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Lunfardo in Argentinian-Porteño Communities

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Lunfardo in Argentinian-Porteño Communities LUNFARDO IN ARGENTINIAN-PORTEÑO COMMUNITIES: ATTITUDES AND LEVELS OF LEXICAL RECOGNITION _______________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State University _______________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Spanish _______________ by Adriana D’Adamo Moosekian Summer 2016 iii Copyright © 2016 by Adriana D’Adamo Moosekian All Rights Reserved iv ~Nunca me he querido ensuciar para darme corte: me llamarán güífaro; pero lunfardo nunca. (I’ve never acted improperly to receive attention: they may call me Italian, but never a thief.) --Piaggio, 1887 v ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Lunfardo in Argentinian-Porteño Communities: Attitudes and Levels of Lexical Recognition by Adriana D’Adamo Moosekian Master of Arts in Spanish San Diego State University, 2016 Keywords: Lunfardo, Argentina, lexicon, Spanish varieties, language attitudes This investigation explores the Argentinian Spanish variety known as Lunfardo among Argentinians from the greater region of the Rio de la Plata. While texts that have served to record this lexicon date back to the late 19th century, the literature on Lunfardo is sparse in exploring its contemporary status. This study examines quantitative and qualitative data collected from speakers in order to determine the extent to which Lunfardo lexical items are recognized as distinctive from standard Argentinian Spanish, and investigates some of the attitudes of these speakers towards this historically stigmatized variety. The analysis also takes into consideration the potential influence of sociolinguistic factors in speakers’ attitudes and levels of lexical recognition of Lunfardo. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 Historical Background .............................................................................................2 The Impact of Immigration ................................................................................2 Geography & Evolution .....................................................................................4 Defining Lunfardo ...................................................................................................5 Lunfardo in Literature and Music ............................................................................7 Lunfardo in Popular Literature ................................................................................7 Lunfardo in Popular Music ................................................................................8 Lunfardo’s Role in Present-Day Argentina .............................................................9 Role in Buenos Aires Spanish ..........................................................................10 Linguistic Characteristics of Lunfardo ..................................................................11 Lunfardo’s Lexical Sources ...................................................................................12 Motivation for the Study ........................................................................................15 2 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................16 Goal and Objectives ...............................................................................................17 Corpus Compilation ...............................................................................................17 Description of Texts ...............................................................................................18 Data Collection Instruments ..................................................................................19 Interview ..........................................................................................................19 Word Recognition Test (WRT) .............................................................................20 vii Confirming the Status of Target Words as Part of Lunfardo Lexicon .............21 WRT Fragments by Genre ...............................................................................22 Word Recognition Test Instructions ................................................................23 Data Collection Sites..............................................................................................23 Informant Recruitment .....................................................................................24 Participants .......................................................................................................24 3 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................26 Word Recognition ..................................................................................................26 Differences Between Sub-Groups: Statistical Analysis .........................................28 Age and Word Recognition .............................................................................28 Education Level and Word Recognition ..........................................................28 Gender and Word Recognition ........................................................................29 Location and Word Recognition ......................................................................30 Italian Family Background and Word Recognition .........................................31 Lunfardo Words With Highest/Lowest Level of Recognition ...............................31 Top Lunfardo Words by Location ...................................................................32 Top Lunfardo Words by Gender ......................................................................32 Interview Data Analysis .........................................................................................34 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................42 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................46 APPENDICES A INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................................................48 B BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ............................................................................................49 C WORD RECOGNITION TEST ..................................................................................50 D TEXTS IN THE CORPUS...........................................................................................52 E LUNFARDO GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................54 F IRB APPROVED CONSENT FORM .........................................................................60 viii LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. Examples of Lunfardo Words in WRT ......................................................................21 Table 2. Words in WRT per Genre ..........................................................................................22 Table 3. Average Number of Lunfardo Words Recognized (by Sociolinguistic Factors) and Standard Deviations ................................................................................26 Table 4. Top/Bottom Words Recognized in Overall Participant Pool .....................................32 Table 5. Top/Bottom Words Recognized in Location .............................................................33 Table 6. Top/Bottom Recognized in Gender ...........................................................................33 ix LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Age and Word Recognition ......................................................................................29 Figure 2. Location and Word Recognition ..............................................................................30 x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The fieldwork for this study was supported by a research grant from the Tinker Foundation. This project was additionally made possible by the collaboration of several outstanding professors at San Diego State University, and for the many contacts and participants in each of the research sites in Argentina; and I would like to acknowledge them here: I would first like to thank my thesis committee members at San Diego State University who are distinguished scholars and supportive, patient and responsive advisors. Working with these incredible people has enhanced my academic and professional development. To Dr. Eniko Csomay, for your motivation to disseminate the information in my study to the academic community. To Dr. Lauren Schmidt, for your expertise that equipped me with the tools for a robust statistical analysis, and for your careful attention of my investigational design. To my committee chair and advisor, Dr. Alfredo Urzúa Beltran, whose support and mentorship made this project possible. Thank you for your encouragement, for believing in my idea and for helping this project take its form from the start. Also, thank you for guiding me to better organize and more clearly articulate my elaborate
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