Les Origines

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Les Origines LES ORIGINES CHAPITRE PREMIER APERÇU GENERAL LA ROMANISATION DE LA PENINSULE BALKANIQUE 1. Les origines de la langue roumaine ne doivent pas étre recherchées exclusivement dans le latin transplanté au nord du Danube. Si la romanisation de la Dacie peut étre consi- dérée comme l'un des faits les plus importants de l'histoire de l'extension du latin dans l'orient de l'Europe, il ne faut pas croire qu'on arrive jamais A expliquer le passé si obscur de la langue roumaine sans dépasser les frontières de cette province. Un événement comme celui de la conquéte du pays des Daces était intimement lié A toute une série de faits que le philo- logue, aussi bien que l'historien, ne doit pas négliger, s'il veut expliquer les problèmes si nombreux qui se rattachent a l'ori- 0ineo des Roumains. Il n'y a pas de méthode plus fausse dans des recherches de ce genre que d'envisager les phénornénes isolément, sans exa- miner leurs rapports avec d'autres faits et l'influence qu'ils ont exercée run sur l'autre. Les savants ont trop souvent oublié de regarder plus loin que la ligne des Carpathes et du Danube lorsqu'ils sont venus étudier les origines de la langue rou- maine. Ils ont tenu avec une obstination, très explicable d'ail- leurs, A une tradition chére aux premiers philologues trarp,y1- vains qui voulaient éclaircir toutes les particularités du roumain par le latin transporté au nord du Danube. Iln'y a plus aucane raison aujourd'hui de respecter une telle tradition, et 4 HISTOIRE DE LA LANGIJE ROUMAINE Ja philologie roumaine doit sortir des cadres etroits de Fan- cienne méthode pour s'engager dans une voie plus sare et plus rapprochée de la vérité. Examinéc de plus près, la langue roumaine ne peut repré- senter uniquement le latin de la Dacie. A côté d'éléments qui ne sauraient remonter, en dernière analyse, qu'au latin importé en Dacie, le roumain nous offre plus d'un phénomène qui trahit une origine méridionale et qui nous renvoie vers les pays situes entre l'Adriatique et le Danube. La romanisation assez profonde de la plus grande partie de la péninsule balka- nique et les relations qui ont existé, du moins jusqu'à une cer- taine époque, entre l'élément roman de la Dacie et celui de la Thrace, de l'Illyrie, etc., nous interdisent d'isoler la naissance de la langue roumaine dans la région des Carpathes. C'est retrancher un chapitre des plus importants de l'histoire de la langue roumaine que de negliger de suivre les destinées du latin au sud du Danube. Il serait mème impossible de comprendre les consé.quences de la conquète de la Dacie, si nous nous refu- sions à rappelcr les événements qui ont précédé celui-ci et facilité la propagation du latin dans la péninsule des Balkans. 2. Les expéditions des Romains contre les Daces n'étaient qu'un épisode de ce long travail de romanisation de l'Europe orientale qui avait commencé au Me siècle avant J.-C. et qui devait complètement changer la physionomie des pays situés entre l'Adriatique et la Mer Noire. La péninsule balkanique etait romanisée en grande partie au moment où les colons de Trajan vinrent s'établir dans la région des Carpathes. L'Illyrie avait été conquise au Ile siècle avant J.-C. et était devenue province romaine dans la seconde moitié du I" siècle, après une longue résistance et de nombreuses guerres commencées en ran 228. Avec la conquête de ce pays le premier pas vers romanisation de la péninsule balkanique était fait, et les Romains n'avaient qu'à pousser plus loin leurs conquètes et A soumettre les autres pays du sud du Danube avant de se diriger vers le nord. La Grèce et la Macédoine partagerent le sort de l'Illyrie en l'an 146 avant J.-C. ;la Mésie fut soumise en l'an 29 avant APERÇU aNERAL -5 notre ere; la Pannonie fut transformée en province romaine en Pan 9 après J.-C. et la Thrace en 46. Au moment donc où la conquète de la Dacie, en 107 après J.