GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2020 COUNTRY PROFILE Western and Southern Europe Table of Contents − Andorra − ...... 3 − Austria − ...... 4 − Belgium − ...... 7 − Cyprus − ...... 11 − Denmark − ...... 14 − Finland − ...... 17 − France − ...... 19 − Germany − ...... 23 − Greece − ...... 26 − Ireland −...... 30 − Italy − ...... 32 − Principality of Lichtenstein − ...... 35 − Luxemburg − ...... 36 − The Netherlands − ...... 39 − Norway − ...... 42 − Portugal − ...... 44 − Spain − ...... 47 − Sweden − ...... 51 − Switzerland − ...... 53 − Turkey − ...... 55 − The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland − ...... 58
2 − Andorra −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Andorra covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. In 2014, Law No. 40 amended the Criminal Code introducing the offences of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal, trafficking in persons for the purpose of slavery or servitude, and trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
Investigations and suspects
There were no recorded cases of trafficking in persons during the reporting period.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
3 − Austria −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Austria covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons investigated, 2014 – 2018
103 98
64 57 51
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Ministry of Interior.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex**, 2014 –2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 24 43 29 56 68 Males 75 91 69 85 104
Source: Ministry of Interior.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or cautioned at the national level.
4 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by age and sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Boys 0 1 Women 0 2 Men 3 6
Source: Ministry of Constitutional Affairs, Reforms, Deregulation and Justice.
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons by forms of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Forced criminality 0 3 Forced begging 1 0 Forced labour 0 4 Sexual exploitation 2 2
Source: Ministry of Constitutional Affairs, Reforms, Deregulation and Justice.
Citizenship of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 Sub-Saharian Africa, 1
East Asia and the Pacific, 2 Central and South- Eastern Europe, 8
Source: Ministry of Constitutional Affairs, Reforms, Deregulation and Justice.
5 Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Girls 5 4 5 6 17 Boys 0 7 3 1 0 Women 48 105 44 98 122 Men 26 10 20 16 13
Source: Ministry of Interior.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities**, 2017 – 2018
Other, 26 Serbia, 5 Austria, 6 Romania, 76 Slovakia, 7
Bulgaria, 13
Hungary, 30
Nigeria, 37 China, 73
Source: Ministry of Interior.
Six Austrian victims were domestically trafficked in 2016.
Source: Ministry of Interior.
6 − Belgium −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Belgium covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons and related offences recorded, by type of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 All forms 355 362 Organ removal 1 0 1 Forced crime 13 8 11 Forced begging 10 15 13 Economic exploitation 182 165 168 Sexual exploitation 429 424 409
Source: Integrated Data of the Police of Belgium.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons and related offences, by sex**, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 3 7 3 0 1 Females 153 138 169 60 40 Males 402 328 371 125 114
Source: Integrated Data of the Police of Belgium.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or cautioned at the national level.
7 Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons and related offences, by age and sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Unknown 27 20 Girls 0 0 Women 132 111 Boys 1 7 Men 313 375
Source: Integrated Data of the Police of Belgium.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, by sex, 2014 – 2017
2014 2015 2016 2017 Unknown 5 5 2 15 Females 21 20 28 24 Males 76 74 109 75
Source: Federal Public Service Justice.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, by form of exploitation, 2017 (Tot=116) Forced begging, 3 Forced criminality, 1 Sexual exploitation , 12
Forced labour, 31 Unknown, 69
Source: Federal Public Service Justice.
8 Citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, 2017
Others, 11 Other countries in Sub-Saharian Africa, 5 Belgium, 32 Nigeria, 5 Other countries in Western and Southern Europe, 8
UAE, 8
Uknown, 19 Other countries in Central and South- Eastern Europe, 12 Bulgaria, 12
Source: Federal Public Service Justice.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2016
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 2 2 2 1 2 Girls 2 2 4 4 5 Men 55 57 40 47 69 Women 26 29 38 69 39
Source: Foreign Office.
9 Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – August 2018 160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other 6 1 3 Forced crime 1 1 2 Forced begging 8 10 1 0 4 Forced labour 86 61 62 65 75 Sexual exploitation 43 44 48 55 33
Source: Foreign Office.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons and related offences by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 Others, 36
Nigeria, 63 Other countries in Central and South- Eastern Europe, 13
Other countries in South Asia, 14
Hungary, 14
Morocco, 37 Romania, 15
Other countries in Egypt, 22 Sub-Saharian Africa, 23
Source: Foreign Office.
