DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Commentary on Galatians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A Historical Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. The Church In the Roman Empire, before A.D. 170. With Maps and Illustrations. Fifth Edition. 8vo, cloth. 12s. St. Paul the Tranller and the Roman Citizen. With Maps. Fourth Edition. 8vo. ros. 6d. Impressions of Turkey. Crown 8vo, cloth. 6s. Was Christ Born at Bethlehem? A Study In the Credibility of St. Luke. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. 5s. LoNDoN: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27 PATERNOSTER Row. I--Iistorical Commentary on A St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, by w. M. RAMSAY, D.C.L., Professor in Aberdeen University; Hon. Fellow of Exeter and Lincoln· Colleges, Oxford LONDON: HODDER AND STOUGHTON + + 27 PATERNOSTER ROW 1899 ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS TO MY DEAREST AUNT, MRS. MARGARET DRAKE, AND IN MEMORY OF JOHN VANDERSTEEGEN DRAKE. TRUE FIUENl)S IN NEED, PREFACE. THE attempt is made in this book to show how much light the Epistle to the Galatians throws on contemporary history in the widest sense-the history of religion, society, thought, manners, educa­ tion-in the Eastern Provinces of the Empire. The introductory study of society and religion in Central Asia Minor may seem perhaps too elaborate; but it could not be put more briefly if any adequate con­ ception were to be given of the forces acting on the minds of Paul's Galatian hearers. The Commentary is intended to be complete in itself, able to be read and folly understood without continually looking back to the Introduction. The Commentary was written first, and published in the Expositor, June, r 898-September, I 899. Many passages have now been completely rewritten (after the Introduction had been composed), three chapters have been suppressed and eleven added. My first intention was tacitly to carry out the South Galatian Theory, leaving the reader to con, trast the flood of light thrown on South Galatia by the Epistle with its barrenness as regards North Galatia. But it might .be stigmatised as unscholarly Vlll Preface if no reference were made to the view still widely assumed as true in Germany and wherever fashion­ able Ge~man views (yet seep. 316) are taken as final. Hence I am, as Lightfoot says, "distracted between the fear of saying too much and the fear of saying too little". Probably I say too little ; but the cause (an accident preventing work) is stated on p. 478. The same cause prevented the proper final revision of proofs, which may perhaps have left some errors unremoved. In former works I applied simply the principles of Imperial history learned from Prof. Mommsen. On this book Prof. Mitteis's Imperial Law and National Law (Reichsrecht und Volksrecht) has left a strong impression. His title emphasises the opposition between Roman and National, which I have been for years entreating the North Galatian champions to notice. As to my novel theory of Seleucid law in Galatians, ignoring Halmel, those who want German authority for everything may find it in Prof. Mitteis's words : jedenfalls wird auch durch I hre A usfuiwungen dasjenige was Halmel " das rom. Recht i"m Galaterbri"e_f" sagt, aus dem Feld geschlagen. We must all study German method, and practise it day and night ; but the first principle in German method is to disregard authority (even German) and follow after truth. I have not seen Mr. Askwith's recent work on the Galatian Question (see p. 478). CONTENTS. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION: PAGE SOCIETY AND RELIGION IN CENTRAL ASIA MINOR IN THE TIME OF ST.PAUL 1-234 Section 1. Preliminary l 2. North Galatia: Land and Peoples - 12 3• Pre-Galatic History of North Galatia 19 4• The Pre-Gaulish Inhabitants of Galatia - 26 5• The Religion of Asia Minor 35 6. Settlement of the Gauls in Galatia - 45 7• The History of Galatia B.c. 232-64 53 8. The North Galatian State 72 9• The Religion of North Galatia 86 10. Galatia as a Roman Client State 95 II. Origin of the Province Galatia . 103 12. History of the Province Galatia, B.C. 25-A.D. 50 II3 13. Civilisation of North Galatia under the Roman Empire 128 14. Language and Letters in North Galatia - . 147 15. The Influence of Christianity in North Galatia . 165 16. Later History of the Province Galatia 175 17. The Cities and the Peoples of South Galatia 180 18. The Jews in South Galatia . 18g 19, Pisidian Antioch . 197 20. Iconium - 214 21. Lystra 223 22 Derbe . 