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Victims of Crime in 22 European Criminal Justice Systems The Implementation of Recommendation (85) 11 of the Council of Europe on the Position of the Victim in the Framework of Criminal Law and Procedure PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT BRABANT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR. F.A. VAN DER DUYN SCHOUTEN, IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN TEN OVERSTAAN VAN EEN DOOR HET COLLEGE VOOR PROMOTIES AANGEWEZEN COMMISSIE IN DE AULA VAN DE UNIVERSITEIT OP • VRIJDAG 9 JUNI 2000 OM 14.15 UUR DOOR MARION ELEONORA INGEBORG BRIENEN, GEBOREN OP 28 APRIL 1965 TE CASTRICUM EN OM 15.15 UUR DOOR ERNESTINE HENRIETTE HOEGEN, GEBOREN OP 31 DECEMBER 1968 TE KITZBOHEL, OOSTENRIJK MIJNOSTEROE VAN JUSTME thiensch@ppehjk Onderzed- en Demaldiaterpai iz-GravGahage Promotor: Prof dr. Marc Groenhuijsen Victims of Crime in 22 European Criminal Justice Systems, Ernestine Hoegen and Marion Brienen. Published by Wolf Legal Productions (WLP)/Vidya in cooperation with the Global Law Association, June 2000. ISBN: 90-5850-004-7 Cover design: Philippine Hoegen Cover production: Sander Neijnens Publisher and producer: Willem-Jan van der Wolf Production assistant: Rene van der Wolf Printed by: Koninklijke Wbhrmann BV, Zutphen Published by: WLP, P.O. Box 31051, 6503 CB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. Disclaimer: Whilst the authors and publisher have tried to ensure the accuracy of this publication, the publisher and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors, omissions, mis-statements, or mistakes and accept no responsibility for the use of the information presented in this work. This publication has been published with financial support by the WODC (deze publikatie zverd mede mogelijk gemaakt door eenfinanciele tegemoetkaming van het WODC). Justitle WetenschappellIk Onderzoek- en Doeumentetlecentrum All Tights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any materialfrom (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner(s). Applications for the copyright owner is permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher. 0 WLP 2000 Table of Contents Table of contents v Summary Introduction 1 Chapters 1 and 2: Comparative Framework and Methodology 1 Chapters 3-24: The 22 European Criminal Justice Systems 3 Chapters 25-27: Comparative Analyses and Conclusions 3 Chapter 28: Conclusions 3 Chapter 1: Recommendation (85) 11 and Victims of Crime 1 Introduction to a Comparative Study 5 2 The Council of Europe and Recommendation (85) 11 7 3 Recommendation (85) 11 and the 1985 United Nations Declaration 10 4 Recommendation (85) 11 in detail 12 5 General Analysis of Recommendation (85) 11 23 6 The Conceptualization of the Victim and Recommendation (85)11 25 6.1 The Designation of the Victim 25 6.2 The Conceptualization of the Victim 26 6.3 Recognition as a Victim 30 Supplements 32 Chapter 2: Comparative Framework and Methodology 1 Introduction 35 2 Comparative Framework 35 2.1 External factors 35 2.2 Internal Dynamics 37 3 Methodology 41 3.1 Stage 1: Inception 41 3.2 Stage 2: Data Collection 43 3.3 Report Writing 45 3.4 Stage 4: Comparative Analysis and Conclusions 46 Supplements 48 Bibliography 48 Appendixes 49 Appendix 1: Overview Characteristics Jurisdictions 49 Appendix 2: Recommendation (85) 11 broken down into themes 50 Appendix 3: Questionnaire 52 Appendix 4: Chapter Structure 57 VICTIMS OF CRIME IN 22 EUROPEAN CRIMINALJUSTICE SYSTEMS Chapter 3: Austria Scenery 59 Part I: The Austrian Criminal Justice System 61 1 Introduction 61 2 General Remarks and Basic Principles Fr' 3 Criminal Justice Authorities and Partners 63 3.1 Investigating Authorities 63 3.2 Prosecuting Authorities 64 3.3 Judiciary 64 3.3.1 Criminal Proceedings 65 3.4 Probation Service 67 3.5 Ministry ofJustice 67 3.6 Federal Social Agencies 67 3.7 Victim Support 68 3.8 Lawyers 69 4 Sources of Law 69 4.1 General Sources of Law 69 4.2 Sources of Criminal Law and Procedure 70 4.3 Specific Victim-Oriented Sources of Law and Guidelines 71 4.4 Noteworthy Developments, Changes and Initiatives 72 4.5 Empirical research 73 5 Roles of the Victim 74 5.1 Reporting the Offence 75 5.2 Complainant 76 5.3 Civil claimant 77 5.4 Private Prosecutor 78 5.5 Subsidiary Prosecutor 79 5.6 Auxiliary Prosecutor 80 5.7 Witness 80 Part II: The Implementation of Recommendation R (85) 11 81 6 The Victim and Information 81 6.1 Informing the Victim 81 6.2 Information about the Victim 86 7 The Victim and Compensation 88 7.1 The Expediency Principle and Compensation 88 7.2 The Court and Compensation 90 7.3 Enforcement