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Abramovitch, Raphael (Rafail Association of Jewish Writers and Abramovich Rein), xii, 48, 52 Journalists, 126 Adler, Friedrich, 187, 188, 190 Atran, Frank Z. (Efroyim Zalman Adler, Max, 177, 178n22 Atran), 250 Adler, Victor, 134, 173, 184, 246 Atran Culture House, New York, 250 Agudes Yisroel, 120, 228 Australia, 49 Alter, Ayzyk, 7 Austria Alter, Victor, xiii, 69, 72, 73–4, 75, socialists and sports organization, 84, 85, 86, 109, 163, 180, 203 67n12 American Federation of Labor (AFL), see also Galicia 180 Amsterdam, 184 Baptists, 7, 9 anarchists, 50, 51, 246, 251 Bauer, Otto, 138, 148, 173, 176–7 Andreyv, Leonid, 123 BBWR (Non-Party Bloc for Anglo-American Committee of Cooperation with the Enquiry on , 222, Government), 162 241n46 Bebel, August, 246 anti-Semitism, 42, 64, 69, 75, 77, Beck, Georgii, 50 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, Beker, Yoysef, 112 166, 167, 183, 220 Berger-Barzilai, Joseph 189 Austria, 172–4, 177 Berlin, 76, 203, 246 Lodz, 92, 100, 107 Bund, 49–50, 52–3 and national ideology of Bund, Bund Archives, 248–9, 251, 253 197–212 Berman, Adolf, 83, 234, 235, 240n29 Antwerp, 64, 144 Berman, Pavel, 49, 50 Arbeiter-Zeitung, 146–7, 173 Bern, 50, 160 Arbeter-sportler, 62, 63 Bialystok, xiii, 7, 34, 90, 91, 112, Der arbeyter, 32, 42 117, 161, 162, 245 Di arbeyter shtimme, 18, 35, 36, 37, Bibliotekn tsenter, 125 91, 117–18, 122 Bibliothèque Nationale, 248 Arcibashev, Michael, 123 Bielsk, 144 Aronson, Grigori, 52 Bikher velt, 123–4 Asch, Sholem, 123 Birenshtok, Shlama, 93 Asiats, 230 Birentsvayg, Mikhael, 93 ASKÖ (Workers’ Federation for Sports Birnboym, Ruven, 136 and Physical Culture in Austria), Birobidzhan, 76 63 Bishara, Azmi, 265, 266 assimilationism, xvii, 48, 116, 134, Biuletin, 206–7 147, 173–4, 175, 176–7, 183, Blatman, Daniel, 213–14, 223–4 184, 205, 256, 258 Blit, Barbara, 180–1 Association of Commerce Employees, Blit, Lucjan (Lutsian), 180–1, 223 10 Bloshteyn, Oyzer, 112

271 272 Index

Blum, Abrasha, 208 40, 46, 47, 50, 51–2, 134, Blum, Léon, 187, 188, 248 147, 244, 245, 246, 251 Bolsheviks, xii, xvii, xix, 75, 156, in (Jewish Workers’ Bund 160, 184, 186–7, 192, 200, 247 in Poland) Borokhov Yugnt, 228 Central Committee, 83, 85, 125, Borski, Jan Maurycy, 166 222, 248, 251, 252 Boymgarten, Nisen, 105, 106 Conferences: Unification Boysk, 245 Conference (Cracow, 1920), Brandt, Willy, 181–2 161; Second (Danzig, 1921), Brenner, Lieber (Liber Brener), 221 73, 82; Fourth (, Brest-Litovsk, 166 1929), 73, 191; Fifth (Lodz, brichah, 209 1930), 73, 74, 108, 163, 191; Briderlikhkeyt, 134 Sixth (Warsaw, 1935), 205 Britain, 268 Congresses: Jubilee (40th and , 185–6, 189, 234–5 Anniversary, 1937), 166 Brod, Jakob, 174 post-Holocaust: Lublin (1944), Bronislav Groser Library 219; Lodz (1945), 220–1 Lodz, 105 World Conference of Bundist Warsaw, 125 Organizations (1947), 210 Bros, Yankef ,146 World Coordinating Committee of Brumberg, Abraham, 166, 167 Bundist Organizations, 209, Brünn, 138, 174 210, 249 Brussels, 156, 157 see also Central Union of Bund Buenos Aires, 53 Organizations in the USA; Bukovina Bund see Jewish Social Jewish Social Democratic Democratic Association Bund Association Bund (Bukovina Bulletin (Jewish Press Agency), 216 Bund); Jewish Workers’ Bund Bund Archives, 243–54 in Poland (1897); Kombund; Bund Kombund fraktsie; Latvian in (General Jewish Bund; Social Democratic Bund; Workers’ Bund in Russia and United Organization of Poland, later General Jewish Workers’ Associations and Workers’ Bund in Lithuania, Support Groups to the Bund Poland and Russia) Abroad and individual locations Central Committee, 18, 20, 31, Der bund, 18, 39–40, 94 36–7, 38, 39–40, 41, 42, 51, Bureau for Matters Concerning Aid 90, 91, 141, 159, 253 to the Jewish Population of Congresses: Founding (1897), 30, Poland, 215 90, 91, 155; Second (1898, 91; Third (1899, 91; Fourth Camp of National Unity see OZON (1901), 34–8, 156, 255; Fifth Canada, minority rights, 268 (1903), 268–9n6; Sixth ‘Carougeke’, 51 (1905), 38–9, 40–1, 42, 146; Catholic bloc, 162 Seventh (1906), 146; Eighth Central Archives of the October (1971), 146, 186 Revolution, see TsGAOR Conferences: Seventh (1906), Central Committee. of the in 41–2; Eighth (1910), 113, Poland see CKZP 146, 159; Twelfth (1920), xii Central Jewish Historical Foreign Committee, 18, 20, 31–8, Commission, 216 Index 273

