DOCSLIB.ORG

The British State at the Margins of Empire Extraterritoriality and Governance in Treaty Port China, 1842-1927

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The British State at the Margins of Empire Extraterritoriality and Governance in Treaty Port China, 1842-1927 This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Thompson, Alex Title: The British state at the margins of empire extraterritoriality and governance in treaty port China, 1842-1927 General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. The British state at the margins of empire: extraterritoriality and governance in treaty port China, 1842-1927 Alexander Thompson A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts, May 2018. 78,198 words 2 ABstract Existing studies of British expansion in China have often limited their exploration of the role of the state mostly to diplomatic and military actions. This thesis provides the first comprehensive account and assessment of another important aspect of this expansion: the British state’s role in implementing a project of governance over British subjects at the treaty ports. The fact of extraterritoriality – the principle that the nationals of foreign powers were subject to their own government’s law rather than that of the state within the boundaries of which they were situated – is well known. But consular jurisdiction, the implementation in practice of the principle of extraterritoriality, has not been the subject of much research. This thesis describes the British state institutions and practices which were created to implement consular jurisdiction in China. It shows the factors that prompted and shaped the institutions and practices as they developed at the treaty ports, paying particular reference to the role played by the need to manage marginal British subjects, viewed as problem populations, in that process. It then demonstrates how the state’s response to such groups shaped the development of the treaty ports, especially Shanghai, both by means of the formation of connections within the treaty ports and beyond, and also in the way that the state’s actions had clear repercussions which shaped the nature of the treaty ports as distinctively colonial spaces. Previous studies of foreign involvement in the treaty ports, often working with the concept of informal empire, have overlooked the role of the British state in the development of colonialism in treaty port China, beyond diplomatic and military interventions. The thesis questions such approaches and suggests that it is essential to understand the role of the British state in any assessment of the nature and effects of colonialism in China. 3 4 Acknowledgments A number of individuals deserve thanks for their role in making the completion of this dissertation possible. Firstly my supervisor Professor Robert Bickers has always shown a good deal of interest in the project, and provided much-needed encouragement at moments of doubt. In addition, my second supervisor Dr Victoria Bates has always also been fully engaged in the project, providing perceptive and extremely useful feedback at all stages. My wholehearted thanks go to both of them. For both practical and moral support, I must thank Dr Andrew Hillier, who provided both a room for the night and excellent company on numerous occasions while I visited the National Archives in the course of my research. Finally, I must of course acknowledge and thank my family, Natasha, Dylan, Felix and Joseph for showing patience, interest and understanding, and for reminding me of the existence of other sides to life when research and writing threatened to take over. 5 6 Author’s Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: ............................................................. DATE:.......................... 7 8 Table of Contents TaBles and Illustrations ................................................................................................... 11 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 11 Glossary ................................................................................................................................. 12 Chinese Geographical Names and Note on Romanisation .................................... 12 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14 Summary of Arguments ................................................................................................................ 16 Historiographical Contexts ........................................................................................................... 17 Britain in China before 1842 ........................................................................................................ 29 Overview of the foreign presence in China from 1842 - 1927 .............................................. 36 Sources ............................................................................................................................................. 41 Thesis structure .............................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter One - British state structures and institutions in treaty port China 48 Hong Kong, Beijing & London: the superintendent of trade and the Foreign Office ........ 51 The consuls and British governance at the treaty ports ........................................................ 61 The 1865 OIC and the new British court ................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 87 Chapter Two - Tackling Transgressive Behaviour: British crime and violence in China .................................................................................................................................. 91 Crime and disorder in the 1840s and 1850s: establishing the apparatus of control ....... 95 New responses to disorder: Frederick Bruce at Shanghai and Beijing ............................ 103 Violence and the ‘rowdy class’ under the British Supreme Court at Shanghai .............. 111 The impact of ideas of racial difference in cases of violence against Chinese ................ 117 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 124 Chapter Three - Recognition and Protection I: Chinese British suBjects ...... 