In 2017 and 2018, two and three victims of domestic trafficking were respectively identified by National Authorities. In 2018, one victim of Belgium citizenship was repatriated.
Source: Federal Public Service Justice.
10 − Cyprus −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Cyprus covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons and related offences recorded, 2014 – 2018 22
19 17
14
11
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons and related offences, by sex, 2014 – 2016 and 2018**
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 28 22 20 0 17 Males 22 23 38 0 39
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
** 2017 data not available
11 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, 2014 – 2018 23
19 17
13
9
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
Citizenship of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, 2014 – September 2017 (Tot=57) Asia, 3 Other, 2
Other Eastern Europe, 8 Cyprus, 22 Romania, 5
Vietnam, 5 China, Bulgaria, 7 5
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 0 0 0 0 0 Girls 2 1 2 0 0 Men 15 14 3 5 4 Women 25 18 25 18 37
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
12 Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other 2 5 4 0 0 Mixed sexual and labour exploitation 0 0 0 1 12 Forced marriage 5 2 17 2 8 Forced labour 7 20 3 5 3 Sexual exploitation 11 6 6 15 18
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons and related offences, by state authorities, 2017 – 2018
Other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Moldova, 2 2 Russia, 4 Cameroon, 11
India, 5
Cyprus, 5 Ukraine, 11
Romania, 10
Source: Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings.
13 − Denmark −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Denmark covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons**, 2014 – 2018
67
40
9 4 1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Danish Police POLSAS.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or cautioned at the national level.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2014 –2017
29
4 5 1
2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Danish Police POLSAS.
14 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2014 – 2018 15
10
8 7
1
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Danish Police POLSAS.
Between 2017 and 2018, the Danish Police reported that the majority of persons convicted of trafficking in persons were citizens of Romania (5). The remaining were of Danish citizenship (2), Thailand citizenship (1), and Stateless (1).
Source: Danish Police POLSAS.
Victims Number of victims of trafficking detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 5 6 9 2 10 Girls 3 1 6 1 0 Men 6 37 108 6 51 Women 60 50 4 85 35
Source: The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking.
15 Number of victims of trafficking detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – September 2017
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Not specified 3 5 Other 4 0 3 3 7 Forced criminality 5 8 Forced labour 3 1 2 1 46 Sexual exploitation 57 49 112 86 31
Source: The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities,2017 – 2018 Central and Others, 5 South-Eastern South Asia, 7 Europe, 11
North Africa and the Middle East, 12
Sub-Saharan Africa, 105 East Asia and the Pacific, 53
Source: The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking.
16 − Finland −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Finland covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018 79 71 74
30 20
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: The National Police Board (2014 – 2016) and Statistics Finland (2017 – 2018).
In 2017, prosecution was commenced for trafficking in persons against four persons, of which three were women and one was man. In the same year, one woman was convicted of trafficking in persons at first instance.
Source: Statistics Finland.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – September 2017
2014 2015 2016 Jan-Sep 2017 Boys 2 0 13 6 Girls 1 0 8 1 Men 9 16 31 22 Women 38 36 78 27
Source: The National Assistance System for Victims of Human Trafficking.
17 Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – September 2017
2014 2015 2016 Jan-Sep 2017 Other 2 4 9 6 Removal of organs 0 0 2 0 Forced crime 3 1 4 1 Forced marriage 3 1 9 1 Forced labour 11 27 61 23 Sexual exploitation 32 18 45 24
Source: The National Assistance System for Victims of Human Trafficking.
Largest citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2014 – June 2017 (Tot=162) Finland, 9
Somalia, 36
Iraq, 17 Nigeria, 73
Afghanistan, 27
Source: The National Assistance System for Victims of Human Trafficking.
Additional information
After 2014, The National Assistance System for Victims of Human Trafficking stopped recording citizenships of identified victims that amount to less than five to protect victim privacy. As such, the above chart represents the accurate number of victims with certain citizenships from the largest groups. Additional victims came from other Sub-Saharan African countries, Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, and other Western European countries.
Source: The National Assistance System for Victims of Human Trafficking.
18 − France −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in France covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons and related offences recorded, 2016 – 2018 35
28 27
2016 2017 2018
Source: Police Nationale and Gendarmerie Nationale.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Females 411 876 1,024 Males 777 1,287 1,499
Source: Police Nationale and Gendarmerie Nationale.
