REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Paix - Travail - Patrie Peace - Work - Fatherland ------MINISTERE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT MINISTRY OF THE ET DES FORETS ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY ------PROGRAMME SECTORIEL FORETS- FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONNEMENT SECTOR PROGRAMME

Indigenous People (“pygmy”) Development Plan for the Forest and Environment Sector Programme (PSFE = Programme sectoriel forêts et environnement)

August 2003

Final Report prepared by

Dr. Kai Schmidt-Soltau Freelance Consultant Email: [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENT______

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

RESUME EXECUTIF 6

2 INTRODUCTION 10

3 BASELINE INFORMATION ON THE “PYGMY”-POPULATION 14

3.1 LIMITATIONS 15 3.2 THE BAKA AND KOLA IN CAMEROON 17 3.3 SOCIAL ORGANISATION 17 3.4 THE BAKA AND KOLA WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STATE 20 3.5 ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT 21 3.6 THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE 22 3.7 THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE BAKA AND KOLA WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK (COMMUNITY FORESTS AND COMMUNAL HUNTING AREAS ) 23 3.8 THE IMPACTS OF LOGGING ACTIVITIES 24 3.9 THE IMPACTS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 26 3.10 THE INTERACTION WITH THE NEIGHBOURING ETHNIC GROUPS 27 3.11 THE INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROJECTS 28

4 IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT - PROPOSALS FOR MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION MEASURES 30

C.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEM ENT OF FORESTRY ACTIVITIES 37 C.2 MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION FORESTS AND VALO RISATION OF FORESTRY PRODUCTS 39 C.3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND VALORISATION OF WILDLIFE PRODUCTS 44 C.4 COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE 49 C 5 REINFORCEMENT OF INSTITUTIONS , TRAINING AND RESEARCH 52

5 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF THE PSFE 55

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Cameroon (GoC) has applied for technical and financial assistance in the preparation and implementation of the Forest and Environment Sector Programme (PSFE). This programme constitutes an important element of the GoC’s strategy for poverty reduction. The PSFE is aiming at the sustainable management of the natural resources to improve the living condition of the people and conserve the biodiversity. The PSFE consists of five components: · Environmental management of forestry activities · Management of the production forests and the valorisation of forestry products · Biodiversity conservation and valorisation of wildlife products · Community based management of forest and wildlife resources · Reinforcement of institutions, training and research. The World Bank is planning to support the PSFE with a significant amount of money. According to the Operational Directive 4.20 ‘special action is required, where Bank investments affect indigenous peoples, tribes, ethnic minorities, or other groups whose social and economic status restricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights in land and other productive resources.’ Following the OD 4.20, the main objective of this Indigenous people development plan (IPDP) is to assure that the PSFE will respect the dignity, rights and culture of the indigenous population (IP = Baka, Kola and Aka) in Cameroon and enable situations in which ‘mechanisms [are] devised and maintained for participation by indigenous people in decision making throughout project planning, implementation, and evaluation’, and to strengthen the institutions through which IP can participate in their country's development. The OD 4.20 fully recognizes that measures additional to those which are in place for the majority of the population might have to be implemented to enable IP to benefit from the project. This report shows how these goals can be achieved. From the legal point of view the IP (in total around 30.000 individuals gathered in around 300 settlement in 33 councils) are citizens equal to all other people born in Cameroon, but they have neither the same political influence, legal status, organizational, technical or economic capacity as other groups in Cameroon. The Baka, Kola and Akas, who formerly ranged over broad areas of uninterrupted forest as full-time hunters and foragers, have increasingly been constricted to areas with home ‘bases’ involving agriculture and outlying areas where some hunting and gathering is still practiced, though with different technology from the traditional net hunting. The former interdependence with village agriculturalists, with Baka, Kola and Aka supplying village labour during the hunting off-season, and villagers relying on pygmy production of meat and forest products from the wild, has become a situation of increased dependence of pygmies on villagers for cash income, work, and a few government-derived social services. Forest related interventions such as logging and biodiversity conservation have increased the marginalisation, sedentarisation and impoverishment of the Baka, Aka and Kola. The IP, who are more dependent on forests than others (hunting and gathering generates more than 65% of their average livelihood), were often in disrespect of their traditional utilisation rights forced out of the forest with little or no compensation. Has the increased dependence on farming, sedentary life for much of the year, and the desire to access social services turned IP communities into simple citizens of Cameroon like others - a few ethnic groups among many others? Decidedly not. Not a single Baka, Kola or Aka is

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working as a civil servant, no ‘pygmy’ is a member of any of the 339 councils, only one of Cameroon's 13,000 villages had an IP leader prior to the implementation of an IPDP in the Campo-Ma’an region. Even in the subdivisions, where IP form 30 or 50 percent of the population, no leaders are themselves Baka, Kola or Aka. Few have identity cards that enable them to participate as citizens, because almost none can afford the US$ 25 or so that it takes to acquire one. Nor do they have birth certificates, needed to register as voters. Rough estimates of cash income indicate that IP households may earn about one third of average rural incomes in the country. They have no way to acquire rights to ‘community forests’, ‘communal hunting zones’ or to defend their possession of the remnants of their ‘homelands’ from outside interests. The PSFE proposes mechanisms to improve the living conditions of local communities through the sustainable management of forest ecosystems, but at the present state it is most likely, that IP communities will not be able, or enabled, to participate. Put more simple, their settlements are not recognized ‘communities’, and therefore they cannot interact legally with government services. While they are the most dependent on the forest, which generates more than 2/3 of their subsistence and income, they have no legal access to it. Without special steps, Baka, Kola and Aka will not be able to benefit from the PSFE that is national in scope and in principle and by intention open to everyone. There are several major risks resulting from the PSFE, which have to be mitigated to insure that the Baka and Kola do not · lose control over the land traditionally utilized by them as source of livelihood and basis for their cultural and social system, · become even more marginalized in the Cameroonian society, · disintegrate for the decentralized system of administration, · receive less assistance from governmental services, · have less capacities to defend their legal rights, · become or remain as dependents of other ethnic groups, · lose their cultural and social identity. The GoC approved the 16 activities of the IPDP (8 of them are already approved by the PNDP) – outlined below – to realise the potential positive impacts of the PSFE and to mitigate its potential negative impacts. It is a mutual understanding that only the full implementation of an IPDP and all its components fulfils the requirements of the OD 4.20, guarantees that the PSFE respects the rights, dignity and culture of the indigenous people, offers them equal or better opportunities to participate in the benefits and achieves the development objective of the PSFE and ‘assures that the living conditions of the rural population are sustainable improved through the sustainable management of forest ecosystems’. Some of the recommended activities of the IPDP of the PSFE were already adapted as GoC policy and are marked in italic (PNDP 2003):

Establish equal legal opportunities · Establish the necessary capacities to implement an IPDP following the OD 4.20; · Establish equal legal conditions for all indigenous people (ID-cards); · Establish equal legal conditions for all settlements of indigenous people (village); · Establish community forests and/or communal hunting zones for all IP communities. · Establish new forestry regulations, which legalise the IP to utilise their land. · Establish a national policy on indigenous people.

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Establish equal technical opportunities · Provide the IP with technical capacities to participate actively in natural resource management. · Provide the relevant GoC staff and other stakeholders with technical capacities to cooperate successfully with the IP. · Promote research on the IP and provide space for information on the IP. Establish equal financial opportunities · Adjust the distribution patterns of the forestry revenue to provide the IP with the necessary funds to participate activities and decision making processes. Establish equal organisational opportunities · Facilitate the representation of IP in all forest related decision making bodies. · Facilitate priority access for IP to forest related job opportunities. · Establish a participatory monitoring and evaluation system for the IPDP. Equal cultural opportunities · Sensitize the Baka, Kola and Aka on the risks of the development process. · Assist IP association in capacity building to preserve traditional knowledge, culture and livelihood patterns. · Foster the creation of forums for communication and exchange between IPs and other ethnical groups and accompany this process of mutual understanding. The main actors of this IPDP are the PSFE in MINEF, the sub-department of marginalized population in MINAS, MINAT, MINEPAT, NGOs working on indigenous peoples issues in Cameroon, the associations of the indigenous people and the Baka, Kola and Aka themselves. At the present level none of the primary stakeholders is able to implement an IPDP without further training and the assistance on an international technical advisory body, but all stakeholders are willing to act in accordance with the OD 4.20. To increase the synergy of the IPDPs of sector programmes within the poverty reduction strategy (PNDP, PSFE), the IPDPs will be implemented jointly by independent steering committees at national, provincial and council level assembling all stakeholders. The establishment of these implementation structures will take time and will develop along with mutual discussions on the IPDPs. During this pilot phase (1/2004 - 12/2004) an ad-hoc IPDP committee will start operations. The main focus will be on the establishment of the institutional framework, the sensitization of all stakeholders in general and the affected population in particular, the gathering of baseline data and the establishment of community forests and communal hunting zones for all IP settlements. It is assumed that the 16 activities of the IPDP of the PSFE, with a financial volume of US$ 2 Mill (< 1 % of the overall PSFE budget), are able to guarantee that the PSFE is executed in accordance with the OD 4.20 and that the PSFE · strengthens traditional systems of governance and embraces the notion of community dialogue and traditional chiefdoms for all ethnic groups; · reduces poverty for all ethnic groups and lowers the degradation of natural resources; · installs an effective management system of the natural habitats, which offers positive impacts to the entire population and the biodiversity (pro poor conservation); · respects the dignity, rights and culture of the Baka, Kola and Aka; · assures that the IP receive an equal or higher benefit from the PSFE than other ethnic groups; · assists the IP to increase their legal, political, societal, economical, cultural and psychological situations.

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RESUME EXECUTIF Le Gouvernement du Cameroun a demandé l’appui technique et financier pour la préparation et la mise en oeuvre du Programme Sectoriel Forêts et Environnement (PSFE). Ce programme constitue un élément important de la stratégie nationale pour la réduction de la pauvreté. Le PSFE a comme objectif la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers pour une amélioration soutenue des conditions de vie des populations et pour la conservation de la biodiversité. Le PSFE est composé de cinq composantes : · Gestion environnementale des activités forestières. · Aménagement des forets de production du domaine permanent et valorisation de produits forestiers. · Conservation de la biodiversité et valorisation des produits fauniques. · Gestion communautaire des ressources forestières et fauniques. · Renforcement institutionnel, formation et recherche. La Banque Mondiale prévoit de soutenir le PSFE avec une somme d’argent importante. D’après la Directive Opérationnelle 4.20 « une action spéciale est exigée, lorsque les investissements de la Banque concernent des peuples autochtones, tribus, minorités ethniques ou tout autre groupe dont le statut social et économique restreint leurs capacités à imposer leurs intérêts et droits en ce qui concerne les terres et autres ressources productives ». En accord avec l’OD 4.20, l’objectif principal de ce Plan de Développement des Peuples autochtones (IPDP pour « Indigenous People Development Plan ») est de s’assurer que le PSFE respectera la dignité, les droits et la culture des peuples autochtones (PA = Baka, Kola et Aka) au Cameroun et permettra une situation où « les mécanismes sont définis et maintenus pour la participation des peuples autochtones dans la prise de décision pendant la planification, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation », et pour consolider les institutions par lesquelles les PA peuvent participer au développement de leur pays. L’OD reconnaît pleinement que des mesures additionnelles à celles en place doivent être ajoutées pour permettre aux PA de bénéficier du programme. Ce rapport montre comment ces objectifs peuvent être atteints. Du point de vue légal, les PA (au total environ 30.000 individus regroupés en 300 campements et 33 communes) sont des citoyens égaux à toutes les autres personnes nées au Cameroun, mais ils n’ont pas la même influence politique, le même statut légal, organisationnel, technique et économique que les autres groupes au Cameroun. Les Baka, Kola et Aka, qui étaient avant des chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades, sur des grandes zones de forêt ininterrompue, ont été de plus en plus restreints dans des zones où la chasse et la collecte se pratiquent toujours, bien qu’avec une technologie différente de la chasse au filet traditionnelle. L’interdépendance d’autrefois avec les agriculteurs des villages, avec les Baka, Kola et Aka qui fournissaient de la main d’œuvre au village en dehors de la saison de chasse, et les villageois qui comptaient sur la production « pygmée » de viande et produits de la forêt, est devenue une situation de dépendance accrue des populations autochtones pour un revenu en espèces, du travail et quelques services sociaux dérivés du gouvernement. Des interventions dans la forêt telles que les exploitations forestières et la conservation de la biodiversité ont eu comme impact une augmentation de la marginalisation, de la sédentarisation et de l’appauvrissement des Baka, Aka et Kola. Souvent, les PA ont été forcé

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de quitter la forêt sans compensation, malgré le fait qu’ils y dépendent beaucoup plus que d’autre (avec des activités de la pêche et de la cueillette, les PA génèrent à peu près 65% de leur ressources) – sans aucune considération der leurs droits d’utilisation traditionnels. La dépendance accrue vis-à-vis de l’agriculture, de la vie sédentaire pendant une bonne période de l’année, et le désir d’accéder à des services sociaux a-t-elle rendu les communautés des PA en simples citoyens du Cameroun - comme les autres ? Résolument non. Pas un seul Baka, Kola ou Aka ne travaille comme fonctionnaire public, aucun « pygmée » n’est membre d’aucun des 339 conseils municipaux, seulement un des 13.000 villages avait un chef pygmée avant la mise en œuvre d’un IPDP dans la région de Campo- Ma’an. Même dans les arrondissements où les pygmées forment 30 à 50 pour-cent de la population, aucun chef n’est lui-même pygmée. Quelques uns ont des cartes d’identité qui leur permettent de participer comme des citoyens, car la plupart ne peuvent pas se permettre de dépenser les US$ 25 environ nécessaires pour en obtenir une. Ils n’ont pas non plus de certificat de naissance, qui est nécessaire pour s’inscrire sur les listes électorales. Des estimations brutes sur les revenus en espèces indiquent que les ménages pygmées doivent gagner environ un tiers du revenu rural moyen dans le pays. Ils n’ont pas les moyens d’acquérir des droits aux forêts communautaires ni de défendre leurs possessions ou les restes de leur « pays natal » des intérêts extérieurs. Le PSFE propose des mécanismes pour améliorer les conditions de vie des communautés locales au Cameroun à travers la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestières, mais dans l’état actuel des choses, il est peu probable que les communautés pygmées puissent y participer ou qu’ils soient aidées à participer. Cela tous simplement, parce que leurs campements ne sont pas reconnus comme des « communautés », et ils ne peuvent donc pas légalement interagir avec les services du gouvernement. Malgré le fait que les PA dépendent largement de la forêt pour leur subsistance et revenu, ils n’y ont pas d’accès légal. Sans des mesures adaptées, les PA ne pourront pas bénéficier du PSFE qui est d’envergure nationale et qui est de principe et par intention ouvert pour tous. Il y a plusieurs risques majeurs qui résultent du PSFE, qui doivent être atténués pour s’assurer que les Baka et les Kola : · Ne perdent le contrôle des terres traditionnellement utilisées par eux comme source de survie et base de leur système culturel et social, · Ne deviennent pas plus marginalisés dans la société camerounaise, · Ne se désintègrent pas à cause du système décentralisé de l’administration, · Ne reçoivent pas moins d’assistance des services gouvernementaux, · N’aient pas moins de capacités à défendre leurs droits légaux, · Ne deviennent ou demeurent aussi dépendants d’autres groupes ethniques, · Ne perdent pas leur identité culturelle et sociale. Pour atténuer ces risques, le PSFE a approuvé les 16 activités suivantes (8 font déjà partie du PNDP on italique). C’est un entendement mutuel que seule la totale mise en oeuvre de l’IPDP et de toutes ses composantes respecte les exigences de l’OD 4.20 et garantit que le PSFE respecte les droits, la dignité et la culture des Baka et Kola et leur offre des opportunités égales ou meilleures de participer aux bénéfices offerts par le PSFE. Le PSFE a entrepris de :

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Etablir des opportunités légales égales · Etablir des compétences pour l’implémentation de IPDP (OD 4.20) · Etablir des conditions légales égales pour les individus PA (cartes d’identité). · Etablir des conditions légales égales pour les campements de PA (communautés). · Etablir des forêts communautaires et des zones de chasse traditionnelle pour les communautés PA · Etablir des nouveaux règlements et textes forestiers permettant aux PA à pouvoir utiliser leurs terres légalement · Etablir une politique national concernant les PA Etablir des opportunités techniques égales · Renforcer les capacités des PA et appuyer les pour qu’ils puissent participer et contribuer à la gestion des ressources naturelles. · Renforcer les capacités des agents étatiques et des autres parties prenantes en matière de collaboration avec les PA · Promouvoir la recherche sur les PA et créer des espaces d’information sur les PA Etablir des opportunités financières égales · Adapter la procédure de redistribution des recettes forestières pour que les PA aient les ressources financières indispensables pour leur participation aux activités ainsi que aux processus de prise de décision. Etablir des opportunités organisationnelles égales · Faciliter la représentation des PA dans toutes structures charges des prises de décision concernant la gestion des ressources naturelles. · Donner la priorité aux PA pour les postes de travail dans le secteur forestier. · Etablir un système de suivi et d’évaluation participatif pour l’IPDP Etablir des opportunités culturelles égales · Sensibiliser les Baka, Kola et Aka sur les risques du processus de développement. · Aider les associations de PA dans leur renforcement de compétences, pour préserver la connaissance, culture et mode de vie traditionnels. · Soutenir la création de forums pour la communication et l’échange entre PA et autres groupes ethniques et accompagner ce processus de compréhension mutuelle. Les acteurs principaux de l’IPDP sont le PSFE au MINEF, le sous département de la population marginalisée au MINAS, le MINAS, les ONG nationales et internationales qui travail avec les populations autochtone au Cameroun, les associations de peuples « pygmées » et les Baka, Kola et Aka eux-mêmes. A l’heure actuelle, aucune des parties prenantes n’a la capacité de mettre en oeuvre un IPDP en accord avec l’OD 4.20. Une formation supplémentaire et une entité de d’appui technique internationale sont nécessaires pour consolider les capacités d’organisation, techniques et financières. Pour assurer la synergie entre les différents IPDPs dans les programmes sectoriels avec le DSRP, le IPDP doit être mise en œuvre d’une manière concertée. Il devrait être coordonné par des comités de pilotage indépendants au niveau national, provincial et au niveau communal, qui doivent rassembler toutes les parties prenantes. L’établissement de cette structure de mise en oeuvre prendra du temps et se développera avec les discussions mutuelles sur l’IPDP. Durant la phase pilote de l’IPDP (1-12/2004), un comité IPDP ad-hoc commencera à fonctionner. L’attention principale sera fixée sur l’établissement d’un cadre institutionnel, la

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sensibilisation de toutes les parties prenantes en général et les populations affectées en particulier, la collecte d’informations de référence et le test d’activités plus détaillées dans les communes pilotes du PSFE. Pendant la mise en place des divers comités (commune, province et niveau national), qui concernera tous les campements Baka, Kola et Aka, le PSFE devra être discuté en détail. Vers la fin de 2004, lorsque les comités IPDP au niveau des communes seront établis, l’IPDP devra être redéfini dans un processus participatif avec toutes les parties prenantes. En général, il peut être estimé que les 16 activités de l’IPDP, avec un volume financier d’environ USD 2 M. (environ 1 % du budget total du PSFE), sont capables de garantir que le PSFE sera exécuté en accord avec l’OD 4.20, et que le PSFE : · consolidera les systèmes traditionnels de gouvernement et embrassera la notion de dialogue communautaire et terres traditionnelles pour tous les groupes ethniques ; · réduira la pauvreté pour tous les groupes ethniques et la dégradation des ressources naturelles et encouragera la conservation; · installera un système efficace de gestion de l’habitat naturel, qui offrira des impacts positifs à toute la population et à la biodiversité ; · respectera la dignité, les droits et la culture des Baka, Kola et Aka ; · s’assurera que les Baka, Kola et Aka reçoivent du PSFE un bénéfice égal ou supérieur à celui des autres groupes ethniques ; · assistera les Baka, Kola et Aka à accroître leur situation légale, politique, sociale, économique, culturelle et psychologique.

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2 INTRODUCTION The Government of Cameroon (GoC) has applied for technical and financial assistance in the preparation and implementation of the Forest and Environment Sector Programme (PSFE = Programme sectoriel forêts et environnement)1. This programme constitutes an important element of the GoC’s strategy for poverty reduction, outlined in the national poverty reduction strategy (DSRP = Document de stratégie de reduction de la pauvreté) and specified in the rural development strategy paper (DSDSR = Document de stratégie de développement du secteur rural).2 The GoC utilizes three programmes (PNDP = Programme national de développement participatif, PADC = Projet d’appui au développement communautaire) and the PSFE: see Annex 2) to achieve sustainable development for rural areas, which are inhabited by around 50% of the 15 Million Cameroonians (UNDP 2002:164). While PADC and PNDP target the rural development of villages, rural councils and the land under agricultural production with the help of participatory development plans and micro projects, the PSFE focuses on forests and other areas, which have not been transformed by human habitations. The PSFE is aiming at the sustainable management of the natural resources to improve the living conditions of the people and conserve biodiversity.3 With this approach, it follows the logic of the plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD, United Nations 2002), which concludes that “sustainable forest management of both natural and planted forests and for timber and non-timber products is essential to achieve sustainable development and is a critical means to eradicate poverty”.4 Beneficiaries of the PSFE consist of rural communities dispersed in all ten provinces of Cameroon, governmental administration, NGOs and other associations. The PSFE will become active on September 1st, 2003 in the entire territory of Cameroon. The PSFE consists of five components: · Environmental management of forestry activities · Management of the production forests and the valorisation of forestry products · Biodiversity conservation and valorisation of wildlife products · Community based management of forest and wildlife resources · Reinforcement of institutions, training and research. The World Bank is planning to support - together with other donors - the PSFE with a significant amount of money. According to the Operational Directive 4.20. (OD 4.20) “special action is required, where Bank investments affect indigenous peoples, tribes, ethnic minorities, or other groups whose social and economic status restricts their capacity to assert their interests and rights in land and other productive resources.”

1 In what follows, the French abbreviation (PSFE) will be used. 2 For the importance of national forestry programmes within poverty reduction strategies see: Ngomba 2003, Oksanen & Mersmann 2003. 3 The introduction on the PSFE is based on the following documents: PSFE 2003a, PSFE 2003b, PSFE 2003c, Joiris & Titi Nwel 2002, ToRs for IPDP (Annex 1). Since the latest version of the PSFE (July 2003) has not been translated officially into English, the translation provided here is the one of the consultant and inspired by English version of the PSFE from January 2003. 4 For the importance of forests for poverty reduction, see: Kaimowitz 2003, World Bank 2002a, DFID and FAO 2002.