228 23. Summary 233 b X Contents PAGE HISTORICAL COMMENTARY 237-278 § I. The Introductory Address - 237 § II. The Epistle Authorised by the Church in Antioch - 238 § III. Persons mentioned in the Epistle - 246 § IV. Relation of Paul to Barnabas - 248 § V. "I Marvel" - 249 § VI. "Ye are so quickly Removing" - - 251 § VII. Cause of the Galati;n Movement 254 § VIII. Paul as a Judaistic Preacher, I 6-10 - 256 § IX. Another Gospel, I 6-7 260 § X. "Seeking to please Men," I 10 266 § XI. Tone of Address to the Galatians 267 § XII. The Gospel which ye Received - - 26g § XIII. Dates of the Autobiography 271, § XIV. The Province of Syria and Cilicia, I 21 275 § XV. The Klimata of Syria and Cilicia 278 § XVI. The Visits to Jerusalem, I 18, II r ff - 280 § XVII. The First Visit to Jerusalem, I 18-20 - 283 § XVIII. The Second Visit to Jerusalem, II 1-10 285 § XIX. Limits and Purpose of the Autobiography - 301 § XX. St. Peter in Antioch - 3o4 § XXI. Spirit of Chapters III, IV 306 § XXII. The Address "Galatians," in III 1 308 § XXIII. Galatia the Province - 314 § XXIV. Galatians and Gauls - 318 § XXV. St. Paul's Roman Point of View - - 320 § XXVI. Foolish Galatians 321 § XXVII. The Twq Stages, III 3 324 § XXVIII. The Marvellous Powers, III 2-5 - - 326 § XXIX. The Teaching of Paul - 328 § XXX. The Me.ssage to the Galatians - - 329 • § XXXI. Sons of Abraham, III 6-9 - 337 § XXXII. OI iK 11'lO'TEQ/S - 344 § XXXIII. A Man's Will, Diatheke, III 15-18 - 349 § XXXIV. The Use of Diatheke in the Pauline Epistles 356 § XXXV. Greek Law in Galatian Cities - 37° Contents XI PAGE § XXXVI. The Argument from Seed, III 16 - 375- § XXXVII. Function of the Law, III 19-22 - 377 § XXXVIII. The Mediator, III 20 - - 379 § XXXIX. Law the Child-Guardian, III 23-25 381 § XL. Equality in the Perfect Church, III 26-30 - 385- § XLI. The Infant Son and Heir, Gal. IV. 1-7 - 39 1 § XLII. The Rudiments of the World, Gal. IV 3 and 9 - • 394 § XLIII. He sent forth His Son, Gal. IV 4 • 396 § XLIV. The Address at Pisidian Antioch 399 § XLV. Paul's Visits to Galatia in Acts - - 401 § XLVI. Paul's Visits to the Churches of Galatia - 405- § XLVII. Cause of the First Galatian Visit 417 § XLVIII. The Thorn in the Flesh 422 § XLIX. Sequence of Thought in IV 12-20 - 428 § L. The Allegory of Hagar and Sarah, IV 21, V 1 - 43° § LI. The Conclusion, V 1 - - 434 § LII. Personal Recapitulation, V 2-12 - 435 § LIII. The Whole Law, V 2-4. · 44° § LIV. Freedom and Love, V 13-15 • 441 § LV. The Spiritual Life, V 16-26 - 445 § L VI. The Faults of the South Galatic Cities 446 § LVII. The Unforgiving Phrygians, VI 1-5 - • 454 § LVIII. Voluntary Liberality to Teachers, VI 6-10 • 456 § LIX. Was there a Letter from the Galatians? - 461 § LX. The Large Letters, VI II-17 • 464 § LXI. The Parting Message - 467 § LXII. The Concluding Blessing and Denunciation, VI 16-17 47° § LXIII. The Stigmata of Jesus, VI 17 - 472 § LXIV. Result of the Epistle - 474 ERRATA. P. 68, note 2, delete the reference top. r. P. 71, line r, for Cecilia read Cilicia. P. 81, note 2, for a' read a'. In the first map, for Pisidiac Phrygia read Pisidic Phrygia. 26 'Ml 30 :n 32 33 34 35 36 37 42 - i\'LAl' OF s E u X A~l1d\\ [email protected]. ,_,_ u with_ the ~ POLITICAL DIVISIONS, A.D. 40-63 ]'{ s to ~ccmup8.lly · 0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ONTHE EPISTLE TOTHEGALATIANS" p by W.M.RAMSA.Y rkelhwin~ Galaii.a,i,s coWureil _ ·-· ·-••-•- ['7 Hon, .Rom.~ Ierrimry gm,un«J, l!Y .Jrutgs U col.oure«,c.::J s~rru.il:Yrou.t&, a.cro.sa .AJ>i.a.lfut.0ran.,j/wwn. ___ ---- Sule or Stahtle }tile" 'bJ )le-----------4! LJ a, "'·· a•n----.:'·;..___ _ -r----- 2,- 28 31 32 33 35 l,ondon : liodder & SLoagb.ton. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Soc£ety and Religion in Central Asia, Minor zn the time o/ St. Paul. SECTION 1. PRELIMINARY. THE Epistle to the Galatians is a document of the highest importance for students of history. Not merely is it- a peculiarly important authority for all who study the early stages in the Christianisation of the Roman Empire : it also throws much light on the condition and society of one of the Eastern Roman Provinces during the first century of the Empire-a difficult subject and an almost unknown land. The study of this document is encumbered with a great preliminary difficulty. It is not certain who were the per­ sons addressed. While some scholars maintain that the "Churches of Galatia," to whom the Epistle is addressed, were planted in the four cities of Southern Galatia, Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch, others assert that those Churches were situated in North Galatia. These two opposite opinions are conveniently designated as the South­ Galatian and the N orth-Galatian Theory. This doubt as to the destination of the Epistle hardly 2 Historical lntroductz'on.
Recommended publications
  • St. Michael and Attis