19 Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons and related offences, by sex, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Females 106 357 373 Males 147 1,058 1,159
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, by sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Females 192 254 Males 597 739
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Others 82 94 Forced labour 0 15 Forced begging 13 12 Unworthy working and living conditions 231 290 Sexual exploitation 575 674
Source: Ministry of Justice.
20 Citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, 2017 – 2018 ** (Tot=1753)
Other countries in Sub-Saharan Other countries in Central America and the Africa, 15 Other countries in South America, 38 Caribbean, 6 Other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, 46 Other countries in South Asia, 5 United Kingdom, 62 Other countries in East Asia and the Pacific, 9 Other countries in Western and Central Europe, 124
Nigeria, 88 France, 686 Other countries in Central and South Eastern Europe, 158
China, 145 Romania, 371
Source: Ministry of Justice.
**Nationalities for which less than five convictions were recorded are not reported in this figure.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by age and sex, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Boys 30 101 76 Girls 30 260 325 Men 665 216 316 Women 617 749 808
Source: OCRTEH. SSMSI.
21 Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences detected, by form of exploitation, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Other 219 194 174 Involuntary servitude 343 296 371 Forced labour 64 65 66 Sexual exploitation 981 840 949
Source: OCRTEH. SSMSI.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking and related offences, 2017 – 2018
Others, 130 Other countries in Central and South Eastern Uknown, 17 Europe, 89 Bulgaria, 98 India, 100 Other countries in Sub- Saharan Africa, 116 France, 1067 Other countries in South America, 123
China, 153
Other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, 241 Romania, 265 Nigeria, 317
Source: OCRTEH. SSMSI.
22 − Germany −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Germany covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018 403
386 383 375
340
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex**, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 7 28 19 11 14 Females 95 132 131 128 143 Males 421 437 401 413 445
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or cautioned at the national level.
23 In 2017, 76 persons were prosecuted for trafficking in persons, of which 58 were male and 18 were female. In the same year, 50 persons were convicted of trafficking in persons (40 males and 10 females). Among those convicted, 34 were convicted for trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and 3 for other forms.
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office.
Citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking in persons 2017 (Tot = 50)
Romania Others, 16 Germany, 16
Romania, 9 Bulgaria, 9
Source: Federal Statistical Office.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 29 6 63 19 Boys 7 7 8 2 8 Girls 50 71 88 62 67 Men 41 48 43 110 62 Women 485 335 391 434 347
Source: Federal Criminal Office.
24 Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Forced criminality 0 8 Forced begging 2 2 Forced labour 26 54 48 180 63 Sexual exploitation 557 416 488 489 430
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 Other, 164
Stateless, 25 Ukrainian, 34
Latvian, 43
Romanian, 186 Macedonian, 52
Unknown, 64
Hungarian, 94 German, 177 Nigerian, 101 Bulgarian, 187
Source: Federal Criminal Police Office.
25 − Greece −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Greece covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. The Criminal Code criminalizes additional forms of exploitation in the context of trafficking in persons, namely forced marriage and forced criminality. The new Criminal Code, entered into force in 2019, stipulates that the offence of child trafficking is established even when none of the means that constitute the offence was used.
Investigations and suspects
Between 2014 and 2018, 142 cases of trafficking in persons were recorded by National Authorities. Cases regarded charges of trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labour and forced begging.
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018 36 32 28 25 21
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: The Hellenic Police.
All women were suspected for trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Perpetrators recruited victims by taking advantage of their vulnerable situation i.e. poor economic and educational status, people in mixed migration flows, family-related problems, emotional manipulation (lover boy method), by giving them false promises of a better future and of well-paid jobs, by use of Internet and social media. Physical violence and direct coercion are less prominent forms of exercising control over victims, as they are easily visible and detected. Instead, control over victims is usually obtained by withholding their travel documents and mobile phones, restricting their freedom, creating debt bondage, false civil partnerships or use of psychological violence. In cases of human trafficking for exploitation of begging, members of the family were involved either as perpetrators or as facilitators by allowing perpetrators to exploit the victim.
26 Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex**, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 0 0 0 10 0 Females 50 34 30 38 41 Males 75 83 67 99 95
Source: The Hellenic Police.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or at the national level.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2014 – 2018 40 37 32
26 25
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Ministry of Justice.