Central Party Archives, 253 Czech sports organizations, 66–7n12 Central Union of Bund Organizations Czechoslovakia crisis (1938–9), 108, in the USA, 48–9 204, 205 , 164 Czernowitz Language CGT (General Confederation of Conference (1908), 146 Labor), 51 Czestochowa, 220, 221, 222 ‘ Chicago, 246 Christian Democrats (Lodz), 98 Danzig, 73, 82 civil. rights, xi, 186, 256, 267 CKZP (Central Committee of the Darmstadt, 49 Jews in Poland), 209, 218, 222, Daszy´nski, Ignacy, 134, 136, 147 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, Democratic National Alliance 233, 234, 235, 236–7 (Palestine), 265 Cold War, 214 Deutsch, Julius, 63 Comintern (Communist Diamand, Hermann, 134, 135, 163, International), xvii, 73, 81–2, 175 87–8, 161, 183, 186, 187, 190, Dimant, Dobra ,93 191, 192, 200 Dresden, 49 Dror, 218, 228, 239n17 Communist Party of – . Opposition see KPDO Dzierzynski,´ Feliks, 22, 137 Communist Party of Palestine (PCP), 189 ECCI (Executive Committee of the Communist Party of Poland see KPP ), 190 Communist Party of the Soviet education, xii, xviii, 16, 59, 87, Union, xii, 82, 86, 88, 246, 252 112–17, 166, 201 Communist Workers’ Party of Poland Galicia, 134, 137, 148, 176, 177 see KPRP Lodz, 99, 105 Comrie, B., 16 and national cultural autonomy, consociationism, 266–7 258 Cöthen, 49 post-Holocaust, 233 Cracow Eichler, Willi, 179, 180, 182 Bund and PPS,. 164 Ek, Volf, 142 Bund and ZPS, 135, 137, 139, 143, Elman, Sheyne, 93 144, 145, 146 emigration, xv, 70, 77, 166, 205, 209, Bundist sports organizations, 60, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231–7 66 Engels, Friedrich, 173, 177 Nazism, 207 Erlich, Henryk, xii, xiii, 69, 72, 75, post-Holocaust, 220 86, 115, 159, 160, 163, 180, 186, cultural activities and issues, xii-xiii, 187–90, 191, 201, 202, 204 xviii, 48 ESDRP-PZ (Jewish Social Democratic between world wars, 112–30, 166 Workers’ Party Poalei ), 48, Lodz, 99, 105 49, 99, 185, 251 Morgnshtern and significance of Evian Conference, 204 cultural hegemony, 59–68 Evreiskii rabochii, 118 post-Holocaust, 208–9, 210, Evsektsiia (Jewish Section [of the . 217–19, 221–2, 233, 236 Communist Party]), 53 ZPS, 145, 148 Executive Committee of the Czech Social Democratic Workers’ Communist International Party, 147 (ECCI), 190

273 274 Index extraterritorial Jewish nationality, Federation, formerly TsGAOR), theory of, 32, 34, 38–9 253 Eyneygler, Karol, 136 Gdanski, Fayvel, 93 Eynhorn, Dovid, 83 Gegenwartsarbeit, 228–9, 230 eynsers (the ‘ones’), 82–8 Gelernt, Henokh, 249 general strike (March 17, 1936), xiii, Falanga, 166 120, 205–6 Falk, Ignacy, 229, 232, 233, 235, , 48, 216, 246, 251 240n21 Geneva, 49, 50, 51, 181, 251 Fareynigte (United Jewish Socialist Bund Archives, 245, 246, 247, 250, Workers’ Party), 114, 115 252 fascism, 162, 166, 203, 205 Foreign Committee, 31, 244, 245 see also Nazism German Social Democratic Party in Fayner, Leon, 83–4 Poland, 162, 164 Federation of the Polish Jews in Germany 202–4 America, 239n14 Bund Archives, 248–9, 251 Finkelstein, Leo (Finkelshtayn), 219, Bund groups, 49–50, 52–3 241n46 Jews in, 203, 232 Fishgrund, Salo, 229, 230, 231–2, Gilinski, Shloyme, 72 233, 234, 239n14, 241n43 Glazman, Borekh, 121 Fishman, William, 50 Globus, 125 Fogel, Gershon, 231 Gl´os, 147 Folkstsaytung, 119–22, 124, 125, 126 Gl´os Bundu, 118 see also Naye folkstsaytung Godesberg program, 179 Ford, Alexander, 72 