    St. Michael and Attis

    St. Michael and Attis Cyril MANGO Δελτίον XAE 12 (1984), Περίοδος Δ'. Στην εκατονταετηρίδα της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας (1884-1984)• Σελ. 39-62 ΑΘΗΝΑ 1986 ST. MICHAEL AND ATTIS Twenty years ago, when I was working on the apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Constantinople, I had ample opportunity to contemplate what is surely one of the most beautiful works of Byzantine art, I mean the image of the archangel Gabriel, who stands next to the enthroned Theotokos (Fig. 1). Gabriel is dressed in court costume; indeed, one can affirm that his costume is imperial, since he is wearing red buskins and holding a globe, the symbol of universal dominion. Yet neither the Bible nor orthodox doctrine as defined by the Fathers provides any justification for portraying an archangel in this guise; no matter how great was his dignity in heaven, he remained a minister and a messenger1. Only God could be described as the equivalent of the emperor. How was it then that Byzantine art, which showed extreme reluctance to give to Christ, the pambasileus, any visible attributes of royalty other than the throne, granted these very attributes to archangels, who had no claim to them? An enquiry I undertook at the time (and left unpublished) suggested the following conclusions: 1. The Byzantines themselves, I mean the medieval Byzantines, could offer no reasonable explanation of the iconography of archangels and seemed to be unaware of its meaning. On the subject of the globe I found only two texts. One was an unedited opuscule by Michael Psellos, who, quite absurdly, considered it to denote the angels' rapidity of movement; "for", he says, "the sphere is such an object that, touching as it does only a tiny portion of the ground, is able in less than an instant to travel in any direction"2.
  • Courier Gazette : January 3, 1925