of Compensation 92 8 Treatment and Protection 92 8.1 Victim-Awareness Training 92 8.2 Questioning 93 8.3 Protection 96 9 Conclusions 97 Supplements 99 Abbreviations 99 Bibliography 100 With many thanks to: 103 TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Chapter 4: Belgium Scenery 105 Part I: The Belgian Criminal Justice System 108 1 Introduction 108 2 General Remarks and Basic Principles 110 2.1 Basic Principles 110 3 Judicial Authorities and Criminal Justice Partners 111 3.1 Investigating Authorities 111 3.2 Prosecuting Authorities 113 3.3 Judiciary 114 3.3.1 Criminal Proceedings 116 3.4 Enforcement Authorities 117 3.5 Probation Services 117 3.6 Victim Services 117 3.7 Victim Units at the Police 120 3.8 Reception and Information Services at the Prosecutor's Offices and the Courts 122 3.9 National Forum for Victim Policy 124 4 Sources of Law 125 4.1 General Sources of Law 125 4.2 Sources of Criminal Law and Procedure 125 4.3 Specific Victim-Oriented Sources of Law and Guidelines 126 4.3.1 Victim-Oriented Acts 126 4.3.2 Victim-Oriented Guidelines 130 5 Roles of the Victim in the Criminal Justice System 132 5.1 Reporting the Offence 132 5.2 Complainant 133 5.3 Civil Claimant 134 5.4 Private Prosecutor 137 5.5 Injured Person 138 5.6 Witness 139 Part II: The Implementation of Recommendation (85) 11 140 6 The Victim and Information 140 6.1 Informing the Victim 140 6.2 Information About the Victim 146 7 The Victim and Compensation 147 7.1 The Expediency Principle and Compensation 147 7.2 The Court and Compensation 151 7.3 Enforcement of Compensation 153 8 Treatment and Protection 153 8.1 Victim-Awareness Training 153 8.2 Questioning the Victim 155 8.3 Protecting the Victim 157 9 Conclusions 160 Supplements 162 Abbreviations 162 Bibliography 162 With many thanks to: 165 viii VICTIMS OF CRIME IN 22 EUROPEAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS Chapter 5: Cyprus Scenery 167 Part I: The Cypriot Criminal Justice System 170 1 Introduction 170 2 General Remarks and Basic Principles 170 2.1 Basic Principles 171 3 Criminal Justice Authorities and Partners 172 3.1 Investigating Authorities 172 3.2 Prosecuting Authorities 172 3.3 Judiciary 174 3.3.1 Criminal Proceedings 176 3.4 Enforcement Authorities 178 3.5 Probation Services 178 3.6 Victim Services 178 4 Sources of Law 179 4.1 General Sources of Law 179 4.2 Sources of Criminal Law and Procedure 179 4.3 Specific Victim-Oriented Sources of Law and Guidelines 180 5 Roles of the Victim in the Criminal Justice System 181 5.1 Reporting the Offence 181 5.2 Complainant 182 5.3 Compensation Order Beneficiary 182 5.4 Private Prosecutor 182 5.5 Witness 183 Part II: The Implementation of Recommendation (85) 11 185 6.1 Informing the Victim 185 6.2 Information About the Victim 186 7 The Victim and Compensation 187 7.1 The Expediency Principle and Compensation 188 7.2 The Court and Compensation 189 7.3 Enforcement of Compensation 191 8 Treatment and Protection 192 8.1 Victim-Awareness Training 192 8.2 Questioning of the Victim 194 8.3 Protection of the Victim 196 9 Conclusions 198 Supplements 200 Abbreviations 200 Bibliography 200 With many thanks to: 201 Chapter 6: Denmark Scenery 203 Part I: The Danish Criminal Justice System 205 1 Introduction 205 2 General Remarks and Basic Principles 205 3 Criminal Justice Authorities and Partners 206 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 3.1 Investigating Authorities 206 3.2 Prosecuting Authorities 207 3.3 Judiciary 207 3.4 Ministry of Justice 208 3.5 Compensation Board 209 3.6 Victim Support 210 3.7 Enforcement Authorities 211 3.8 Lawyers 211 3.9 Standing Committee on Criminal Law 211 3.10 The Parliamentary Ombudsman 211 3.11 The Crime Prevention Council 211 3.12 Conflict Resolution Boards 212 4 Sources of Law 212 4.1 General 212 4.2 Sources of Criminal Law and Procedure 213 4.3 Specific Victim-Oriented Sources of Law and Guidelines 213 5 The Roles of the Victim 215 5.1 Reporting the Offence 215 5.2 Complainant 216 5.3 Civil Claimant 217 5.4 Private Prosecutor 217 5.5 Auxiliary Prosecutor 218 5.6 Witness 218 5.7 The Victim's Right to a Lawyer 218 Part II: The Implementation of Recommendation R (85) 11 221 6 The Victim and Information 221 6.1 Informing the Victim 221 6.2 Information about the Victim 225 7 The Victim and Compensation 227 7.1 The Expediency Principle and Compensation 227 7.2 The Court and Compensation 230 7.3 Enforcement of Compensation 231 8 Treatment and Protection of the Victim 232 8.1 Victim-Awareness Training 232 8.2 Questioning the Victim 233 8.3 Protection of the Victim 234 9 Conclusions
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