Goldbergowa, Felicja, 71 Foroys, 125 Goldmakher, Yitzkhok, 93 Forverts (Forwards), 134, 140 Goldstein, Bernard, 167 France, 234 Gorky, Maxim, 123 Bundist/socialist relations, 182 Gostynin, 233 see also Paris Gozshanski, Shmuel (Lonu), 14, 40, France, Anatole, 121 145, 146 Frank, Hans, 206 Gralak, Ignacy, 103 Frankel, Jonathan, 43n3 Gramsci, Antonio, 59, 65 Frankfurt, 182 Grinblat, Roza, 90 Der frayhayts-glok, 94 Grodno, xiii Fridman, Yankef, 124 Gromyko, Andrei, 235 Friedberg, 49 Groser, Bronislav (Slavek, Adolf Frishman, Dovid, 123 Shteyn), 40, 41, 105, 114, 125, Frug, Shimon, 123 137, 144, 147, 151n24 Frumkin, Boris, 91 Groser klub, 126 Frumkin, Ester Lifshits see Lifshits- Grossmann, Henryk, 133, 135, 136, Frumkin 137, 141, 143, 146, 148, 152nn56,57 Galicia Gurcman, Benedykt, 95 Austro- and Jews, 172–8 Gutman, Feliks, 151n32, 152nn50, Jewish Social Democratic Party and 56 the Bund, 133–54 schools, 117 Häcker, Emil, 137 GARF (State Archives of the Russian , 242n53 Index 275

Halle, 49 International Working Union of Hamburg, 187 Socialist Parties (‘Second-and-a- Hatzair, 228, 234, half’ International, Vienna 239nn13,17 Union), 52, 83, 187 Haynt, 120, 129n34 internationalism, 35, 48, 96, 158, Hebrew Socialist Union, 9–10 183, 198, 208, 220 Hechalutz, 230, 239n13 ISB (International Socialist Bureau), Heidelberg, 49 184, 185 Heine, Heinrich, 21 Iskra, 74, 75 Heller, Binem, 124 , 213, 214, 215, 235, 237 Henderson–Webb Declaration, 186 and national cultural autonomy for Hennsler, Fritz, 182 Palestinians, 263–7 Herman, Dovid, 127 Italy, 234 Herszenhorn, Szlomo (Shloyme Hershenhorn), 215–16, 219, 229, Jacobs, Jack, 43n3, 53, 184–5 231, 234 Jakobi, Sinai, 135 Hertz, Jacob S. (I. Sholem Herts), 6, Janów, 142 109n1, 199 Jaszunski,´ Gerszon see Yashunski Hirshbayn, Perets, 123 Gershon Hirshfeld, Eda, 93 Jena, 49 Hitachdut, 228, 237 Jewish Agency, 188, 233, 234, Hitler, Adolf, 201, 203, 204 241n40 Hodes, Leyvik, 86 Jewish Agitation Committee, 135, Di hofnung, 19 136 Hofshteyn, Dovid, 121 Jewish Communist Workers’ Bund Holocaust, 65 see Kombund national ideology of Bund, Jewish community, 3, 4, 8–10, 163 197–212 Jewish community councils, 87, 143 survivors, 165, 220, 227–8 Jewish Fighting Organization, Homel pogrom, 156 239n13 Horontshik, Shimen, 121 , xiii, 53, Horwitz, Maksymilian, 137 209 Hurvitsh, Tsivia, 91, 93, 98 Jewish Press Agency, 216 Jewish Section of the PPSD see PPSD Ichud, 216, 228, 233, 234, 237 Jewish of Galicia Imprimerie Israélite, 245, 251 (formerly Jewish Section of the Independent Socialist Labor Party, PPSD), 140 106 Jewish Social Democratic Association Inter-Documentation Company, 254 Bund (Bukovina), 144 International, Second see Socialist Jewish Social Democratic. Party of International Galicia see ZPS International, ‘Second-and-a-half’ see Jewish Social Democratic Workers’ International Working Union of Party Poalei Zion see ESDRP-PZ Socialist Parties Jewish Socialist Workers’ Party Poalei International, Third see Comintern Zion in Austria, 135 International Information Bureau of Jewish Society for the Dissemination Revolutionary Socialist Parties of Education (St Petersburg), 113 (Paris Bureau), 83, 191 Jewish Workers’ Bund in Poland International Socialist Bureau see ISB (1897), 30 276 Index

Jogiches, Leo, 136 Kossovsky, Vladimir (Nokhum Mendl Johnpoll, Bernard K., 167 Levinson), 31, 40, 53, 70, 71, Joint Distribution Committee, 74–8, 117, 185, 186, 202, 203, 241n40 246, 247 Judenschutztruppe, social democracy Kovner, Abba, 230 seen as, 174 Kovno, 74 KPDO (Communist Party of Germany , 264–5 – Opposition), 192 Kahane, Meir, 264–5 KPP (Communist Party of Poland, Kalkshteyn, Pinkhes, 93 previously KPRP), 87, 88, 104, Karlsruhe, 49 108, 126, 161, 164, 208, 236 Karski, Jan, 83 KPRP (Communist Workers’ Party of Kashe, Yankl, 93 Poland, 1918–1925), xvii, 137 Kasprzak, Marcin, 95 see also KPP Kats, Dovid (Taras), 244 