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Due to the fact, that the PSFE is a national program active especially in forest areas, it can be expected that it affects ethnic minorities – in particular those people, who are called “forest people” or “pygmies”. Following the procedures of best practice - documented in the OD 4.20 – an Indigenous People Development Plan (IPDP) should provide additional information to the existing social impact assessment (Joiris and Titi Nwel 2002). Following the Operational Directive 4.20 of the World Bank, the main objective of this IPDP is to assure that the PSFE will respect the dignity, rights and culture of the “pygmy” population and assure that they receive equal or higher benefits from the PSFE (see: Terms of reference = Annex 1) following the logic of the PSFE development goal, which is aiming at a constant increase of the living conditions of the rural populations in buffer zones through the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Following the OP 4.20 and the terms of reference, this IPDP will “include the following elements: (a) Legal Framework. The plan should contain an assessment of (i) the legal status of the groups covered by the OD 4.20, as reflected in the country's constitution, legislation, and subsidiary legislation (regulations, administrative orders, etc.); and (ii) the ability of such groups to obtain access to and effectively use the legal system to defend their rights. Particular attention should be given to the rights of indigenous peoples to use and develop the lands that they occupy, to be protected against illegal intruders, and to have access to natural resources (such as forests, wildlife, and water) vital to their subsistence and reproduction. (b) Baseline Data. Baseline data should include (i) accurate, up-to-date maps and aerial photographs of the area of project influence and the areas inhabited by indigenous peoples; (ii) analysis of the social structure and income sources of the population; (iii) inventories of the resources that indigenous people use and technical data on their production systems; and (iv) the relationship of indigenous peoples with other local and national groups. It is particularly important that baseline studies capture the full range of production and marketing activities in which indigenous people are engaged. Site visits by qualified social and technical experts should verify and update secondary sources. (c) Land Tenure. When local legislation needs strengthening, the Bank should offer to advise and assist the borrower in establishing legal recognition of the customary or traditional land tenure systems of indigenous peoples. Where the traditional lands of indigenous peoples have been brought by law into the domain of the state and where it is inappropriate to convert traditional rights into those of legal ownership, alternative arrangements should be implemented to grant long-term, renewable rights of custodianship and use to indigenous peoples. These steps should be taken before the initiation of other planning steps that may be contingent on recognized land titles. (d) Strategy for Local Participation. Mechanisms should be devised and maintained for participation by indigenous people in decision making throughout project planning, implementation, and evaluation. Many of the larger groups of indigenous people have their own representative organizations that provide effective channels for communicating local preferences. Traditional leaders occupy pivotal positions for mobilizing people and should be brought into the planning process, with due concern

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for ensuring genuine representation of the indigenous population. No foolproof methods exist, however, to guarantee full local-level participation. Sociological and technical advice provided through the Regional environment divisions (REDs) is often needed to develop mechanisms appropriate for the project area. (e) Technical Identification of Development or Mitigation Activities. Technical proposals should proceed from on-site research by qualified professionals acceptable to the Bank. Detailed descriptions should be prepared and appraised for such proposed services as education, training, health, credit, and legal assistance. Technical descriptions should be included for the planned investments in productive infrastructure. Plans that draw upon indigenous knowledge are often more successful than those introducing entirely new principles and institutions. For example, the potential contribution of traditional health providers should be considered in planning delivery systems for health care. (f) Institutional Capacity. The government institutions assigned responsibility for indigenous peoples are often weak. Assessing the track record, capabilities, and needs of those institutions is a fundamental requirement. Organizational issues that need to be addressed through Bank assistance are the (i) availability of funds for investments and field operations; (ii) adequacy of experienced professional staff; (iii) ability of indigenous peoples' own organizations, local administration authorities, and local NGOs to interact with specialized government institutions; (iv) ability of the executing agency to mobilize other agencies involved in the plan's implementation; and (v) adequacy of field presence. (g) Implementation Schedule. Components should include an implementation schedule with benchmarks by which progress can be measured at appropriate intervals. Pilot programs are often needed to provide planning information for phasing the project component for indigenous peoples with the main investment. The plan should pursue the long-term sustainability of project activities subsequent to completion of disbursement. (h) Monitoring and Evaluation. Independent monitoring capacities are usually needed when the institutions responsible for indigenous populations have weak management histories. Monitoring by representatives of indigenous peoples' own organizations can be an efficient way for the project management to absorb the perspectives of indigenous beneficiaries and is encouraged by the Bank. Monitoring units should be staffed by experienced social science professionals, and reporting formats and schedules appropriate to the project's needs should be established. Monitoring and evaluation reports should be reviewed jointly by the senior management of the implementing agency and by the Bank. The evaluation reports should be made available to the public. (i) Cost Estimates and Financing Plan. The plan should include detailed cost estimates for planned activities and investments. The estimates should be broken down into unit costs by project year and linked to a financing plan. Such programs as revolving credit funds that provide indigenous people with investment pools should indicate their accounting procedures and mechanisms for financial transfer and replenishment. It is usually helpful to have as high a share as possible of direct financial participation by the Bank in project components dealing with indigenous peoples.” (OD 4.20)

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The following report is the result of a short term consultancy carried out between July 31st, 2003 and August 31st, 2003. In 14 consultancy days the reporting consultant assessed the impacts of the PSFE and possible mitigation strategies in a participatory manner and in close collaboration with all stakeholders (governmental agencies, donor organization, indigenous populations in the meaning of OD 4.20, other rural populace, NGOs, etc.). The research had three phases: · In the first phase, governmental bodies in charge of the PSFE (équipe nationale de préparation de PSFE, MINEF) and of ethnic minorities (Cellule des populations marginales et des sinistrés, MINAS), donor organizations with projects affecting indigenous people (Profornat/GTZ, ECOFAC & SNV), NGOs (CED, CERAD, INADES & RACOPY), associations of indigenous people (ASBAK & CODEBABIK) and forestry companies (COFA, Lorema & SOCIB) were consulted to elaborate background information and assess existing approaches towards the integration of indigenous peoples (IP) into the management of forests. · In the second phase, consisting of two fieldtrips of 3 days each, the indigenous people covered in this study were directly consulted. In the Baka settlements of Abinga, Meban 1, Akonetyé (all in the Djoum Subdivision; South Province), Zoébéfam, Zoulameyong (all in the Mintom 2 Subdivision; South Province) and Abong-Mbang (in the Haut-Nyong Division, East Province) possible impacts and mitigation measurements were discussed with the entire population and in separate meetings with different focus groups (forest management committees, traditional rulers & members of IP associations) and the different strata of the indigenous society (old, young, men & women). The meetings focused on: (1) the different forms of legal administration (independent IP village versus IP quarter under a “Bantu” village leader); (2) the various experiences in the implementation of community forests and community hunting areas (incl. the participatory elaboration of a management plan) and in particular the difference between the IP-only and the joint “Bantu” and IP option; (3) the level of interaction with other ethnic groups and the various perceptions of these interactions; (4) the various approaches applied by governmental bodies, international donors and NGO, their impact on the indigenous people and the IP perception of donors, NGOs and the Baka and Kola associations; (5) experiences with the establishment and management of protected areas and the interaction between IPs and logging companies; (6) the different elements and the expected results of the PSFE. · After the completion of the draft report, the findings and recommendations were discussed in a participatory workshop (incl. 4 IP representatives, representatives of MINEF, MINAS, several NGOs and the donor community). The participants agreed with the general findings and recommendations (see Annex 8). In a second workshop the IPDP was adapted by the PNDP. It will be published in its present form as an official document of the Government of Cameroon (see Annex 9).

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3 BASELINE INFORMATION ON THE “PYGMY”-POPULATION5 Pygmies have been a classic illusion of the unknown other and ultimate difference for long. Consequently, Borges (1970: 188) labelled them as one set of “imaginary beings” similar to banshees, sirens and trolls. But unlike the others, pygmies were identified over the years with a corporal form.6 In the following much was written about them. While some scholars emphasized their homeostasis with a bountiful environment (Lee & deVore 1968, Schebesta 1938-1958, Turnbull 1961) and proclaimed that hunter- gatherers have found “a Zen solution to scarcity and affluence” (Sahlins 1968: 85), others have criticized these works and their underlying concept of an original affluent society (Lewin 1988) and have started to demystify the “noble savage”. Between 150,000 and 200,000 so called “pygmies” are living today in the rainforest areas of Central Africa (Lee & Hitchcock 2001: 260), but these figures are all but precise. To define “pygmies” as a separate entity, they have to be distanced from their neighbouring agriculturists.7 Genetic studies have indicated that the differences between the “pygmies” and their neighbours are great enough to have required about 20,000 years of isolation (Cavalli-Sforza 1986: 414) and “pygmies” and their neighbours see the other as socially, economically, ideologically and politically different vice versa (Bahuchet 1993a). They are usually grouped by their languages (Table 1):

Ethnic groups Region, population, classification of language and interrelation Source (synonyms) with neighbouring ethnic groups Cameroon (along the border with the Central African Republic), Central African Republic and Republic of Congo) Aka (Mbenzele, 30,000 – 35,000 (less than 500 in Cameroon) Demesse 1980, Bayaka, Babinga) Bantu language. Permanent links with groups of Ubangians Bahuchet, 1985 (Ngbaka, Yangere, Bofi, Biyanda) and Bantus (Ngando, Mbati, Pande, Pomo, Mbimu, Kako, etc)

5 To increase the synergy with existing IPDPs of other programs in the same sector, this baseline information was adapted from the IPDP of the PNDP. 6 Georg Schweinfurth encountered some forest-dwellers in the heart of the central African rainforest and wrote: “at last, I was able veritably to feast my eyes upon a living embodiment of the myths of some thousand years!” (Schweinfurth 1873, 2: 127) 7 Since this study is an indigenous people development plan according to the operational policy 4.20 of the World Bank, it seems necessary to refer to the definition provided there: “The terms ‘indigenous peoples,’ ‘indigenous ethnic minorities,’ ‘tribal groups,’ and ‘scheduled tribes’ describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. (…) Because of the varied and changing contexts in which indigenous peoples are found, no single definition can capture their diversity. Indigenous people are commonly among the poorest segments of a population. They engage in economic activities that range from shifting agriculture in or near forests to wage labour or even small-scale market-oriented activities. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following characteristics: (a) a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas; (b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; (c) an indigenous language, often different from the national language; (d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and (e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.” (World Bank OP.4.20)

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Asua (Aka, Democratic Republic of Congo different from the Approx 5,000 Bailey et al., Aka in the CAR ; Sudanese language. In contact with Mangbetu groups (Maele, Meje, 1990 Bambuti) Aberu and Popoi), Babudu, Bandaka, Baberu, Babali. Gabon Babongo (Akoa, Bailey et al., 2 000 Bazimba) 1990 Bantu languages. Ternay 1948, Cameroon (South of east province and east of south province), Vallois & Central African Republic, Gabon, Republic of Congo Baka (Bebayaka, Marquer 1976, 30,000 to 40 000 (in Cameroon approx 25,000) Bibaya, Babinga, Bailey et al., Ubangian language. Permanent links with the Bantu (Kwele, Bangombe) 1990, Dounias Mbomam, Mvonmvon, Konabemebe, Djem, Nzime) and Ubangians 1993, Joiris (Bangando, Gbaya). 1993. Democratic Republic of Congo Approx. 10,000 Bailey et al., Efe (Bambuti) Sudanese language. Permanent relationships with the Lese, Karo, 1990 Mvuba, Lombi, Mamvu and Bira. Kola (Gyele, Seiwert 1926, Cameroon (Western part of the south province), Equatorial Guinea. Bagyele, Bagiele, Castillo-Fiel Approx. 3,500 ((in Cameroon approx 3,000) Bajeli, Bogyeli, 1949, Loung Bantu language. Contacts with the Basa, Ngumba, Mabea, Batanga, Bako, Bekoe, 1991, Koppert Iyasa. Bakola, Babinga) 1991. Democratic Republic of Congo Mbuti (Basua, Approx. 7,500 Bailey et al., Kango) Bantu language. In contact with the Babila, Bandala in the centre 1990 and south of Ituri. Democratic Republic of Congo Twa of the Approx. 14,000 Pagezy 1988 Ntomba Bantu language. A caste within the following societies: Mongo, Ntomba, Ekonda, Bolia (called Oto). Democratic Republic of Congo Twa of Kasaï Approx. 5,000 Pagezy 1988 Bantu language. Contacts with the Luba and Ndengese. Tab.1. The various “pygmy” groups in the central African subregion.

3.1 LIMITATIONS

This study focuses solemnly on Cameroon and those “pygmies” living in Cameroon. Due to time constrains, the few Akas, who have camps on the Cameroonian side of the border with the Central African Republic were not visited during the fieldwork phase (in accordance with the ToRs) and are consequently not covered in detail in the background and impact assessment section of this report. It is assumed that this limitation does not influence the quality of the study, because the Aka in Cameroon are closely related to the Baka (Bahuchet 1993c), share their livelihood patterns (Bahuchet 1990) and will face – most probably – the same risks and impacts as the Baka. The only difference might be, that it will be more difficult to legalize their settlements and land use titles etc., because they are perceived by government officials as citizens of the Central African Republic (pers. Comm.). Due to time constrains and following the request of the client, the fieldwork focused on the area around the Dja biodiversity reserve (Djoum & Lomié) and did not survey Kola

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settlements. This limitation does not affect the quality of the study, because an earlier survey in the context of the elaboration of the IPDP for the PNDP (PNDP 2003) documented hardly any differences in the livelihood patters, societal structure and interaction with others between Baka and Kola. To assure that specific risks for Kola populations are not left out, the president of CODEBABIK was consulted on all elements of this report. He agreed that the findings and risk assessments are covering the situation of the Kola and that the IPDP is able to mitigate these risks. Some publications (Logo in press, Atangana 1999) hold the view that there is at least one more group of “pygmies” in Cameroon. Based on the work of Barbier (1978), they claim, that the “Medzan” or “Bedzang” (a group of about 1,500 individuals – Atangana 1999) are also “pygmies”. The scientific literature does not follow this request, because these people live as agriculturists outside the forest – in the Tikar plain in the northern part of the central Province – and do not utilize a separate language (SIL 2000). The indigenous people in the northern part of the country, such as the “Peul Bororo” and “Kirdi” are not covered in this study. While it can be expected, that they face similar risks to those outlined in what follows, it is highly recommended to commission an additional study to adapt this IPDP to their specific situation and elaborate – if necessary – additional mitigation instruments to face risks resolving from reforestation and other measures to reduce the desertification in the northern savannah. The research conditions were most of the time very good. Governmental bodies, the donor community, NGOs and the rural population were very open and interested in the IPDP and the PSFE and participated actively in all discussion. Especially my hosts in the field (Emmanuel Minsolo and Hélène Aye Mondo) were very instrumental for the elaboration of the report.

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Fig. 1: The different “pygmy” groups in Central Africa. Source: Bahuchet 1993b: 38

3.2 THE BAKA AND KOLA IN CAMEROON

In what follows, short background information on the Baka and Kola will be presented. While it is not suitable for an ethnological and anthropological study to present two ethnic groups as entity, I will do so in this report – which is not addressed to a scientific audience - and refer for a more detailed introduction on the difference and specific elements of the two groups to the literature quoted in table 1.

3.3 SOCIAL ORGANISATION

The smallest social unit among the Baka and Kola is the residence group (band), which is characterized by a separate compound-like settlement, which exists even within Baka or Kola “villages”. The members of the bands are living together throughout the year and have joint forest camps and land use areas. Each band is composed of different nuclear families and assembles around 50 individuals (Tsuru 1998:50). Due to the fact that men remain most of the time within their band when they get married, the social stratification can be described as patrilineal kinship. Consequently, a group of senior men, who were born within the band, is generally taking leadership in decision making. Due to the strong believe in the patrilineal ties – even though it is not as elaborated as among other groups - most bands are related to some other bands in their area. This more abstract level has its importance in the cultural live (joint rituals, incest taboo etc.) but can not be regarded as political nor geographical entity. The decision making process at village level is searching for a consensus among all elders of the various band living within the village (in some villages up to 10). As to be expected in patrilineal kinship systems, women are hardly ever involved in the decision making process, even in cases, where the point of discussion is considered as a women topic (gathering, farming, etc.).

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For external affairs (interactions with strangers, government officials, traders, etc.) each band appoints a leader-like-person – called kokoma in Baka -, whose qualification is mostly an “advanced” knowledge of French or a good relation with a government or “Bantu”-village official. The kokoma is a nominal leader for external affairs only and does not have any authority within the band. In accordance with this system of external relation, the independent Kola villages have selected a “traditional ruler” to participate at meetings on council and sub-divisional level. But to perceive these chiefs as legal representative of the village, whose statements reflect the view of the village and are binding for there people is totally wrong. Social and political organization above the level of the band is a quite recent invention and does not go along with the traditional “consensus approach” of social interaction. Nevertheless, charitable organizations (in particular the Catholic Church), development and conservation projects (in particular the SNV) have “assisted” the Baka and Kola to form two associations to secure the survival of Baka and Kola culture and protect their form of livelihood against “modernity” (pers. Comm.). Till date, both associations are heavily dependent on the organizational, technical and financial support of their donor organizations and the support of several NGOs working on and with the Baka and Kola population. The Baka NGO (ASBAK), which has offices in Lomié and Abong Mbang, was founded by former SNV extension-officers of Baka origin. The key group of actors is quite limited (not more than 10) and is perceived by SNV as “elite-association, with little or no relation with the ordinary Baka” (pers. Comm.), while most Baka interviewed were quite positive towards them (pers. Comm.). Nevertheless, ASBAK was conceptualized by some Baka informants as “hyper-kokoma” - a link to the outside world, without a say on internal affairs – (pers. Comm.). The association of the Kola (CODEBABIK) is even weaker. The leading group does not assemble more than 5 people – all of the same band – and is hardly known among other bands. CODEBABIK is perceived by the NGO-network working on and with the “pygmy” population (RACOPY) as one man show (pers. Comm.), which might be true, but is closely related to the traditional Kola concept of external affair management. From the critical point of view, one can argue, that it can not be the responsibility of the Kola external affair spokesperson, if NGOs miss-conceptualize him as representative according to the European or American concept of representation.

Associations of the Baka and Kola (Abbreviation and name) Location ASBAK = Association de Baka de Lomié Lomié ASBAK = Association de Baka de Abong Mbang Abong Mbang CODEBABIK = Le Comité de développement des Bakola des arrondissements de Bipindi Bipindi et Kribi Tab.2: The existing associations of the Baka and Kola population The various NGOs working on and with the Baka and Kola are assembled in the Réseau de Recherche - Actions Concertées Pygmées (RACOPY) and are of various origin and backgrounds. While the organizations related in one way or the other to the catholic church (FONDAF, FONDAM, Foyes de Djoum, AAPPEC, CODASC) have a long established relationship with the Baka and Kola population, the environmental NGOs

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and development or conservation projects have started their interaction with the Baka and Kola quite recently. Nevertheless, especially the SNV staffs has a much elaborated knowledge on and close interaction with the Baka in and around Lomié and in and around Kribi, Ma’an, Campo and Akom 2.

NGOs working on or with Baka and Kola (Abbreviation and name) Location RACOPY = Réseau de Recherche – Actions Concertées Pygmées Yaoundé South Province FONDAF = Foyer notre dame de la forêt Bipindi Planet survey Lolodorf FAGAPECAM = Fédération des associations, des GICs des agriculteurs, pisciculteurs Akom 2 et éleveurs du Cameroun FONDAM= Foyer notre dame de la forêt Kribi Projet Campo Ma’an (SNV) Kribi Foyer des jeunes filles Baka de Djoum Djoum CED = Centre pour l’environnement et le développement Djoum East Province CADEF = Comité d’action pour le développement des femmes de Lomié et ses Lomié environnement PERAD = Protection de l’environnement recherche et appui au développement Lomié AJDUR = Association des jeunes pour la gestion durable des ressources Lomié CIAD = Centre international d’appui au développement durable Lomié SDDL = Projet Soutien au développement durable de la région de Lomié/Dja Lo mié AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Lomié SNV = Netherlands development organization Lomié AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Les Bosquet AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Djouth AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Ndelele OAPIDE = Organisation d’appui aux initiatives de développement et de l’environnement Mindourou AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Abong Mbang AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Salapombe OCBB = Observatoire des cultures Baka et Bantou pour l’éducation environnemental Ngoyla et le développement communautaire CODASC = Comité Diocésain d'Appui aux Activités Socio Caritatives Yokadouma AAFEBEN = Appui pour l’autopromotion des femmes de la Bomba et Ngoko Yokadouma AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Yokadouma AAPPEC = Association pour l’autopromotion des populations de l’Est du Cameroun Molondo SNV = Netherlands development organization Yokadouma PROFORNAT Project (GTZ) Yokadouma CIFAD = Cercle international de formation pour le développement Yokadouma CERAD = Centre de recherche et d’action pour le développement durable Bertua Tab.3: A list of NGOs working on and with the Baka and Kola population

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3.4 THE BAKA AND KOLA WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STATE

From the legal point of view, Baka and Kola are citizens equal to all other people born in Cameroon (Preamble of the constitution of 18/1/1996), but they are neither represented in any of the 339 councils in Cameroon, nor in the state administration nor the parliament and not a single Baka or Kola is working as civil servant (pers. Comm.). Among the 13,000 villages in Cameroon, only one has a Baka as governmentally recognised leader (Moangué le Bosquet). In the Ma’an, Campo and Akom 2 subdivision most Kola settlements are due to the assistance of the SNV and following recommendations of GEF, which is funding the conservation project Campo/Ma’an (run by SNV), certified as independent villages. This very recent development was only achieved by external influence (pers. Comm.) and had a very limited magnitude, because it is limited solemnly to these three subdivisions. In none of the neighbouring subdivisions, which also assemble significant Kola populations, did any Kola settlement manage to be certified as independent village. As justification, territorial administration refers to the fact that all Baka or Kola settlements are due to the historical links with their “Bantu” neighbours parts of these “Bantu” villages (pers. Comm). This might be true, but if Kola settlement are allowed to separate from their “Bantu” neighbours with the blessing of the government in one part of the country – which is perceived by the Kola as a very positive achievement -, it seems not logic to prohibit and/or delay the process of village independence in other areas. The option to act as separate villages is very important for the development of the Baka and Aka, because only villages – as the lowest administrative entity in Cameroon – hold rights over the territory and the utilization of revues. The misrepresentation of Baka and Kola even in those sub-divisions in the south of the east province, where especially the Baka form a significant proportion of the population (between 20% and 50 %) has several reasons. Beside of problems of compatibility of the traditional setting with the democratic way of decision making through representatives, the fact that most Baka and Kola do not hold ID-cards or birth certificates, which are necessary to enroll as voters during elections, is seen as ample justification by the local administration (pers. Comm.). The President of the Republic of Cameroon made clear, that “the pygmies are not different from any other Cameroonian citizen” (Biya quoted in: Logo 2002), but to act as an equal citizen, the Baka and Kola need ID-cards. Beside of documented cases of racism among the local civil servants in charge of issuing ID-Cards (pers. Comm.), it is mostly the monetary aspect, which makes it difficult for the Baka and Kola to act as full citizens. The informants stated, that the whole procedure costs at least FCFA 15,000 (US$ 25), which is far beyond the financial capacities of most Baka and Kola (the average total annual cash income per capita among the Baka and Kola is said to be around US$ 50). RACOPY has applied to the governors of the south and the east province - in accordance with best practices, which prescribe special attention and rights to minorities (Leurat 1998) - to assist the Kola and Baka in their struggle to obtain ID- cards, by providing ID-cards to Baka and Kola at subsidized prizes, but without much

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success. In general my informants and the NGOs contacted are of the view, that it is not the central administration or the legal setting as such, which makes it difficult for Baka and Kola to receive equal treatment by governmental administration, but the ignorance of the individuals in charge (pers. Comm.). The governmental structure in charge of indigenous people (Sub-department of marginalized population and victims), which is based in MINAS, is understaffed (1 chief of service and 1 field officer) and under-budgeted (in fact they do not have a separate budget, no vehicles or travel allowances) and due to that unable to carry out any sensitization and/or training outside the national capital (pers. Comm.). The NGOs assembled in RACOPY are also prepared to offer sensitization and training for governmental extension officers, but did not manage to receive funding for these activities (pers. Comm.). At divisional and sub-divisional level, the MINAS structures are prepared to assist the Baka and Kola in their struggle to become more involved into the development process and it is said that MINAS had quite a positive impact in the area of educational assistance (pupil and student grants, educational material and subsidized medical services) before the economic problems in the mid 90ties. Today they have hardly the means to carry out any activity. A sub-divisional delegation of MINAS has an annual operational budget of FCFA 450,000 (~ US$ 670) for all activities including among others the work with marginalized population. In contrast to governmental bodies, some of the NGOs are quite well equipped, but it is said, that the overheads and central administration is often consuming most of the budget. Former field officers of SAILD, which supported a Kola project in the Lolodorf subdivision, stated that from a general budget of FCFA 430 Mill. only 60 Mill. were used for operational activities. Within the double structure of administration in rural areas (appointed divisional officers administering sub-divisions and elected mayors running rural councils) the interests of Baka and Kola are often at the mercy of civil servants without any sensitization or training in intercultural communication and/or elected mayors, which are seeing themselves as representatives of their voters, which are - due to the low number of Baka and Kola with ID-cards – mostly “Bantu”. The Baka and Kola are due to these problems and as a result of their low capacities to argue within the legal framework of the state, which is again a result of the absence of ID-cards and their low level of integration into the national education system - which is at secondary level only open to citizens -, hardly able to defend their rights.