    Courier Gazette : January 3, 1925

    Issued Tuesday Saturday Thursday Issue Saturday The Courier-Gazette By Rockland Publimini C.. 465 Main St, Established January, 1846. EatarM aa Saeantf Claaa Mall Mattar. Rockland, Maine, Saturday, January 3, 1925. THREE CENTS A COPY Volume 80............... Number 2. The Courier-Gazette RECALLS TRAGEDY ROUND’S NEW HICO SCHOOL BUILDING OLD TIMERS THERE THREE-TIMEt-A-WEEK Capt. Sidney G. Hupper Seventy-Five Members of STOP LOOK LISTEN ALL THE HOME NEWS Gives Full Details of the' the New Legislature Have Subacrlptlon 53 06 par year payable to Georges River Accident. Seen Previous Service idrance; single copies thru cents. Advertising rates baaed upon clrculatloa Editor of The Courier-Gazette:— There. snd very reaaonable. I have read with much interest the PREVENT BEING NEWSPAPER HISTORY » Frank Holley of North Anson, The Rockland Gazette was established in items in recent issues of The Cour- Blaine Morrison of Phillips. Percy 1846. In 1874 the Courier was established. w ,, and consolidated wlrth the Gazette in 1882. cier-GazeMe, concerning 'the Georges Sargent of Sedgwick. Judge Maher The Free Press was established in 1855, and River Accident. Although it small in 1891 changed its name to the Tribune of Augusta, Mark Barwlse of Ban­ These papers consolidated March 17. 1897. boy at the time I remember the in­ gor and a dozen or so other mem- KILLED cident because of a certain event in I^.*. IK, bers-elect of the 82d Maine Legisla­ ••• ••• my own family. The date I would ture which convenes Wednesday ••• A people who can understand and ••• — | place as the second, of July, 1858.
  • Keltoi and Hellenes: a Study of the Celts in the Hellenistic World

    Keltoi and Hellenes: a Study of the Celts in the Hellenistic World

    KELTOI AND THE HELLENES A STUDY OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WoRU) PATRICK EGAN In the third century B.C. a large body ofCeltic tribes thrust themselves violently into the turbulent world of the Diadochoi,’ immediately instilling fear, engendering anger and finally, commanding respect from the peoples with whom they came into contact. Their warlike nature, extreme hubris and vigorous energy resembled Greece’s own Homeric past, but represented a culture, language and way of life totally alien to that of the Greeks and Macedonians in this period. In the years that followed, the Celts would go on to ravage Macedonia, sack Delphi, settle their own “kingdom” and ifil the ranks of the Successors’ armies. They would leave indelible marks on the Hellenistic World, first as plundering barbaroi and finally, as adapted, integral elements and members ofthe greatermulti-ethnic society that was taking shape around them. This paper will explore the roles played by the Celts by examining their infamous incursions into Macedonia and Greece, their phase of settlement and occupation ofwhat was to be called Galatia, their role as mercenaries, and finally their transition and adaptation, most noticeably on the individual level, to the demands of the world around them. This paper will also seek to challenge some of the traditionally hostile views held by Greek historians regarding the role, achievements, and the place the Celts occupied as members, not simply predators, of the Hellenistic World.2 19 THE DAWN OF THE CELTS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD The Celts were not unknown to all Greeks in the years preceding the Deiphic incursion of February, 279.
  • The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus Anca Dan

    The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus Anca Dan

    The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus Anca Dan To cite this version: Anca Dan. The Europeans Shores of the Bosporus. I∆ΥMAMEIZOOΣ EΛΛHIΣMOΥ. Eγκυκλoπαιδϵια Mϵιζoνo& Eλληνισµoυ, K!νσταντινoυπoλη, 2008. hal-02435580 HAL Id: hal-02435580 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02435580 Submitted on 15 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Dan Anca (30/9/2008) Για παραπομπή : Dan Anca , "European shores of the Bosporus", 2008, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=10951> European shores of the Bosporus Περίληψη : The “Thracian”or “Mysian”Bosporus separates the continents of Europe and Asia and the waters of the Black Sea from the Sea of Marmara. Its names distinguish it from the ancient Cimmerian Bosporus (Βόσπορος Κιμμέριος), which separates the modern Black Sea (ancient Pontus Euxinus, Πόντος ὁ Εὔξεινος) from the modern Sea of Azov (ancient Palus Maeotis, Μαιῶτις λίμνη) and corresponds to the modern Russian Kertch. Άλλες Ονομασίες Thracian Bosporus; Mysian Bosporus; ancient Greek Βόσπορος Θρακικὸς; Latin Bosphorus Thracicus 1. Anthropogeography 1a. Geographical location Bosporus is generally considered as the narrowest natural strait continuously used for navigation since Antiquity.
  • The Idea of 'Celtic Justice' in the Greco-Roman Lighter Literature