Kremer, Arkadi (Aleksandr), 30, 31, Kaufman, M., 102 48, 70, 73, 74 Kautsky, Karl, 33, 34, 172, 267 Kremer, Pati, 70 Kazdan, Khayim Sh., 115, 124 Kretzmer, David, 265 Kegn shtrom, 85 Kristallnacht (1938), 204 kehiles 87, 89, 143, Kristan, Etbin, 175 Kempfer group, 51 KRN (The National Council), 231 Khayfets, Avrom, 101 Kruk, Herman, 125 khevres (bractvo), 4, 5, 6, 8 Krzywicka, Irena, 71, 72 Khmurner, Yoysef (Yoysef Kujbyszew, 180 Leshtshinski), 75, 84, 85–6, 87, Kulbak, Moyshe, 121 88, 115, 120, 124, 163, 203 Kulczycki, Ludwik, 71 Kielce pogrom (1946), 230, 232 Kultur lige, 60, 105, 115, 121, 123–7, Kinder fraynd, 125 129n23 Kishinev pogrom, 49, 50, 95, 156 Kurierek Robotniczy, 9 Kisman, Yoysef, 152n56 Kursky, Franz (Shmuel Kohn), 208–9, Klal yisroel, 119 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251 Kletskin, Boris, 130n37 Kushinski, Yisroel, 93 Kleyne folkstsaytung, 120, 121 Kymlicka, Will, 258–62, 263, 266, Kligsberg, Moyshe, 60 268 Kokotzinski, Ignatz, 98 Kombund (Jewish Communist labor Zionism, 83, 135, 187, 198, Workers’ Bund in Poland), xvii, 218–19 104, 161, 187 (of Great Britain), 179, Kombund (Jewish Communist 185–6 Workers’ Bund in the Ukraine, Labour Party (of Israel), 181 Russia and Belorussia), 246 Latvian Bund, 52 Kombund fraktsie, 161 Lebnsfragn, 118 Königsberger trial (1904), 48 Leipzig, 49, 50 Konopnitski, Moyshe, 9, 91 Lekert, Hirsh, 140 Kopelzon, Tsemakh (Timofei Lemberg, 135, 136, 140, 143, 175, Markovich, Grishin), 244 176, 199 Korczak, Janusz (Henryk Goldszmit), Lenin, Vladimir, xi–xii, xvi, 14–15, 120 51, 81, 156, 246, 248, 255–8, Kosover, Mendel, 233 263, 270n32 Index 277

Lenin Institute, 247–8 Manger, Itzik, 125 Leshtshinski, Yoysef, 205 Margolis, Aleksander, 105, 106, 107 Leyb, Moyshe, 93 Martov, Julius (Iulii Osipovich Liber, Mark (Mikhail Isaakovich Tsederbaum), 75 Goldman), xii, 29, 40, 48, 70 Marx, Karl, 9, 177 liberalism, and national cultural Marxism, xi, 167 autonomy, 258–62, 263, 268 Jewish didactic concepts used in Liberman, Aron, 9 press, 16–25 Lifshits-Frumkin, Ester, 113–14, 143, and national cultural autonomy, 146 198, 262, 268 Likhtenshtayn, Yisroel, 98, 101, 103, May Day demonstrations and 105, 106, 107 celebrations Lipshits, Ester, 93 1935, 76 Lipshits, Khana, 93 1939, 166 literacy campaigns, 16 1945, 220 Literarish bleter, 125 Galicia, 139–40 Literarishe tribune, 125 Lodz, 6, 92, 95, 96, 97, 108 , 8, 29, 30, 32, 42, Vilna, 155 157 Warsaw, 164, 166 Lithuanian socialists, 36, 198 Mayzel, Eliahu Khayim, 9 Litvak, A. (Khayim Yankef Helfand), Mayzil, Nakhman, 123, 124, 125 152n50 Mazo, Dovid, 98 Lodz, 3 Medem, Vladimir, xii, 38, 40, 41, 46, Bund, xiii, 7–10, 77, 90–111, 135, 48, 49, 50, 70, 74, 118, 137, 185, 162 199, 205, 249, 256–7 Jews in, 3–7, 28 Medem Sanatorium, xii, 60, 72 Morgnshtern, 6 Melamed, Zelig, 123, 125 pogrom (1892), 6, 92 Mendel, Hersh, 51 post-Holocaust Bund, 220 Mendelson, Shloyme, 72, 77 Lodzer veker, 104, 105 Mendelson, Stanislaw, 29 London, 233 , xvii, ´48, 52, 53, 86, 156, Bund, 8, 50–1 160, 248 Foreign Committee, 245 Miedzeszyn, 72 Hebrew Socialist Union, 9–10 Miedziogorski, Avrom, 93 German social democrats and Mikhalevitsh, Beynish (Yoysef Polish Bundists in exile, Izbitski), 115, 120, 201 179–82 Mill, John (Yoysef Shloyme Mil), 30, LSI (Labour and Socialist 32, 40, 48, 70, 71, 198, 209, 244, International), 52, 73, 83–4, 163, 246 183–94 Milman, Shmuel, 105, 107 Lublin, 160, 209 minority cultures, and national guilds and beginnings of Bund, 4, cultural autonomy, 255–70 10, 10n5 Minsk, 7, 14, 91, 112, 245 post-Holocaust Bund, 215–16. 219 Mishkinsky, Moshe, 43n3 Zionists, 228, 230 Mitshnik, Dovid, 50 Lublin Jewish Committee, 216 Mittweida, 49 Luxemburg, Rosa, xvi, 136 Mizrachi, 228 Moment, 129n34 Maccabi, 62, 63 Morgentaler, Yoysef, 105, 107 278 Index