In 2017 and 2018, 31 and 39 convictions for trafficking in persons were registered, at both first and second instance. In 2017, out of the 31 convictions reported, 27 were at first and 4 at second instance. Conversely in 2018, the majority of reported convictions were at second instance, with 25 out of 39 persons, while 14 were at first instance.
Source: Ministry of Justice.
27 Number of convictions for trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Forced labour 2 20 Sexual exploitation 29 19
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Victims
Between 2014 and 2018, identified child victims were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation and forced begging. In the same period, the large majority of adult victims were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and, to a reduced extent, for the purpose of forced begging and forced labour.
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 1 2 5 2 1 Girls 13 5 11 12 8 Men 9 15 11 2 3 Women 41 28 19 22 19
Source: The Hellenic Police.
28 Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Forced begging 11 9 11 3 0 Forced labour 5 11 9 0 1 Sexual exploitation 48 30 26 35 30
Source: The Hellenic Police.
Citizenships of victims of trafficking in persons detected, 2017 – 2018 (Tot=69)
Bulgaria, 16 Others, 18
Afghanistan, 6 Romania, 12
Moldavia, 8 Greece, 9
Source: The Hellenic Police.
29 − Ireland −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Ireland covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Trafficking offences are prosecuted under the Human Trafficking Act 2008, amended in 2013. Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 2017, and Sexual Offences (Jurisdiction) Act 1996, presents specific provisions for cases of trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The Child Trafficking and Pornography Act 1998 specifically criminalizes child trafficking. The Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act 2000 is also used to prosecute cases of trafficking in persons.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2016 – 2018 115
90
64
2016 2017 2018
Source: An Garda Síochána.
According to national authorities, three persons were prosecuted for trafficking in persons in 2017, and nine in 2016. There have been no convictions of trafficking in persons since 2013.
Source: An Garda Síochána.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Girls 12 27 3 Boys 9 5 2 Women 38 41 30 Men 36 30 29
Source: An Garda Síochána.
30 Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2016
2016 2017 2018 Forced begging 0 1 0 Mixed sexual exploitation and 1 0 0 forced labour Forced criminality 4 4 2 Organ removal 0 0 0 Forced labour 38 35 35 Sexual exploitation 52 63 27
Source: An Garda Síochána.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 South America, 6
Asia, 26
Africa, 62
Ireland - domestic trafficking, 29
European Economic Area (EEA), 44
Source: An Garda Síochána.
Between 2017 and 2018, 28 Irish nationals were identified as victim of domestic trafficking, and one person was repatriated.
Source: An Garda Síochána.
31 − Italy −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Italy covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Trafficking in persons is prosecuted using the following articles of the criminal code: slavery under Article 600, trafficking in persons under Article 601, sale and trade of slaves under Article 602, and illegal intermediation in labour exploitation under Article 603 bis.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons and related offences under Articles 600, 601, 602, and 603 bis recorded, 2014 – 2018
1193 1164 1147
1066
998
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Italian Police.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons and related offences under Articles 600, 601, 602, and 603 bis, by sex**, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 526 415 308 414 472 Males 1941 1441 1235 1,550 1,656
Source: Italian Police.
**Formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, arrested, or cautioned at the national level.
32 Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences under Articles 600, 601, 602, and 603 bis detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 110 96 96 74 79 Girls 326 275 307 326 295 Men 58 101 117 231 229 Women 103 154 143 163 153
Source: Italian Police.
Number of victims of trafficking in persons and related offences under Articles 600, 601, 602, and 603 bis detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Removal of organs 0 1 Forced labour 19 85 69 219 229 Sexual exploitation 735 607 610 467 401
Source: Italian Police.
33 Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons and related offences under Articles 600, 601, 602, and 603 bis by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 (Tot = 1.508) The Gambia, 15 Senegal, 16 Moldova, 12 Bulgaria, 17 Others, 53 Afghanistan, 19 Tunisia, 20 China, 21 Bangladesh, 23 Albania, 24 Pakistan, 27 India, 27 Morocco, 36 Nigeria, 132 Italy, 875
Romania, 191
Source: Italian Police.
34 − Principality of Lichtenstein −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Lichtenstein covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
No cases of trafficking in persons were reported between 2017 and 2018. In 2017, one person was brought in formal contact with the police and/or the criminal justice system because suspected of trafficking in persons, but no prosecution was initiated on the basis of this criminal offence.
Source: Office for Foreign Affairs.
