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Interpretación Constitucional Plan Nacional De Formación Y Capacitación De La Rama Judicial

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Interpretación Constitucional Plan Nacional De Formación Y Capacitación De La Rama Judicial INTERPRETACIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL PLAN NACIONAL DE FORMACIÓN Y CAPACITACIÓN DE LA RAMA JUDICIAL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LA JUDICATURA SALA ADMINISTRATIVA Presidente FRANCISCO ESCOBAR HENRÍQUEZ Vicepresidente JESAEL ANTONIO GIRALDO CASTAÑO LUCÍA ARBELÁEZ DE TOBÓN JOSÉ ALFREDO ESCOBAR ARAÚJO CARLOS ENRIQUE MARÍN VÉLEZ HERNANDO TORRES CORREDOR Magistrados ESCUELA JUDICIAL "RODRIGO LARA BONILLA" GLADYS VIRGINIA GUEVARA PUENTES Directora Consejo Superior de la Judicatura SalaAdm'nisirativn ESCUELA JUDICIAL UNIVERSIDAD "Rodrigo Lara Bonilla" NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA ís DIEGO EDUARDO LÓPEZ MEDINA INTERPRETACIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL 2" EDICIÓN CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LA JUDICATURA SALA ADMINISTRATIVA ESCUELA JUDICIAL 'RODRIGO LARA BONILLA" ISBN: 958-971047-4-1 © DIEGO EDUARDO LÓPEZ MEDINA © CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LA JUDICATURA, 2006 Derechos exclusivos de publicación y distribución de la obra Calle 85 No. 11-96 pisos 6 y 7. www.ramajudicial.gov.co Primera edición: mayo de 2006 con un tiraje de 3.000 ejemplares Diseño de cubierta: Stephan Acuña Aguirre Composición: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Convenio 090 de 2004 Correctora de estilo: Dra. Gladys Jaimes de Casadiego Diagramación electrónica: Olga Lucía Cardozo Herreño Impresión Universidad Nacional de Colombia Unibiblos [email protected] Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Impreso en Colombia Printed in Colombia CONTENIDO PRESENTACIÓN xl" INTRODUCCIÓN UNIDAD 1 EL ARTE Y LA TEORÍA DE LA INTERPRETACIÓN JURÍDICA 13 1. La teoría tradicional de la interpretación de la ley 14 A. Introducción: escritura e interpretación 14 B. La "invención" de la hermenéutica jurídica moderna 15 II. La interpretación "moderna": fines, consecuencias e intereses en la interpretación jurídica 18 III. Interpretación e identidad personal 23 UNIDAD 2 LOS MÉTODOS DE INTERPRETACIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL EN COLOMBIA 27 1. La aplicación judicial de la Constitución: supremacía de la ley versus control judicial de constitucionalidad 27 II. Los m&odos de interpretación constitucional 33 A. El textualismo o literalismo 33 B. Historicismo y originalismo 34 C. Interpretación sitemática y finalista 36 UNIDAD 3 PONDERACIÓN, BALANCEO Y TESTS 54 1. El nacimiento del "conflictivismo" en la interpretación jurídica: la jurisprudencia de intereses 55 II. El conflictivismo en interpretación constitucional: el aporte de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos 59 II!. El conflictivismo constitucional en Colombia 66 lx UNIDAD 4 VINCULATORIEDAD DEL PRECEDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL 73 1. Introducción a la técnica del precedente constitucional 73 II. La vinculatoriedad del precedente constitucional 96 A. El valor histórico de la "jurisprudencia" en el derecho colombiano: el articulo 4o de la Ley 169 de 1896 97 B. La «doctrina constitucional" contemporánea 100 C. Desarrollos recientes 104 D. La reconstrucción de la "doctrina probable" 105 E. Hacia un régimen único del valor de la jurisprudencia 106 F. La interpretación contemporánea de la "doctrina probable" y de las "decisiones erróneas" 109 UNIDAD 5 ORGANIZANDO LA JURISPRUDENCIA CITACIÓN TÉCNICA, ANÁLISIS CITACIONAL Y SENTENCIAS HITO 114 1. El concepto de "línea jurisprudencial" 114 II. La citación técnica y anti-técnica de la jusrisprudencia 116 A. Caracterización preliminar 116 B. Tipología de citas jurisprudenciales 119 1. Citaciones analógicas estrechas y amplias 119 2. Citas conceptuales o temáticas 120 3. Citaciones caóticas o meramente retóricas 121 III. Las altas cortes en números 126 IV. La sentencia arquimédica 131 V. La teoría de los "escenarios constitucionales" 138 UNIDAD 6 FORMACIÓN DE LINEAS JURISPRUDENCIALES 143 1. Formación de líneas jurisprudenciales 143 x UNIDAD 7 INTERPRETANDO LAS SENTENCIAS: RATIO DECIDENDI, OBITER DJCTUM, DISANALOGIA Y CAMBIO DE JURISPRUDENCIA 152 1. Técnicas legítimas e ilegitimas de interpretación jurisprudencia¡ 152 II. Argumentos ilegítimos 155 III. Argumentos legítimos: obediencia al precedente 156 IV. Argumentos legítimos: la disanalogía entre caso nuevo y precedente aparentemente aplicable 156 V. Argumentos legítimos: ratio decidendi y obiter dictuni 157 A. Conceptos fundamentales 157 B. Métodos de identificación de la ratio decidendi 163 VI. Argumentos legítimos: indeterminación del precedente 170 VII. Argumentos legítimos (pero peligrosos): cambio de jurisprudencia 171 VIII. Uso de las técnicas legítimas en el precedente vertical y en el precedente horizontal 176 A. Cambio en el precedente vertical 178 B. Cambio en el precedente horizontal 180 A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN DEL MÓDULO 182 xl