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Cover Page the Handle Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/37999 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Kuiper, Pieter Nicolaas Title: The Early Dutch Sinologists : a study of their training in Holland and China, and their functions in the Netherlands Indies (1854-1900) Issue Date: 2016-02-16 Part II NOTES Notes to Chapter One 1 This was not a social revolution, although the Communist Manifesto by Marx and En- gels was published in the same year. They wrote in their Manifesto that “A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of Communism,” but this did not influence the democratic revolutions. 2 Tjiook-Liem, Rechtspositie der Chinezen, 84, note 73. 3 Algemeene bepalingen van wetgeving voor Nederlandsch Indië, Reglement op de regterlijke organisatie en het beleid der justitie in Nederlandsch Indië, Burgerlijk wetboek, Wetboek van Koophandel, Bepalingen betrekkelijk misdrijven begaan bij faillissement, kennelijk onvermogen en surséance van betaling. Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië, vol. 3, Rechtswezen, 391 [1902], vol. 4, Wetgeving, 762 [1905], vol. 4, Strafstelsel, 127 [1905]. Staatsblad van Ned- erlandsch-Indië 1847, no. 23, 1848 no. 10, p. 16. 4 Bepalingen tot regeling van enige onderwerpen van strafwetgeving die eene dadelijke voor- ziening vereischen. Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië 1847, nos. 40, 52, 57, 1848 nos. 2, 6, 10, 16. 5 Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië 1847, no. 23, art. 7. 6 In the Netherlands, the first Dutch Penal Code Wetboek( van Strafrecht) was promulgat- ed much later, in 1881, and came into effect on 1 September 1886, replacing Napoleon’s (revised) Code Pénal. 7 Staatsblad van Ned.-Indië 1915, no. 732. Beknopte encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-In- dië, 1921, Strafrecht, 523, Unificatie, 582. 8 Staatsblad van Ned.-Indië 1917, no. 27. Containing special rules for adoption for the Chinese. 9 Full title: Regulation of Netherlands Indies Government Policy (Reglement op het beleid der regering van Nederlandsch-Indië). Abbreviated: RR. 10 Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië 1855, no. 79, effective from 1 March 1856. 11 Pieter Johannes Veth (1814–95) was appointed in 1838 as lecturer in the Malay lan- guage at the Royal Military Academy in Breda, in 1842 professor of Oriental languages at the Athenaeum Illustre, the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam, from 1864 teach- er at the National Institute for Education in the Languages, Geography and Ethnography of the Netherlands Indies (Rijks-instelling voor onderwijs in de taal- land-, en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië), the training college for East Indies officials in Leiden, in 1877 professor at Leiden University. He was the first president of the Royal Netherlands Geo- graphical Society (KNAG) in 1873 (Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië, part 4, [1905], 540-1). Van der Velde, Een Indische liefde, P.J. Veth (1814–1895); English translation: A Lifelong Passion: P.J. Veth (1814–1895). 12 P.J. Veth, “Over de noodzakelijkheid om de beoefening der Oostersche talen aan de Nederlandsche Hoogescholen uit te breiden,” Jaarboek van het Koninklijk Nederlandsche In- stituut van Wetenschappen, Letterkunde en Schoone Kunsten (1849), 62-85, especially 77-80. 13 “… zoolang hunne taal en vreemdsoortig schrift een’ onoverkomelijken slagboom tusschen hen en ons stellen, zoolang ons de middelen ontbreken om hun geheimzinnig wezen te doorgronden.” Veth, “Over de noodzakelijkheid,” 78. 14 Wolter Robert baron van Hoëvell (pronounced as in Dutch Heuvel) (1812–79) first worked as a Protestant minister in Batavia from 1836 to 1848. He was very influential in scholarship and after his return to the Netherlands also in politics. As (vice) president of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences, from 1843 on he revitalised this scholarly society, established in 1778 and thus the oldest of its kind in Asia. 15 Van Hoëvell, “De uitbreiding van het hooger onderwijs in de Oostersche talen aan de Nederlandsche Akademieën.” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 11 (1849), vol. 2, pp. 68-78, especially 73-6. 644 NOTES 16 From 1848 the title was Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië. 17 Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië, II [1900], 45-6. Slavery was abolished in the East Indies in 1860. 18 K. ter Laan, Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid (Den Haag / Djakarta: Van Goor, 1952). 19 “De wijze waarop de Chineezen de drukkunst uitoefenen, is zeer eenvoudig. Zij snijden de letters of liever woorden in eene weeke houtsoort, bestrijken die met inkt, leggen er een blad Chineesch papier op, wrijven er een of tweemaal over, en de bewerking is afgeloopen. Er is daarvoor geen werkplaats, geen toestel, geene afzonderlijke inrigting noodig. Alles geschiedt in stilte, zonder dat iemand er iets van merkt. Ook op Java worden op die wijze stukken gedrukt,” Van Hoëvell, “De uitbreiding van het hooger onderwijs,” 74. 