128 Chinese British subjects in China ............................................................................................. 132 British nationality law and Chinese British subjects ........................................................... 138 British officials and Chinese British subjects in the 1840s and 1850s ............................ 142 The regulations of the 1860s .................................................................................................... 144 The policy change of 1904 ......................................................................................................... 158 9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 166 Chapter Four - Recognition and Protection II: British Eurasians .................... 169 Eurasians in treaty port China .................................................................................................. 173 The national status of Eurasians: official policy and practices .......................................... 183 Eurasians and the British Courts .............................................................................................. 193 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 199
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Case for 1950S China-India History
    Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ghosh, Arunabh. 2017. Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History. The Journal of Asian Studies 76, no. 3: 697-727. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41288160 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP DRAFT: DO NOT CITE OR CIRCULATE Before 1962: The Case for 1950s China-India History Arunabh Ghosh ABSTRACT China-India history of the 1950s remains mired in concerns related to border demarcations and a teleological focus on the causes, course, and consequence of the war of 1962. The result is an overt emphasis on diplomatic and international history of a rather narrow form. In critiquing this narrowness, this paper offers an alternate chronology accompanied by two substantive case studies. Taken together, they demonstrate that an approach that takes seriously cultural, scientific and economic life leads to different sources and different historical arguments from an approach focused on political (and especially high political) life. Such a shift in emphasis, away from conflict, and onto moments of contact, comparison, cooperation, and competition, can contribute fresh perspectives not just on the histories of China and India, but also on histories of the Global South. Arunabh Ghosh ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor of Modern Chinese History in the Department of History at Harvard University Vikram Seth first learned about the death of “Lita” in the Chinese city of Turfan on a sultry July day in 1981.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Darwin: a Companion
    CHARLES DARWIN: A COMPANION Charles Darwin aged 59. Reproduction of a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, original 13 x 10 inches, taken at Dumbola Lodge, Freshwater, Isle of Wight in July 1869. The original print is signed and authenticated by Mrs Cameron and also signed by Darwin. It bears Colnaghi's blind embossed registration. [page 3] CHARLES DARWIN A Companion by R. B. FREEMAN Department of Zoology University College London DAWSON [page 4] First published in 1978 © R. B. Freeman 1978 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd, Cannon House Folkestone, Kent, England Archon Books, The Shoe String Press, Inc 995 Sherman Avenue, Hamden, Connecticut 06514 USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Freeman, Richard Broke. Charles Darwin. 1. Darwin, Charles – Dictionaries, indexes, etc. 575′. 0092′4 QH31. D2 ISBN 0–7129–0901–X Archon ISBN 0–208–01739–9 LC 78–40928 Filmset in 11/12 pt Bembo Printed and bound in Great Britain by W & J Mackay Limited, Chatham [page 5] CONTENTS List of Illustrations 6 Introduction 7 Acknowledgements 10 Abbreviations 11 Text 17–309 [page 6] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Charles Darwin aged 59 Frontispiece From a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron Skeleton Pedigree of Charles Robert Darwin 66 Pedigree to show Charles Robert Darwin's Relationship to his Wife Emma 67 Wedgwood Pedigree of Robert Darwin's Children and Grandchildren 68 Arms and Crest of Robert Waring Darwin 69 Research Notes on Insectivorous Plants 1860 90 Charles Darwin's Full Signature 91 [page 7] INTRODUCTION THIS Companion is about Charles Darwin the man: it is not about evolution by natural selection, nor is it about any other of his theoretical or experimental work.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Hong Kong
    Modern Hong Kong Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History Modern Hong Kong Steve Tsang Subject: China, Hong Kong, Macao, and/or Taiwan Online Publication Date: Feb 2017 DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.280 Abstract and Keywords Hong Kong entered its modern era when it became a British overseas territory in 1841. In its early years as a Crown Colony, it suffered from corruption and racial segregation but grew rapidly as a free port that supported trade with China. It took about two decades before Hong Kong established a genuinely independent judiciary and introduced the Cadet Scheme to select and train senior officials, which dramatically improved the quality of governance. Until the Pacific War (1941–1945), the colonial government focused its attention and resources on the small expatriate community and largely left the overwhelming majority of the population, the Chinese community, to manage themselves, through voluntary organizations such as the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. The 1940s was a watershed decade in Hong Kong’s history. The fall of Hong Kong and other European colonies to the Japanese at the start of the Pacific War shattered the myth of the superiority of white men and the invincibility of the British Empire. When the war ended the British realized that they could not restore the status quo ante. They thus put an end to racial segregation, removed the glass ceiling that prevented a Chinese person from becoming a Cadet or Administrative Officer or rising to become the Senior Member of the Legislative or the Executive Council, and looked into the possibility of introducing municipal self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • That the Earliest Groups of Jews Came to China Via the Overland Silk Road
