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VALUATING URBAN HERITAGE in a DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE the Roles of Designation and Appropriation for Heritage Policy Design in Lebanon

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VALUATING URBAN HERITAGE in a DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE the Roles of Designation and Appropriation for Heritage Policy Design in Lebanon Sciences Po PSIA – Paris School of International Affairs Master in International Development VALUATING URBAN HERITAGE in a DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE The roles of designation and appropriation for heritage policy design in Lebanon Elisabetta Pietrostefani Master’s thesis supervised by Vincent Geronimi, Senior Lecturer at the University Versailles-St Quentin and Sciences Po. Academic Year 2013/2014 The copyright of this Master's thesis remains the property of its author. No part of the content may be reproduced, published, distributed, copied or stored for public or private use without written permission of the author. All authorisation requests should be sent to [email protected] Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 Abstract For development policies, cultural heritage is seen as an asset on account of its historic, cultural and socio-economic significance in contemporary society, particularly in relation to the identity of cities and their economies. The World Bank, the French Development Agency and the EU have in fact executed international aid projects integrating urban heritage to their development strategies. These projects are particularly relevant in light of the changing nature of urban areas presenting high risks for heritage because of urban growth. In developing countries, however, urban heritage is often an under-employed and under-protected asset. Lebanon presents such an example, where urban heritage is in particular danger despite previous urban heritage and development projects such as the World Bank’s Cultural Heritage and Development Project (CHUD). This thesis has adopted Lebanon as a case study to illustrate urban heritage valuation as the first essential step for the design of effective urban heritage policies or renovation projects aiming for local development. This study adopted the Vernières (2012) grid because of its unified and holistic approach to urban heritage in order to illustrate the importance of considering context not only for the development of successful urban heritage projects but for the effective valuation of urban heritage itself. 2 Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 To Matilda Olivia 3 Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest thanks to Maria Mounzer and Dr. Georges Zouain from GAIA-Heritage for their advice and support during my stay in Lebanon as well their valuable contacts that enabled me to further my research. I would also like to thank CEMOTEV for giving me the opportunity to spend four months in Lebanon while preparing a project proposal for the French Development Agency; a particular thank you to Dr. Vincent Geronimi for his guidance. My warmest regards to Raja Noujaim for sharing his precious knowledge on Lebanese urban heritage. I would also like to thank Sarrah El Moumouhi for the translations, Virginia Rounding for her advice, the interviewees for their guidance and my Lebanese friends in particular for their support. 4 Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 List of Abbreviation AFD French Development Agency AFED Arab Forum for Environment and Development ALPES Association Libanaise pour L’Economie Sociale (Lebanese Association for Social Economy) APSAD Association pour la Protection des Sites et Anciennes Demeures (Association for the Protection of Sites and Ancient Dwellings) APLH (or APPL) Association for the Protection of Lebanese Heritage (Association pour la Protection du Patrimoine Libanais) AUB American University Beirut CEMOTEV Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités (Study centre on globalisation, conflict, territories and vulnerabilities) CERMOC Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Moyen Orient (Study and research centre on the Middle East) CHUD Cultural Heritage and Urban Development (World Bank Project) DGU Direction Général de l’Urbanisme (General Direction of Urbanism) DGA Direction Général des Antiquités (General Direction of Antiquities) ICOMOS International Council of Monuments and Sites IDB Inter-American Development Bank IdF Ile-de-France MENA Middle-East and North Africa PUCA Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture TEV Total Economic Value WB World Bank WH World Heritage WHC World Heritage Convention WHL World Heritage List WHS World Heritage Site(s) UCLG United Cities and Local Governments UNDP United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 5 Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8 METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN ..................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 – APPLYING THEORY & LITERATURE ..................................................................... 20 1.1 DEFINING URBAN HERITAGE & DEVELOPMENT .............................................................. 20 1.1.1 FROM THEORY TO POLICY .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.1.2 THE ROLE OF URBAN HERITAGE IN DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................ 29 1.2 ECONOMIC VALUATION OF URBAN HERITAGE................................................................. 38 1.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION: TRANSPOSING IT TO HERITAGE ......................................................... 38 1.2.2 THE VERNIÈRES (2012) GRID ............................................................................................................ 48 CHAPTER 2 - URBAN HERITAGE IN LEBANON ............................................................................. 58 2.1 THE FAILURE OF HERITAGE POLICIES IN LEBANON ....................................................................... 58 2.1.1 A SHORT HISTORY ...................................................................................................................................... 58 2.1.2 URBAN HERITAGE POLICY AND REGULATION IN LEBANON ................................................................. 62 2.2 APPROPRIATION THROUGH CIVIL SOCIETY .................................................................................... 76 2.2.1 IS LEBANON APPROPRIATING ITS URBAN HERITAGE? ........................................................................... 76 2.2.2 TWO EXAMPLES: SAVE BEIRUT HERITAGE & ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LEBANESE HERITAGE (APLH OR APPL) ................................................................................................................................... 80 2.2.3 A SECTARIAN SOCIETY: AN INEVITABLE QUESTION OF IDENTITY? ...................................................... 82 2.3 URBAN HERITAGE AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN LEBANON .................................................. 83 2.3.1 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (CHUD) ............................................................. 83 CHAPTER 3 – ILLUSTRATING THE VERNIÈRES (2012) GRID IN LEBANON ....................... 87 3.1.1 ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF STOCK.................................................................................................... 87 3.1.2 THE TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................... 87 3.1.2 THE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF STOCK (ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL) ...... 92 3.2 THE SUSTAINABILITY DIAGRAM (INVESTMENT AND DEPRECIATION) ....................................... 102 3.2.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY DIAGRAM ...................................................................... 102 3.2.2 RISK EFFECTS AND THE EFFECTS OF REHABILITATION ...................................................................... 106 3.2.2 THE FOUAD BOUTROS AND THE ‘LIAISON DOUCE’ PROJECTS ........................................................... 107 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................... 119 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 126 6 Elisabetta Pietrostefani Sciences Po – PSIA Valuating Urban Heritage in a Development Perspective 2013-2014 List of Figures DiaGram 1 – Survey respondents’ summary statistics p.8-9 DiaGram 2 – Cultural Heritage: A resource for society DiaGram 3 – World Bank loans for conservation or revalorisation cultural heritage or historic city projects DiaGram 4a & b – Illustrating economic and intrinsic values (1) & (2) DiaGram 5 – Total Economic Value of Urban Heritage DiaGram 6 – Constitutive elements of the Vernières (2012) analysis grid DiaGram 7 – Sustainability diagram of urban heritage DiaGram 8a – Theoretical example of sustainable heritage (by accumulation) DiaGram 8b – Theoretical example of unsustainable heritage DiaGram 9 – Rule of Law DiaGram 10 – The ideal approach for urban heritage regeneration projects DiaGram 11 – Institutions related to Urban Heritage in Lebanon DiaGram
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