3.5 ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT

From the original setting Baka and Kola are pure hunter-gatherer, who hardly cultivate anything. Several sedentarisation campaigns during and after the colonial times resulted in the fact, that already in the sixties most Baka and Kola had a permanent plot, where they live most of the year (Althabe 1965). During the process of sedentarization the Baka and Kola adopted the subsistence mode of agriculture practiced by the other ethnic groups resident in the region. During most of the year, the Baka and Kola stay in their

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permanent settlements, where the men slash and burn the forest and the women plant and harvest crops. There is a significant difference in the level of sedentarisation between the Kola and Baka. While the Kola hardly go out for longer and further hunting trips, the Baka, who live outside the major villages, are still quite mobile and spend up to 1/3 of their time in the forest. Both groups live most of the time in semi-permanent settlement near the villages of agriculturists and maintain economic and ritual relationship with these villagers, but during the major dry season (November to March) the Baka move to their forest hunting camps, while the Kola only carry out short-term hunting trips (up to a week). While the Kola have – due to their limited hunting activities – not maintained their hunting camp lifestyle, most Baka bands have several camp-sides far inside the forest. Camps are changed as soon as the animal population and availability of non-timber-forest-products around the camps is reducing – a quite good indicator for sustainable forest management. The traditional hunting methods (spear hunting and net hunting) are dying out and most Baka and Kola men use snares. The Kola informants could not even remember that they ever went hunting with nets or other traditional hunting tools. The level of hunting has increased in the last years due to a high demand for dried bush- meat. Especially young men are able to generate some income, which is mostly spent on drinks in their permanent camps. The women gather wild jams, iron leaves (gnetum sp.), landolphia, various fruits and mushrooms in small groups, while the gathering of wild honey is considered as a men’s activity. Near the end of the dry season men and women perform together fish-bailing in smaller streams. In general, it has to be said, that the living conditions of forest societies such as the Baka and Kola are less idyllic than the outsiders’ perception of it. Logging, conservation activities and an increase in cash-crop farming (solemnly organised by “Bantus”) have reduced the space available for hunting and gathering. Nevertheless, the Baka and Kola are still heavily dependent on the forest. Even the most resident group (“Kola”) does not generate more than 35% of their subsistence and cash income from agriculture (Koppert et al. 1993). They generate less than 30% of the average cash-income of their neighboring agriculturist. While the “Bantus” are able to generate around FCFA 100,000 (US$ 150; Schmidt- Soltau 2002) per capita p.a., the Baka and Kola do have an average annual cash income of around FCFA 30,000 (US$ 50; pers. Comm.) per capita.

3.6 THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE

To explain the traditional system of land tenures is either quite easy – because it does not exist in the form of landholdings etc. – or quite complex, because land is managed commonly. Before the “Bantu” expansion, the Baka and Kola bands were utilizing the entire north-western part of the Congo-basin for their hunting-gathering activities demarcated in the east by the Sangha, in the west by the Atlantic, in the north by the Sanaga and in the south by the Ntem. The bands and groups did not have a defined area, but a quite elaborated system of sustainable forest management: as soon as the utilization of a given area resulted in visible impacts (less success in hunting and gathering) they changed to another area. With the arrival of the “Bantu”, this system

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changed in so far, as the “Bantus” used certain areas along the rivers for their slash-and- burning agriculture and started to exchange this and that with the Baka and Kola. The Baka and Kola started to stay parts of the rainy season close to the “Bantu” settlements, to exchange dried meat against manioc and other farm products to avoid periods of hunger arising from the reduced hunting and gathering options during the rains. The system of land tenure among the Baka and Kola did not change during that time, but the territory utilized was reducing, since hunting and gathering does not make sense close to agricultural areas. During colonial and post-colonial times, plantations, population increase, accelerated agricultural production at village level, conservation projects and logging activities reduced the territory available for the Baka and Kola tremendously, while they were and are not able to defend their land against external penetrations. The reduced space available for hunting and gathering, the options to work as manual laborer on the small scale plantations of the “Bantu” and the sedentarisation campaigns resulted in longer and longer periods inside camps near the “Bantu” villages. From a certain point on some Baka and Kola (in the west earlier than in the east) started to have their own small garden-agriculture. Due to the lack of an own system of landholdings, they utilized the land-tenure systems elaborated by the Bantu to manage these farms, but maintained the idea of an open forest outside the agricultural area. Nevertheless, the process of sedentarisation, together with the environmental degradation resulted in a reduced area of forests utilized by the various Baka and Kola bands, because even their small scale garden-agriculture does not permit them to travel far away from their farms and permanent plots. While in discussions most Baka and to a lesser extent also the Kola maintain the idea of a collective forest open for all, in reality one can demarcate the extend of land utilized by the different bands and settlements (pers. Comm.). These areas are under pressure because neither the Baka nor the Kola have developed efficient strategies to protect the forest utilized by them. In the long run, the absence of traditional methods and systems to defend their “property” against strangers and the absence of legal landholdings (provided by government) have resulted in an increasing vulnerability of the livelihood, culture and lifestyle of the Baka and Kola, which are forced more and more – due to the absence of the alternative to disappear to the forests - to become dependents of their neighbouring “Bantus”.

3.7 THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE BAKA AND KOLA WITHIN THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK (COMMUNITY FORESTS AND COMMUNAL HUNTING AREAS)

An important legal issue, which has a very negative impact on the livelihood of the Baka and Kola, is the absence of individual or group related land use titles in Cameroon (Fissy 1996). Due to that, the economic basis of the Baka and Kola depends on the goodwill of government officials and/or their “Bantu” neighbours, who have in most cases more elaborated capacities to discuss legal issues with governmental bodies. The fact, that all civil servants are “Bantus” increases the disadvantage for the Baka and Kola. It has been argued for long, that property rights of land according to the common law have to be acknowledged by all stakeholders (the state, the “Bantus” and the “pygmies”), but it has not resulted in any legal recognition. Even the relatively new form of communal ownership

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(community forest), which was introduced to compensate the inhabitants of buffer zones of protected areas, does not include specific measures to legalize the traditional land use title of the Baka and Kola communities. They are considered as parts of the nearby Bantu villages and remain due to that without separate community forests (Abilogo et al 2002). Informants from a Baka settlement, which has a community forest together with their “Bantu” neighbours, expressed the fear - based on their experiences with the distribution of forestry related revenues - that they will not receive an equal share of the benefits generated by the community forest. Beside of that are these community forests, with a surface area of 50 km2 too small to offer even enough NTFPs (Non-timber-forest products) for the subsistence of a Bantu village and a Baka settlement (c.f. Etoungou 2003). In the Moulondou subdivision, MINEF has licensed some community hunting zones. These ZICGCs (zones d’interet cynegetique de gestion communautaire) have a surface area of 250 km2 each. This would be sufficient for one Baka settlement, but each of the ZICGCs is used by several Bantu villages and Baka settlements (in total: approx 7,000 people). They are managed through COVAREF (Committee de Valorisation des Resources Fauniques), a NGO which is supposed to facilitate the discussion between MINEF, PROFORNAT and the local population. COVAREF members are elected representatives of the rural population utilising one ZICGC, but the Baka, which represent 65% of the population, represent less than 6% of the COVAREF members (Lewis 2003). At the same time, the Baka are facing reduced hunting success in the ZICGCs, since Bantu hunters utilise rifles and invite sport hunters to come in. In summary, both (community forests and communal hunting zones), which try to offer benefits for the rural population and link their development needs with biodiversity conservation, increase – in their present form – the marginalisation of the Baka and Kola instead of offering them equal or higher benefits.

3.8 THE IMPACTS OF LOGGING ACTIVITIES

Logging - as it is carried out at the moment - has serious negative impacts on the Baka and Kola population, since the forest is – as stated above – their main source of livelihood. They have few (traditional) or non-existent tenure rights to the forests upon which they depend. The balance of power regarding forest use, management and rights tilts even further away from Baka and Kola than from their Bantu neighbours. Whilst those who promote industrial forestry as the best development option for Central Africa’s forests highlight the direct benefits of employment opportunities and infrastructure development such as schools and clinics, evidence from the ground presents a complex and far from positive picture of the impact of such operations on local development and livelihoods in general and on indigenous people in particular. A DFID workshop found that industrial timber production in Cameroon “tends to benefit a small minority, and its contribution to poverty alleviation is minimal.” (DFID 2000) Over the last years, the government managed to generate higher income from timber concessions and distributes part of it to the affected communities (40% to the councils and 10% to the villages) (see: Logo 2003). Nevertheless, in all visited Baka and Kola settlements, the people stated, that

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they did not benefit from these amounts and that the Bantu village administration is not prepared to share the forest revenues. This finding was supported by the administration in charge of distributing the forestry revenue at council and village level, but perceived as a well justified practice, since forest revenues are distributed within the setting of administration, which places indigenous people as parts of Bantu villages at the tail end of the distribution process (pers. Comm.). Some Baka, Kola and Aka males have found employment in one of the UFAs (Unité forestière d’aménagement), but this employment is often short-term and remuneration is generally low. Baka, Kola and Aka make up between 30% and 50% of the workforce in the logging camps, but they are discriminated against in relation to other ethnic groups working in the camps, being given fewer amenities than the latter and their salary is often “disappearing” in the hands of the Bantu village chiefs, who are used to distribute the salary at village level (pers. Comm.). In terms of health, food and spiritual life, the indigenous people also suffer. Diseases such as alcoholism, malaria, ulcers and tuberculosis are widespread in the camps (Colchester et al. 1998) and in Lomié several young Baka female earn their living as prostitutes. On top, the arrival of large-scale forestry operations disrupts the existing local livelihood base and access to forest resources. NTFPs become scarce, resulting in a direct loss of subsistence and income for many local people but particular for the Baka, Kola and Aka, since they are more dependent on the forest than others (pers. Comm.). The changing roles and relationships, developing within and between communities, generate conflicts and often result in an increased marginalisation of the Baka, Kola and Aka and undermine the traditional mode of interaction between Bantu and indigenous populations. Some of the most valuable trees in terms of timber have been highly valued locally for their many uses. The Moabi, one of the largest trees found in the forests of the Congo Basin, is very fragile in terms of regeneration since it flowers late and fruit production only occurs once every three years, but particularly important to the local populations. For Bantu and Baka (particularly the women), Moabi is important in economic, cultural and medicinal terms (Debroux 1998) but Moabi is also valuable in international timber markets and demand from Southern Europe is particularly high. Following the regulations of timber exploitation in Cameroon, Moabi trees located within 5 kilometres of the village can only be logged when the village chief agrees to it (Schneemann 1994). From the administrative setting is does not surprise, that Bantu chiefs are reported by all Baka respondents as being highly prepared to “sell all Moabi trees near the Baka camps to logging companies”. Again, the administrative setting of Bantu dominated villages with IP settlements, prohibits the Baka, Kola and Aka from participation in decision making processes on important elements of their livelihood.

Another example for serious negative impacts resulting from logging can be seen in the disappearance of the Sapelli tree, which represents an important and highly valued resource as food, medicine, and construction material. Large sapelli are the unique host of a highly regarded delicacy (caterpillar), which represents during certain seasons up to 75% of the protein eaten by Baka and Aka and is also highly valued by their Bantu

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neighbours. Collecting caterpillars is a communal task providing an important source of income for women and the elderly. The bark is commonly used for the treatment of the severe head-aches associated with malaria, of swollen and painful eye infections and also to relieve exhausted and painful feet and the durability, strength, buoyancy and water-resistance of Sapelli wood makes it preferable for pirogues (Bahuchet 1990).

The Operations Evaluation Department of the World Bank advocated in a report for a total ban on Moabi logging and recommended that “management plans must be devised in collaboration with local people to ban logging of similar trees” such as Sapelli (Essama-Nssah & Gockowski 2000). Nevertheless, the logging of Moabi and Sapelli continues and forces the Baka, Aka and Kola population to face serious negative impacts on their livelihood, health care and belief system. In general, little has been done to insure that the Baka, Aka and Kola receive equal of higher compensations from logging activities than their neighbours. Nor are they invited to participate in decision making processes. Several surveys have documented that logging did not reduce poverty, but has on the contrary increased the marginalisation and impoverishment of Baka, Aka and Kola - or to quote from a paper presented by the CODEBABIK president: “the pygmies are the first victims of industrial logging” (Ngoun 1999).

3.9 THE IMPACTS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Following the Rio-treaty governmental institutions, bilateral and international agencies adopted strategies to protect as much undisturbed forest as possible. The Yaoundé Declaration of 1999, ratified by 7 Central African heads of state expresses the consensus that the establishment of national parks and other protected areas in this sub-region is the most effective instrument to protect nature (Sommet 1999). While the 2002 WSSD in Johannesburg just maintained the goal that 10 % of all land should be protected, the heads of states in the Central African sub-region came up with the plan that in 10 years time not less than 30 % of the landmass of their states will be protected as national parks (COMIFAC 2002; Cameroonian law 94/01 20/1/1994). At the moment 15% of the national territory (72,118 km2) is protected. Especially the existing 10 national parks and 5 biodiversity reserves have resulted in the impoverishment of rural populations in general and the indigenous population in particular (Cernea & Schmidt-Soltau 2003). It is well documented that the Dja biodiversity reserve (Nguiffo 2001, Abilogo et al 2002, FPP 2003) and the Lake Lobeke national park (Luis 2003, FPP 2003) have involuntary displaced the Baka, Kola and Aka from land traditionally inhabited and utilised by them. None of the social safeguards procedures, recommended as best practice and outlined in the OD 4.12, were put in place. Till date, the forestry law in place prohibits human settlements and human utilisation of national parks and biosphere reserves, and would - if it is not changed within a short while - displace even more people living in the areas demarcated for 5 new national parks. In some cases the park management offered compensations (community forests, rural development and community hunting zones), but these compensations were not based on a systematic or legal approach (resettlement action plans etc.) recommended in the OD 4.12, but on the goodwill of

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individuals. The projects did in no case restore or increase the livelihood (OD 4.12) and/or established a prior informed consent on their displacement. While the situation is quite terrible for the Bantu farmers, it is even worse for the indigenous people. Since these compensation measures – limited as they were - were only offered to villages and not to settlements and based on the fact, that the indigenous population is more dependent on forest as source of their livelihood than other rural populations, the establishment of protected impoverished and marginalised them even more than others. Despite the fact, that the PSFE is intending to change the forestry laws to allow an active co-management of protected areas and to provide access for rural populations to hunt, gather and fish in protected areas, it is recommended to commission additional studies following the OP 4.12 to verify, if the PSFE can assure that indigenous and other population are in no case involuntary displaced. In the logic of the OP 4.12 this includes all cases where the rural population is losing access to land utilized by them traditionally.

3.10 THE INTERACTION WITH THE NEIGHBOURING ETHNIC GROUPS

Baka and Aka have been in contact with other ethnic groups for more than 500 years (Bailey et al. 1990), but the nature of this interaction, the length and its impacts for past, present and future interaction varies not only between the different groups, but even between bands of the same group. This interaction has resulted in very different perceptions and interpretations. While some describe the interaction between Baka, Baka and their “Bantu” neighbours as slavery (Turnbull 1961), others see them as an excellent intercultural partnership (Grinker 1994). The interaction as such existed for long, but without an option to “disappear” into the forests (because the forest is no longer accessible due to logging, farming or conservation projects), the exposure to the monetary mode of interaction and the impact of governmental services (forced sedentarisation, forestry laws, etc.) changes the modes of interaction. The hunter- gatherers lose parts of their economic and spiritual power and become more and more dependents of their “Bantu” neighbours. Ngima (2001) offers a list of “requests” made by “Bantu” and Kola to keep their original harmonic form of interaction alive, which was reproduced in one way or the other in the consultations with Baka, Kola and “Bantu” population: · Increase the involvement of internal and external elite in decision making processes on matters related to the utilization of forest. · Fulfil the expressed needs by investing in the construction of roads, dispensaries or health centres, schools, football fields, cultural animation etc. · Bann the disordered logging by “strangers”. · Protect medical plants, fruit trees, wild yams and other plant and animal species with have a cultural and economic (subsistence) value for the Baka, Kola and “Bantu”. · Offer legal user rights following traditional land-use-patterns.

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· Establish a better regulation and monitoring of the work carried out in the forest by the various actors. · Assist in the sustainable management of forests. · Employ the youth of the Bantu villages and the Baka, Kola settlements for all kind of manual labour (infrastructure etc.). · Legalize the traditional land use titles of the Baka, Kola and the Bantu (incl. individual farmland and communal hunting and gathering zones). · Involve the local people (Bantu and Kola) in the decision making process. (Ngima 2001: 233). The Baka, Kola as well as their Bantu neighbours are aware of the fragile nature of their interactions and it was expressed in most meetings, that it is not bad intention, which drives Bantus increasingly often to “disfavour” their Baka or Kola partners, but the lack of opportunities to increase the income as a team. Both sides expressed their availability for a joint approach to development, but they also made clear, that if development is only possible at the cost of the Baka and Kola, most Bantu could not afford to miss this opportunity because of economic reasons.

3.11 THE INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROJECTS

As stated above a good number of development and conservation projects are active on the territory utilized by the Baka and Kola. Some of these projects were able to establish quite close relationships and to mitigate impacts, offer compensations and include the Baka and Kola into the group of beneficiaries. Two projects (Projet d’Aménagement et de conservation de la biodiversité de Campo-Ma’an and the Cameroon-Chad export project), both financed by the World Bank, elaborated IPDPs and have started to implement them, while a third IPDP (Programme National de Développement Participatif) was approved for implementation starting from January 2004. While the IPDP of the Cameroon-Chad export project assists the Kola population along the pipeline (following roughly the road Kribi-Lolodorf-Yaoundé) the IPDP of the Campo- Ma’an project assists the Kola population in the subdivisions Campo, Ma’an, Akom 2 and Nye’éte. Since the subdivisions of Campo, Ma’an and Akom 2 are also selected as pilot area for the PNDP (see maps in Annex 5), which will become at a later stage a national programme, the IP in these three subdivisions could be considered as the pilot settlements of the IPDPs. In this unofficial “pilot area”, the government has started to provide the Kola with ID- cards, to grant administrative independence for Kola settlements, and equip these settlements with community forests and community hunting zones. The population affected by the IPDP perceived the applied measurements as successful assistance, but made clear, that these highly appreciated activities only occurred after ongoing resistance and protest (FPP 2003, Inspection panel 2003).

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While the Kola population in their majority (beside of those populations in the Kribi, Bipindi, Lolodorf subdivisions, who live not close to the pipeline) will experience the positive impacts of the various IPDPs and programmes (PNDP) and projects very soon, is the Baka population not in such a privileged situation. Their territory is neither touched by any of the projects with an IPDP nor is the area (eastern part of the south province and east province) selected as pilot area of the PNDP.

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4 IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT - PROPOSALS FOR MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION MEASURES In what follows, impacts on the Baka, Kola and Aka population which might result from the PSFE will be discussed en gros et en détail. The chapter discusses possible positive impacts and possible negative impacts of the PSFE incl. cumulative impacts, and begins – following the logic of the logframe – with the conclusions on the overall impacts of the PSFE. In the positive scenario of a successful PSFE, which works in accordance with the visions and approaches set up in the various PSFE documents and the World Bank guidelines, the PSFE will foster full respect for dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of the Baka, Kola and Aka, protect the indigenous people from suffering adverse effects from the implemented measures, and guarantee that the indigenous forest populations receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits equal or higher than those offered to other beneficiaries. There are several major risks resulting from the PSFE, which have to be mitigated to insure that the Baka, Kola and Aka do not · lose control over the land traditionally utilized by them as source of livelihood and basis for their cultural and social system, · become even more marginalized in the Cameroonian society, · disintegrate for the decentralized system of administration, · receive less assistance from governmental services, · have less capacities to defend their legal rights, · become or remain as dependents of other ethnic groups, · lose their cultural and social identity. Discussions with all stakeholders indicate that all parties involved are prepared to assist the indigenous population to face these risks. But there are several obstacles: The low level of decentralization and information flow results quite often in a low level of knowledge of the importance or even existence of indigenous people among decision makers. In the extension structures the low competence of civil servants in dealing with marginalized ethnic minorities results quite often in ignorance against these minorities or in crude protectionisms, patronage systems and/or the celebration of “ethnic domination”. All these phenomena have to be considered as the main threat for the full integration of the indigenous population into the Cameroonian society and all mitigation systems elaborated by governmental authorities and international donors. If they are not properly addressed, the decentralisation and intensification of governmental interventions in the area of natural resource management – intended with the PSFE - might be able to fulfil the ecological aims of the programme but would transform forests from safety nets to poverty traps. Due to the fact, “that poverty reduction is a major concern of the PSFE”, the PSFE can not ignore the administrative constrains, which hinders the forest population to “improve their level and living condition through the sustainable management of forest ecosystems” (PSFE 2003a:7). There are three institutional and legal hindrances for the indigenous population to act as equal citizens:

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Legal Obstacles 1. Neither the IP, nor the governmental services or service provider such as NGOs have an idea how to deal with the traditional rights of the IP in the modern legal system. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that not embedded in the Cameroonian society. 2. Most indigenous people do not have ID-cards - according to a survey organized by CED and Planet survey less than 10 %. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that not able to interact on a legal basis with governmental services. 3. Baka, Kola and Aka settlements are most of the time not considered by administration as independent communities. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that not able to express their common needs towards governmental institutions. 4. Land-use-areas in Cameroon – especially those of ethnic minorities, hunter- gatherer societies, and/or settlements without a legalized status as independent communities – do not enjoy any form of legal protection. The majority of the indigenous people have due to that no ownership and/or user rights on land. 5. The forestry law and the forest related regulations prohibit hunting and gathering with modern methods (wire-snares, rifles, etc.) and without issued hunting licence. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that depending (to more than 65 %) on “illegal” sources of livelihood.