    Jews in China: Legends, History and New Perspectives By PAN Guang Jews in Ancient China: The Case of Kaifeng It was during the Tang Dynasty (around the 7th - 8th Century) that the earliest groups of Jews came to China via the overland Silk Road. Others then may come by sea to the coastal areas before moving inland. A few scholars believe that Jews came to China as early as the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.) — some even go so far as to place their arrival earlier, during the Zhou Dynasty (around the 6th Century B.C.) — though there have been no archaeological discoveries that would prove such claims. After entering China, Jews lived in many cities and areas, but it was not until in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) that the Kaifeng Jewish Community formed. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of Jews came to the then capital Dongjing (now Kaifeng, as it will be referred to below). They were warmly received by the authorities and allowed to live in Kaifeng as Chinese while keeping their own traditions and religious faith. Thereafter, they enjoyed, without prejudice, the same rights and treatment as the Han peoples in matters of residence, mobility, employment, education, land transactions, religious beliefs and marriage. In such a safe, stable and comfortable environment, Jews soon demonstrated their talents in business and finance, achieving successes in commerce and trade and becoming a rich group in Kaifeng. At the same time, their religious activities increased. In 1163, the Jews in Kaifeng built a synagogue right in the heart of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2011 Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945 Alice I. Reichman Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Reichman, Alice I., "Community in Exile: German Jewish Identity Development in Wartime Shanghai, 1938-1945" (2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 96. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/96 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE COMMUNITY IN EXILE: GERMAN JEWISH IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN WARTIME SHANGHAI, 1938-1945 SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR ARTHUR ROSENBAUM AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY ALICE REICHMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS ACADEMIC YEAR 2010-2011 APRIL 25, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………………... iii INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………....1 CHAPTER ONE FLIGHT FROM THE NAZIS AND ARRIVAL IN A FOREIGN LAND ……………………………....7 CHAPTER TWO LIFE AND CONDITIONS IN SHANGHAI ………………………………………………….......22 CHAPTER THREE RESPONDING TO LIFE IN SHANGHAI ……………………………………………………….38 CHAPTER FOUR A HETEROGENEOUS COMMUNITY : DIFFERENCES AMONG JEWISH REFUGEES ……………. 49 CHAPTER FIVE MAINTAINING A CENTRAL EUROPEAN IDENTITY : GERMANIC CULTURE COMES TO SHANGHAI ………………………………………………………………………………... 64 CHAPTER SIX YOUTH EXPERIENCE …………………………………………………………………….... 80 CHAPTER SEVEN A COSMOPOLITAN CITY : ENCOUNTERS AND EXCHANGES WITH OTHER CULTURES ……....98 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………….... 108 DIRECTORY OF REFERENCED SURVIVORS ………………………………………………. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………….. 117 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my reader, Professor Arthur Rosenbaum, for all the help that he has given me throughout this process. Without his guidance this thesis would not have been possible. I am grateful for how understanding and supportive he was throughout this stressful year.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncommon Books, Ephemera & Other Works on Paper
    Uncommon Books, Ephemera & other works on Paper Asia Bookroom www.AsiaBookroom.com Page 1 Why Include Asian Material in Your Collection? Librarians and collectors are increasingly adding Asian materials to their collections with the aim of providing a more balanced resource that better reflects the world. Including an Asian perspective on a subject within your collection provides an interesting contrast to the more commonly collected Western focused themes and in doing so provides deeper insights into a world that scholars and collectors were frequently previously unaware of. If you might be interested in pursuing this direction Sally Burdon from Asia Bookroom can advise you. Sally has worked with libraries and collectors worldwide and would welcome the opportunity to discuss your collecting interests. Her business Asia Bookroom specialises exclusively in books, ephemera and other materials on paper with an Asian focus. Asia Bookroom Lawry Place We issue many specialised lists by email. Macquarie ACT 2614 Australia Join our mailing list. Ph: +61 2 6251 5191 Fax: +61 2 6251 5536 Email us on [email protected] or Website: www.AsiaBookroom.com visit our website www.AsiaBookroom.com Email: [email protected] Japan & Korea—19th Century Map With Somewhat Quirky English Captions 樺井達之輔 Kabai Tatsunosuke (Editor) 明治改正 大日本精圖 Meiji kaisei dainihon seizu Detailed Map of Great Japan: Revision in Meiji. Folding map measures 70 x 70.5cm a few small closed tears along folds, 3 small holes at folds with only tiny loss. A very nice map in good condition. Nakamura Asakichi 中 村淺吉 Kyoto. 1887. Coloured copperplate map of Japan with Hokkaido and Korea shown in vignettes at the upper left corner and Okinawa (Ryūkyū) and the Ogasawara Islands in vignettes in the upper middle section of the map in the middle and to the right are the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
    China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more.