Morgnroyt (Jewish Workers’ Bund Archives under, 248–9 Educational Association), 146 Lodz Bund, 108–9 Morgnshtern (journal), 119 Die Neie Zeit (Di naye tsayt) (London), Morgnshtern (sports organization), 50 59–68 Die Neue Zeit, 173 Moscow, 192, 247–8, 252, 253–4 neutralism, Medem’s theory, 137, Mozler, Anzelm, 139 199, 205, 256–7, 263 multiculturalism, 255, 268 New York, 246 liberal, of Will Kymlicka, 258–62, Bund, 181, 208, 209 263, 268 Bund. Archives, 243, 249, 252 Munich, 49, 50 ZPS, 144 Museum of Revolution (Moscow), Niedzialkowski, Mieczyslaw, 163, 188 253, 254 Nister, ´Der (Pinkhas Kahanovitsh),´ Mutnik, Avrom (Mutnikovitsh, Gleb), 123 74, 90 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 79n23 Naprzód, 139 Nomberg, H. D., 123 Narodniki, 7 Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with Nasha tribuna, 118 the Government (BBWR), 162 Nashe Slovo, 118 Norwegian Workers’ Party, 187 Nasz Przeglad, 121 Novogrudski, Emanuel Nasze hasla, 41, 118 (Nowogrudski), 82, 250 Nasze Wyzwolenie,´ 105 Nowogrodzki, Maius, 89n3 national cultural autonomy, xi, Nutkevitsh, Sergey, 105 38–40, 41, 42, 74, 87, 96, 113, 156, 157, 158, 160, 184, 197–8, Oberman, Jacob, 102 228, 255–70 Oler, Leon, 87 Austrian SDAP, 174–5, 177 Olgin, Moyshe (Moyshe Yoysef Palestinian, 263–6 Novomiski), 49 PPS. support, 166, 167 Opatoshu, Yoysef, 121 ZPS, 138, 144, 145–7, 148, 176 Organization of Jewish Writers, see also national ideology Journalists and Artists, 216 National Democrats, 162, 165 Organizing Committee of Polish Jews national ideology, in the , 216 Bund, xv–xvi, xviii, xx, 48, 74, Orzech, Mauricy, 208 183–4; 1897–1905: 28–45; Otkliki Bunda, 51 1933–47: 197–212 OZON (Camp of National Unity), Bund–PPS relations, 156, 160–2 164, 166 PPSD, 135–6 SDAP, 135–6, 174–5 Pabianice, 93 see also national cultural autonomy Palestine, 76, 186, 187, 189–90, 205, , 165 209, 222–3, 228, 229, 231, 232, National , see Nazism 234–5, 236, 237 National Workers’ Union, 98 national cultural autonomy, 263–7 Naye folkstsaytung, 72, 75, 78, 86, Palestinian Communist Party, 189 119, 201, 204 Papier, Moyshe, 142 Di naye shul, 129n23 Paris Nazism, xiii, xix, 164, 182, 192, Bund, 51, 53 201–6, 207 Bund Archives, 248–9, 251 Index 279

Congress of the Socialist Kristallnacht (1938), 204 International, 91, 184 Lodz, 6, 92 World Congress of , Przytyk, 120, 165, 205 192 Poliak, Dovid, 105, 106 Party of Socialist Revolutionaries see Polish Bolshevik-Leninists, 192 PSR Polish Committee of National Pat, Yankef, 121, 124, 209–10 Liberation see PKWN PCP (Palestinian Communist Party), Polish Communist Party see KPP 189 Polish Communist Workers’ Party see , 165, 166 KPRP Peretz, Yitzkhok Leybush, 123, Polish Jews, self-organization before 130n35, 146 1900, 3–12 Peretz literary association, 53 Polish question, influence on Bund’s Pergament, Yerakhmiel, 105 national program (1897–1905), Perl, Feliks, 35, 147 28–45 Perle, Yehoshua, 121, 125 Polish Social Democratic Party of Pernerstorfer, Engelbert, 177, 178n22 Galicia and Upper Silesia see Peysakhzon, Yitzkhok Mordekhai, 7, PPSD 91 Polish see PPS Peyzner, Shmuel, 93 -Former Piatnitsky, Osip, 47, 50 Revolutionary Fraction (PPSdFR), Piekhman, Hershel, 93 163 Pilsudski, Józef, 29–30, 116, 135, 157, Polish Socialist Party-Revolutionary ´ 160, 162, 163, 164, 187, 200, 204 Fraction see PPS-Revolutionary Pinski, Dovid, 49, 123 Fraction Piotrków, 220 Polish United Workers’ Party see Pizshits, Khayim, 248 PZPR PKWN (Polish Committee of Polish Workers’ Party see PPR National Liberation), 215, 216 Portnoy, Noyakh (Yekutiel Portnoi), Platten, Fritz, 247 70, 71–4, 77–8, 83, 206, 247 PLP (Progressive List for Peace), 264–5 Poslednie izvestiia, 51, 94, 151n32 Poalei Zion (Austria) see Jewish Poznanski, Khayim Leyb, 105, 106, Socialist Workers’ Party Poalei 107 Zion in Austria Poznanski, Yisroel, 6 Poalei Zion (Poland), 104, 106, 107, PPR (Polish Workers’ Party), 208, 114, 163, 164, 187, 188; see also 219, 221, 222, 223, 234, 236, Poalei Zion-Left, Poalei