Mitigation measures: 1. The basis for all improvements in the interrelation between the Government of Cameroon and the IP is the recognition of the existence of the other and the willingness to learn from each other. Training on the OD 4.20 for relevant GoC staff, NGOs, and IP associations will improve the mutual understanding that the respect of the rights, culture and dignity of the IP is a necessity for the nation building process in Cameroon and a sign of good governance. 2. Following the recommendations of RACOPY (Réseau de Recherche - Actions Concertées Pygmées – see Annex 6), sensitization campaigns for relevant civil servants (those issuing birth-certificates, certificates of nationality and ID-cards in the subdivisions with indigenous populations) and the Baka, Kola and Aka population together with subsidized fees for the establishment of ID-cards for Baka, Kola and Aka will guarantee that the indigenous people are becoming citizens equal to all other Cameroonians. Experiences from the implementation of the IPDPs of the pipeline and the Campo-Ma’an projects underline the necessity and adequacy of the proposed mitigation measure. 3. Based on a sensitization campaign among civil servants (in particular divisional officers and other MINAT staff), Bantu villagers (in particular chiefs and members of traditional councils) and the indigenous population in those subdivisions with indigenous populations and supported by governmental order, a discussion process involving all stakeholders in the various existing villages will facilitate the administrational independence of Baka, Kola and Aka communities. This will increase the quality of the decentralization and communal reorganization programme of the GoC and lead to an ethnically balanced administrative setting.

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Following the recommendations of GEF, the implementing agency of the Campo Ma’an forest reserve tested these measures. Several reports (among them a World Bank Inspection Panel investigation) document the mutual consent on the necessity and adequacy of the proposed mitigation measure. 4. Based on the legal procedures guiding the implementation of community forests and community hunting zones, the mitigation measures outlined under point 2, and supported by a well facilitated discussion between all stakeholders (GoC, “Bantu” and indigenous population) all IP settlements will be provided with well equipped community forests and/or community hunting zones (ZICGC). To foster the sustainable utilisation of this community based conservation units, the government declares that each settlement of indigenous people is provided with forests of a total surface area which offers each inhabitant at least 1 km2, since 1 km2 per person is said to be the minimum to allow the populace to continue to a certain degree their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, earn their living from the forest and contribute to the sustainable management of large parts of the forest (Robinson & Bennett 2000). If one assumes that each of the approximate 300 settlements is equipped with a ZICGC of 250 km2, Cameroon fulfils its goals for biodiversity conservation (protect 30% of its surface area) and provide a sustainable livelihood for its indigenous forest population (following the OD 4.20). 5. The forestry laws and regulations will be changed in a way, that the indigenous people are allowed to hunt and gather on all land assigned to them as community forest and/or communal hunting ground and that they are up to a certain extent allowed to market their harvest. The forest law will prohibit the logging of Mohabi and Sapelli trees near IP-settlements and facilitate the legalisation of utilisation-rights of IPs in protected area and UFAs. The mitigation measures 1, 2, 4 and 4 (partly) have already been adapted as part of the IPDP of the PNDP. All stakeholders described how governmental services (in some cases even representatives of MINAS, which is assigned to assist the indigenous people) dogmatically refuse to accept that indigenous people require special care and assistance. Nobody considered bad will and/or ideological dogmatism as reason, but an inability to understand the specificity of indigenous people. The documented failure of the various structures (COVAREF in Lobeke, the joint community forests in Lomié, the joint forest committees all over the country, etc.) to represent the IP equally, documents that governmental services, donor organisations and NGOs can not address the specific needs of hunter-gatherers the same way and through the same channels as their farming (Bantu) neighbours. Based on a sensitive analysis of the differences in social organisation, projects need to elaborate jointly with those concerned adapted strategies for strengthening the effective representation of IP in relevant committees (according to their share of the population and not their share of power). Beside of this conceptual problem, a full array of technical, financial and organisational hindrances prohibit till date the establishment of an equal representation of indigenous people in forestry related decision making bodies:

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Conceptual Obstacles 1. Till date, the government of Cameroon has not adopted a general policy how to assist the indigenous people in their struggle to achieve that their dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness are protected and respected and that it is assured that they receive equal or higher benefits from all governmental interventions. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that depending on the good will of governmental services in their struggle for equal representation. Mitigation Measures 1. Following the documented best practice (OD 4.20), based on existing laws and regulations (the IPDPs in force, etc.) and through a participatory process of all stakeholders in general and mutual consultations with the indigenous people in particular, the GoC will elaborate a strategy how the dignity, rights and culture of the indigenous population can be respected best and how the GoC can assure that the IP receives equal or higher benefits from all governmental activities. Technical Obstacles 1. Till date, the indigenous people have in their majority not the technical skills to participate actively in technical discussions and activities and/or to anticipate the long term impacts of abstract decisions (laws, regulations, contracts, etc.). The indigenous people are due to that - even in those rare cases, where they are invited to participate in decision making bodies - not able to defend their rights, needs and interests. 2. The governmental bodies and other stakeholders have insufficient skills to interact with indigenous people successfully. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that not treated with the necessary respect for their dignity, rights and culture of the indigenous population. 3. Indigenous people do most of the time not have the technical skills to translate indigenous knowledge on natural resource management in technical and administrative documents necessary for the application and management of community based conservation areas (community forests, communal hunting zones). The majority of the indigenous people are due to that perceived by the MINEF structures as illegal users of state owned forest and source of forest destruction. Mitigation Measures 1. The national training and research institutes and other governmental extension services will elaborate in close collaboration with national and international NGOs working with the indigenous population in Cameroon and the indigenous populations and based on the documented best practice, training curricula for all forestry related topics with a specific focus on the application process for and proper management of community based conservation areas (community forests and communal hunting zones). The training and sensitisation will be executed by relevant governmental staff in close collaboration with the associations of the indigenous people (the aim is that the IP associations are in the long run facilitating the training on their own - with a reducing portion of backstopping) and will increase the technical capacities of the indigenous populations. Apart of

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the technical aspects of these training opportunities, special emphasis will be on the facilitation of mutual understandings of IP and Bantu communities. This might open the road to a new, more beneficial relationship. 2. The national training and research institutes together with MINEF, MINAS and the indigenous population represented through their associations will elaborate training curricula on the basis of the OD 4.20 to increase the technical capacity of governmental staff and other stakeholders (project staff, employees of logging companies, etc.) working with indigenous people and/or in areas with indigenous people. The training and sensitisation should be executed by MINAS in close collaboration with the associations of the indigenous people. 3. The planed information systems (PSFE activity 1.3 & 3.2) will include a separate and large portion on land use patterns and environmental knowledge of the indigenous population. The national research institute will elaborate in close collaboration with MINEF, MINAS, national and international NGOs working with the indigenous population in Cameroon and the indigenous population a comprehensive research agenda on these topics and execute this research and documentation through the associations of the indigenous people. Financial Obstacles 1. Till date, the existing associations of the indigenous people are very weak and quite dependent on the financial input of NGOs and governmental services. The majority of the indigenous population are due to that in their struggle for equal rights, respect etc. dependent on Bantu dominated service providers. 2. The required financial contribution of participants in meetings and training courses are often too high to allow the poor indigenous population to take part in these activities. The majority of the indigenous population are due to that not able to participate in meetings and trainings and is facing an increasing marginalisation. 3. The inefficiency of communication facilities in Cameroon prohibits the information flow from Yaoundé to the settlements of the indigenous people vice versa and requires independent communication facilities (offices, information networks, messengers, etc.), which the associations of the indigenous people can not afford. The majority of the indigenous people are due to that poorly informed on decision making processes in Yaoundé (even in cases which are vital for them) and the decision makers are poorly informed on the needs and interests of the indigenous people. Mitigation Measures 1.2.3. The distribution patters of the forestry revenues will be adjusted to offer a certain percentage of the share presently assigned to the rural affected population directly to the indigenous people. The share provided to the indigenous people should be equal or higher than the share of the indigenous people in the overall population of the council area and assure that settlements of indigenous people receive – equal to Bantu villages – their share of the forestry revues. The money will be handed over to elected representatives of the indigenous people on council level (Associations of the indigenous people) and will be than distributed to the different IP settlements

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according to their size. A smaller portion of this money (<10%) should be used for the functioning of the IP association and IPDP structures. Organisational Obstacles 1. Indigenous people are not equally represented in decision making bodies. The rights, needs and interests of the indigenous people are due to that not equally considered in the decision making process. 2. Indigenous people do not have equal access to employments in forest related jobs (game guards, MINEF staff, tourism guides, hotel staff, etc.). The majority of the indigenous people are due to that not able to benefit equally or higher from the interventions of the GoC (PSFE, etc.) and are facing an increasing marginalisation and impoverishment. 3. Indigenous people are not equally represented in the monitoring and evaluation system of the PSFE and excluded from the dynamic of the M&E process. The hunter-gatherer lifestyle of the indigenous people is due to that perceived as forest destruction and the poverty of the IP due to that as self made obstacle. Mitigation Measures 1. Through the national policy on indigenous people (proposed above) the GoC provide the indigenous people with the right for equal or higher representation in all meetings, workshops, hearings, decision making bodies etc. (according to their share in the affected population). The PSFE provides the indigenous people with a representation in each commission founded or maintained within the implementation and execution of the PSFE, which is equal or higher than their share in the affected population. 2. The national policy on indigenous people in general and the PSFE in particular offer the indigenous people priory access to permanent employment for all forest related positions (forestry controls, game guards, protected area management, research, training, etc.) and insure that private forestry enterprises (logging and timber industry, etc.) provide equal or better treatment and payment for the indigenous people and offer them equal or priority access for positions. 3. The GoC has already decided to implement a participatory impact monitoring (PIM) for the governmental interventions towards the IP (IPDP of the PNDP). While this PIM focuses on the poverty reduction and social impacts of the governmental activities, the PSFE implements a biological PIM to document the advantages and shortcomings of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and provide the ground for a better capitalisation of the sustainable utilisation of the IP’s natural resources. All the obstacles outlined above are related to the legal, administrative and economic situation of the indigenous people and also the mitigation measures are focusing mostly on the establishment of equal opportunities. Nevertheless, also the best mitigation system, which offers the indigenous people equal access and equal benefits, has serious impacts on their culture and their believe systems. The decision how to preserve indigenous culture in the development process is an ongoing discussion in social sciences, which has not yet – and might never - resulted in a final solution. It is considered as best practice to provide sensitisations on the risks of the development process, assist the associations of

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the indigenous people in capacity building to preserve traditional knowledge, culture and livelihood patterns and to promote the interethnic communication and exchange of experiences. All these activities will not be able to keep the culture and believe system of the IP as they are today, but it offers the IP the opportunity to understand the risks and find their own solution, how to adapt their culture to the modern mode of interaction. The GoC has adopted three activities within the IPDP of the PNDP to establish equal cultural opportunities, which should be also able to mitigate the risks for the culture of the indigenous people, which are resolving from the PSFE. To realise the potential positive impacts and to mitigate the potential negative impacts - both outlined in detail in table 4 -, to guarantee that the indigenous population has equal or better opportunities to participate in the benefits offered by the PSFE, that the right, dignity and culture of the indigenous forest population are respected, that the PSFE fulfil the requirements of the OD 4.20 and that the PSFE is able to fulfil its development objective and “assure that the living conditions of the rural population are sustainable improved through the sustainable management of forest ecosystems”, the GoC will carry out the recommended mitigation measures summarised in the following activities: Establish equal legal opportunities · Establish the capacities necessary to implement an IPDP following the OD 4.20; · Establish equal legal conditions for all indigenous people (ID-cards); · Establish equal legal conditions for all settlements of indigenous people (village); · Establish community forests and/or communal hunting zones for all IP communities. · Establish new forestry regulations, which legalise the IP to utilise their land. · Establish a national policy on indigenous people. Establish equal technical opportunities · Provide the IP with technical capacities to participate actively in natural resource management. · Provide the relevant GoC staff and other stakeholders with the technical capacities to cooperate successfully with the IP. · Promote research on the IP and provide space for information on the IP. Establish equal financial opportunities · Adjust the distribution patterns of the forestry revenue to provide the IP with the necessary funds to participate activities and decision making processes. Establish equal organisational opportunities · Facilitate the representation of IP in all forest related decision making bodies. · Facilitate priority access for IP to forest related job opportunities. Establish equal cultural opportunities · Sensitize the IP on the risks of the development process; · Assist the IP associations in capacity building to preserve the loss of traditional knowledge, culture and livelihood patterns. · Foster the creation of forums for communication and exchange between IP and other ethnical groups and accompany this process of mutual understanding.

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Tab. 4: The socio-economic impacts of the PSFE activities on the general population and on the indigenous populations

C.1 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF FORESTRY ACTIVITIES S-C 1.1 – Environmental regulation and financing mechanisms Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0)8 Impacts on Indigenous People 9 · Environmental rules and regulations ☺ L’élaboration de normes environnementales, ☺☺ The revision of the existing rules and regulation offers the (norms, texts, application of laws) l’actualisation et l’application des textes chance to legitimise the livelihood of the IPs (hunting and · Environmental impact of forest réglementaires constituent nettement des impacts gathering) and prescribe compensation measures for income related activities (guidelines, EIA, positifs pour une réglementation présentant de losses resolving from other land use patterns (protected areas, audits, priority action plans, training nombreuses lacunes. timber exploitation, etc.). and capacity building) LL There is a high risk, that the marginalised IPs are not involved · Financial mechanisms in the elaboration of the laws etc. and that - due to that - their (Environmental taxes , International rights, needs and interests are not respected. conventions, private funds, PPTE) S-C 1.2 – Environmental monitoring Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Establishment of an operational ☺ La mise en place d’un système simple ☺ The establishment of an environmental monitoring and environmental monitoring system d’évaluation des ressources, de traitement des evaluation system could offer cash income opportunities for données, de suivi de l’environnement à l’aide the IP as field staff etc. d’indicateurs simples et de suivi des espèces ☺ The monitoring system could identify illegal practices of menacées d’extinction aura un impact positif sur la logging companies (logging of Moabi, etc.) and document the gestion durable des ressources environnementales. traditional land use areas of the IPs. K L’expérience de nombreux inventaires réalisés L If the IPs are not provided with primary access to jobs sur tous types de milieux montre que de resolving from this activity, it is unlikely that they will be nombreuses informations sont perdues, que les among the beneficiaries. indicateurs ne sont parfois pas les plus pertinents, LL The present legal setting and the absence of IPs from decision

8 The general assessment does not necessarily reflect the position of this report. They are the findings of the socio and environmental impact assessment by Jean- Denis Kramkimel (PSFE 2003d), but are based - among many other sources - on a long discussion on possible social impacts on IP and other populations. Since I did not want to affect the content of the description, they are left here in their original language (French). Légende General Impacts : ☺ = Impact potentiel positif ; K = Sans impact notable, mais information dont il faut tenir compte ; L = Impact potentiel négatif. 9 Key for the potential impacts on the indigenous populations: ☺☺ = significant positive impact; ☺ = limited positive impact, K = no impact; L = limited negative impact, LL = significant negative impact

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que les coûts de collecte, de suivi et de traitement making positions will – if no action is undertaken – identify de ces indicateurs sont souvent très élevés. the IPs as illegal users of state-owned natural resources and K Les effectifs, l’organisation, le budget du expose them to prosecution. Secrétariat Permanent à l’Environnement (SPE) LL The marginalisation of the IPs from decision making du MINEF ne sont absolument pas appropriés processes bears the significant risk, that their rights, culture, aux ambitions de cette sous-composante. needs, etc. are not equally embodies in the research agendas. S-C 1.3 – Environmental communication (information and sensitisation) Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Establishment of an environmental ☺ La mise en place d’un Système d’Information ☺ The information system could sensitise the overall population information system (SIE) within Environnementale, des moyens de sensibilisation on the rights and culture of the IPs and explain the advantages MINEF et de communication aura un impact positif sur la of IPs land use system. · Organisation of sensitisation gestion durable des ressources L Due to the insufficient access to governmental services, it can campaigns environnementales. be expected – if no action is undertaken- , that the IPs hardly · Strengthening of communication have the chance to use the environmental information system. capacities and facilities of all actors LL Due to the marginalisation of IPs in the society and decision within the forest sector making positions, there is a high risk, that IPs interests are not equally and factual represented in the information system.

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C.2 – MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION FORESTS AND VALORISATION OF FORESTRY PRODUCTS S-C 2.1 Zoning of areas, which have not been covered in the 1995 land use plan Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Zoning of phase 5 ☺ Le zonage garantit que le domaine forestier ne ☺ The zoning could identify the land use rights of the IPs in · Zoning of phases 6 and 7 pourra être converti pour d’autres usages. view of prospected protected areas, UFAs and sport hunting · Zoning of humid savannas L Le zonage et le classement d’une partie du zones and lead to a compensation system and an effective co- · Review of land use plans of territoire en domaine forestier permanent, tout management. méridionale (?) areas in the country autant que les autres types de classements (forêts L The zoning in its planed form – a remote screening based GIS communautaires, ZIC, ZIC/CG, etc.), entraîne un – is most likely unable to identify points of cultural, spiritual risque de surexploitation et des risques de conflits and economic (Moabi, etc.) importance for IPs. pour l’accès aux ressources en sols agricoles et LL Since the new zoning will only cover those areas, which are pastoraux (dans le Centre, le Nord et l’Extrême not covered in the land use plan of 1995, huge areas utilised Nord, les fronts agricoles et pastoraux progressent by IPs are not touched by this activity and forcing the en forêt) et autres ressources (bois de feu, eau, populations in this areas to remain in an unsatisfying PFNL, etc.) par une population en augmentation situation. constante. LL Due to the fact, that IPs are not represented in governmental L Dans les régions septentrionales du Cameroun, il structure, there is a high risk, that their land use rights are n’existe pas de grand massif forestier continu. Les ignored and that their land is allocated for other utilisations. superficies de ces massifs sont insuffisantes pour qu’ils soient classés en UFA et attribués en concessions et, pourtant, ces massifs sont exploités. Ceci constitue une préoccupation majeure pour le forestier-environnementaliste car, n’appartenant pas au domaine forestier permanent, l’exploitation de ces massifs est réalisée dans un quasi vide juridique. Ils risquent donc d’être exploités de façon non durable. S-C 2.2 - Management of production forests Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Increase the classification of UFAs, ☺ Les plans d’aménagement et les procédures de ☺☺ With the help of management plans, the needs of the IPs community forests and production contrôle garantissent une gestion/exploitation (compensation measures, conservation of Moabi trees etc.) reserves, which are not yet under durable des ressources et le respect de l’intégrité can be addressed. concession des limites des domaines forestiers permanent et ☺☺ Through the assistance (financial and technical) in the · Elaboration and approval of non-permanent. elaboration of management plans for community forests, the management plans for UFAs and ☺ La formation et les appuis techniques aux IPs will – if provided with the right to apply for community

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community forests exploitants et bureaux d’études et le recyclage des forests – have a chance to sustain their main source of · Elaboration of management plans for personnels du MINEF garantissent une meilleure livelihood. production reserves not yet under qualité des plans d’aménagement et des L The approach to conceptualise forests mainly as economic concession évaluations environnementales. commodity could undermine the culture and believe system · Monitoring of the implementation of ☺ A priori, le PSFE a pris toutes dispositions pour of the IPs, who perceive forest more from a holis tic point of management plans for community qu’aucun déplacement de population dû à un view. forests and production reserves not classement d’UFA ne survienne. LL If no action is undertaken, the IPs will not be able to benefit yet under concession ☺ Toutes activités visant à la certification et la equally from the forest exploitation tax (50 % of the forestry · Promotion of UFA certification and labellisation sont des éléments favorables à une tax) due to their insufficient representation in the forestry labelling of forestry products gestion durable des ressources forestières. committees etc. and their status as quarters of Bantu villages. · Management of 400.000 ha of ☺ La quote-part de la redevance forestière et les LL Within the present setting, there is a high risk, that the IPs are mangrove forest mesures de compensation (infrastructures rurales excluded from the elaboration of the management plans for dans les villages) peuvent constituer un impact UFAs and community forests. This could lead to management positif pour les populations riveraines des UFA et plan, which ignore their utilisation rights, limit their access to pour certains groupes de Pygmées ayant des the resources and forces them into impoverishment (since the campements semi -permanents à proximité des forest is their main source of income). villages en leur facilitant l’accès aux marchés, LL Without special assistance (the allocation of community centres de santé, écoles, administration. forests and/or communal hunting areas for each IP settlement) L Aujourd’hui, il n’existe pas de PA validé sur la there is a high risk, that forests are allocated for the most vingtaine qui a été présentée, pour diverses profitable utilisation and that even an economically sound raisons : trop théoriques, ne présentent pas compensation system (which offers the IPs equal or higher d’inventaires multi-ressources, trop orientés vers benefits) undermines in the long run the IPs’ culture, since l’exploitation et insuffisamment vers la gestion they have no longer access to the forests. durable, etc. Et ceci bien qu’il existe un manuel LL Within the present setting, the IPs are due to their pour leur préparation. Des réunions de validation marginalised situation more exposed to all the risks outlined des plans fournis sont en cours. Le risque est for the general population, but have not an equal or better élevé que les PA ne soient que des « copié-collé » access to the allocated compensations and benefits, which essentiellement centrés sur la production de bois increases their marginalisation. d’œuvre au détriment de la gestion de la faune et des autres fonctions de la forêt. L Certaines des normes d’exploitation actuellement en vigueur (rotation courte ou D.M.E. non approprié) risquent d’entraîner, à long terme, une modification de la composition spécifique des forêts (prédominance des espèces héliophiles et diminution des espèces de valeur) et une érosion

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de la biodiversité globale. L Risques d’impacts sur le milieu et la biodiversité en cas de techniques ou de pratiques d’inventaires et d’exploitation destructrices (installation de la base-vie, migrations non contrôlée de la population, défrichements agricoles, braconnage, réseau de routes non planifié, techniques d’abattage, de débardage, de stockage peu soucieuses des impacts environnementaux, et.) et/ou de comportements inappropriés du personnel. L Le zonage et le classement des UFA, même s’ils sont entrepris avec le plus grand soin, entraîneront immanquablement des limitations et des pertes d’accès aux ressources pour les populations locales. Les modalités d’accès aux redevances forestières valorisant le rapport à la terre, les populations ont tendance à exclure les groupes Pygmées du partage au prétexte qu’ils n’ont pas de droit sur la terre. L La Loi forestière autorise les populations riveraines (dont les Pygmées) à exercer dans les UFA leurs droits coutumiers (chasse de subsistance, cueillette). Mais les travaux liés à l’exploitation (ouvertures de pistes, inventaires, puis chantiers) entraînent des dégradations des ressources collectées et notamment des dérangements de la faune. L Le risque existe de voir les groupes de Pygmées transformés, contre leur gré, en pourvoyeurs de viande de brousse pour les personnels des exploitations forestières. L L’arrivée des personnels des sociétés d’exploitation accroît les risques sanitaires pour les populations riveraines (dont les Pygmées), en particulier en matière d’HIV/SIDA. L Dans un premier temps, le programme n’aura pas

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d’impact positif significatif sur les mangroves hormis à travers les inventaires multi-ressources qui permettront de mieux connaître ce milieu fragile et capital pour les populations littorales (pêche entre autres). Les activités de zonage et de classement des UFA, ainsi que les PA, n’étant pas programmés durant les cinq premières années, les prélèvements non contrôlés vont se poursuivre et le risque est non négligeable que les résultats des inventaires soient détournés à cette fin. S-C 2.3. – Valorisation and processing of forest products (timber) Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Definition and implementation of a ☺ Parmi les activités envisagées, la réduction des ☺ The establishment of sawmills and other industries to sector policy for the valorisation of pertes à l’abattage et à la transformation et transform timber could create job opportunities for IPs and timber l’utilisation des déchets, la lutte contre les increase the social infrastructure in remote forest areas. · Elaboration and application of pollutions au niveau des bases-vie en zone de L Within the present situation, there is a high risk that the revenues environmental guidelines for the production et des usines de transformation, generated from a better marketing and management of timber timber industry constituent autant d’éléments favorables à une remain in the hand of the Bantu and expatriate owners of logging gestion durable des ressources forestières. companies, sawmills, transport companies, etc. and that due to that the economic marginalisation of the IPs increases. L The establishment of sawmills in forest areas utilised traditionally by IPs could increase the hunting and farming pressure on their land and reduce their income opportunities, since their hunting methods are not as effective as the one utilised by the Bantu population. L The establishment of transformation plants in remote areas introduces STDs to the area. LL In the present setting there is a high risk, that the insufficient representation of IPs in decision making bodies will exclude their needs from the discussion on strategies and social and environmental norms of production. S-C 2.4 - Valorisation of NTFPs (Non-Timber-Forest-Products) Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Identification of production chains of L Le risque existe d’une pression accrue sur les ☺ An increased marketing of NTFPs offer better marketing NTFPs and elaboration of marketing PNFL, notamment ceux de valeur, par la création channels for IPs (especially females), who are considered as and production strategies de nouveaux débouchés et d’une concurrence experts in gathering their products in forest areas.