    [Show full text]
  • RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by the Office Of
    RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by The Office of Communications and Records Department of State (Adopted January 1, 1950—Revised January 1, 1955) I I CLASSES OF RECORDS Glass 0 Miscellaneous. I Class 1 Administration of the United States Government. Class 2 Protection of Interests (Persons and Property). I Class 3 International Conferences, Congresses, Meetings and Organizations. United Nations. Organization of American States. Multilateral Treaties. I Class 4 International Trade and Commerce. Trade Relations, Treaties, Agreements. Customs Administration. Class 5 International Informational and Educational Relations. Cultural I Affairs and Programs. Class 6 International Political Relations. Other International Relations. I Class 7 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs. Class 8 Internal Economic, Industrial and Social Affairs. 1 Class 9 Other Internal Affairs. Communications, Transportation, Science. - 0 - I Note: - Classes 0 thru 2 - Miscellaneous; Administrative. Classes 3 thru 6 - International relations; relations of one country with another, or of a group of countries with I other countries. Classes 7 thru 9 - Internal affairs; domestic problems, conditions, etc., and only rarely concerns more than one I country or area. ' \ \T^^E^ CLASS 0 MISCELLANEOUS 000 GENERAL. Unclassifiable correspondence. Crsnk letters. Begging letters. Popular comment. Public opinion polls. Matters not pertaining to business of the Department. Requests for interviews with officials of the Department. (Classify subjectively when possible). Requests for names and/or addresses of Foreign Service Officers and personnel. Requests for copies of treaties and other publications. (This number should never be used for communications from important persons, organizations, etc.). 006 Precedent Index. 010 Matters transmitted through facilities of the Department, .1 Telegrams, letters, documents.
    [Show full text]
  • VOL. XXIX No. 3 March 2017 Rs. 20.00 2
    1 VOL. XXIX No. 3 March 2017 Rs. 20.00 2 Ambassador Luo Zhaohui and his wife Dr. Jiang Yili met Ambassador Luo Zhaohui and his wife Dr. Jiang Yili met with His Excellency Ram Nath Kovind, Governor of Bihar. with the Honourable Mamata Benerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal. Ambassador Luo Zhaohui and his wife Dr. Jiang Yili met Ambassador Luo Zhaohui met with Mr. Suresh Prabhu, with Ms. Nirupama Rao and her husband, former Foreign Railway Minister of India. Secretary and Ambassador to China of India. Ambassador Luo Zhaohui met with Mr. Sitaram Yechury, The Chinese Embassy and Chinese enterprises had a General Secretary of the Communist Party of India friendly basketball match. (Marxist). NPC & CPPCC Annual Sessions 2017 1. NPC & CPPCC Annual Sessions 2017 4 2. Transcript of Premier Li Keqiang’s Meeting with the Press at the Fifth Session 6 of the 12th National People's Congress S 3. Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press 16 4. Chinese Leaders Review Government Work Report with Lawmakers 26 5. China's National Legislature Concludes Annual Session 27 6. China's National Legislature Stresses Unity Around Xi as Core 29 External Affairs T 1. China, Saudi Arabia Agree to Boost All-Round Strategic Partnership 31 2. President Xi Meets U.S. Secretary of State 33 2. Xi Jinping Meets with King Norodom Sihamoni and Queen Mother Norodom 34 Monineath Sihanouk of Cambodia 3. Li Keqiang and UK Prime Minister Theresa May Exchange Congratulatory 36 Messages on the 45th Anniversary of the Establishment of Ambassadorial Level Diplomatic Relations Between China and the UK 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title The Sino-British Agreement and Nationality: Hong Kong's Future in the Hands of the People's Republic of China Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j3546s0 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1) Author Chua, Christine Publication Date 1990 DOI 10.5070/P881021965 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California THE SINO-BRITISH AGREEMENT AND NATIONALITY: HONG KONG'S FUTURE IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Christine Chua* I. INTRODUCTION On July 1, 1997, the United Kingdom will officially relinquish its sovereignty over Hong Kong' to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The terms for the transfer of governmental control are set forth in the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong (hereinafter, "Joint Declaration"), which was signed by rep- resentatives for both governments on December 19, 1984. The terms likewise appear in the Memoranda exchanged by the United 2 Kingdom and PRC governments on the signing date. Set forth in the Joint Declaration is the PRC's intent to estab- lish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). 