Zion- 239n13, 241n39 Right PPS (Polish Socialist Party), xvii, xviii, Poalei Zion (Russian Empire) see 28–42 passim, 75, 135, 136, 137, ESDRP–PZ 147, 148, 155–71, 175, 187, 188, Poalei Zion-Left, 61, 115, 119, 126, 191, 197, 198, 199, 223 228, 232, 234, 239n13 Bund Archives, 246, 251 Poalei Zion-Right, 116, 228, 239n13 Congresses: Fourth (1897), 30–1, 32, Podbrzezie, 71 158; Seventh (1905), 38; Ninth Poe, Edgar Allan, 123 (1906), 158; 23rd (1933), 164; pogroms, xi, 199 24th (1937), 165, 166 Homel, 156 Jewish section, 42, 44n25, 251 Kielce, 230, 232 Lithuanian section, 42 Kishinev, 49, 50, 95, 156 Lodz, 7, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 108 280 Index

‘the Young’ faction, 38 Remarque, Erich Maria, 121 PPS-Left, xvii, 71, 100, 101, 102, 103, Renner, Karl, 138, 148 137, 159 resistance movement, xiii, xix PPS-Proletariat, 36 Revisionists, 228 PPS-Revolutionary Fraction, 147, Reyzen, Avrom, 123 158–9 Riba, Hinda (Ryba), 249 PPSD (Polish Social Democratic Party Robotnik, 191 of Galicia and Upper Silesia), 133, Rocker, Rudolf, 50 134–8, 139, 140, 141, 144, 147–8, Rosdolsky, Roman, 177 149, 153–4n81, 175, 176, 197 Rosen, Khayim, 93 Congresses: Eighth (1903), 134; Rosenberg, Shimon, 232, 233–4 Ninth (1904), 135–6; Tenth Rote Falken (Austria), 65 (1906), 140; Thirteenth (1913), Roth, Joseph, 174 144 Rovne, 228 Jewish Section, 140, 143, 144, 146, Rozental, Ana Heler, 70, 73 148, 152nn56, 61 Rozental, Pavel (Pinkhes), 70 PPSdFR (Polish Socialist Party-Former RSDRP (Russian Social Democratic Revolutionary Fraction), 163 Workers’ Party), xi, xvi, xvii, 28, Pratt, Norma Fain, 250 29, 31, 36, 37, 46, 47, 51, 73, 74, Pravda, 16, 24 113, 138, 153n80, 197, 198, 247, Presman, Shiya, 102 251 press see publishing Foreign Delegation, 52, 53 Progressive List for Peace see PLP Second Congress (1903), 49, 51, proletarian dictatorship, 192 156, 184 disputes over meaning, 85–6 Unity Congress (1906), 100 Przeds´wit (London), 33 RTsKhIDNI (Russian Center for Przemys´l, 140, 221 Preservation and Study of the Przyszlos´´c, 94 Documents of Contemporary Przytyk´ pogrom, 120, 165, 205 History), 253 PSR (Party of Socialist Rubinshtayn, Litman, 93 Revolutionaries), 52, 71, 184, Ruch, 137 185, 251 Russian Center for Preservation and publishing, xiii, 8, 13–27, 72 Study of the Documents of and cultural life, 117–26 Contemporary History, 253 Galicia, 139, 141–2, 144–5 Russian Revolution (1905–7), xi, xix, Lodz, 94, 98 20, 38–42, 69, 138 PZPR (Polish United Workers’ Party, Lodz, 96–101 later known as Polish Workers’ PPS–Bundist relations, 158 Party), 167 Russian Revolution (1917), xii, xvii, 15, 20, 47, 51, 52, 69, 73, 81, Rabkin, Iser, 245 160, 198, 246 Radek, Karl (Karol Sobelsohn), 136, Russian Social Democratic Workers’ 137 Party see RSDRP Rafalovitsh, Khayim (Meyer Vaser), Russification, 31, 42, 157 123, 163 Ruthenian Social Democrats (Austro- Ravitch, Melekh (Zekharye Bergner), Hungarian Empire), 176 121, 124 Reiss, A., 152n61 SA (Storm Division), 248, 249 religion, Bund and, 8–9, 74, 167, 236 St Petersburg, 159 Index 281

SAPD (Socialist Workers’ Party of Smooha, Sammy, 265, 266, 267 Germany), 192 Sobelsohn, Karol see Radek, Karl Scherer, Emanuel (Szerer, Sherer), social activities, post-Holocaust, 181–2, 223 217–19, 221–2 Schumacher, Kurt, 182 Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Schutzbund, 63 Poland and Lithuania see SDKPiL SDAP (Social Democratic Workers’ Social Democratic Bund, xii, 52, 246 Party of Austria), 63–4, 133, 134, Foreign Delegation, 52 135–6, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, Social Democratic Federation of the 147, 148, 172–5, 177, 190 , 50 SDF (Social Democratic Federation of Social Democratic Party of Bukovina, the United Kingdom), 50 144 SDKPiL (Social Democratic Party of Social Democratic Party of Germany the Kingdom of Poland and see SPD Lithuania), xvi, xvii, 35, 71, 136, Social