-C., vient couronner cette ceuvre de romanisation des provinces danubiennes et fortifier l'élément qui devait donner plus tard naissance au peuple rou- main, le latin était parlé de l'Adriatique à la Mer Noire et des Carpathes jusqu'au Pinde. Si, au milieu decette population romaine,ily avait quelques éléments qui voulaient se soustraire à l'influence de la culture et de la langue latines, la civilisation romaine avait fini par s'imposer presque partout où sa supériorité était reconnue, et elle ne pouvait que pénétrer plus profondement avec le temps dans les couches des habitants autochtones.Il n'y a que les Grecs et une partie de la population thrace et illyrienne qui se soient montrés plus réfractaires à la culture romaine. En Grèce, la romanisation devait ètre fatalement incomplete et bien éphé- mere, vu la grande resistance que lui offrait une civilisation plus ancienne et bien supérieure a plus d'un égard a celle des Romains. Dans une partie de la Macedoine, de la Thrace et de la Mésie, surtout dans les grandes villes et sur les côtes, où les relations commerciales avaient favorisé l'établissement de bon nombre de colonies grecques, les Romains se trouvaient en face du meme ennemi, et la aussi leur influence ne pouvait s'étendre bien loin et durer longtemps. D'autre part, des tribus thraces et illy-riennes s'étaient retirees dans les montagnes devant le flot toujours croissant de la population romaine, sans pou- voir cependant se soustraire completement à l'influence de celle-ci. Leur idiome fut imprégné d'éléments latins et donna naissance à un parler mixte qui semble s'ètre conserve dans l'albanais d'aujourd'hui. Mais en dehors de ces contrées, où les circonstances n'étaient pas favorables au développement de l'élément latin,la romanisation de lapéninsule balkanique n'était plus entravée par aucun obstacle sérieux et elle pouvait poursuivre tranquillement son chemin. En Illyrie, la population latine finissait par supplanter dans plus d'une region l'ancien element autochtone età répandre dans le pays un idiome roman dont les dernières traces semblent nous avoir été conscr- 6 HISTOIRE DE LA LANGUE ROUMAINE vées dans un dialecte de l'ile de Veglia. Dans une partie de la Macédoine et de la Thrace, et surtout au sud de la Pannonie, en Mésie et en Dacie, la civilisation romaine était aussi arrivée s'imposer A la majorité de la population, et dans les grandes villes, aussi bien que dans quelques endroits plus rapproches du centre, on entendait déjA au tre siècle le latin qui devait donner plus tard naissance A la langue roumaine. Telle est dans ses grandes lignes rhistoire de l'extension du latin dans la péninsule balkanique jusqu'au He siècle après J.-C. Pour bien cornprendre les origines de la langue roumaine, il ne faut pas perdre de vue ces faits et ne jarnais oublier que les con- séquences de la romanisation de la Dacie ne sauraient être étu- diées sans un aperçu general sur les destinées du latín dans les autres pays de l'Europe orientale. Si les Romains, apres la con- quete de l'Illyrie, avaient été poussés par les événements vers la Dacie, avant d'avoir romanisé la Mésie, la Thrace etla Macedoine, le roumain n'existcrait pas sans doute aujourd'hui. Le roman qui se serait développé au nord du Danube aurait été repoussé vers l'ouest, où il se serait fondu, au cours des siecles,dans l'italien ou le rhétoroman. D'autre part, si les Romains s'étaient arretés au Danube et ne s'étaient pas établis en Dacic et en Pannonie, le roman oriental ne serait vraisem- blablement representé aujourd'hui que par un petit dialecte analogue au macédo-roumain. Si la langue rournaine existe aujourd'hui avec ses dialectes principaux (le daco-, l'istro- et le macédo-roumain), il faut attribuer ce fait à ce que le latin fut parlé des Carpathes aux frontières de la Grece. Le latin du nord et du sud du Danube se sont soutenus réciproquement, et c'est grace cet appui mutuel que le roumain a pu se constituer et Sc conserver à travers tout le moyen Age. Nous verrons dans ce qui suit quelles sont les circonstances qui ont favorisé la romanisation de la péninsule balkanique et comment le roumain est sorti du latin transplanté sur les deux rives du Danube. Sur la romanisation de l'Illyrie, voir spécialement G Zippel, Die rointsche 11.7"1 schaft in iiiyì len bis auf Augustus, Leipzig, 1877, 46 et suiv.; H. Cons, La prounce u amaine de Dalmatie, Paris, 1881. Cf. APERÇU GÉNÉRAL 7 C. Patsch, Archaol.-epigr. UnIcrsuch.ur Geschichte der i o m ProLinz Dalmatien, Vienne, 1899, III, 14 et suiv. (e \ trait des Wis enschaftl. M tithed. aus &side); und der Hercegcroina, VI) Sur la Thrace, on pourra consulter la monographie de D Kalopothakes, De Tlyacia provincia romana, Berlin, 1893. Pour les autres pays, v. A. Budinszky, Die Ausbreitung der lateinischen Sprache uber Italien und die Provinzen des lomischen Reid's, Berlin, 1881, 185 et suiv. ;J. Jung, Die roma- nischen Landschaften des ioinischen Reiches, Innsbruck, 1881, 314 et s'uiv., et surtout l'ouvrage du Inc:m-1e auteur, Romer und Romanen den Donaulandern, ze édition, Innsbruck, 1887. Cf. aussi A. von Piemerstein, Jahresbefte des osterr. archtiol. Institutes, Vienne, 1898, I (Beiblatt), 145 et suiv. CHAPITRE II L'ÈLEMENT AUTOCHTONE 3.
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