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· Research and development on entre les filières commerciales et les besoins LL There is a high risk, that the better marketing of NTFPs marketable production cycles locaux (au détriment de ceux-ci). attracts the Bantu population to increase their activities in the area of NTFP gathering and that they do this – due to the inexistence of land use tenures for IPs – also on the land utilised by the IPs. L There is a high risk that an increased marketing of NTFPs could lead to an overexploitation of these products and undermines the subsistence needs of the IPs and the long term sustainability of their main source of income. S-C 2.5 – Forest Control and fiscal monitoring (?) Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Definition and implementation of a ☺ Ces activités sont indispensables pour ☺ More controls could protect the proposed communal hunting control mechanisms and adaptation of l’amélioration de l’image de la foresterie zones and community forests of the IPs against illegal users. rules and regulations camerounaise et constituent une étape obligatoire ☺ More controls could increase the price for legally and · Strengthening of controlling bodies vers toute labellisation. sustainable produced game (from ZICGCs etc.) and increase · Development of new controlling the cash income of the IPs. techniques ☺ New control posts and teams offer job opportunities for IPs. · Implementation of an efficient fiscal LL If the land use patterns and land tenures of the IPs are not monitoring legalised, increased controls will prohibit them from hunting and gathering for subsistence and income generation and lead to their impoverishment. LL Due to the fact, that no IP is yet employed by MINEF, there is a high ris k that the Bantu control teams disfavour IPs

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C.3 - BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND VALORISATION OF WILDLIFE PRODUCTS S-C 3.1 - Biodiversity conservation through a comprehensive network of protected areas Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Finalisation and validation of the ☺ L’identification et le classement de nouvelles AP ☺☺ The establishment of community based protected areas biologic and socio-economic vision et la mise en place des moyens et des personnels (communal hunting zones) for each IP settlement would for biodiversity conservation and sur ces AP et celles existantes (20 AP au total sur sustain their main source of livelihood. sustainable management of natural les 50 existantes ou envisagées dans le pays), ☺ The creation of new protected areas will lead to job resources devraient assurer une bonne représentativité des opportunities as game guards, tourist guides and management · Adoption of land use and écosystèmes du pays. La phase de préparation a positions. Such opportunities need to be well accompanied in management plans already permis d’identifier les sites critiques et prioritaires order to avoid that they lead to cultural alienation. elaborated, finalisation of those being (corridors, croisement avec les écorégions et les L In the present setting it seems most probable that IPs are not in the process and elaboration of land ZICO, projets transfrontaliers, etc.). able to receive an equal share of the benefits generated by the use plans for zones not yet covered ☺ A priori, le PSFE a pris toutes dispositions pour protected areas (jobs, tourism, etc.). · Classification and creation of new qu’aucun déplacement de population du à un LL In the present setting it seems unlikely, that the interests of protected areas classement d’AP ne survienne. Des exemples the IPs are equally represented in the zoning exercise, the · Strengthening of cross border récents au Cameroun ont montré que la decision making process (which type of protected area and cooperation for protected areas concertation et la négociation ont permis de with which boundaries) and the management of the protected · Monitoring and evaluation of trouver des solutions (PN de Lobeke notamment). areas. This might increase their marginalisation and poverty. protected by remote sensing Par ailleurs, les nouvelles AP créées sont pour la LL If no action is undertaken, it is certain that the protected areas plupart situées en zones forestières non peuplées. continue to be established on IP land without offering them L La création de nouvelles AP, sans certitude sur compensations, access to the land and/or the option to certains financements, et sans réelle consolidation participate in the co-management of the protected areas. The des AP existantes sur les fonds connus, risque further impoverishment and marginalisation of the IPs would d’entraîner une dispersion des moyens et des be the result. ressources humaines et provoquer plus d’impacts négatifs que positifs sur le milieu biologique. L Bien qu’essentiellement dans les zones forestières et non peuplées, les nouvelles aires protégées sont susceptibles de générer des impacts au niveau des populations riveraines, groupes Pygmées et autres groupes nationaux en matière d’accès aux ressources. Les mesures de compensation mises en place, zones tampons, ZIC et ZIC/CG, ne sont pas adaptées aux besoins des peuples Pygmées.

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S-C 3.2 - Improvement of the information on resources Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Implementation of a Management ☺ Une meilleure connaissance des écosystèmes, de ☺ The research, which will lead to the establishment of the Information System (MIS) and la biodiversité, des ressources exploitables, database etc., will create job opportunities and could increase maintenance of a data base on constitue un préalable à toute conservation et the knowledge on the land use patterns and land tenures wildlife resources and protected areas gestion durable. system of the IPs · Execution of MIS and ecological ☺ A better knowledge of the interaction between IPs and nature monitoring for all protected areas will document their sustainable form of forest management · Study and research (biological and and could lead to an increased co-management of the forest socioeconomic inventories) resources and valorise the indigenous knowledge on natural · Promotion and coordination of resources and their management. applied research LL In the present setting, there is a high risk, that the IPs will not be invited to join the benefits of this activity and that the research and database will ignore their rights, needs, interest, knowledge and/or even their existence. S-C 3.3 - Ensure the legal access of the population to the management of wildlife resources Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Elaboration of laws and regulations ☺ La rédaction de textes venant combler des vides ☺☺ The elaboration of new laws and regulations to integrate the · Improvement of the participation of juridiques constitue un préalable à toute user rights of the IPs and other population in protected areas buffer zone populations in the conservation et gestion durable is the cornerstone for a sustainable co-management of the management of wildlife and protected L Les différences de statuts fonciers/coutumiers, natural resources and the only way to link poverty reduction areas modes de faire-valoir et de vie entre populations and biodiversity conservation. · Encouragement of the relationship Pygmées et autres groupes nationaux, risquent ☺☺ The proposed co-management of the protected area could between conservation agencies, local d’induire, via ces nouveaux textes, des impacts valorise indigenous knowledge, lead to jobs for IPs and elites and the population négatifs pour les Pygmées. increase the influence of the IPs in the area of natural · Capacity building of all stakeholders resource management. involved ☺☺ The proposed capacity building for the various stakeholders of protected areas could increase the management capacities of the IPs in view of their community forests and communal hunting zones. LL If the IPs are not assisted to achieve legal equality (ID cards for all IPs, certification of all IP settlements as villages, priority access to community based natural resource management options like community forest and communal hunting zones) it is certain, that they will not be able to enjoy any of this potential positive impacts and that they end even

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more marginalised and impoverished, without access to anything but as subordinates of their Bantu neighbours. S-C 3.4 - Conservation of protected areas an its wildlife Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Implementation of an anti-poaching ☺ La mise en œuvre de la stratégie de lutte anti- ☺ It is expected that this activity will create many jobs as game strategy (LAB) braconnage avec un budget conséquent et des PA guard and forest guards and could offer some IPs a „modern“ · Elaboration and implementation of des AP constitue des éléments très favorables à la source of income with access to further education, health management plans for the mayor conservation de la faune. services etc. and integrate them into the society. protected areas and key species ☺ La protection de la biodiversité, des écosystèmes ☺☺ The assistance in the management of community based · Elaboration and implementation of et des fonctions écologiques de la forêt protected areas such as community forests and communal action plans for other conservation équatoriale aura un impact positif sur les peuples hunting zones offers the chance to sustain the source of priority sites Pygmées. livelihood of the IPs. ☺ La légalisation des zones traditionnelles de LL As documented in the background information the chasse et de cueillette dans le cadre du zonage et marginalised status of the IPs (no ID cards, no independent de l’affectation des terres des zones tampon des settlements, etc.) bears the risk that they are unable to enjoy AP constituera une sécurisation des droits the benefits of this activity. coutumiers, des modes de vie, des cultures des LL If no measures are taken to realise the potential positive populations riveraines et , en particuliers, des impacts of activity 3.3., the increase of anti-poaching patrols peuples Pygmées. etc. will impoverish the IPs, since their main sources of L La mise en œuvre des PA des AP et de la livelihood (hunting and gathering) are not yet legalised. stratégie de LAB peut entraîner des conflits et impacts négatifs auprès des populations riveraines et surtout des peuples Pygmées dont les territoires de chasse de subsistance et de collecte des PFNL ne sont pas bien définis et identifiables. L La mise en œuvre de la stratégie de LAB peut entraîner localement, si elle est efficace, une surexploitation des ressources piscicoles par les populations riveraines. L La mise en œuvre des PA des AP et de la stratégie de LAB peut entraîner des conflits et impacts négatifs auprès des populations riveraines d’agriculteurs (surtout dans les régions septentrionales) en raison des dommages causés aux cultures par la faune sauvage.

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L La mise en œuvre de certaines dispositions des PA des AP, comme les ZIC/CG, si elles constituent des mesures de compensation positives pour certaines populations riveraines organisées, peuvent contribuer à marginaliser encore plus les peuples Pygmées. S-C 3.5 - Improvement of the contribution of wildlife resources and protected areas to the economy Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Identification of possibilities to ☺ La mise en oeuvre d’activités visant à ☺ The redis tribution of income from licences for sport hunting legalise and establish a profitable promouvoir une gestion/exploitation durable des areas and tourism revenues could provide the IPs with the bush-meat trade ressources naturelles (faune, biodiversité en necessary cash to increase the social infrastructure of their · Review of taxes and implementation général, paysages) constitue, si ces activités sont settlements (schools, health centres, water points, etc.). of an adapted taxing systems correctement menées, un élément positif en ☺ The income opportunities resolving from tourism and jobs in · Promotion of ecotourism initiatives matière de conservation des AP et de la faune. sport hunting zones could assist the IPs to change from a and development of tourist L Il existe des risques certains de surexploitation de subsistence based lifestyle to the modern mode of cash infrastructures la faune en cas de mauvais contrôle de la filière interaction. · Promotion of pilot initiatives for viande de brousse (y compris d’exploitation ☺ The valorisation of the traditional knowledge of the IPs game-ranches d’espèces protégées) et de trafic d’espèces through tourism and through their assistance to sport hunters · Promotion of the development of protégées vivantes. (guides etc.) could assist them to value their culture, traditional research infrastructures in protected L Le développement d’activités écotouristiques mal knowledge and believe-systems . areas contrôlées peut conduire à des impacts négatifs L The present setting, which exclude IPs from decision making and de plusieurs ordres au niveau du milieu prohibit their involvement in tourism activities (no ID-cards and (dérangement de la faune, déchets divers, achat due to that no access to credits, private property such as de produits d’espèces protégées, etc.) ainsi qu’au community based tourism infrastructures etc.) bears the risk that niveau des populations riveraines des AP the IPs are unable to equally benefit from the protected areas (transformation des modes de vie par des LL The income opportunities resolving from protected areas could comportements inappropriés des écotouristes, – if no measures are undertaken – lead to a situation in which acculturation des populations, notamment des other ethnic groups become interested to capitalise the peuples Pygmées, risques sanitaires dans les deux protected areas without respecting the rights, culture and sens, etc.). lifestyle of the IPs and exclude them from the group of beneficiaries, prolong their marginalisation and increase their poverty. S-C 3.6 - Implementation of a legal and institutional framework providing for a coherent and negotiated management Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Harmonisation and evolution of ☺ Favorable à la gestion durable des ressources ☺☺ The offered trainings could assist the IPs to manage their management systems for natural naturelles. community based conservation areas (communal hunting zones,

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resources, standardisation of etc.) more effectively. management tools for protected ☺ The 600 newly created jobs in the management structures of the areas, harmonisation of management protected area could offer permanent employment in decision of human resources making posts for IPs. · Restructuring and creation of ☺ The proposed training could increase the capacities of protected conservation agencies/ services area managers in co-management and in the interaction with IPs. · Capacity development and training L In the present setting there is a high risks that the IPs interests are · Development of monitoring and not equally included in the training curricula, laws and evaluation tools for the programme regulations. · Long-term strategy for protected L There is a high risk that the present marginalisation of the IPs is areas not addressed properly - by offering them priority access to · Adaptation of laws and regulations decision making positions in the management of protected area -, which prolongs and increases their marginalisation and exclude them from the protected area management structures and the benefits related to this service (income opportunities, influence, control over natural resources, etc.). S-C 3.7 - Implementation of sustainable financing mechanisms for the conservation of wildlife and protected areas Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Improvement of financing ☺ Favorable à la gestion durable des ressources ☺☺ The establishment of sustainable financing mechanisms for mechanisms and mobilisation of naturelles. community based conservation areas (communal hunting financial resources K Attention à ne pas multiplier les fonds fiduciaires zones, etc.) could assist the IPs to utilise their resources in a · Development of financial and ce qui disperserait les disponibilités, deux fonds sustainable manner and increase their living conditions. management patterns of protected existant déjà au Cameroun ☺☺ The availability of sufficient funds for protected areas could areas increase the quality and quantity of the offered compensation measures and harmonise development needs and biodiversity conservation. ☺ There is the significant risk, that the IPs are due to their marginalised position (no ID-cards, no independent settlements, no ownership over forests ) excluded from the group of the beneficiaries of the financial support for protected areas.

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C.4 - COMMUNITY BASED MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE S-C 4.1 - Community Forestry Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Adaptation of a legal and institutional ☺ La mise en œuvre d’espaces communautaires de ☺☺ With the help of community forests and communal hunting framework, in line with the gestion durable des ressources forestières et zones, the livelihood of the rural population can be sustained. exigencies of community based fauniques contribuera à la diminution des L There is a risk, that MINEF staff disfavour the IPs in the management pressions et des prélèvements sur les ressources process of the establishment of community forests due to · Support the allocation of space for naturelles « sauvages ». insufficient skills and knowledge in the interaction with community based management of K Ainsi qu’il a été précisé pour ce qui concerne le ethnic minorities. forest and wildlife zonage, la délimitation des espaces à gestion LL Community forests alone are too small to sustain an IP · Support community-based forest communautaire des ressources forestières et settlement as only source of livelihood. Due to that, there is a management fauniques doit résulter d’une démarche de type significant risk, that this - if the IPs are not provided also with · Support the communities and « aménagement du territoire / gestion de terroir », communal hunting zones - could lead to the unsustainable councils in the application and et de concertation avec les MINAGRI et utilisation of the community forest and impoverish the IPs in management of community forests MINEPIA, de façon à intégrer l’ensemble des the long run. contraintes liées à une gestion durable de LL In the present setting the IPs settlements are not entitled to l’ensemble des ressources disponibles. apply for separate community forests or communal hunting K La conception des plans de gestion des espaces zones. Due to that and based on past experiences, it can be communautaires de gestion des ressources expected that if no action is undertaken, the IPs are excluded forestières et fauniques ne doit pas oublier toutes from the group of beneficiaries and even face significant les autres fonctions et droits d’usage de ces impoverishment risks when their Bantu neighbours exploit a espaces, en particulier dans les régions “joint community forest” - solemnly controlled by the Bantus septentrionales (bois de feu, espaces pastoraux, – without including the IPs interests. etc.) ce qui entraînerait des pertes d’accès à LL There is a high risk, that the IPs are not able to apply for certaines ressources pour certains groupes community forests without additional external financial and sociaux, la surexploitation de ces mêmes technical support. The PNDP is expected to provide some ressources dans les espaces banals, voire des financial backing, but this might be not enough for the poor conflits sociaux. IP, who have less than 30 % of the average cash income. L Les modalités d’acquisition des espaces à gestion communautaire des ressources forestières et fauniques risque d’augmenter la marginalisation groupes Pygmées, non organisés, par rapport aux autres groupes de population. Si les groupes Pygmées (ainsi que d’autres groupes sociaux tels que les Bororo dans les régions septentrionales)

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ne sont pas appuyés pour accéder à certaines responsabilités communautaires (s’ils le désirent), il est probable qu’ils perdront le contrôle de leurs ressources dans les forêts communautaires communes avec les autres groupes nationaux. L Dans le cas où les procédures d’acquisition des espaces à gestion communautaire comporteraient les mêmes dispositions que dans le PNDP (contribution financière de 5% des coûts) les risques sont forts que les peuples Pygmées (et autres groupes de populations) ne puissent pas accéder à ces espaces communautaires car ils sont rarement capables d’agir en tant que partie prenante indépendante. S-C 4.2 - Reforestation and regeneration of forest resources Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Strengthening the capacities of ☺ L’impact de ces activités de reboisement est, à K It can be expected that reforestation etc. have no impact of ANAFOR and implementation of an priori, globalement positif. the IPs covered in this report (Baka, Aka and Kola), since encouraging regulation framework they all live in permanent forest areas. ☺ Les reboisements contribueront à diminuer, à

· Promotion of the development of moyen terme, les pressions sur les ressources Note: timber plantations forestières naturelles et garantiront la LL Experiences from other countries document that reforestation préservation les milieux et la biodiversité ainsi etc. forces indigenous mobile people in savannah landscapes que conditions et modes de vie des peuples (Peul, etc.) to face significant negative impacts, since it autochtones de la forêt. reduces the land utilised by them as source of livelihood.) K Les choix des objectifs de reboisement et de régénération (priorités de production – bois d’œuvre ou de service ou énergie - et/ou écologiques et sociales), en particulier dans les régions septentrionales, des essences de reboisement et options techniques de régénération, les moyens disponibles en matière d’entretien à long terme, auront des impacts directs (positifs ou négatifs) sur les milieux et la biodiversité. K Ces mêmes choix et options doivent tenir compte

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de toutes les autres fonctions et droits d’usage de ces espaces, en particulier dans les régions septentrionales (protection des sols, infiltration de l’eau, bois de feu, PFNL, ressources pastorales, etc.) et doivent s’intégrer dans une démarche générale d’aménagement du territoire / gestion de terroir et de concertation avec les MINAGRI et MINEPIA. S-C 4.3 - Community-based management of fuel wood Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Institutional strengthening ☺ L’impact de ces activités est, à priori, K This activity is irrelevant for the IPs covered in this report · Support to private actors and globalement positif. (Baka, Aka and Kola), since they all live in permanent forest operators areas.

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C 5 – REINFORCEMENT OF INSTITUTIONS, TRAINING AND RESEARCH S-C 5.1 - Operationalisation of ANAFOR Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Implementation of management units ☺ L’impact de ces activités est, à priori, ☺ The forest plantations are expected to create new jobs, which and of a steering committee for the globalement positif. could provide IPs with cash based “modern” income sources. restructuring L There is a high risk that ANAFOR will not offer employment · Feasibility studies and audits opportunities to IPs, since no IP is a civil servant or had · Plan for management and worked with ONADEF in the past. Consequently, traditional reorganisation of human resources knowledge might not be integrated. · Plan of reallocation and sales of material · Support to the internal organisation · Providing of funds for plantations S-C 5.2 - Strengthening of MINEF Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Reorganisation of MINEF ☺ L’impact de ces activités est, à priori, ☺ The reinforcement of MINEF could lead to job opportunities · Human resource management globalement positif. for IPs, increase the intercultural communication skills of · Management of material resources MINEF staff (OP 4.20etc.), change the presently dominating · Restoring of its financial duties/ approach to exclude IPs from protected areas and prohibit the functions sustainable utilisation of these areas and increase the ability · Carry out reform of MINEF to assist the IPs in the management of their community forests and communal hunting zones. L Due to the fact that no IP is currently employed by MINEF, there is a high risk that the reinforcement of MINEF remain a Bantu only exercise with the impact that IPs interests (such as sensitisation on the OP 4.20) are not included into the training curricula . LL Given that the IPs are more or less unorganised, the strengthening only of MINEF and not of all stakeholders including the IP associations bears the high risk that the relation between MINEF and the IP is changing due the increased capacities and power of MINEF.