3 Rules for implementing the separate government of the Hong Kong SAR are also enumerated. 4 The creation of the Hong Kong SAR is au- thorized by a provision in the PRC Constitution' originally in- * J.D., 1989, UCLA School of Law; B.A., 1985, Cornell University.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-Modern Vs
    Part 7: Invasions, Rebellions, and the End of Imperial China Part 7 Introduction Pre-modern vs. Modern When does modern Chinese history begin? Some say during the Opium War, the late 1830s and 1840s. Others date modern history from 1919 and the May Fourth Movement. In this course we take the 18th century, when the Qing was at its height, to begin modern Chinese history. Considering that modern history bears some relation to the present, what events signified the beginning of that period? In Europe, historians often chose 1789, the French Revolution. The signifying events, the transitional events, for China begin with its transition from empire to nation-state, with population growth, with the inclusion of Xinjiang and Tibet during the Qianlong reign, and with the challenges of maintaining unity in a multi-ethnic population. Encounter with the West In the 19th century this evolving state ran head-on into the mobile, militarized nation of Great Britain, the likes of which it has never seen before. This encounter was nothing like the visits from Jesuit missionaries (footnote 129 on page 208) or Lord Macartney (page 253). It challenged all the principles of imperial rule. Foreign Enterprise Today’s Chinese economy has its roots in the Sino-foreign enterprises born during these early encounters. Opium was one of its main enterprises. Christianity was a kind of enterprise. These enterprises combined to weaken and humiliate the Qing. As would be said of a later time, these foreign insults were a “disease of the skin.”165 It was the Taiping Rebellion that struck at the heart.
    [Show full text]
  • 841D211f0b4bb19c93c26e63b9
    THE INTIMACIES OF FOUR CONTINENTS This page intentionally left blank THE INTIMACIES OF FOUR CONTINENTS LISA LOWE Duke University Press Durham and London 2015 © 2015 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper ∞ Typeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Lowe, Lisa. Te intimacies of four continents / Lisa Lowe. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-5863-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5875-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-7564-7 (e- book) 1. Liberalism. 2. Liberty. 3. Slave trade. 4. Commerce. 5. Civilization, Modern. i. Title. jc574.l688 2015 320.51— dc23 2014046258 Cover art: Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle, © Yinka Shonibare mbe. All rights reserved, dAcs/ ars, NY 2014. Photo courtesy Stephen Friedman Gallery, London, and National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, UK. for Juliet This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. THE INTIMACIES OF FOUR CONTINENTS * 1 CHAPTER 2. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OUT OF EMPIRE * 43 CHAPTER 3. A FETISHISM OF COLONIAL COMMODITIES * 73 CHAPTER 4. THE RUSES OF LIBERTY * 101 CHAPTER 5. FREEDOMS YET TO COME * 135 AC KNOW L EDG MENTS * 177 NOTES * 181 REFERENCES * 269 INDEX * 305 1.1 Cutting Sugar Cane in Trinidad, Richard Bridgens (1836). Lithograph from West India Scenery, by Richard Bridgens. © Te British Library Board. CHAPTER 1 THE INTIMACIES OF FOUR CONTINENTS My study investigates the ofen obscured connections between the emer- gence of Eur o pean liberalism, settler colonialism in the Americas, the transatlantic African slave trade, and the East Indies and China trades in the late eigh teenth and early nineteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]