35 − Luxemburg −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Luxemburg covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2017 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 3 0 4 4 3 Males 7 6 6 19 7
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Unknown 2 4 Females 7 7 Males 21 15
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
36 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Females 2 4 Males 6 16
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
Citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 (Tot=30) Portugal, 2 Brazil, 3
Romania, 10
Ukraine, 3
India, 3
France, 3 Italy, 6
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 1 0 3 1 1 Girls 0 0 4 0 0 Men 6 0 2 7 3 Women 5 7 11 9 10
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
37 Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Other 1 0 Forced begging 0 1 Forced criminality 1 0 Domestic servi 3 2 Forced labour 6 6 Sexual exploitation 6 5
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 (Tot=18)
Others, 2
South America, 2 East Asia and the Pacific, 7
North Africa and the Middle East, 2
South Asia, 2 Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 3
Source: Luxembourg National Authorities.
38 − The Netherlands −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in the Netherlands covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
In 2017, 198 criminal investigations were conducted by the Dutch National Police.
Source: Centre of Expertise on Human Trafficking and Human Smuggling.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2017
2014 2015 2016 2017 Total 279 213 223 198 Females 52 39 34 Males 227 174 189
Source: Dutch Public Prosecution Service.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons and related offences, 2016 – 2017
193 184 159
129
2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Dutch Public Prosecution Service.
39 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons and related offences, 2016 – 2017 129 124
93 95
2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Dutch Public Prosecution Service
Countries of birth of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in 2017 (Tot = 95) Unknown, 3
Others , 25
The Netherlands, 52
Romania, 6
Hungary, 9
Source: Dutch Public Prosecution Service.
Victims
Number of presumed victims of trafficking in persons identified, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 63 146 145 16 0 Boys 65 70 54 39 10 Girls 214 218 173 154 52 Men 158 128 100 214 239 Women 756 588 480 535 367
Source: NGO Coordination Centre for Trafficking in Human Beings.
40 Number of presumed victims of trafficking in persons identified, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown 233 194 150 133 37 Other 53 62 43 71 0 Forced begging and forced criminality 35 30 61 63 63 Removal of organs 0 1 0 1 4 Forced labour 188 201 177 230 119 Sexual exploitation 761 675 558 576 486
Source: NGO Coordination Centre for Trafficking in Human Beings.
Citizenships of presumed victims of trafficking in persons identified in 2018
Others, 49 Middle East and North Africa, 20
East Asia and the Pacific, 26 Netherlands, 171
Other countries in Central and South Eastern Europe, 30
Other countries in Sub- Saharan Africa, 53
Bulgaria, 20
Guinea, 26
Sierra Leone, 31 Nigeria, 149 Romania, 34 Uganda, 55
Source: NGO Coordination Centre for Trafficking in Human Beings.
41 − Norway −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Norway covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018 ** 106
62
46 46 45
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: STRASAK, The Norwegian Police Register for Criminal Cases.
**The figures refers to the number of filed crime reports for trafficking in persons, according to the Criminal Code of 1902, section 224, and the Criminal Code of 2005, sections 257 and 258.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 1 2 4 3 2 Males 7 10 12 9 11
Source: National Coordinating Unit for victims of trafficking (KOM).
42 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Forced services 2 0 Forced labour 2 12 Sexual exploitation 8 1
Source: National Coordinating Unit for Victims of Trafficking (KOM).
Victims
In 2018, National Authorities reported that 106 presumed victims of trafficking received support. Among them, 62 were identified in 2018. In 2018, 17 cases of trafficking in persons concerning eight presumed child victims were reported.
Source: National Coordinating Unit for Victims of Trafficking (KOM), Annual Report 2018.
43 − Portugal −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Portugal covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018 53 57 51 48
40
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Directorate General for Justice Policy – Ministry of Justice.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of trafficking in persons, 2014 – 2018 43
30 30 27
20
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: Directorate General for Justice Policy – Ministry of Justice.
Of those suspected of trafficking in persons in 2018, 20 were males and seven were females. In 2017, 23 males and seven females were suspected.
Source: Directorate General for Justice Policy – Ministry of Justice.
In 2017, nine persons were prosecuted for trafficking and eight persons were convicted of the crime. National authorities in Portugal reported that the majority of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in 2017 were Portuguese nationals.*
Source: Directorate General for Justice Policy – Ministry of Justice.
*Figures below three were not disclosed due to confidentiality policy.
