Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 art ih,H 20)‘Invenc¸a (2004) H. Filho, Barreto apel .T (1989) T. A. Campbell, aacni .(1883) A. Cavalcanti, ads .(16]17)‘ aaim aaculturac¸a na xamanismo ‘O 1976) ([1964] H. Baldus, apr .(15]17)‘ aculturac¸a ‘A 1976) ([1957] F. Caspar, ahi,M .(91 Frso ieadcrntp ntenovel’, the in chronotope 1895–1836’, and time of of ‘Forms (1981) Revolt M. M. Cabanagem Bakhtin, the revolutionary: as caboclo ‘The (1985) R. Anderson, mrm .B [96 1987) ([1926] B. A. Amorim, ihnad .(1999) A. Aikhenvald, References 1]Frcnrs,cmaewt Luis’ with compare contrast, For [10] 1]Vz(06 otne ypitn u o ooils n vneiainfsee ‘generic’ fostered evangelization and colonialism how out pointing by continues (2006) Vaz [13] 1]Teppr ntevlm r nrsos oteprevdpolmo cutrto of Many acculturation of [12] problem perceived the to response in are volume the in papers The [11] 9 ihnad(99 hw oesmlrTraasois ayo hc aeTkn and Tukano have which of many stories, Tariana similar some shows (1999) Aikhenvald [9] uivrin naMissa a in versions Tupi ayosalsi hyws or-dniya nin oa.H onsothwofca policy official how out points He today. Indians even as re-identify ‘ prohibited considered to eventually be wish to they came if them obstacles of many many Indians; ‘civilized’ over for released identity Indian topic the on 2003). monographs (Schmink, book-length decade four a of than article less review recent a justify to tre a efudi mrm(12]18) loseSae(15]17)frasuyof study a for 1976) ([1958] Saake Baniwa. see the also among 1987); themes ([1926] story Amorim regional in common found be can stories oet n iciiainta hs rusfc eecual trbtdt hi alr to backwards. of failure it their problems to get the attributed to of causally seem Many were would society. face this American groups acculturate; these into to that incorporation seemed discrimination full and patterns their poverty cultural for distinctive obstacle whose an States, be United the in marking groups evidential Spanish-speaking of discussion a grammatical for through genres. (2005) interwoven discourse Floyd as indigenous See exist and the negotiation. stances epistemology, experience epistemic marked of grammatically discursive it on systems While that elaborate reportive. to is the paper point this by of general unmarked scope are the statements within his not is and creature, forest the encountered a agtda nunruly an as targeted was fitrs nteehorpi ieaue oee,enough However, literature. ethnographic the in interest of lutae n ftewy htti atei tl en ogt i er iiayofficers military Negro Rio fought: being still is battle this that ways protested the of one illustrates racsigi frinlnug. h rn a els nmn;frms fishistory, its of most for many; on lost be may irony The lı language.’ ‘foreign a in broadcasting Contempora Essays Janeiro. d .Shdn opni dtr ainl Sa Nacional, Editora Companhia Schaden, E. ed. p 454–462. pp. aer,p.93–137. pp. Janeiro, in nvriyo oaPes oaCity. Iowa Press, Iowa of University p 51–87. pp. Societies World in 07 ´ gageral ngua icmErp,Mu Europa, Lincom , etrsd tooi Brasileira Etnologia de Leituras h mznCbco itrcladCneprr esetvs tde nThird in Studies Perspectives, Contemporary and Historical Caboclo: Amazon The nvriyo ea rs,Asi,p.84–258. pp. Austin, Press, Texas of University , caboclo lı ´ ˆ gageral ngua a ieykona teBaiinlnug’(aacni 1883). (Cavalcanti, language’ Brazilian ‘the as known widely was e oNret’ in Nordeste’, no nea tde on u o nieosAaoin aeatatdtegets share greatest the attracted have Amazonians indigenous how out point studies h rsla agaeadisAgglutination its and Language Brasilian The d .Pre,Cleeo ila n ay ilasug o 32, no. Williamsburg, Mary, and