/i^ Aberdeen University Studies : No. 20 Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Roman Provinces University of Aberdeen. COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS. Convener : Professor James W. H. Trail, F.R.S., Curator of the University Library. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. General Editor: Peter John Anderson, M.A., LL.B., Librarian to the University. 1900. No. I.—Roll 0/ Alumni in Arts of the University and King's College of Aberdeen, i^g6'iS6o. Edited by P. J. Anderson. No. 2.—Records of Old Aberdeen^ 1157-1891. A. M. Munrc, F.S.A. Scot. Vol. I. „ No. 3.—Place Names of West Aberdeenshire, James Macdonald, F.S.A. Scot. 1901. No. 4.— The Family of Burnett of Leys, George Burnett, LL.D., Lyon King of Arms. „ No. 5.—Records of Invercauld, 1547-1828. Rev. J. G. Michie, M.A. 1902. No. 6.—Rectorial Addresses delivered in the Universities of Aberdeen, 1835-1900. P. J. Anderson. „ No. 7. —The Albemarle Papers, 1746-48. Professor C. S. Terry, M.A. 1903. No. 8.—The House of Gordon. J. M. Bulloch, M.A. Vol. I. „ No. g.—Records of Elgin. William Cramond, LL.D. Vol. 1. 1904. No. 10.—A vogadro and Dalton: The Standing in Chemistry of their Hypotheses. A. N. Meldrum, D.Sc. „ No. 11.—Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire. David Littlejohn, LL.D, Vol. L „ No. 12.—Proceedings of the Aberdeen University Anatomical and Anthropological Society, 1902-04. President, Professor R. W. Rcid, M.D., F.R.C.S. — 1905. No. 13. Report on the Alcyonaria collected by Professor Herdman at Ceylon in 1902. Professor J. Arthur Thomson, M.A., and W. D. Henderson, B.Sc. „ No. 14.—Researches in Organic Chemistry. Professor F. R. Japp, M,A., LL.D., F.R.S., William Maitland, B.Sc, Joseph Knox, B.Sc, James Wood, B.Sc. „ No. 15.—Meminisse Juvat : with Appendix of Alakeia. Alexander Shewan, M.A. — ,f No. 16. The Blackballs of that Ilk and Barra. Alexander Morison, M.D. 1906. No. 17.—Records of the Scots Colleges at Douai^ Rome, Madrid, Valladolidt Ratisbon, Vol. I. P. J. Anderson. „ No. 18,—Roll of the Graduates of the University of Aberdeen, 1860-1900. Colonel William Johnston, C.B. M No. 19.—Studies in the History and Development of the University of Aberdeen^ P, J. Anderson and others. „ No. 20.—Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire, Professor W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L., and pupils. „ No. 21.—Studies in Pathology. William Bulloch, M.D., and others. PLATE IX. Thk Great Hittite Altar, Eski-Kishla (T. Callander). To face page 176. ^y Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire WRITTEN FOR THE QUATERCENTENARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN BY SEVEN OF ITS GRADUATES Edited by W. M. Ramsay Professor of Humanity in the University v^'n ABERDEEN MCMVl PRINTED FOR THE UNIVERSITY AT THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. ^ De&icateO TO THE SUBSCRIBERS TO THE ASIA MINOR EXPLORATION FUND AND THE WILSON TRUSTEES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. PREFACE. This collection of was less than a papers planned year ago ; and the writers have been in occupied other engrossing and inevitable which alone work, might seem to require their undivided attention. The leisure which could be given to this book was and in it scanty, July seemed hardly possible to get it ready in time. Only by the hearty co-operation of the Aberdeen University Press, and by the lavish use of the of right correction of the proof-sheets, has it been possible to complete for the Quatercentenary this specimen of the work of our : students. Nine writers began seven only have finished. A. Souter, M.A., 1893, g^^^ much time to a collection of the Christian Inscriptions of Lycaonia (which would have been the in the but in he had to abroad longest paper volume) ; June go for three months to collate MSS. of Pelagius. By prefixing and appending some English, Latin and Greek verses, I have been able to add W. Blair Anderson, M.A., 1898, as an eighth : his omission from the seven was due to the loss of a letter. The Proodos and the first Epodos were published in the Book- man, and are reprinted through the courtesy of the editor, VUl PREFACE W. Robertson Nicoll, M.A., 1870, Hon. LL.D., 1890. The others were prize epigrams in Cambridge. British research in Asia Minor from 1880 to 1894 was carried on through endowments in Oxford aided by the Asia Minor Exploration Fund, which was mainly subscribed there. From 1894 to 1896 it nearly ceased. In 1897 ^' revived with the election of the first Wilson Fellow in this University, and it has since depended chiefly on the Wilson