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S-C 5.3 – Rehabilitation of national training and research institutes Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Rehabilitation of the national training ☺ Cette sous-composante privilégie la formation de ☺ The rehabilitation of the national institutes for research and institute haut niveau et de niveau intermédiaire. La training could lead to job opportunities for IPs, document the · Rehabilitation of the national formation/sensibilisation des personnels de land use rights of IPs, underline the importance to respect the research institute terrain est insuffisamment programmée. rights and needs of the IPs, increase the intercultural communication skills of governmental staff (OP 4.20 etc.) and offer training courses to assist the IPs in the management of IP community forests and communal hunting zones. L Within the present setting, which does not provide special assistance for IPs to participate equally in decision making processes and/or easier access to employment as civil servants (researchers, field staff, etc.) it seems unlikely that the IPs could benefit from this activity. On the contrary, if no action is taken, it is most likely that the IPs become even more marginalised and that research on their culture, land- use-patterns and land tenure system is not equally represented in the training curricula and research agendas. S-C 5.4 – Involvement of all stakeholders in the steering of PSFE (Good Governance) Activities General Impacts (☺>0 - K =0 - L<0) Impacts on Indigenous People · Facilitate the involvement of all ☺ L’impact de ces activités est, à priori, ☺☺ The involvement of all stakeholders into the steering stakeholders in the management of globalement positif. committees of the PSFE offers the chance to increase the the sector programme participation of the IPs in decision making processes to · Provision of capacities for the defend their rights, culture and lifestyle. steering of the PSFE LL Various participatory committees like the forestry committees, the joint forest management units for community forests and communal hunting zones and the co-management committees of the protected area have documented that without a priority access for IPs (including training, financial support for IP associations, ID-cards, independent villages, quotas etc.) they will not be able to participate actively in the various steering committees, which could result that their rights are ignored, their culture and belief system undermined and their sources of livelihood destroyed.

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5 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF THE PSFE This chapter outlines the indigenous people development plan (IPDP) for the PSFE, which were adapted by MINEF as official document for implementation. The IPDP should be redefined during the course of its implementation and further consultation with all stakeholders. Similar to the PSFE as such, the IPDP embodies a pilot phase (étape clé) in which the IPDP will be presented and discussed in all IP settlements on the basis of their specific experiences, interests and problems. Such an open and well facilitated discussion process, which goes along with the elaboration of the IPDP implementing bodies, will contribute to the participatory elaboration of the final IPDP, which is scheduled for 12/2004. Table 6 develops actions, responsibilities, time schedules and costs of the IPDP and figure 2 describes a possible structure of its implementation. To monitor and evaluate the impacts of the IPDP, draft impact indicators are elaborated, which should be redefined as one of the first activities of the proposed participatory impact monitoring. The IPDP has been prepared - as outlined in the introduction - on the basis of the best practice - documented in the OD 4.20 - to assure that the PSFE and its actors will respect the dignity, rights and culture of the indigenous forest populations in Cameroon and assure that they are also benefiting from the PSFE. Due to the fact that no detailed data on the Baka, Kola and Aka population are available on sub-divisional/council level, the data provided in table 5 should be considered as first estimate. Due to the uncertain database, not all subdivisions might be used by Baka, Kola and/or Aka for their livelihood and there is also the chance that my informants missed some groups living in other areas than those outlined here. During the baseline study for the monitoring and evaluation system of the IPDP, the extent and magnitude of Baka, Kola and Aka population in the different divisions and subdivisions have to be clarified.

Province Division Subdivision “Pygmy” group Centre Nyong-et-Kéllé Messondo Kola Centre Nyong-et-Kéllé Éséka Kola Centre Nyong-et-Kéllé Makak Kola South Océan Kribi Kola South Océan Bipindi Kola South Océan Lolodorf Kola South Océan Mvengué Kola South Océan Akom 2 Kola South Océan Nye’éte Kola South Océan Campo Kola South Vallée-du-Ntem Ma’an Kola South Vallée-du-Ntem Ambam Kola South Vallée-du-Ntem Olamzé Kola South Mvilla Biwong-Bane Kola South Mvilla Mvangan Baka South Dja -et-Lobo Bengbis Baka South Dja -et-Lobo Sangmélima Baka South Dja -et-Lobo Oveng Baka South Dja -et-Lobo Meyomessala Baka

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South Dja -et-Lobo Djoum Baka South Dja -et-Lobo Mintom 2 Baka East Haut-Nyong Messaména Baka East Haut-Nyong Somalomo Baka East Haut-Nyong Dja Baka East Haut-Nyong Lomié Baka East Haut-Nyong Messok Baka East Haut-Nyong Ngoila Baka East Kadei Mbang Baka East Kadei Ndélélé Baka & Aka East Boumba-et-Ngoko Gari-Gombo Baka & Aka East Boumba-et-Ngoko Yokadouma Baka & Aka East Boumba-et-Ngoko Salapoumbé Baka & Aka East Boumba-et-Ngoko Moloundou Baka & Aka Tab. 5: Area of intervention: sub-divisions and councils with an expected Baka, Kola or Aka population For now, it is assumed that the total number of project affected people (the IP = indigenous people = Baka, Kola and Aka) is 30,000, which are assembled in 300 settlements in the 33 subdivisions of the three provinces mentioned above.10 On the basis of the results of activity 2 and 4, which will establish baseline data on the Baka, Kola and Aka population, the IPDP will be concretized and redefined. The main actors of this IPDP are the PSFE in MINEF, the sub-department of marginalized population in MINAS, MINAT, MINEPAT, national and international NGOs working on indigenous peoples issues in Cameroon, the associations of the indigenous people and the Baka, Kola and Aka themselves. At the present level none of the primary stakeholders seems able – even in their own perception - to implement an IPDP in accordance with the OD 4.20, without further training and the assistance on an international technical advisory body. It is documented that all stakeholders are willing to act in accordance with the documented best practice of interaction with indigenous people – the OD 4.20. -, but that they are in dare need of training to increase their technical, financial and organizational competences to achieve a harmonic cooperation in the process of PSFE implementation. While it is normally not necessary to provide funding for civil servants to carry out their duties (for example to assist the IP to receive identity cards to become legalized citizens) and/or to be trained on elementary issues – such as intercultural communication -, the financial crisis in Cameroon and the fact that the governmental agency in charge of the indigenous people does not even have its own budget, makes it necessary to provide financial means for these activities. 8 of the 16 activities of the IPDP of the PSFE were adopted earlier as GoC policy (PNDP 2003). All these activities earlier adopted are indicated by a grey background and in activities, which were partly adopted this part is indicated in ITALIC. Since these activities are budgeted in the IPDP of the PNDP, they are not considered in the budget of the IPDP of the PSFE outlined in table 7 (for information purposes, they are still provided in brackets).

10 Joiris and Titi Nwel utilise a much higher figure (60,000-70,000 Baka, 40,000 Kola and 1,000 Medzan; 2002:40), but most scientific publications do not follow these claims.

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 1. (IPDP-PNDP) · TRAINING FOR RELEVANT GOC GOC UNTIL 12/2004 US$ 20K1 · THE BENEFICIARIES OF THIS ESTABLISH THE STAFF, NGOS AND IP TRAINING ARE ABLE TO CAPACITIES NECESSARY ASSOCIATIONS IMPLEMENT THE IPDP TO IMPLEMENT AN IPDP FOLLOWING THE OD 4.20 Establish equal legal opportunities 2.(IPDP-PNDP) · SENSITIZATION OF ALL MINAS UNTIL 12/2004 US$ 10K · REPORTS OF DISCRIMINATION ESTABLISH EQUAL STAKEHOLDERS ARE REDUCING LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR IPS: PROVIDE ID- · CENSUS MINAS & NGOS UNTIL 3/2005 US$ 10K · DATABASE IS AVAILABLE AND CARDS TO THE IPS COMMUNICATED TO IPS · PROVIDING ID-CARDS AT A MINAT UNTIL 6/2005 US$ 150K PNDP · MORE THAN 90 % OF THE IPS SUBSIDIZED RATE US$ 150K MINAT HAVE ID-CARDS 3.(IPDP-PNDP) · SENSITIZATION OF ALL SEE 1 SEE 1 SEE 1 SEE 1 ESTABLISH EQUAL STAKEHOLDERS LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR · ORGANIZE CONSTITUTIONAL IP ASSOCIATIONS UNTIL 12/2004 US$ 10K · NO COMPLAINTS ABOUT IP SETTLEMENTS : MEETINGS IN ALL COMMUNITIES UNFAIR ELECTIONS / RESULTS CERTIFYING IP AND INSTALL COMMON INITIATIVE ARE AVAILABLE VILLAGES AND GROUPS SETTLEMENTS AS · CERTIFICATION PROCESS PNDP PILOT COUNCILS · ALL IP COMMUNITIES HAVE COMMUNITIES UNTIL 12/2004 COMMON INITIATIVE GROUPS OTHERS UNTIL 12/2007

1 k = US$ 1,000

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 4. ( IPDP-PNDP) · SENSITIZATION OF ALL SEE 1 See 1 SEE 1 SEE 1 ESTABLISH COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS FORESTS AND · INVENTORY, DEMARCATION AND MINEF & NGOS Between 1/2004 US$ 900K1 · THE DATA ARE AVAILABLE AND COMMUNAL HUNTING ESTABLISHMENT OF and 12/2005 ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A GIS ZONES FOR EACH IP MANAGEMENT PLANS COMMUNITIES · THE COMMUNITY FOREST AND MINEF Until 6/2006 · THE INCOME FROM NATURAL COMMUNAL HUNTING ZONES ARE RESOURCE MARKETING IS CERTIFIED INCREASING AND THE DEGRADATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE COMMUNITY FOREST AND OR CUMMUNAL HUNTING ZONES IS REDUCING. · The community based conservation areas offer each inhabitant of the IP settlements access to at least 1 km2 each to guarantee their sustainability 5. Establish new forestry · Create commission MINEF & IP As Until 1/2004 · All stakeholders are regulations, which represented legalise the IP to · Establish draft regulation Commission Until 3/2004 US$ 5k · The document is available utilise their land (even · Discuss the regulation with all IP Associations Until 9/2004 US$ 30k · The document is discussed in if it is transformed into stakeholders & Commission each IP settlement a protected area or · Implement the regulation MINEF Until 1/2005 · From 3/05 the IP associations UFA) do not receive any complains of IP on confiscations etc.

1 It is estimated that that the elaboration of the documents, which are required to apply for the establishment of a community forest and/or a communal hunting zone costs for each village at least US$ 3k (Etoungou 2003: 7). The GoC has planed to implement this activity following the schedule of the PNDP schedule, but the commitment of the PSFE will increase the speed of implementation: 2004 = 100 settlements, 2005 = 200 settlements.

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 6. Establish a national · Create commission MINEF, MINAS Until 1/2004 · All stakeholders are represented policy on indigenous & IP As · The document is available people · Establish draft policy Commission Until 3/2004 US$ 10k · The document is discussed in · Discuss the draft policy with all IP Associations Until 9/2004 See 4 each IP settlement and stakeholders & Commission perceived as in accordance with the OD 4.20. · Implement the policy MINAS Until 1/2005 · From 6/05 the IP associations do not receive any complains of IP Establish equal technical opportunities 7. Provide the IP with · Establish training curricula The national Until 6/2004 US$ 10k · The curricula is perceived by technical capacities to · Establish training schedule research and Until 9/2004 US$ 5k the international technical participate actively in training institute advisory body as in natural resource to be created as accordance with best practice management. activity 5.3 of the · The documents are available PSFE, MINEF, MINAS NGOs, IP Associations · The PIM documents the · Carry out training National training Between 1/2005 & US$ 180k1 sustainable management of at institute 12/2005 least 75% of community · Carry out training IP Associations From 1/06 US$ 840k2 forests and communal · Provide backstopping National training Ongoing US$ 270k3 hunting zones managed by institute the IP

1 It is assumed that a single training session in one IP settlement will cost on average 0.1 k for transport, per diem etc. Due to that one training session for all 300 settlements is calculated with 30k. It is assumed that in the first year 6 training sessions per IP settlement are necessary. 2 In the following years the number of training sessions can be reduced as the natural resource management capacities increase (2006 = 6 trainings, 2007 & 08 = 4 trainings, 2009 & 10 = 3 trainings, 2011-14 = 2 training sessions. The same should work out with the budgeting for the training. The external financial assistance to the IP associations for training should reduce in the same way as their income from forestry revenues and sustainable management of community based conservation areas increase. The contribution of the PSFE to the training should be as follows: 06 = 100%, 07 & 08 = 75%, 09 & 10 = 50% From 11 = 0 %) 3 It is assumed that the national training institute should carry out one backstopping meeting per settlement per year and that a backstopping meeting costs the same as a training session.

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 8. Provide the relevant · TRAINING FOR RELEVANT GOC GOC UNTIL 12/2004 SEE 1 (PNDP) · THE BENEFICIARIES OF THIS GoC staff and other STAFF, NGOS AND IP TRAINING ARE ABLE TO stakeholders with the ASSOCIATIONS IMPLEMENT THE IPDP technical capacities to · Carry out sensitisations for all GoC Until 6/2004 US$ 20k · The justified complains of IP cooperate successfully MINEF staff, forest companies on the activities of MINEF with the IP (see also and environmental NGOs. are reducing. From 12/05 activity 1, which was less than 30 complains per adopted by GoC in the year are documented by the IPDP-PNDP) IP associations 9. Promote research on · Develop a national research The national Until 12/2004 US$ 5k · The national research agenda the IP and provide agenda research and is perceived by all space for information training institute stakeholders as up to date and on the IP to be created as in accordance with the OD activity 5.3 of 4.20. · Carry out research the PSFE (1), From 1/05 Ongoing US$ 100k1 · Inform the general population NGOs (2), IP From 1/05 Ongoing US$ 30k2 on the IP and the national IP Associations (3), policy MINREST, MINEF, MINAS · Publish research findings in the MINEF As soon as the US$ 5k various information systems to information system be established as part of the is elaborated – PSFE ongoing (2005)

1 It is assumed that to increase research on IP, the national steering committee of the IPDP of the PSFE is provided with 10k per year to sponsor selected research proposals. The duration is estimated here for ten years. 2 It is assumed that a budget of 3 k per year and managed by the national steering committee of the IPDP of the PSFE will increase the general knowledge on the IP and the national IP policy. The activity should be ongoing for at least 10 years.

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators Establish equal financial opportunities 10. Adjust the · Establish a proposal MINEF Until 3/2004 US$ 5k distribution patterns of · Discuss this proposal with all MINEF Until 6/2004 US$ 20k · The proposal are by all the forestry revenue to stakeholders stakeholders perceived as fair provide the IP with the compromise between the necessary funds to needs of the IPs and the participate activities general population and decision making · Implement the new regulation MINEF Until 9/2004 · From 12/04 no justified processes complains from the IP are documented Establish equal organizational opportunities 11. Facilitate the · SENSITIZATION OF ALL See 1 See 1 SEE 1 (PNDP) · See 1 representation of IP in all STAKEHOLDERS forest related decision · ELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVES IP ASSOCIATION UNTIL 6/2004 · REPRESENTATIVES ARE PERCEIVED making bodies. & MINAS AS QUALIFIED AND ELECTED Adaptation of the SPOKESPEOPLE following activity of the · FACILITATE THE ESTABLISHMENT MINAS, IP COUNCIL LEVEL · THE COMMITTEES ARE IPDP-PNDP: (ASSIST THE OF COMMITTEES (33 AT COUNCIL ASSOCIATION, UNTIL 9/04 UTILIZED BY THE IP AS IPS TO ESTABLISH LEVEL, 2 AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL & REPRESENTATIVES INDEPENDENT BODIES AT (CENTRE & SOUTH = 1) AND ONE INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL LEVEL THE VARIOUS LEVELS TO AT NATIONAL LEVEL NGOS 12/04 COORDINATE, · Provide places for IP in all MINEF As soon as bodies COMMUNICATE AND relevant committees etc. are formed or for · IP representatives are playing FACILITATE THE ABOVE existing an increasingly active role, STATED ACTIVITIES). committees until which results in a high 12/2004 satisfaction with the PSFE among the IP population

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 12. Facilitate priority · Carry out assessment on MINEF, IP Until 6/2004 US$ 10 k access for IP to forest relevant job opportunities and Association related job opportunities. the capacities of the IPs · Elaborate administrative order MINEF & Until 9/2004 · The number of IP newly (in accordance with the IP MINAS employed in relevant jobs is policy) equal or higher their share in · Establish commission to assist MINEF, IP Until 9/2004 the overall population in the the IPs in the application Association area of intervention. From process 1/2005 no justified complains are documented

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 13. (ADAPTATION OF AN · SENSITIZATION OF THE IP SEE 11 SEE 11 SEE 11(PNDP) ACTIVITY OF THE IPDP- · TRAINING ON METHODOLOGY, CONSULTANT BETWEEN 1/05 AND US$ 10K (PNDP) · THE DATABASE IS ACCESSIBLE PNDP) ESTABLISH A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND 4/05 AND PERCEIVED BY THE PNDP PARTICIPATORY IMPACT DATABASE MANAGEMENT and PSFE M&E AS USEFUL MONITORING (PIM) FOR INSTRUMENT THE IPDP OF THE · CARRY OUT A PIM OF THE IPDP COMMITTEES STARTING 6/05 $ 360 K1 (PNDP) · THE PIM REPORTS ARE USED PNDP and the PSFE OF THE PNDP OUTLINED IN 10 ONGOING FOR FINE-TUNING AND DOCUMENT A POVERTY · Training on bio monitoring MINEF 1/05 – 12/05 US$ 30k REDUCTION RATE OF IP and PIM The provincial Starting 6/05 US$ 300 k2 VILLAGES EQUAL OR HIGHER · Carry out a PIM of the IPDP committees of the Ongoing THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE of the PSFE PDFE & national and that the utilisation of steering the natural resources of the committee of the IP settlements is sustainable IPDP-PSFE 3 · CARRY OUT AN EVALUATION OF CONSULTANTS STARTING 9/05 $100 K (PNDP) 4 THE IPDP OF THE PNDP and US$ 100k PSFE ONCE IN TWO YEARS Establish equal cultural opportunities 14. (IPDP-PNDP) · SENSITIZATION OF THE IP IP ASSOCIATION UNTIL 6/04 SEE 11 · SEE 11 SENSITIZE THE IP ON & MINAS THE RISKS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS.

1 The costs of the PIM are estimated to be US$ 1k p.a. per committee = 36 k p.a. and is estimated to be necessary at least for 10 years. 2 The additional cost to assess also the utilisation of natural resources is considered to be 0.1 p.a. per settlement, since the IP are expected to provide their services free of charge = 30 k p.a. and is estimated here for the present agreed duration of the PSFE (10 years). 3 The costs are estimated on the premises that a single evaluation costs will cost around 20 k (2 consultants, 1 PNDP and one IPDP representative) and that the there will be evaluations in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013. 4 The cost of evaluating the impact on the biodiversity is estimated to be similar to the assessment of the rural development aspect of the IPDPs (1 botany consultant, 1 wildlife consultant, 1 MINEF and 1 IPDP representative).

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Table 6: Indigenous people development plan: key issues and actions Issue Activity Responsibility By When Cost Indicators 15.(IPDP-PNDP) ASSIST · PROVIDE TRAINING TO INCREASE MINAS, NGOS UNTIL 3/2004 US$ 15K THE IP ASSOCIATIONS ARE THE IP ASSOCIATION IN ORGANIZATIONAL, TECHNICAL PERCE IVED AS REPRESENTATIVES CAPACITY BUILDING TO AND FINICAL CAPACITIES OF IP OF THE IP POPULATION AND PRESERVE THE LOSS OF ASSOCIATIONS BECOMING INCREASINGLY ACTIVE TRADITIONAL · CARRY OUT SENSITIZATION IP ASSOCIATIONS STARTING 1/2004 US$ 300K1 ON ALL LEVELS (PNDP, KNOWLEDGE, CULTURE CAMPAIGNS IN IP VILLAGES ONGOING COMMITTEES, NATIONAL POLITICS ) AND LIVELIHOOD PATTERNS 16. (IPDP_PNDP) · SENSITIZATION OF THE IPS AND MINAS UNTIL 6/2004 5 K THE PIM AND OTHER REPORT FOSTER THE CREATION OTHER PEOPLE LIVING IN THE DOCUMENT AN INCREASING OF FORUMS FOR REGION COOPERATION BETWEEN THE IP COMMUNICATION AND · FACILITATE THE CREATION OF MINAS UNTIL 12/2004 5 K AND THEIR NEIGHBORS IN VIEW OF EXCHANGE BETWEEN FORUMS JOINT ACTIVITIES IN THE BAKA/KOLA AND OTHER · FACILITATE DISCUSSIONS AND MINAS ONGOING DIRECTION OF POVERTY ETHNICAL GROUPS AND EXCHANGE VISITS REDUCTION AND STRENGTHENING ACCOMPANY THIS THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY PROCESS OF MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING.

1 It is estimated that the IP associations should visit each village twice a year and that each of the 600 visits will cost around US$ 50 = 30 k p.a.. The sensitisation should continue for at least 10 years.

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Activity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total 11 (20.000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (20.000) 21 (90.000) (80.000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (170.000) 31 (10.000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (10.000) 41 (300.000) (600.000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (900.000) 5 35.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35.000 6 10.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.000 7 15.000 180.000 210.000 120.000 120.000 75.000 75.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 915.000 8 20.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20.000 9 5.000 18.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 13.000 140.000 10 25.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.000 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 10.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.000 131 0 (66.000) (36.000) (56.000) (36.000) (56.000) (36.000) (56.000) (36.000) (56.000) (36.000) (470.000) 13 0 80.000 30.000 50.000 30.000 50.000 30.000 50.000 30.000 50.000 30.000 430.000 141 (10.000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (10.000) 151 (45.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) (30.000) 0 (315.000) 161 10.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (10.000) Subtotal 120.000 278.000 253.000 183.000 163.000 138.000 118.000 93.000 73.000 93.000 73.000 1.585.000 PSFE IP villages 0 0 0 30.000 30.000 45.000 45.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 60.000 390.000 Total 120.000 278.000 253.000 213.000 193.000 183.000 163.000 153.000 133.000 153.000 133.000 1.975.000

Tab.7: The distribution of funds towards the different activities in US$

1 The budget for this activity (creating of community forests and/or communal hunting zones) was already approved by the GoC (IPDP of the PNDP) and is due to that not included in the totals established here.

Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Report 66

Figure 2 : The necessary adjustments of PNDP-IPDP implementation structure to implement also the IPDP of the PSFE

Legend

National Forum PSFE MINEF Representation of APs equal or higher than COV = Steering committee national average 1 Representative AP Associations Programme committee + 1 PSFE representative International technical advisory body + 1 PSFE representative

Provincial Provincial Programme Delegation committee + 1 Provincial PSFE representative 1 Representative AP Associations Divisional Delegation

Sub-divisional Delegation

Forestry Posts

Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Report 67

Due to the fact, that the GoC has already programmed the establishment of an implementation structure for the IPDP of the PNDP - outlined in the box of figure 2 -, it is advisable not to create an additional structure for the implementation of the IPDP of the PSFE, but to adjust the PNDP-IPDP structure. As outlined in figure two, the adjustment is based on the exchange of representatives to increase the information flow and facilitate the fine tuning of the activities outlined in table 6. Since it is foreseen that the IPDP structures become active only towards the end of 2004 (see activity 11), the two IPDPs should be implemented in the mean time by an ad-hoc IPDP committee. The GoC has already agreed to the creating of an ad-hoc committee for the IPDP of the PNDP: 1 representative of the PNDP (Coordinator), 1 representative of MINAS (Sub- department of marginalized populations), 1 representative of international NGOs (which is already working with Baka, Kola and Aka in Cameroon and prepared to provide its own funding for working in this committee – if there are more than one NGO interested to participate, they should form a network similar to the national network of NGOs RACOPY), 1 representative of national NGOs (RACOPY), 1 CODEBABIK representative, 2 ASBAK representatives. This committee should be increased by 1 representative of the PSFE, who would be the Deputy Coordination of the IPDP ad hoc committee. The running costs of these committees (transportation, stationary, communication, etc.) are financed with the forestry revenue share provided to the IP (following activity 10), but the details will be elaborated in the process of mutual consultations of this IPDP. During the pilot phase the PNDP and the PSFE will provide the necessary funds (< US$ 5k). During the pilot phase (until 12/2004), the main focus will be on the establishment of the institutional framework, the sensitization of all stakeholders in general and the affected population in particular, the gathering of baseline data and the establishment of community forests and communal hunting areas. To avoid that the IPs are facing a situation that their Bantu neighbours establish community forests or ZICGC on land utilised by the IP before the IPDP assist the IPs to establish their own community forest etc., all community forests and communal hunting zones in those subdivisions with indigenous people – outlined in table 5 - have to be approved by the IPDP implementation structure to avoid that IP rights are ignored. During the establishment of the various committees (council, provincial and national level), which will involve all Baka, Kola and Aka settlements, the IPDPs should be discussed in detail. Towards the end of 2004, when the IPDP committees at council level will be established, the IPDPs should be redefined in a participatory process of all stakeholders to have a final version available in 12/2004. The implementation of the participatory impact monitoring at council level (on social - poverty reduction – and biological – sustainable utilisation of natural resources) will be another important element to assist the various structures in the implementation of the activities outlined in table 6. The result of the information gathered by the different committees should be synthesized and made available to all stakeholders and the interested public on an annual basis, starting from 2005. These reports will be used by

Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Report 68

the international technical advisory body, which will hold annual meetings, for their bi- annual evaluation of the IPDP processes. In general, it is assumed that the 16 activities approved as of the IPDP of the PSFE, with a financial volume of US$ 2 Mill (< 1 % of the overall PSFE budget, which is estimated to be 100 Mill US$ (66,149 Mill FCFA) for 5 years), are able to guarantee that the PSFE is executed in accordance with the OD 4.20 and that · the PSFE strengthen traditional systems of governance and embrace the notion of community dialogue and traditional chiefdoms for all ethnic groups; · the PSFE reduces poverty for all ethnic groups and lower the dependence on and degradation of natural resources; · the PSFE installs an effective management system of the natural habitats, which offers positive impacts to the entire population and the biodiversity (pro poor conservation; · the PSFE respects the dignity, rights and culture of the Baka, Kola and Aka; · the PSFE assures that the Baka, Kola and Aka receive an equal or higher benefit from the PSFE than other ethnic groups; · that the PSFE assists the Baka, Kola and Aka to increase their legal, political, societal, economical, cultural and psychological situations.

Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Report 69

Annex

1. Terms of reference 70 2. The different national programmes and their relevance for the Cameroonian national strategy of poverty reduction (DSRP) 77 3 Itinerary 85 4 Bibliography 89 5 Maps 96 6 Mémorandum sur l’allégement des procédures de délivrance des pièces officielles aux populations Pygmées 99 7 Abbreviations and dictionary 108 8 Workshop-report 112

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 Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Draft Report 77

Annex 2

The different national programmes and their relevance for the Cameroonian national strategy of poverty reduction (DSRP)

Indigenous people development plan PSFE Cameroon – Final Draft Report 78

PRESENTATION GLOBALE DES DIFFERENTS PROGRAMMES NATIONAUX (Version 02/2003)

DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF)

Nom exact Document de Stratégie de Document de Stratégie de Programme National de Programme d’Appui au Programme Sectoriel Réduction de la Pauvreté Développement du Développement Participatif Développement Forêts-Environnement Secteur Rural Communautaire Cadre Document de base de chaque pays Composante développement Programme National soutenu Programme pilote du PNDP d’inter- pauvre qui définit sa stratégie en rural du DSRP par différents bailleurs de dans les provinces du Centre et vention matière de croissance avec accent fonds pour aider les villages, de l’Extrême Nord jugés parmi sur la réduction de la pauvreté pour et les entités décentralisés à les plus pauvres et financé par les prochaines années (2015) prendre en charge leur le FIDA avec l'appui de la GTZ Chaque secteur est censé produire développement un document sectoriel et notamment celui du développement rural Bailleur Initié par la BM et soutenu par tous Sera décomposé en différents Financement complexe sur Financement FIDA; MINEF, multibailleurs de fonds les bailleurs; programmes soutenus par les base BM et AFD, FIDA, GTZ, Gestion MINAGRI (F, Canada, D, GB, BM, BAD) principal Porté surtout par le Ministère de BF : PNDP, PADC, PSFE etc. Gouvernement; et l’Economie et de Finances Gestion MINEPAT Ministère de tutelle Vision/ - Diversification accrue de Assurer une croissance du Réduire sensiblement la Améliorer durablement les con- Mise en œuvre de la politique cadre l’économie pour améliorer le secteur rural soutenue, pauvreté à l’horizon 2015 en ditions de vie des populations forestière de 1994/95 supérieur taux de croissance et durable et équitable - Assurant la prise en dans les zones rurales les plus OS : La conservation, la gestion auquel le - Actions ciblées de redistribution charge du développement défavorisées et l’exploitation durable des res - pro- en faveur des plus pauvres du milieu par les commu- sources forestières et fauniques gramme nautés locales et les ac- répondent aux besoins locaux, se veut teurs locaux nationaux, régionaux et mondi- contribuer - Améliorant l’accès aux aux des générations présentes services de base, la et futures sécurité alimentaire et les OD : Une amélioration soutenue revenus des populations des conditions de vie des popu- - Améliorant la gouver- lations riveraines à travers la nance locale gestion durable des écosys - tèmes forestiers est assurée Justifi- Réduction de la pauvreté par Développement économique Harmonisation des politiques Mobilisation des ressources des Mobilisation des ressources cation un développement soutenu (économie rurale) pour un sectorielles (schéma d'amé- zones rurales pour un dévelop- forestières pour un dévelop- développement soutenu nagement du territoire, décen- pement soutenu au niveau pement soutenu tralisation et développement villageois communal) pour un dévelop- pement soutenu au niveau des communautés rurales

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Objectifs 1. Promotion d’un cadre macro- 1. Réduction de la pauvreté - Renforcement des capa- - Prise en charge de leur - Les parties prenantes à moyen économique stable 2. Satisfaction de la cités des communautés développement par les gèrent durablement les terme 2. Renforcement de la croissance demande alimentaire rurales et des communes communautés villageoises ressources forestières et par la diversification de l’écono- nationale croissante - Appui technique et finan- et autres acteurs locaux fauniques de façon à mie 3. Intégration dans les cier aux communautés dans le respect de la parti- pérenniser les fonctions 3. Développement du secteur privé marchés internationaux rurales et communes cipation, concertation et économiques, écologiques 4. Développement des ressources et sous -régionaux - Contribution à la cohé- solidarité et sociales de l’ensemble humaines 4. Durabilité des perfor- rence des interventions - Amélioration de l’accès aux des écosystèmes forestiers 5. Développement des infrastruc- mances à long terme décentralisées infrastructures sociales du Cameroun tures de base - Création d'espaces de dans les villages 6. Amélioration du cadre institu- concertation et de plani- - Augmentation des revenus tionnel et de la gouvernance fication participative favo- des populations cibles risant les communautés Compo- Promotion d’un cadre économique Modernisation de l’appareil Fonds d’appui au dévelop- Développement des capacités Connaissance de la ressource sante 1 stable : de production : pement des communautés de planification, interaction, et monitoring écologique : - Améliorer le taux de croissance - Rendre les facteurs de rurales (FADCR) : négociation et gestion partici- de 4.4 à 6 % et limiter le déficit production disponibles Cofinancer les micro-projets pative au niveau des villages Les outils de gestion durable budgétaire (terres, intrants, eau) des communautés et sociétés renforcés : des ressources forestières et - Prendre des mesures pour la - Promouvoir l’accès aux civile sur base de plans de - Capacité de planifier, orga- fauniques sont élaborés, discu- création d’emplois à travers innovations techniques développement villageois et niser et gérer des commu- tés et utilisés selon la législation l’amélioration de la compétitivité avec lien recherche et plans de développement nautés villageoises en vigueur par toutes les parties de l’industrie, l’augmentation de vulgarisation communaux élaborés de - Capacité de lutter contre le prenantes conformément à la l’épargne, la promotion des PME - Développer la compéti- manière participative après VIH/SIDA réglementation en vigueur et artisanat, l’utilisation de tech- tivité des filières de pro- approbation du comité pari- - Promotion/renforcement nique HIMO, la diversification duction taire communal et un comité des micro entrepreneurs des exportations non pétrolières Avec accent sur l’agriculture paritaire d’approbation et de - Création d’espaces de con- et surtout l’agro-industrie et paysanne et les PME agri- supervision provincial. certation entre la commune augmentation de la production coles. 3 types de projets : et le village de l’énergie - Infrastructures lourdes; - Socio-économique; - Environnemental et gestion des ressources naturelles

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Compo- Diversification de l’économie et La restructuration du cadre Appui aux communes dans Appui aux activités généra- Aménagement des forêts de sante 2 renforcement de la croissance : institutionnel : le processus progressif de trices de revenus production du domaine per- décentralisation manent et valorisation des Il s’agit ici d’agir sur la diversification - Réorganiser les services - Assistance technique aux produits forestiers de l’économie pour dépendre moins publics aux fins de Préparer les communes et les producteurs organisés du secteur primaire (bois et pétrole). favoriser un communautés villageoises à (marchés, production, Les concessions forestières sont La priorité sera la diversification dans environnement incitatif s’encrer dans le processus de faisabilité, etc.) aménagées durablement selon l’agriculture et la promotion de - Susciter l’émergence décentralisation et réduction - Mise en place de cautions les règles de l'art et sur une l’industrie et le développement du d’organisations de la pauvreté : de réalisations : un fonds base légale et les produits des tourisme et des services sociaux et professionnels et des 3 sous -composantes : pour permettre d’accéder filières bois et PFNL valorisés services du secteur productif : Ong performantes - Appui à la réforme de la aux IMF de manière efficace - Promotion de l’agriculture (voir - Appuyer le secteur privé fiscalité, de finances et du DSSR) domaine des collectivités - La promotion de l’industrie locales décentralisées donne priorité à des restructura- - Renforcement des capa- tions pour améliorer la compéti- cités des communes tivité du secteur agro-industriel - Renforcement des capa- et métallurgique et le dévelop- cités de l’administration pement du secteur privé, la lutte en décentralisation/. contre la contrebande et le dum - ping, la promotion de pépinières d’entreprises, le renforcement de la formation technique. - Tourisme et autres services marchands par l’amélioration de la formation ; partenariat avec le secteur privé pour infrastruc- tures et communication, déve- loppement du secteur immobilier et développement du tourisme, la promotion des TIC, le com - merce et l’intermédiation finan- cière (banques et IMF, notam- ment projet PPMF)

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Compo- Dynamisation du secteur privé : L’amélioration du cadre Renforcement des capacités Micro Infrastructures sociales Conservation de la biodiver- sante 3 incitatif : au niveau local : sité et valorisation des pro- - Améliorer l’accès des PME/PMI - Adapter l’environnement Inciter les populations bénéfi- - Les petites infrastructures duits fauniques : au financement réglementaire ciaires à mettre à profit l’initia- dans l’éducation, la santé, La biodiversité est conservée et - Respect de la charte des - Promouvoir le développe- tive et l’énergie locale dans la l’eau, les pistes faciles à les produits fauniques valorisés investissements ment du financement et réduction de la pauvreté : être réalisées seront finan- - Environnement favorable des marchés financiers - Amener les acteurs cées si elles sont intégrées - Formation dans le secteur locaux à s’impliquer dans le plan de développe- - Fonds d’aide aux PME/PMI - Développer les infra- - Renforcer les capacités ment villageois à étudier structures rurales techniques, organisation- - Les plus grandes infra- - Appui à la compétitivité nelles et managériales structures seront confiées - Rééquilibrage secteur public/ des communautés et des au FEICOM (pas le PADC) privé structures d’accompagne- ment - Animer et sensibiliser les acteurs pour mettre en place un cadre de concer- tation - Diffuser de nouveaux comportements et com - pétences au sein des populations (IMS/SIDA ; gestion des ressources naturelles) - Renforcer les IMF Compo- Développement des infrastruc- La gestion durable des Gestion, coordination et Coordination du projet : Gestion communautaire des sante 4 tures et ressources naturelles : ressources naturelles : Suivi Évaluation : ressources forestières et - L’amélioration et entretien des - Gérer de manière coor- Mettre à disposition les infor- - Financement d’une unité de fauniques : infrastructures de base, routes, donnée l’espace rural mations et outils de gestion et coordination nationale et de Les populations ont participé téléphone, électricité, l’eau, les - Gérer et valoriser les d’aide à la décision : deux unités de coordination aux prises de décisions et ports par mandat au secteur ressources 3 activités : provinciales bénéficient des retombées privé - Préserver et restaurer les - Développement des - Recrutement de l’assis - financières de la gestion de la - La promotion des bâtiments et potentiels de production. mécanismes de suivi- tance technique flore et faune pour un dévelop- travaux publics par contrats Le travail portera sur les res - évalaution - Financement du personnel pement communal soutenu avec le secteur privé et Etat sources ci-après : - Gestion de l’information d’appui - L’utilisation de techniques HIMO les sols, l’eau, les pâturages au sein du PNDP - Appui à la coordination - Ressources naturelles et envi- et la biodiversité - Communication au sein nationale de la composante ronnement du PNDP développement communau- taire du PNDP au MINAGRI Compo- Réduction de la pauvreté urbaine : Gestion environnementale sante 5 Par l’amélioration des conditions de des opérations d’aménage- vie en ville et le renforcement de son ment : rôle économique (habitat, insécurité, Le maintien des équilibres salubrité, infrastructures etc. écologiques est assuré.

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Compo- Renforcement et valorisation des Renforcement institutionnel, sante 6 ressources humaines : formation et recherche (Réforme institutionnelle du - Education et réduction de la secteur forestier ) : pauvreté par l’universalisation de l’enseignement primaire, La mise en oeuvre de la poli- l’amélioration de l’accès et de tique forestière du Cameroun l’équité dans les autres niveaux est efficace et l’amélioration de la qualité et la pertinence des enseigne- ments et l’amélioration de la gestion et de la gouvernance

- Santé et réduction de la pauvre- té: il s’agit de réduire les diffé- rentes mortalités (naissance, infantiles), la malnutrition, assu- rer les SSP à tous en 2015 et plan spéciaux anti-paludisme et anti-sida, les vaccinations, les médicaments, épidémies, pro- motion des mutuelles, santé de la mère et adolescent, alimen- tation et nutrition et maladies non transmissibles

- Autres politiques et stratégies sociales : protection social et solidarité nationale, promotion de l’égalité et équité des sexes, éducation sociale, emploi et besoins essentiels

- Création d’emplois et insertion des marginalisés par le HIMO, l’auto-emploi et AGR

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Compo- Renforcement du cadre institu- sante 7 tionnel et de la gouvernance par : - Promotion d’un cadre incitatif pour le secteur privé : Etat régulateur non acteur, information/formation, les lois, la privatisation etc.; - Partenariat entre acteurs public, privé, société civile et ONG en renforçant les administrations, les capacités de la société civile, les instances de concertation, des politiques concertées; - Gouvernance et lutte contre la corruption : avec un programme spécial Budget - Par l’Etat et l'Initiative PPTE Différents programmes seront Montage financier en cours : Budget de 12.8 milliards FCFA Evaluation définitive prévue et finan- - Les bailleurs élaborés et soumis à diffé- AFD : 50.00 mio Eur sur 7 ans (18.2 mio $ US) dont : pour 06/2003 cement - Le secteur privé rents bailleurs de fonds. BM : 5.00 mio $ US 64.3% FIDA (11.7 mio $US prêt) - La participation de la population FIDA : 11.75 mio $ US 9.7% bénéficiaires Les budgets seront préparés par les Coop. allemde : 8.75 mio $ US 20.7% instit. de microfinances plans sectoriels. Don japonais : 0.60 mio $ US 5.4% GoC. Les secteurs sociaux auront les bud- + gouvernement, etc. - soit gets les plus élevés (jusqu’à 90%) 121 mio $ US sur 15 ans

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DSRP (national) DSDSR (Secteur Rural) PNDP (MINEPAT) PADC (MINAGRI) PSFE (MINEF) Mécanis- - Le pilotage se fait de manière La stratégie sera exécutée Au niveau villageois : - Les villages élaboreront des - mes de participative d’où nécessité de sous formes de programmes La communauté s’organise en projets de manière gestion renforcer les capacités des notamment : un Comité de Concertation participative et soumettront acteurs - Le PNDP pour le déve- (CC) à la base et établit un des projets qui remonteront - L’exécution se fait le comité de loppement local plan de développement com- via les unités provinciales et supervision e de coordination de - Le développement des munautaire de manière parti- nationales, puis l’action gouvernementale pour le productions végétales, cipative (PDV) avec toutes les budgétisées franchissement du point d’achè- animales et halieutiques forces vives de la communau- - Des agences d’exécution vement et sur le plan technique avec 4 sous -programmes té. Le CC approuve les pro- réaliseront certaines le CTS que sont : jets, les envoie à la hiérarchie, interventions sur - Des mesures de suivi et des 1) les filières porteuses, reçoit les fonds, passe les négociation avec les indicateurs sont déterminés 2) le développement des marchés. communautés locales. - Ces mécanismes de suivi com- exploitations, Au niveau communal : - Un comité de pilotage prennent : le suivi d’exécution, 3) le développement des Comité Paritaire (Etat-bénéfi- interministériel définira les le suivi d’impact et le suivi parti- OPA, ciaires) d’Approbation et de politiques du projet ; cipatif 4) la modernisation des Supervision de Niveau Com - - Le suivi-évalaution interne - Un effort sera fait pour l’amélio- administrations, l’en- munal (CPASNC): sera participatif et y inclura ration de la production et diffu- seignement technique et 12 membres (5 Etat, 5 base et les communautés et sera sion d l’information statistique professionnel, la micro- 2 élus) approuve les projets et complété par des études finance suit. d’impact de consultants - La gestion de l’environ- Au niveau provincial (ou locaux. nement et des forets régional) : Cellule Provinciale du Programme(CPP), techni- ciens chargés de gérer des sous -traitances qui exécutent des interventions et Comité Provincial d’Approba- tion et de Supervision (CPAS) qui étudie les projets soumis par les communes et en assure le suivi. Au niveau national : Comité National de Pilotage (CNP) qui définit les politiques et rassemble ministères, béné- ficiaires (CC et communes), société civile, élus locaux/ nationaux et bailleurs et Cellule Nationale du Pro- gramme qui est l’exécutif chargé de gérer les sous - traitances et partenariats.

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Annex 3

Itinerary

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Time table of the IPDP of the PSFE Day No. Date Place Activity 1 31/7/03 Yaoundé Discussion with CED (Belmond Tchoumba/ Programme Manager & Samuel N’Guiffo/ Director), PROFORNAT (Mathias Heinze/ Senior technical advisor). 2 1/8/03 Yaoundé Discussion with CERAD (Patrice Logo/ Director), CODIBABIK (Jacques Ngang/ President) ECOFAC (Etienne Legue/ Conservator), SNV (Maryvonee Bretin/ Technical Advisor on social issues), INADES-Foundation and RACOPY (Elisabeth Fouda). 3 2/8/03 Yaoundé Literature review 3/8/03 4 4/8/03 Djoum, Abinga Transfer. Discussion with Baka representative (Emmanuel Minsolo) and Baka population in Abinga. 5 5/8/03 Meban 1, Discussion with Baka population in two UFAs and with Akonetyé representatives of these UFAs (COFA , Lorema&SOCIB). 6 6/8/03 Djoum, Discussion with the president of the forest committee - responsible Zoébéfam, for the distribution of the revenues from forestry taxes at regional Zoulameyong and village level (Akoulou Ndi/Mayor of Djoum) and MINAS (Joseph Roger Zo’onyaba Etoua/Divisional delegate Djoum) Discussion with Baka population near protected area. 7 7/8/03 Djoum Discussion with MINEF (Paul Réne Bibanga/Chef de Post de Djoum) and ECOFAC (Jean-Marie Akono Ndj/Lead Animator & Victor Baba Sassa/ Chef équipe principale de Antenne Sud). 8 8/8/03 Abong Mbang Transfer. Discussion with Baka representative (Hélène Aye Mondo/ASBAK). 9 9/8/03 To Yaoundé Discussion with AAPPEC (Sister Evelyn/Senior Advisor). Transfer. 10 10/8/03 Yaoundé Report writing. 11 11/8/03 Yaoundé Report writing. 12 12/8/03 Yaoundé Report writing.

13 (1/2) 27/8/03 Yaoundé Preparation of workshop 14 28/8/03 Yaoundé Workshop (1/2) 29/8/03 Yaoundé Integration of workshop recommendations and finalisation of report

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Stakeholder consulted

· Government of Cameroon Essaca Atsiga (Director of the department for marginalised population and victims; MINAS; Yaoundé). Joseph Roger Zo’onyaba Etoua (Divisional Delegate of MINAS; Djoum). Paul Réne Bibanga (Chef de Post MINEF de Djoum). Akoulou Ndi (Mayor of Djoum and president of forestery committee Djoum).

· Donor organisations, multilateral and bilateral agencies Etienne Legue (Conservator of Dja Biosphere Reserve (ECOFAC-MINEF), Yaoundé). Victor Baba Sassa (Chef équipe principale de Antenne Sud de ECOFAC-MINEF, Djoum). Jean-Marie Akono Ndj (Animateur Principal de Antenne Sud de ECOFAC-MINEF, Djoum). Maryvonee Bretin (Technical Advisor on social issues of the SNV, Yaoundé). Mathias Heinze (Senior technical advisor of PROFORNAT (GTZ), Yokadouma).