Democratic Workers’ Party 137, 148, 158, 159, 197 (Austria) see SDAP Lodz, 94, 95–6, 97, 99–101, 102, Social Democratic Workers’ Party 103 (Russia) see RSDRP see Socialist Social Revolutionaries see PSR International Socialist Children’s Union see SKIF Segal, Sheyne Reyzl, 91 (also Second Segalovitsh, Zusman, 123 International), 18, 49, 73, 245, Seimists see SERP 246, 251 SERP (Jewish Socialist Workers’ Congresses: Brussels (1891), 157, Party), 48, 185, 251 158; Paris (1900), 91, 184; Shefner, Borekh, 119, 126 Amsterdam (1904), 184; Shklov, 7 Stuttgart (1907), 185 Shluker, Yisroel, 93 after World War I, 83–4, 160, 186 Shmoysh, Avrom, 102 after World War II, 181–2 Shnior, Zalman, 123 see also LSI Sholonim, Leyb, 8 Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany Shomer (Nokhem Meyer see SAPD Shaykevitsh), 112 Socialist Writers’ Union see SOSHAYF Shrayber, Henryk, 144 Socialist Zionists see SS Shtern, Yisroel, 112, 124 Soloweitschik, L., 11n11 Shtrahl, 144 Sommerstein, Emil, 216, 231 Shul bibliotek, 129n23 SOSHAYF (Socialist Writers’ Union), Shul fraynd, 129n23 125 Shul un lebn, 115, 129n23 Der sotsial-demokrat, 142, 143, 144, Shul vegn, 129n23 145, 146, 147 Shuldenfray, Mikhl (Michal Sotsialistishe bleter, 85 Szuldenfrei), 216, 219,´ 229, 231, South Africa, 49 242n53 Soviet Union Shvartsman, Dovid, 102, 103 attitude of Bund to, 86–8, 186–7, Sinclair, Upton, 121 191–2, 220 SKIF (Socialist Children’s Union), 60, return of Jews from, 227–8, 231 65, 105, 121 Spanish Civil War, 88, 205 Slovenes, and national autonomy, SPD (Social Democratic Party of 175 Germany), 48, 81, 173 282 Index

memories of members in exile in Di tsayt, 118 London in World War II, Tsaytlin, Arn, 125 179–82, 248, 251 TsGAOR (Central Archives of the sports organizations, xii, 59–68, 201 October Revolution), 253 Lodz, 105 Tshemeriski, Sasha (Aleksandr), 101 SS (Zionist-Socialist Workers’ Party), Tsukunft, 60, 65, 73, 104, 105, 121, 48, 99, 185, 200, 246, 251, 263 126, 228 Stalin, Joseph (Iosif Vissarionovich Tsvey bay tog, 122 Dzhugashvili), 180 Di tsveyer (the ‘twos’), 73, 82–8 Stalinist regime, xiii, 70, 88, 180, 192 TSYSHO (Central Jewish School State Archives of the Russian Organization), 60, 87, 115, Federation see GARF 116–17, 120, 123, 126 Stone, G., 16 Tverska, Rebeka, 8 student element, 46–53 passim, 93, 98 Ukraine, 198 Stuttgart, 185 Bund, 156, 253 Sweden, 233 Jews on, 186–7 S´wider, 234 Ukrainian Social Democrats (Austro- Swiss Social Democratic Party, 246, Hungarian Empire), 176 247 Ukrainian Social Democrats (Poland), Switzerland 162 Bund groups, 50 Undzere kinder (Our children), 114, see also Geneva 116 Szczecin, 239n16 Union of the Jewish Partisans, Szerer, Emanuel see Scherer, Emanuel 239n13 Szuldenfrei, Michal see Shuldenfray, Union of Polish Patriots, 216 Mikhl ´ Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad, 47 Tarlo, Dovid, 93 United Alliance of the Socialist Left, Tarnów, 140, 164, 188, 220 106 Temporary Central Committee of United Committee of the Red Cross Polish Jews, 216 (Lodz), 95 theater, 126–7 United Nations (UN), 235, 237 Tobias, Henry, 47, 70, 71, 243 United Organization of Workers’ Tolstoy, Leo, 121 Associations and Support Groups TOZ (Society for the Protection of to the Bund Abroad, 47, 48, 49, Health), 60 52 trade unions, xii, 77, 155, 163, 164, United States, 49, 158, 268 165, 166, 201, 205 Bund and American labor Archives, 251, 252 movement, 244, 250 Galicia, 133, 137, 139–40, 145, see also New York 147, 148 Unzer ekspres, 129n34 Lodz, 98–9, 101–2, 104 Unzer folkstsaytung, 119 London, 9 Unzer tsayt (NY), 181 see also American Federation of Unzer tsayt (St Petersburg), 118 Labor (AFL), CGT Unzer tsayt (Warsaw), 74 Traverso, Enzo, 183 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Vander, 148 Bronshtein), 49, 192, 246 Vandervelde, Emile, 187, 188 Index 283

