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“Nunn-Lugar” Cooperative Threat Reduction Program: an Effective Regime to Stem Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

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“Nunn-Lugar” Cooperative Threat Reduction Program: an Effective Regime to Stem Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction THE “NUNN-LUGAR” COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION PROGRAM: AN EFFECTIVE REGIME TO STEM PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION A Ph.D. Dissertation by AYLİN G. GÜRZEL Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara May 2012 THE “NUNN-LUGAR” COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION PROGRAM: AN EFFECTIVE REGIME TO STEM PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by AYLİN G. GÜRZEL In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPY in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2012 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope, and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. ……………………………… Asst. Prof. Özgür ÖZDAMAR Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope, and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. ………………………………… Prof. Dr. Mustafa KİBAROĞLU Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope, and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. …………………………... Assoc. Prof. Pınar BİLGIN Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope, and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. ……………………… Asst. Prof. Pınar İPEK Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope, and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations. ………………………. Asst. Prof. Başak İNCE Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences ……………………. Prof. Dr. Erdal EREL Director ABSTRACT THE “NUNN-LUGAR” COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION PROGRAM: AN EFFECTIVE REGIME TO STEM PROLIFERATION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Aylin G. Gürzel PhD in International Relations Supervisor: Assistant Prof. Dr. Özgür Özdamar May 2012 This dissertation argues that the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program, which is designed to curb nuclear proliferation, has become a security regime. Since the end of the Cold War, the Nunn-Lugar CTR program has dismantled nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in the former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. United State’s recurring discord with Russia did not hinder the continuation of this strategic cooperation. CTR was a notable exception because it continued to be renewed every seven years for more than 20 years, even during the Kosovo crisis, Georgian conflict and other tensions between the U.S. and Russian Federation. The United States further expanded the Nunn-Lugar principles, norms and rules to other regions of world. It became a robust security regime by also addressing new types of threats. Nunn-Lugar eliminated bureaucratic and red tape burdens on the Defense Threat Reduction Agency throughout the post-Cold War. The Nunn-Lugar destroyed a chemical weapons stockpile in Albania. It is also given the resources and flexibility to work with countries such as Pakistan and trying to cooperate with North Korea if a future agreement allows it. Nunn-Lugar has expanded so as to provide nuclear security by assisting countries in securing fissile material and nuclear weapons, and supporting countries countering attacks concerning weapons of mass destruction. In 2002, Nunn-Lugar model has been adapted by Global Partnership Against Weapons of Mass Destruction by G-8 countries in Canada. In this context, 23 industrialized countries joined forces to dismantle nuclear submarines and eliminate chemical weapons in Russia. Nunn- Lugar as well as other initiatives such as Global Partnership is still in force and will be renewed for another 10 years. Keywords: Security Regime, US-Russian Strategic Cooperation, Global Partnership Against Weapons of Mass Destruction, Nuclear Security, Nuclear Non-proliferation. iii ÖZET NUNN-LUGAR PROGRAMI: KİTLE İMHA SİLAHLARININ YAYILMASININ ÖNLENMESİNE İLİŞKİN YAPILANAN GÜVENLİK REJİMİ AYLİN G. GÜRZEL DOKTORA TEZİ, ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BÖLÜMÜ Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özgür Özdamar Mayıs 2012 Bu tezde Nunn-Lugar Ortak Tehdit Azaltma (CTR) Programının bir güvenlik sistemi haline dönüştüğü ileri sürülmektedir. Soğuk Savaşın bitişinden bu yana Nunn-Lugar CTR programı eski Sovyetler Birliğindeki nükleer, kimyasal ve biyolojik silahları imha etmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Amerika’nın Rusya ile yaşadığı gerginliklere rağmen iki ülke arasındaki stratejik ortaklık yirmi seneden fazla bir süredir hiç kesintiye uğramamıştır. Kosova, Gürcistan uzlaşmazlığında ve diğer gerginliklerde de program devam etmeyi sürdürmüştür. Bu süre zarfında, ABD Nunn-Lugar ilkeleri ve kurallarını dünyanın diğer bölgelerinde de yaygınlaştırmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çerçevede Nunn-Lugar yeni tehditleri de kapsayacak şekilde güçlü bir güvenlik sistemine dönüşmüştür. Nunn-Lugar, Savunma ve Tehdit Azaltma Kurumunun Soğuk Savaş boyunca oluşan kırmızı çizgiler ve uyguladığı resmi formaliteleri ortadan kaldırmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Nunn-Lugar sayesinde Arnavutluktaki bütün kimyasal silahlar yok edilmiştir. Ayrıca, gelecek dönemlerde yapılacak anlaşmaların izin vermesi kaydıyla, Pakistan gibi ülkelerde tehdit azaltma çalışmaları ve Kuzey Kore ile işbirliği çabaları için gerekli kaynaklar sağlanmıştır. Bu anlaşmanın kapsamı genişletilmiş olup başka ülkelerin de nükleer silahlarını ve nükleer silah yapımında kullanılabilir uranyum ve plütonyum güvenliği artırmıştır. Bu kapsamda Nunn-Lugar modeli örnek alınarak Küresel Ortaklık (Global Partnership) ortak tehdit azaltma anlaşması ilk önce G-8 sanayileşmiş ülkeler tarafından 2002'de Kanada da imzalanmıştır. Daha sonra da toplam 23 ülke, bu çerçevede, Rusya'daki nükleer denizaltı ve kimyasal silahları elimine etme etkinliğine girişmişlerdir. Nunn-Lugar güvenlik rejiminin bir türevi olan Küresel Ortaklık hala yürürlülükte olan iki anlaşmadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Güvenlik Rejimi, Amerikan-Rus Stratejik İlişkileri, Kitle İmha Silahları, Nükleer Güvenlik. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take pleasure in recording my heartfelt gratitude to all those who were involved in the writing of this dissertation. I would like to thank, first and foremost, to my former supervisor Professor Mustafa Kibaroğlu for believing in me and giving me outmost support. I also would like to wholeheartedly thank my supervisor Özgür Özdamar who sustained supporting my work when Professor Kibaroglu left Bilkent University. I would like to thank Professor Hasan Ünal who was my supervisor in the master’s program and the first two years of my PhD program. I owe special thanks to Professor Dilek Önkal who has been there for me since the very beginning and have supported me constantly throughout my studies. I would like to thank my Department Chair Associate Professor Pinar Bilgin and Director of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences Professor Erdel Erel, for their guidance and encouragement. I have appreciated the support of Professor Orhan Güvenen, who was incredibly helpful in motivating me, and he gave me outmost support when I needed it. I am grateful for Assistant Professor Başak İnce for giving me moral support. I feel obliged to express my gratitude to the Russian government that gave me a grant to improve my Russian at the Pushkin Institute in Moscow and provided me access of necessary sources as well as the facilities they provided for extensive v archive search. I would also like to thank Charles Ferguson, who was supportive throughout this process. I have very much appreciated the contributions of Robert Einhorn and Guy Roberts, Professor William Tobey and Zafar Navaz Jaspal as well as many others. I would like to acknowledge the incredibly valuable assistance of the individuals I interviewed. Many thanks go to my sister and father as well as friends and loved ones for moral support. Thanks for everyone for their support. Aylin G. Gürzel vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................iii ÖZET........................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... vii ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................... 13 2.1. United States-Russian Strategic Relationship: U.S. nuclear policy making ......................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program Applications and Evolution: Major the U.S. Non-proliferation Assistance Programs to Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan ................................................... 38 2.2.1. Legal Framework of Nunn-Lugar (CTR) Program ................................ 38 2.2.2. Funding of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
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