· Associations of the Baka and Kola Jacques Ngang (President of CODIBABIK, Yaoundé) Hélène Aye Mondo (President of ASBAK, Abong Mbang) Emmanuel Minsolo (Elected spokesman of the Baka in Djoum for the discussions with ECOFAC and MINEF concerning Dja biodiversity reserve).

· Non-governmental-organisations Belmond Tchoumba (Programme Manager CED; Yaoundé). Samuel N’Guiffo (Director CED; Yaoundé). Patrice Bigombe Logo (Director of CERAD; Yaoundé). Elisabeth Fouda (Desk officer in charge of pygmy population of INADES-Foundation, Yaoundé). Elisabeth Fouda (Coordinator of RACOPY, Yaoundé). Sister Evelyn (Senior Advisor of AAPPEC, Abong Mbang).

· Forestry companies (following the request of the respondents their names are not published here) COFA, Djoum Lorema&SOCIB, Djoum

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· Primary stakeholders (According to the request of the Baka and Kola interviewed are here and in the following most of the time only first names of interview partners provided) Abinga: Emmanuel Paul Jean-Paul Roger Marie Joséphine Bernadette Edit Meban 1: Robert Roger Joseph Emil Jean-Jacques Vincent Diane Marie Jane Akonetyé: Jean Paul Samson Jeremy Sophie Carole Zoébéfam: Vincent Bruno Emil Albert Magdalena Hélène Marie Yvonne Zoulameyong: Simon Robert Germaine Elizabeth Sylvie

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Annex 4

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Fisiy, C. 1996. Techniques of land acquisition: The concept of 'crown land' in colonial and post-colonial Cameroon. In: Debusmann, R. & Arnold, S. (Eds.) 1996. Land law and land ownership in Africa. Bayreuth: Bayreuth African Studies. Pp. 223-254. FPP (Forest peoples project) 2003. Indigenous people and protected areas in Africa, Forest people project report. Moreton-in-Marsh: FPP. Garcia, R.L. 1992. Cultural diversity and minority rights: A consummation devoutly to be demurred. In: Lynch, J. & Modgil, C. & Modgil, S. (eds.). Cultural diversity and the schools: Vol.4: Human rights, education and global responsibilities. Bristol: Falmer. Pp. 103-120. Grinker, R.R. 1994. Houses in the Rainforest – Ethnicity and Inequality among Farmers and Foragers in Central Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. Homan, R. 1992. Separate schools. In: Lynch, J. & Modgil, C. & Modgil, S. (eds.). Cultural diversity and the schools: Vol.1: Education for cultural diversity: Convergence and divergence. Bristol: Falmer. Pp. 59-72. Hladik, C.M. & Hladik, A. & Linares, O.F. & Pagezy, H. & Sempe, A. & Hadley, M. (Eds.) 1993. Tropical forests, people and food: Biocultural interaction and applications to development. Paris: Unesco. Inspection panel 2003. Report and Recommendation on Request for Inspection: Cameroon: Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project and Petroleum Environment Capacity Enhancement. Washington: World Bank Inspection Panel. Joiris, D.V. & Titi Nwel, P. 2002. Etude sectorielle des impacts sociaux et environnementaux du Programme sectoriel forêts et environnement. Report Final. Joiris, D.V. 1996. A comparable approach to hunting rituals among Baka. In: Kent, S. (ed.) Cultural diversity among the 20th century foragers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.245-275. Joiris, D.V. 1993. The mask that is hungry for yams : ethno-ecology of Disoscorea magenotiana among the Baka. In: Hladik et al. 633-642. Kaimowitz, D. 2003. Not by bread alone … Forests and rural livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Oksanen et. al 2003. Kamei, N. 2001. An educational project in the forest: schooling for the Baka children in Cameroon. In: African Study Monographs Suppl. 26: 185-195. Komatsu, K. 1998. The food cultures of the shifting cultivators in Central Africa: The diversity of food material. In: African Study Monographs Suppl. 25: 149-177. Koppert, G.J.A., 1991 - Rapport provisoire des enquêtes alimentaires de l'anthropométrie nutritionnelle des actogrammes et de la dépense énergétique (Yassa, Mvæ de la côte,

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Mvæ de la forêt, Pygmées Kola, Duupa, Koma, Massa, Mousey, Evodoula). Projet Anthropologie Alimentaire des Populations Camerounaises. ORSTOM, Yaoundé. Koppert, G.J.A., Dounias, E., Froment, A., Pasquet, P. 1993. Food consumption in three forest populations of the southern coastal area of Cameroon : Yassa, Mvae, Bakola. In: Hladik et al. 295-320. Kretsinger, A. 1993. The health care unit for the BaAka in the Dzanga-Sanga dense forest reserve. Bangui: Health Care Unit Consultancy report. Lee, R.B. & DeVore, I. (eds.) 1968. Man the Hunter. Chicago: University Press. Lee, R.B. & Hitchcock, R.K. 2001. African hunter-gatherers: survival, history, and the politics of identity. In: African Study Monographs Suppl. 26: 257-280. Leurat, N. 1998. Minorités et organisation de l’état : Actes du quatrième colloque international de la common law en Français. Bruxelles : Bruylant. Lewin, R. 1888. New views emerge on hunter and gatherers. Science 240:1146-1148. Lewis, J. 2003. Project Evaluation of ‘Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas: from principles to practice’ A Project run by the Forest Peoples Project. Moreton-in- Marsh: FPP. Logo, P.B. in press. Les pygmées du Cameroun méridional forestier: Mythes et réalités de l’ajustement à la modernité. Yaoundé : Presses de ‘UCAC. Logo, P.B. 2003. The decentralised forestry taxation system in Cameroon: Local management and state logic. Washington: World Resource Institute. Logo, P.B. 2002. Le problème « pygmée » : Le besoin d’une citoyenneté multiculturelle. In : Le cahiers de mutations 5 (Septembre): 15. Loung, J-F. in press. Le peuplement pygmée au Cameroun. In : Logo pp.9-18. Loung, J-F. 1991. La politique de sédentarisation et d’intégration socio-économique des Pygmées du communauté nationale au Cameroun. Yaoundé : Ish. Matthijs, Y. 1999. ICRA Suisse s’engage aux côtés des Pygmées Bagyéli du Sud Cameroun. In : International Commission for the right of aboriginal people. 34 : 11. MINEF 2002. Programme de renforcement pour la gestion de la faune et des aires protégées au Cameroun. Yaoundé: MINEF. Ngima, G.M. 2001. The relationship between the Bakola and the Bantu peoples of the coastal regions of Cameroon and their perception of commerical forest exploitation. African Study Monographs Suppl. 26: 209-235. Ngomba, C. 2003. PRSP : A new approach to poverty reduction. In : Oksanen et al 2003.

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Ngoun J, 1999. Pygmies and Industria l Logging: The Case of the Bagyeli of Southern Cameroun. Paper presented at the International Conference of Forest Ecosystems and Development in the South and East of Cameroun. Yaoundé, 16-17 February 1999. Nguiffo, S. 2001. Une seule foret pour deux rêves : Les contraintes des Baka de Miatta face a la réserve de faune de Dja. Yaoundé : CED-Report. Oket, F. 1984. L’intégration socio-économique des pygmées du Cameroun : Cas de la province de l’Est. Marseille : Presse de la université Marseille 2. Oksanen, T. & Mersmann, C. 2003. Forests in poverty reduction strategies – An assessment of PRSP Processes in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Oksanen et al. 2003. Oksanen, T., Pajari, B. & Tuomasjukka, T. (eds.) 2003. Forests in poverty reduction strategies : Capturing the potentials. Joensuu: EFI Proceedings Nr. 47/2003. Pageezy, H. 1988 Contraintes nutritionnelles en Milieu forestier équatorial liées à la saisonnalité et à la Reproduction: Réponses Biologiques et Stratégies de subsistance chez les Ba-Oto et les Ba-Twa du village de la Nzalekenga (lac tumba, zaïre). Thèse de doctorat. Université d'Aix-Marseille III. PADC (Programme d’Appui au developpement communautaire) 2003.Yaoundé : MINAGRI. PNDP 2002a. Programme national de développement participatif : Document du programme. Yaoundé. PNDP 2002b. Programme national de développement participatif : Manuel de exécution. Yaoundé. PNDP 2003. Plan de développement des people pygmées de la PNDP. Yaoundé : MINEPAT 2003. Possey, D.A. 1997. National Laws and International Agreements affecting Indigenous and Local Knowledge: Conflict or Conciliation? APFT (Avenir des peuples des forêts tropicales) report - Online version. PSFE 2003a. Programme sectoriel forêts et environnement: Document de Programme (18/6/2003). Yaoundé : MINEF. PSFE 2003b. Presentation des composantes du programme sectoriel forêts et environnement (18/6/2003). Yaoundé : MINEF. PSFE 2003c. Etude sectorielle des impacts sociaux et environnementaux du programme sectoriel forêts et environnement (1/7/2003). Yaoundé : MINEF. PSFE 2003d. Forestry and Environment Sector Programme (FESP) (3/01/2003). Yaoundé: MINEF.

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Robinson, J.G. & Bennett, E.L. (Eds.) Hunting for Sustainability in tropical forests, Colombia University Press, 233-250, New York, 2000. Sahlins, M. 1968. Notes on the original affluent society. In: Lee, R.B. & DeVore, I. (eds.) 1968. Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine. Pp.85-89. Schebesta, P. 1938-1958. Die Bambuti-Pygmaen von Ituri. Brussels: Boekhandel Falk & Zoon. Schmidt-Soltau, K. 2002. Human Activities in and around the Takamanda Forest Reserve: Socio-economic Baseline Survey. GTZ-Consultancy report. Schmidt-Soltau, K. 2003. Conservation related resettlement in Central Africa: environmental and social risks. In: Development and Change (34)3:525-551. Schneemann J. 1994. Étude sur l’utilisation de l’arbre moabi dans l’est-cameroun. Yaoundé : SNV. Schweinfurth, G. 1873. The heart of Africa: Three years’ travel and adventures in the unexplored regions of Central Africa from 1868-1871. London: Samson Low, Marston, Low and Searle. SIL 2000. Cameroon. In: Grimes, B.F. (ed.) Ethnologue, 13th Edition. Online Version: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Simo, J.M. & Nkwi, P.N. 1997. Nature and Human Development Among the Baka Pygmies Concepts and Perceptions. Man in nature – online version Sommet 1999. Sommet des chefs d’état d’Afrique centrale sur la conservation et la gestion durable des forets tropicales: Déclaration de Yaoundé. Yaoundé: WWF-Press. Ternaya, A. 1948. Les pygmées Baka de l'est du Cameroun. Lyon: Les Missions Catholoique. Turnbull, C.M. 1961. The forest people. New York: Simon & Schuster. Tsuru, D. 1998. Diversity of ritual spirit performances among the Baka pygmies in southeastern Cameroon. In: African Study Monographs Suppl. 25: 47-84. UNDP 2002. Human development report 2002. Deepening democracy in a fragmented world. New York: UNDP-Press. UN 2002. World summit on sustainable development: Plan of implementation. New York: UN-Press. Vallois, H.V. & Marquer, V. 1976. Le pygmées Baka du Cameroun : Anthropologie et ethnographie avec annexe démographique. Paris : Edition du Muséum. World Bank 1999. Chad export project Cameroon portion- environmental management plan - Volume 4 - Indigenous Peoples Plan - May 1999. World Bank 2002a. Safeguard policies: Selected policies and materials. CD-Rom.

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Annex 5

Maps

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Map.1. The different ethnic groups in the western part of the Congo basin (Bahuchet 1993)

Langues et ethnies de l'ouest du bassin congolais Groupes Pygmées 1 Basa 29 Gbaya-buli 57 Ngae 7 Kola-Gyeli 2 Bakoko 30 Yangere 58 Tèè A Baka 3 Batanga 31 Pomo 59 Bongom B Aka-Mbenzele 4 Yasa 32 Bogongo 60 Likuba C Aka 5 Mabea 33 Ngundi 61 Bobangi D Mikaya 6 Ngumba 34 Pande 62 Mahongwe E Bongo 7 Kola (Gyeli) 35 Ngondi 63 Shake 8 Mvae 36 Bofi 64 Aduma 9 Bulu 37 Ngando 65 Kande 10 Ntumu 38 Ngbaka-mabo 66 Mpongwe 11 Beti 39 Mbati 67 Kele 12 Fang 40 Monzombo 68 Galwa 13 Fang-Nzaman 41 Enyele 69 Fang-Betsi 14 Nzem 42 Bondongo 70 Fang-Okak 15 Nzime 43 Bakwele 71 Sangu 16 Bajwe 44 Yesua 72 Nzebi 17 Maka 45 Mbomotaba 73 Mbamba 18 Kako 46 Mbonjo 74 Mbangwe 19 Kwakum 47 Babole 75 Ndumbo 20 Mbimu 48 Bongili 76 Tsogo 21 Bijugi 49 Bomoali 77 Sira 22 Mpopom 50 Bomasa 78 Punu 23 Mbomam 51 Likwala 79 Lumbu 24 Konabembe 52 Kota 80 Tsangi 25 Bangando 53 Mpo 81 Kombe 26 Esel 54 Mboshi 82 Benga 27 Gbaya-biyanda 55 Mboko 83 Bujeba 28 Gbaya-bokare 56 Mbete

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Map.2 : The forest area of Cameroon with the territory of the IP (red boundary for Kola and Baka blue boundary for Aka), the areas with existing IPDPs (yellow boundary – the line from Kribi to the north-east indicates the pipeline) and the area visited in the research (this research blue, IPDP of the PNDP green). The PSFE is a national programme and will become active on the entire territory of Cameroon at the same time.

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Annex 6

Mémorandum sur l’allégement des procédures de délivrance des pièces officielles aux populations Pygmées

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Annex 7

Abbreviations and dictionary

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ABREVIATIONS & SIGLES

ABBREVIATION

AFD French Agency for Development ANAFOR : National Forestry Development Agency (Former ONADEF) AP : Protected Areas AT : Technical Assistance BE : Consulting Firm BPC : Provincial Control Units CAMRI : Support Unit for the Implementation of Institutional Reform CFC : Community Forestry Unit CIDE : Information and Documentation Centre COV : Committee for the Steering and monitoring (of FESP) CPS : Permanent follow-up committee (of the Yaounde declaration) DAG : Department of General Affairs DCP : Department of Co-operation and Programmes DF : Department of Forestry DFAP : Department of Wildlife and Protected Areas DFID : British Co-operation DPT : Department of Promotion and Processing DRSP Poverty reduction strategy paper DSDSR Sector strategy for rural development EN : National Team (FESP) FAP : Wildlife and Protected Areas FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisation GEF : Global Environmental Fund GRH : Human Resource Management GTZ : German Co-operation GW : Global Witness IP Indigenous People IPDP Indigenous People Development Plan K : Thousands M : Millions MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture MINAT Ministry of Territorial Adminstration MINEF : Ministry of the Environment and Forestry MINEPAT Ministry of Economic Affairs, programming and region development MINFIB : Ministry of Finance and the Budget MINESUP : Ministry of Higher Education MINFOPRA : Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reform MINREST : Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research

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MINTOUR : Ministry of Tourism OI : Independent Observer ONADEF : National Forestry Authority ONG : Non governmental organisation PAU : Emergency Action Plan PCGBC : National Bio-diversity Conservation and Management Programme PCPE : Environmental Monitoring And protection Station PFC : Forestry and Hunting Station PFNL : Non-Timber Forest Products PPTE : Heavily Indebted Poor Country PSG : Simple Management Plans PSFE : Forestry and Environment Sector Programme PSRF : Forestry Revenue Securisation Programme PTA : Annual Work Plan RH : Human Resources RI : Institutional Review SC : Central Services SDAF : Sub Department for Approvals and Taxation SDIAF : Sub Department for Inventories and Forestry Management SDPT : Sub department for timber promotion and processing SDRC : Sub department for regulation control (former SDIAF) SE : External services or executive secretariat (GEF) SG : Secretariat General SIGIF : Forestry Information Management Computer System SNV : Netherlands Co-operation SPE : Environmental Technique Unit UCC : Control Unit UFA : Forestry Management Unit UTO : Operational Technique Unit VC : Sale of Standing Volume ZICGC : Synergetic Interest Zone (Community Management) = communal hunting zone

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LEXIQUE DICTIONARY Français English Province / Entité administrative créée lors de la réforme Province Région constitutionnelle de 1972 placé sous l’autorité d’un Gouverneur. Le Cameroun en compte actuellement 10. Une loi en préparation prévoit l’installation au niveau des provinces de gouvernements régionaux décentralisés. Département Entité administrative à l’intérieur de la province et Division placée sous l’autorité d’un préfet. Il y en a 58 au Cameroun. Arrondissement In rural areas subdivisions and rural councils are Subdivision covering the same territory Commune Collectivité territoriale décentralisée. Il existe au Council Cameroun 339 institutions communales parmi lesquelles 336 communes. Lamidat / Entité de l’autorité traditionnelle dont les contours ne Customary Canton recoupent pas obligatoirement ceux de la commune, placé court area sous l’autorité d’un chef de premier ou deuxième degré. Village Petite agglomération rurale, parfois associée à des Village hameaux ou campements sur un terroir commun placé sous l’autorité d’un chef traditionnel de troisième degré. Plusieurs villages peuvent se trouver dans une commune. Le nombre de villages est estimé à 13.000 pour l’ensemble du Cameroun. Communauté Groupe de personnes qui se reconnaissent quelque chose Community en commun, le plus souvent un passé, une culture, un territoire, des ressources, des contraintes, et un avenir ou des aspirations communs. Cette entité, compte tenu de la diversité du Cameroun, correspondra dans certaines régions au village, mais peut avoir ailleurs une autre réalité. Béné ficiaires Fait référence aux communes, aux communautés et aux Beneficiaries prestataires auxquels s’adressent directement les micro- projets et les activités de renforcement financés par le programme. Développement Approche de développement participatif niveau Participatory participatif communal et communauté à la base. development Prestataires de Ils exécutent les services pour lesquels ils ont été Service services sélectionnés et sont liés au Programme par contrat. provider Seront considérés comme prestataires potentiels les organisations à but non lucratif de type ONG (nationales ou internationales implantées au Cameroun), les bureaux privés et les consortiums d’organismes.

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Annex 8

Workshop Report

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REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Paix – Travail – Patrie Peace – Work – Fatherland ------MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ET DES FORETS AND FORESTRY ------PROGRAMME SECTORIEL FORETS- FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT SECTORIAL ENVIRONNEMENT PROGRAMME

ATELIER DE RESTITUTION ETUDE SUR LE PLAN DE DEVELOPPEMENT DES PEUPLES PYGMEES : PDPP DU PSFE (Yaoundé, le 28 Août 2003)

1. INTRODUCTION Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre du Programme Sectoriel Forêts Environnement (PSFE), Il s’est avéré nécessaire de mener une étude sur « le plan de développement des peuples Pygmées », peuples autochtones, groupe minoritaire habitant la forêt camerounaise ceci dans le but de proposer des mesures d’atténuation des impacts socio - environnementaux qui résulteraient de la mise en œuvre de ce programme à leur niveau. La séance de restitution de cette étude qui a eu lieu ce 28 Août 2003 était structurée de la manière suivante : § Présentation des participants ; § Mot Introductif sur le PSFE ; § Exposé du rapport de l’étude ; § Discussions

Une quinzaine de participants ont pris part à cette séance de restitution parmi lesquels : des Responsables de l’Administration, des Partenaires au développement, des Responsables des ONG, des Représentants des associations des Peuples autochtones (Association des Baka de Lomié et de Mouloundou). La liste des participants est jointe en annexe.

II. RESULTATS Prenant la parole pour la circonstance à la suite de l’introduction faite par la modératrice des travaux Mireille NDANCHA, le Pilote de l’EN/PSFE Samuel MAKON, a fait une brève présentation du PSFE dont l’essentiel revenait à répondre aux questions ci-après : Ø Qu’est ce que le PSFE Ø Pourquoi le PSFE Ø Qu’est ce qu’on peut attendre du PSFE Ø Son impact sur le développement des peuples autochtones

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Le Dr Kaï Schmidt-Soltau Consultant indépendant, retenu pour cette étude qui a duré quatre semaines, a ensuite procédé à l’exposé des résultats de ses travaux.

Il a expliqué l’objet de l’étude, son importance dans la mise en œuvre du PSFE et par rapport au processus de réduction de la pauvreté; puis dressé un état des lieux sur la situation actuelle des peuples autochtones et enfin, fait des propositions d’actions à mener pour atténuer les risques majeurs pouvant résulter de la mise en œuvre du PSFE.

Pour ce faire, il a proposé une série de 16 activités s’établissant sur cinq domaines d’opportunités : § Le domaine des opportunités légales égales § Domaine des opportunités techniques égales § Domaine des opportunités financières égales § Domaine des opportunités organisationnelles égales § Domaine des opportunités culturelles égales Le coût total pour la mise en œuvre de ce plan de développement est estimé à volume financier d’environ 2 Million de Dollars US.

Les discussions ont ensuite porté sur des questions de compréhension et des contributions en vue d’améliorer le rapport final. a) Questions de compréhension v Le lien entre ce plan de développement des peuples autochtones(Pygmées) et la gestion durable que propose le PSFE ; v La méthodologie de travail adoptée par le consultant. b) Contributions Les questions des participants ont porté sur : v La clarification du budget de certaines activités (ex : activités 4, 13) ; v L’avis des peuples autochtones concernant l’attribution des forêts communautaires et des zones de chasse communautaire spécifiques à ces communautés ; v La représent ativité effective et efficace des peuples autochtones dans les comités de gestion des forêts communautaires. (cas des forêts communautaires ayant les bénéficiaires mixtes : Bantou/Pygmées) ; v Le problème de la tenure foncière (le manuel des procédures d’acquisition des forêts communautaires ne prend pas en compte la gestion de l’espace mais seulement celle des ressources forestières ; v Activer la discussion politique sur la question de droit foncier afin de l’adapter à la donne actuelle ; v Le droit d’usage des peuples autochtones dans le domaine forestier permanent (UFA Aires protéges) ; v Tenir compte de la complexité de l’activité relative à l’établissement des cartes d’identité en prenant en considération (ou comme exemple) les expériences ayant eu lieu dans la province du Sud dans le cadre du Projet Pipeline ; v Elargir le renforcement des capacités aux autres parties prenantes ; v Introduire quelques axes d’actions concernant certaines activités proposées pour permettre au MINEF maître d’ouvrage d’avoir une orientation pour ses actions ; v Mettre en annexe le document de l’OD 4.20 ; v Tenir compte de l’aspect juridique évoqué dans l’OD 4.20 ;

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v Clarifier le rôle des différents comités proposés dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de cette étude, et remplacer l’entité de supervision internationale par une entité d’appui technique internationale ; v Mentionner / faire allusion au budget de fonctionnement du comité dans le rapport final.

CONCLUSION Toutes ces contributions devront être prises en compte par le consultant dans la rédaction de son rapport final qui devra être disponible dans une période de 14 jours.

MIREILLE NDANCHA Consultante Chargée de Communication