CONVENCIONES Objetivo General Objetivos Específicos 11 Actividades de Taller Cuestionarios de Autoevaluación si Sumario xl' PRESENTACIÓN Es grato dar la bienvenida a la segunda edición del módulo sobre Inter- pretación Constitucional, elaborado en convenio con la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. La coordinación de este módulo fue encargada al doctor Diego López Medina (Abogado de la Universidad Javeriana, LL.M. y Ph.D. en derecho de la Universidad de Harvard), profesor de derecho en las Universidades Nacional y de los Andes con la muy activa participación de servidores judiciales de todos los niveles. Mediante el trabajo colectivo de todos se definió el contenido y orien- tación del presente módulo. El módulo está destinado a que usted desarrolle aptitudes de auto-aprendizaje en los problemas relacionados con la interpretación y aplicación directa de la Constitución Política. El núcleo de desarrollo temático está expresado en varias unidades. Las dos primeras tienen como objetivo fundamental sensibilizar a los operadores judiciales en los problemas culturales más amplios que se relacionan con la interpretación de textos. Luego de estas unidades introductorias, el texto busca dar herramientas concretas de interpretación constitucional e investigación jurisprudencial. Estas herramientas se han juzgado fundamentales para la optimización, tanto en calidad como en cantidad, de las decisiones judiciales en las que se presentan cuestiones de derecho constitucional. El módulo está estructurado para que usted aprenda de manera activa y no simplemente pasiva. Las lecturas buscan que Ud. quede con inquietudes y no con certidumbres. Los ejercicios y talleres propuestos deben realizarse como parte esencial del proceso de auto-aprendizaje. El objetivo primario del módulo es que, al final, del mismo, Ud. tenga una visión más completa sobre el fenómeno de la interpretación constitucional y conozca con mayor claridad las sub-reglas constitucionales que especifican el sentido de la Carta Política. Ello requiere, como se verá, del aprendizaje de las tócnicas correctas de manejo e interpreta- ción de la jurisprudencia constitucional. Los talleres planteados en el módulo le darán la oportunidad de evaluarse personalmente, y le permitirá estar preparado para constituir, con otros magistrados y jueces, pequeños grupos de estudio participativo. Las reflexiones, comentarios y sugerencias que allí surjan sobre los ejercicios propuestos, pueden llevarse a los debates y discusiones que sobre este módulo se desarrollen en talleres presenciales de trabajo en grupos más grandes, con la conducción del facilitador. Para estos efectos le insinuamos elaborar un documento de estudio, donde incluya sus anotaciones, ejercicios y reflexiones sobre las unidades del módulo. xiii La aplicación de este módulo es de su responsabilidad. Todas las actividades académicas en que usted toma parte de manera individual y grupal, tendrán que reflejarse en su trabajo diario, en sus decisiones judiciales y en su participación en los eventos que sobre el tema programe la Escuela Judicial, entre los cuales está prevista la evaluación formal de los conocimientos adquiridos. Dentro de la metodología integral unificada, que constituye parte funda- mental del sistema de formación de facilitadores, aparecen muy claros los compro- misos de los formadores judiciales en el sentido de aportar sus conocimientos teóricos, su experiencia práctica y su espíritu de creatividad para promover el proceso de autoformación de sus pares en todos los distritos judiciales del país. El objetivo final de todos estos esfuerzos es lograr una actividad judicial culta, dinámica y en sintonía con el país y sus problemas. La calidad del derecho en Colombia depende de sus jueces y abogados, de sus decisiones y actitudes. La comunidad en general confía en que los procesos judiciales muestren, de la mejor manera, la verdadera cara de la justicia. xlv INTRODUCCIÓN JUSTIFICACIÓN GENERAL DEL MÓDULO El nuevo constitucionalismo colombiano, iniciado con el texto promulga- do por la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1991, ha venido efectuando un cambio fundamental en el derecho colombiano: los textos constitucionales, y muy en particular aquellos en los que se consagran derechos fundamentales de las personas, se han convertido en principios y reglas directamente aplicables a todo tipo de conflictos jurídicos a resolver por los jueces y funcionarios administrativos en Colombia. En consonancia con desarrollos en el constitucionalismo de la segunda post-guerra, la supremacía directa de la Constitución colombiana se ha concedido como herramienta privilegiada de protección de derechos humanos fundamenta- les. Esta tendencia tiene uno de sus orígenes recientes en la expedición de la Ley Fundamental de Bonn de 1949. El artículo 1 de este texto normativo muestra con gran fuerza la necesidad de proteger celosamente los derechos fundamenta- les como reacción a los horrores que generó la Segunda guerra mundial. Estos horrores (entre los que se cuentan, entre muchos otros, una visión racista y excluyente
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