Fellowship, supple- mented by various benefactors and to some extent by the Carnegie Trust, and by considerable private expenditure of some of the explorers. From first to last a very large part of both exploration and publication has been done by Aberdeen graduates who also studied in Oxford. Four of the seven writers have taken part to some degree in the exploration which furnished the raw material for this and other books. .That opportunity is not given to all. Such have been the difficulties, chiefly through lack of funds, that since 1883 the present writer has only once been able to contemplate in any year the prospect of travelling in the and to following year, lay out a plan of exploration extending over two seasons. But in one way or another the work has gone on, frequently seeming to be at an end, yet always continued for one more journey, throughout twenty-seven years. Real research in ancient literature for the enlargement of our knowledge of ancient life has not been much encouraged PREFACE IX or approved by public opinion in Scotland. The researcher is supposed to be wasting time which he should employ in the of teaching elementary pupils. The very name of research is in use and popular degraded, endowments for research are ap- to aid to plied pupils complete their education by studying at Universities—an foreign excellent thing, but not research. In France and Germany, but not in Britain, it is known that for research there are not needed, only brains and learning, but also money. It will probably be the penalty for the production of this volume that exploration has to be discon- tinued for a year. venture to We lay before the University and the distin- both guished guests, strangers and graduates, who come to greet its entrance on the fifth century of work, a sample of the re- search that has been performed in one line alone of classical study by its students. It was the writer's wish to compile a bibliography of Asia Minor exploration during the last twenty- seven years : such a bibliography is a real desideratum on account of the mass and the dispersion of the recent writings about that country, but this volume could not have ap- peared in time if the compilation had been included. The bibliography would show in statistics that, notable as have been the writings in that department of a series of excellent scholars, many of whose names are now household words in the world of learning, the bulk at any rate of the work of Aber- deen graduates in the department equals the bulk of all the X PREFACE rest, even taking into account the stately German folios on Pergamon, Lycia, etc., and the beautiful French volumes on Myrina. sketch illustrates the The map facing p. 362 first, fifth, seventh, eighth and ninth papers. The index gives a conspectus of the information here for the first time accumulated about the society and life of a little know^n country, which played a leading part in the development once the of civilisation for more than 2,000 years, which was wealthiest country in the world through the skilful use of its soil and may again become one of the wealthiest through the re-creation of its agriculture. W. M. RAMSAY. CONTENTS. Proodos To face page I By A. Margaret Ramsay. I. Isaurian and East-Phrygian Art IN THE Third and Fourth Centuries After Christ 3-92 Introduction 3 I. The Isaurian Hill Country 6 II. Dorla (Isaura Nova) . 22 III. Southern Lycaonia 59 IV. Northern Lycaonia (Proseilemmene) 63 Summary .... 91 By A. Margaret Ramsay, M.A., 1904, Croom Robert- son Fellow. II. Smyrna as Described by the Orator Aelius Aristides 95-116 By W. M. Calder, M.A., 1903, Croom Robertson Fellow, Ferguson Classical Scholar, 1903. III. Epitaphs in Phrygian Greek 119-136 By A. Petri E, M.A., 1903, Ferguson Classical Scholar, 1904. IV. Inheritance by Adoption and Marriage in Phrygia, as Shown in the Epitaphs of Trophimos and his Rela- tives 137-153 By John Eraser, M.A., 1903, Ferguson Classical Scholar, 1905. Xll CONTENTS PAGE V. Explorations in Lycaonia and Isauria, 1904 157-180 I. Savatra . II. Kaiina or Kana 161 III. Sidamaria 163 IV. An Excursion in Isauria , 165 V. Salarama 170 VI. Psebila or Psibela, now Seuerek 172 VII. Bardalcome or Barda-etta 176 VIII. Barata 177 IX. Laranda (now Karaman) 177 X. Dagh Euren .... 177 XI. Emir Ghazi .... 178 By T. Callander, M.A., 1898, Wilson Fellow. VI. Paganism and Christianity in the Upper Tembris Valley . 183-227 I. The District 185 II. Topography : (a) General . .186 (6) The Imperial Estate . .188 (t) In Christian Times . • ^9^ III. The Inscriptions . -193 IV. Early Christianity . .196 V. The Formula tov 6eov aii firj uStKr](T€i<; .