44 Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons identified by national authorities, by age, 2014 – 2018**
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Unknown sex (children) 1 3 0 0 Boys 6 0 0 3 5 Girls 7 6 0 15 5 Men 26 28 105 26 36 Women 19 14 22 16 13
Source: Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings, Ministry of Internal Administration.
**Updated as of July 2019.
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018*
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Undefined 0 0 0 20 0 Other 6 3 0 0 0 Illegal adoption 0 0 0 0 4 Forced begging 0 0 0 7 0 Mix of forced labour and forced criminal 4 0 0 0 0 activity Forced labour 33 37 123 27 48 Sexual exploitation 13 5 4 6 5
Source: Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings, Ministry of Internal Administration.
*Figures below three were not disclosed due to confidentiality policy.
45 Most reported citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018* 35 2017 2018
22
13 11
5 5 4 2 3 3 3
Portuguese Moldovan Romanian Angolan Malian Brazilian Nigerian D.R. Congo Gambian
Source: Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings, Ministry of Internal Administration.
*Figures below three were not disclosed due to confidentiality policy.
In 2018, 11 Portuguese nationals were repatriated from other countries as identified victims of trafficking in persons.
Source: Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings, Ministry of Internal Administration.
*Figures below three were not disclosed due to confidentiality policy
46 − Spain −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Spain covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018
96 83 80 79 75
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado - CITCO.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been arrested for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 67 86 100 106 125 Males 134 145 134 152 190
Source: Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado - CITCO.
47 Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 330 260 177 41 36 Males 428 432 197 46 41
Source: Unidad de Extranjería de la Fiscalía General del Estado.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Females 26 20 7 31 19 Males 36 38 17 35 25
Source: Unidad de Extranjería de la Fiscalía General del Estado.
48 Citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 (n=131) Other, 16
Spain, 25 Russia, 16
Romania, 25 Nigeria, 49
Source: Unidad de Extranjería de la Fiscalía General del Estado.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Boys 3 1 0 3 3 Girls 4 7 20 13 11 Men 7 100 27 71 82 Women 139 162 146 132 142
Source: Base de datos de Trata de Seres Humanos (BDTRATA), Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado - CITCO.
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Forced begging 0 0 1 3 12 Forced marriage 0 0 4 3 1 Forced criminality 0 0 15 1 3 Forced labour 0 134 25 58 94 Sexual exploitation 153 133 148 155 128
Source: Base de datos de Trata de Seres Humanos (BDTRATA), Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado - CITCO.
49 Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018
Others, 11 Other countries in Central and South Eastern Othe countries in Western and Central Europe, 16 Europe, 20 Other countries in South, Central America, Romania, 113 and the Caribbean, 30 Morocco, 12 Paraguay, 16 Spain - domestic trafficking, 19
Moldova, 23
Viet Nam, 24 Nigeria, 88
Colombia, 24 China, 29 Venezuela, 33 „
Source: Base de datos de Trata de Seres Humanos (BDTRATA), Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado - CITCO.
50 − Sweden −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Sweden covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2018
197 180
93
2014 2015 2016
Source: Swedish National Rapporteur.
Number of persons suspected of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Other 11 5 Forced recruitment in armed conflict 0 1 Forced begging 22 46 Forced labour 9 13 Sexual exploitation 14 19
Source: Swedish National Rapporteur.
Between 2017 and 2018, 28 persons were prosecuted for the crime of trafficking in persons, of which 21 for the purpose of forced begging, and seven persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
Source: Swedish National Rapporteur.
51 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Forced begging 2 12 Sexual exploitation 3 3
Source: Swedish National Rapporteur.
Victims
Number of confirmed victims of trafficking in persons, by age and sex, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Girls 2 Women 4 6 Men 8 11
Source: Swedish Rapporteur.
Between 2017 and 2018, the majority of identified victims of trafficking in persons were nationals of Bulgaria.
Source: Swedish Rapporteur
52 − Switzerland −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Switzerland covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2014 – 2019 125 125
85
58 46
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Police Crime Statistics.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by sex, 2014 – 2018
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total 7 Females 6 10 5 4 3 Males 9 9 5 2 1
Source: Bundesamt für Statistik.
Between 2017 and 2018, out of the ten people convicted of trafficking in persons, seven were foreign nationals and three were nationals of Switzerland. There is no information available about the nationality in 2019.
Source: Bundesamt für Statistik.
53 Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, 2014 – 2019 186
164
90 83
47 35
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: Police Crime Statistics.