Vaser, Meyer see Rafalovitsh, Khayim Warsaw Committee of Bund Vaykhert, Mikhael, 126, 127 Organizations in Poland, 159 Vaynshtayn, Aron Rakhmiel see Weinstein, Aaron Rakhmiel (Aron Weinstein, Aaron Rakhmiel Rakhmiel Vaynshtayn), 70, 247 Vaysenblum, Shamay, 91, 98, 99 Wilde, Oscar, 123 Der veker, 118 Wistrich, Robert, 43n3 Vestnik Bunda, 51, 256 WJC (World Jewish Congress), 236, Vienna, 52, 64, 65, 118, 143, 144, 241n40 172, 174, 175 women, Vienna Union see International in the Bund, 8, 76–7 Working Union of Socialist Morgnshtern,. 62 Parties ZPS, 145 Vilna women’s organizations, xii, 60, 201 and beginning of Bund in Lodz, 7 Workers’ Circle (Arbeter Ring), Bund, xiii, 70, 73, 74, 157, 161, London, 51 245 Paris, 51, 53 Bundist intellectuals, 13 Workers’ Olympics, 64 cultural activities, 112, 117, 118, World Conference of Bundist 122 Organizations (1947), 210 ‘Polish question’, 28, 29 World Congress of Jewish Culture post-Holocaust Zionism, 228 (Paris), 192 socialism, 155 World Coordinating Committee of Vilna Social Democratic Group, 90 Bundist Organizations, 209, 210, Vilna Tactic, 15 249 Vilna Teachers’ Institute, 13 World Jewish Congress see WJC Vinograd, Berek, 93 World War I, 52, 114, 159, 198 Vint, 142 and Bund Archives, 246 Virovski, Benyomin, 105 Lodz, 103 Vitebsk, 7, 245 World War II, xiii, xviii, 88, 167 Vladeck, Baruch Charnay, 246 annihilation of European Jewry, 65 Vokhnshrift far literatur, kunst un memories of German social kultur, 124–5, 129n32 democrats and Polish Bundists Vorwärts,48 in London, 179–82 Vörwärts Building, 248–9 see also Nazism; resistance movement Warsaw, 3 Bund, xiii, 39, 41, 71–2, 75, 77, YAF (Jewish Worker-Women), 60, 135, 137, 157, 164, 166, 220, 105 252 Yashunski, Gershon (Gerszon culture and education, 113, Jasunski),´ 216, 219 114–15, 122, 124, 125, 126, Yasni, A. Volf (A. Wolf Jasny), 6 127 Yiddish language and culture, ghetto, 180, 206–8, 242n51 Bund and, xii, xiii, xviii, 13, 29–30, and Jewish self-organization 87, 146, 156, 198 before, 1900, 7 Bund’s contribution between world and Polish question, 28, 30, 39, 40, wars, 112–30 41–2 influence on Marxist press, 16–25 post-Holocaust, 230 Medem’s theory of neutralism, 257 sports/culture, 60, 61–2, 64 post-Holocaust, 233 284 Index

PPSD and, 134 zhargonishe komitetn, 112, 122 SDAP,. 177 Zhitlovsky, Chaim (Khayim), 184 ZPS, 145, 146, 148, 176 Zilberfarb, Moyshe, 124 Der yidisher arbeyter (Bund), 16, 18, Zilbershtayn, Menakhem, 105 32, 33, 51, 117, 244–5 Zimmerwald conference (1916), 81 YIVO (Yiddish Scientific Institute, Zionism, xiii, 10, 127 later YIVO Institute for Jewish Bund and, xi, xv–xvi, xix, 33, 48, Research), 123, 243 74, 76, 116, 120, 183, 185–92, young people, 198, 200, 205, 208, 209 in the Bund, 8, 93 Bund and post-Holocaust, 213–42 post-Holocaust tension between Lodz, 96, 106 Bund and Zionists, 229, 233–4, and national cultural autonomy, . 237 267 ZPS 145 SDAP,. 177 youth organizations, xii, 59, 60, 72, ZPS, 133, 141, 146 114, 201 Zionist Democrats, 239n13 Archives, 252 Zionist-Socialist Workers’ Party (SS) Lodz, 104, 105 see SS youth publications, 120–1 Zjednoczenie,. 136 Yudin, Vitali (Isai Aizenshtat), 52 ZPS (Jewish Social Democratic Party Der yudisher arbeyter (Jewish Socialist in Galicia), 133–54, 175–6 Workers’ Party Poalei Zion in Congresses: Founding (1905), 138, Austria), 135 139, 140–1, 146; Second Der yudisher sotsial-demokrat, 139, (1906), 143, 145, 148, 175–6; 141, 142 Third (1908), 143; Fourth Yugnt-veker, 61, 129n31 (1910), 143; Fifth (1911), 144, Yung teater, 125, 127 146; Sixth (1913), 144, 146, 148; Seventh (1920), 145 Zakhariash, Shimon (Szymon Zubatov, Sergei Vasilevich, 7 Zachariasz), 223, 234, 237 Zubatovshchina, 251 Zaks, Feliks (Sachs), 42, 44n25 Zuckerman, Yitzchak, 229, 230, 233, Zeliger, Moyshe, 102 240n20 Zelmanovitsh, Efrayim Luzer, 105 Zurich, 38, 182, 188 Zelmanowicz, Motl (Zelmanovitsh), Zygielbaum, Shmuel (Zygelboym), 89n16 179–28, 208 Zgierz, 93