20 This probably refers to the Chinese revolt in Krawang (near Batavia) that began on 8 May 1832. All European houses in Purwakarta were burnt down and the collection on natural history of Dr. H.Chr. Macklot (1799–1832) was lost. Macklot himself was mur- dered with lances by the Chinese on 12 May (Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (1918), vol. II, p. 632). 21 R.J.M.N. Kussendrager wished to study Chinese on a government stipend, but this was refused. See below. 22 W.R. van Hoëvell in “De uitbreiding van het hooger onderwijs,” 68-78, in particular 73-6. 23 Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (1855), I, pp. 260-2. 24 Karl Gützlaff (1803–51), German missionary, who was sent to the Indies by the Neth- erlands Bible Society in 1827, but soon turned to China. He also worked on Bible transla- tions and as an interpreter and secretary for the British. He was very influential because of his charisma, both in China and in Europe, where he caused an early China hype, but was also controversial and was criticised by learned missionaries such as James Legge. In 1850 he was given an honorary doctor’s degree at the University of Groningen. 25 Henricus Christiaan Millies (1810–68), Protestant minister, from 1847 professor at the Lutheran Seminary, member of the board of the Netherlands Bible Society, and from 1857 professor of Oriental languages in Utrecht. 26 Nicolaas Beets (1813–1903), clergyman and writer, author of the famous collection of short stories Camera obscura (1839). 27 China: verzameling van stukken betreffende de prediking van het evangelie in China en omliggende landen (Nijmegen: Ten Hoet, 1852–1864). The regulations of the association were approved on 7 November 1850. 28 Copy of the letter from the Trustees of Leiden University to the Minister of Home Affairs dated 23 February 1855 quoting this letter, kept in V 28/2/1855 no. 75 (Geheim) inv. 5867, and in AC 2 inv. 119 II/2, Special Collections, Leiden University Library. The original letter was to be returned to the Ministry. Unfortunately, it could not be located in the archives of the Ministry of Home Affairs. 29 Email from Ton Kappelhof (Netherlands Missionary Archives, Het Utrechts Archief) to Cheng Weichung, 24 Feb. 2010. 30 Gützlaff’s Geschiedenis van het Chinesche Rijk van de oudste tijden tot de vrede van Nan- king (’s Gravenhage: Fuhri, 1852), p. XVII. Preface (Voorrede) dated 15 December 1851. 31 A Resident was the head of regional government. Originally, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Resident had a diplomatic function, but this gradually devel- oped into a governing role. Pieter van Rees (Rotterdam, 1806 – The Hague, 1865) began as a clerk in the Indies in 1820, and was from 24 August 1847 to 1 May 1854 Resident of Batavia. Stamboeken Indische ambtenaren B 73. The report and all related documents are in V 17/1/1854 no. 19 inv. 311. 32 Type of Indonesian boat (Dutch prauw). 33 Number 1 of the supplement appeared on 12 March 1852. In the beginning the Chi- nese title was Lang Ko-lan 壟高囒 (Semarang Newspaper) (1852–1854). During the first year it comprised one page in Chinese and one page in Javanese and Malay, lithographi- cally reproduced. From 1853 on, only the Chinese version appeared, now on two pages. Quite a few copies from 1852–7 are in the KITLV Collection (microfilm of an Indonesian archive). Evidently the contents are only translations from the Dutch version, such as an- TO CHAPTER ONE, ORIGINS 645 nouncements of auctions; nothing subversive could be found. It was later called the Chi- nese supplement (Chineesch bijblad), appearing until 1859. Starting in 1863, this weekly was continued as De Locomotief (1863–1903), which became one of the most important newspapers in the Indies. Termorshuizen, Journalisten en heethoofden, 361-414, 816-8. 34 In contrast to the situation in the Netherlands, from that time on there was no free- dom of the press in the Indies, although censorship had been abolished. Paradoxically, these regulations resulted in an even more critical and lively press, and there were many lawsuits on account of ‘defamation of the Governor General’ and ‘sedition.’ Termorshuizen, Jour- nalisten en heethoofden, 75-82, etc. 35 Carel Sirardus Willem, Count (graaf) van Hogendorp (1788–1856), was then a mem- ber of the Council of the Indies. He was a nephew of G.K. van Hogendorp, president of the drafting commission of the first Dutch Constitutions in 1813 and 1815. 36 Reinder Jan Lambertus Kussendrager (Groningen, 1805 – Batavia, 14 September 1846), teacher in Batavia from 1838 on, is known for his description of Java (Natuur- en aardrijkskundige beschrijving van het eiland Java (Groningen, 1841)) (Stamboeken Indische ambtenaren G 396). His son had won an honour prize at the Drawing School of the First Primary School in Weltevreden, Batavia (Javasche Courant, 9 July 1845). 37 “… heeft uit eigen beweging lust betoond tot de studie der Chinesche taal.” 38 All that is known about his Chinese studies is that he owned a copy of Morrison’s dic- tionary.
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