54 − Turkey −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Turkey covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons recorded, 2017 – 2018 66
60
2017 2018 Source: Ministry of Justice.
Number of persons brought into formal contact with the police and/or criminal justice system because they have been suspected of, arrested for or cautioned for trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 358
196
2017 2018
Source: Ministry of the Interior.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 292
220
2017 2018
Source: Ministry of Justice.
55 Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2017 – 2018 77
45
2017 2018
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by age and sex, 2017 – 2018
2016 2018 Boys 80 3 Girls 18 12 Men 11 20 Women 194 99
Source: Ministry of the Interior.
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by form of exploitation, 2017 – 2018
2017 2018 Forced labour 117 39 Sexual exploitation 186 95
Source: Ministry of the Interior. 56 Citizenships of persons identified as victims of trafficking in persons by state authorities, 2017 – 2018 (Tot=437) Others, 32 Syria, 101
Other countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 105
Uzbekistan, 48
Moldova, 21
Kyrgyzstan, 45 Afghanistan , 42 Morocco, 43
Source: Ministry of the Interior.
Between 2017 and 2018, Turkish National Authorities reportedly identified nine victims of Turkish nationality who were trafficked domestically.
Source: Ministry of the Interior.
57 − The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
In England and Wales, trafficking in persons is prosecuted under the Modern Slavery Act of 2015. Previous anti-trafficking and anti-slavery legislation in England and Wales included the Sexual Offences Act of 2003, the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants) Act of 2004 and the Coroners and Justice Act of 2009. All legislation continues to apply depending on the when the offence was committed. In Scotland and Northern Ireland, trafficking in persons offences are prosecuted under the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Act, which was adopted in both legislations in 2015.
Investigations and suspects
In 2019, 10,627 potential victims of modern slavery were identified in the UK, compared to 6,986 in the previous year. The large majority of reported cases were located in England.
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
Number of persons prosecuted for offences under slavery and/or human trafficking legislation, by location, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Northern Ireland 3 3 5 Scotland 13 14 10 England and Wales 136 206 162
Source: 2019 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery.
58 Number of persons convicted for offences under slavery and/or human trafficking legislation, by location, 2016 – 2018
2016 2017 2018 Northern Ireland 4 0 2 Scotland 0 3 0 England and Wales 69 59 42
Source: 2019 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery.
Victims
The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) identifies and supports potential victims of modern slavery in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Furthermore, in England and Wales additional potential victims of modern slavery are referred under the “duty to notify” provision of the Modern Slavery Act of 2015.
In 2019, 10,627 potential victims were referred to the NRM, which represented a 52 per cent increase from the 6, 986 referrals in 2018. Almost half of these potential victims (43 per cent) claimed they were exploited as children.
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
In 2018, 6,986 potential victims were referred to the NRM, which also constituted a 36 per cent increase from 2017 (5,141). Over half of the potential victims were reportedly exploited as adults (55 per cent). In 2018, 1,699 additional potential adult victims were referred under the “duty to notify” provision of the Modern Slavery Act of 2015 in England and Wales.
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
59 Number of potential victims of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism, by age and sex, 2014 – 2019
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Women 1666 2285 2525 3022 3857 2252 Men 1082 1362 1397 1639 1844 3608 Girls 347 382 539 812 880 1075 Boys 325 595 740 1304 2248 3470 Adult Transgender 2 2 5 3 4 1
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
Number of potential victims of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism, by form of exploitation, 2018** (Tot = 6,985)
Domestic servitude, Organ Harvesting, 6 509
Unknown , 554
Sexual exploitation, Forced labour, 3990 1926
Source: 2019 UK Annual Report on Modern Slavery.
**Cases of trafficking in persons for the purpose of forced criminality are reported under the “forced labour” category.
60 Most reported citizenships of potential foreign victims of modern slavery referred to the National Referral Mechanism in 2019 1705
887 798
467 466
Albanian Vietnamese Chinese Indian Eritrean
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
Between 2018 and 2019, the majority of potential victims of modern slavery and trafficking were citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In 2019, 2,836 UK nationals were referred to the NRM, an increase of 74 per cent from the 1,625 referred in 2018.
In 2018 and 2017, national authorities reported that 1,625 and 819 citizens of the United Kingdom were trafficked domestically in the respective years. In 2017, this represented a 151 per cent increase compared to 2016.
Source: National Referral Mechanism Statistics UK, End of Year Summary, 2019.
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