William of College Parker, E. ed. , ain et n utrlCnet agae fteWrdTx Collections Text World the of Languages Context: Cultural and Texts Tariana oSur ihGnss aslSaeet n hmncIesi Waya in Ideas Shamanic and Statements Causal Genesis: with Square To ˜ edse Nheengatu em Lendas ¨ aein 16)tx collection; text (1961) Salesiana o nchen. ai rgasb aigte iltdBaiinlwagainst law Brazilian violated they saying by programs radio indigenous lı ´ gageral ngua ˜ uRnsiet? Ge Renascimento?: ou o d .Shdn opni dtr ainl Sa Nacional, Editora Companhia Schaden, E. ed. , igmd Volta de Viagem A curupira ˜ lmn.Arecent A element. o uai,in Tupari’, dos o fe the after – ´ tr ctdltri hsppr;h personally he paper); this in later (cited story mPortugue em e hnigTmsadLclTerms Local and Times Changing ˜ al,p.486–514. pp. Paulo, o ˜ euatiotupı tribo uma de o Cabanagem d .P lvia otaaa i do Rio Contracapa, Oliveira, P. J. ed. , e okTimes York New ˆ eed m oidd Indı Sociedade uma de nese lı etrsd tooi Brasileira Etnologia de Leituras ˆ ´ s gageralngua caboclo ud dtra C,Manaus. ACA, Editorial Fundo , yorpi ainl i do Rio Nacional, Typographia , h ilgcIaiain Four Imagination: Dialogic The eoti h 9hcnuyit century 19th the in revolt tde aebe written been have studies esoso widespread of versions ril Rhe,2006) (Rohter, article ´ oBai Central’, Brasil do caboclos ˜ n face and ’ Paulo, o ´ gena 137 ˜ pı ´ , , Downloaded By: [Floyd, Simeon] At: 06:12 14 August 2007 oa,E .(94 Teaatv ytmo h mzna aol’ in caboclo’, Amazonian the of system adaptive ‘The (1974) F. E. Moran, emn,J (1987) J. Hemming, or,D,Fcne,S ie,N 19)‘hegt Lnu ea Amazo Geral (Lingua ‘Nheengatu (1994) N. Pires, & S. Facundes, D., Moore, Galva uet .(02 WihrOCmeiao itrclpaatiso h rzla Amazonia’, Brazilian the of peasantries Historical Campesinato? O ‘Whither (2002) S. Nugent, (1993) S. Nugent, eiSrus .(15]1992) ([1955] C. Levi-Strauss, (1983) J. 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K. eds in Notı tto 30,Asi,T 81,UA(mi:[email protected]). (Email: USA 78712, TX Austin, C3200, Station FloydSimeon .FloydS. ´ isSocioambientais cias ˜ nieosMvmns efRpeetto n h tt nLtnAmerica Latin in State the and Self-Representation Movements, Indigenous ,M 20)‘ieaca Kayapo ‘Lideranc¸as (2006) M. e, nvriyo ea rs,Austin. Press, Texas of University , icus-etrdApoc oClue aieSuhAeia yh and Myths American South Native Culture: to Approach Discourse-Centered A ¼ sa h nvriyo ea tAsi,Dprmn fAtrplg,1University 1 Anthropology, of Department Austin, at Texas of University the at is ˜ indı o 2183 a nteAmazon the in Man mznTownAmazon ailRvltos niaimadIda eugnei Brazil in Resurgence Indian and Antiracism Revolutions: Racial ´ h mznCbco itrcladCneprr esetvs Studies Perspectives, Contemporary and Historical Caboclo: Amazon The ea ipz e limpeza gena: d .Pre,Cleeo ila n ay ilasug o 32, no. Williamsburg, Mary, and William of College Parker, E. ed. , aur 1 oln]Aalbea:http://www.socioambiental.org/ at: Available [online] 31, January , artv fTaeso h mznadRoNegro Rio and Amazon the of Travels of Narrative A ˜ : al,p.236–237. pp. Paulo, o td fMni h Tropics the in Man of Study A , ´ ´ nc ailn Brasil’, no racial e tnica adritUniversityVanderbilt nvriyPesso lrd,Gainesville. Florida, of Presses University , rtsa otadeclarac¸o contra protestam ´ ,in’, etrsd tooi Brasileira Etnologia de Leituras h mznCbco itrcland Historical Caboclo: Amazon The d .Pre,Cleeo William of College Parker, E. ed. , d .Wto,T aisn& Davidson T. Watson, J. eds , M Brasil CMI lrdA np,NwYork. New Knopf, A. Alfred , ˜ sd rsdned Funai’, da presidente do es Brazil oln]Available [online] , : d .Schaden, E. ed. , aesPresentedPapers Dover, , ´ video’, . ,