    The Idea of 'Celtic Justice' in the Greco-Roman Lighter Literature

    Cruel and Unusual? The Idea of ‘Celtic justice’ in the Greco-Roman Lighter Literature Antti Lampinen Abstract This article seeks to demonstrate that dramatically illustrated examples of the Celts’ sense of justice emerge as a minor trope in Greek and Roman ‘lighter literature’. In sources ranging from the Hellenistic to the Imperial era, novelistic narratives taking their cue from the register of lighter literature—with its emphasis on pathos, cultural difference, and romantic themes—feature several barbarian characters, characterised as ‘Celts’ or ‘Galatae’, who act according to a code of conduct that was constructed purposefully as barbarian, archaic, and alien. This set of motifs I venture to call the trope of ‘Celtic justice’. While almost certainly devoid of historical source value to actual judicial cultures of Iron Age Europeans, neither are these references mere alterité. Instead, their relationship with other literary registers demonstrate the literariness of certain modes of thought that came to inform the enquiry of Greek and Roman observers into the Celtic northerners. Their ostensibly ethnographical contents emerge as markers of complex textual strategies and vibrant reception of literary motifs. While lacking ‘anthropological’ source value, these texts demonstrate the variety and intensity with which the contacts between Greeks and Celts affected the epistemic regime of the Mediterranean societies.* From the 270s onwards the Hellenistic era witnessed among the Greeks an intense and emotionally charged interest in Celts.
  • XI. St. Paul's Road from Cilicia to Iconium

    XI. St. Paul's Road from Cilicia to Iconium

    PAULINE AND OTHER STUDIES IN EARLY CHRISTIAN HISTORY BY W. M. RAM SAY, HoN. D.C.L., ETC. PROF~~SOR OF HUMANITY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN HODDER AND STOUGHTON LONDON MCMVI XI ST. PAUL'S ROAD FROM CILICIA TO I CONIUM XI ST. PAUL'S ROAD FROM CILICIA TO !CONIUM THE western part of Cilicia is a triangular plain, whose b}lse is the sea, and whose apex lies in a corner formed by the Taurus Mountains bounding Cilicia on the north. In the apex the river Saros issues from its wonderfully romantic course of more than a hundred miles through the lofty Taurus and enters the low sea plain. There was a time when this level plain was a great gulf of the sea. The gulf has been gradually filled up by the two great Cilician rivers, the Pyramos and the Saros, probably aided by slight elevations of the level of the land ; 1 and of the two rivers the Saros has been the chief agent in determining the character of the plain. The road from Syria and the East enters the western Cilician plain by a pass through which the Pyramos also enters the plain. At the western end of this pa:ss the river turns down towards the south, and the road crosses it by a large bridge (Fig. ro). The crossing has always been a highly important point in all military operations in Cilicia. A gar­ rison and a fortress had to be placed there to guard the passage of the river. Thus arose the city of Mopsou-Hestia, "the Hearth of Mopsus" (the Greek prophet and interpreter of the will of the Greek god Apollo, who marks the advance of the old Ionian colonists into the Cilician land).
  • Civic Responses to the Rise and Fall of Sol Elagabal in the Roman Empire

    Civic Responses to the Rise and Fall of Sol Elagabal in the Roman Empire

    EMPIRE OF THE SUN? CIVIC RESPONSES TO THE RISE AND FALL OF SOL ELAGABAL IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Martijn Icks During its long and turbulent history, the city of Rome witnessed many changes in its religious institutions and traditions. For many centuries, these came to pass under the benevolent eye of Iupiter Optimus Maximus, the city‟s supreme deity since time immemorial. Not until the fourth century AD would Iupiter finally loose this position to the monotheistic, omnipotent God of Christianity. However, the power of the thunder god had been challenged before. The first deity who temporarily conquered his throne was Sol Invictus Elagabal, a local sun god from the Syrian town of Emesa. This unlikely usurper was the personal god of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, whose short-lived reign lasted from 218 to 222 AD, and who has been nicknamed Elagabalus for his affiliation with Elagabal. Even before his rise to power, Elagabalus served as Elagabal‟s high priest. The deity was worshipped in the form of a conical black stone, a so-called baitylos or “house of god”, which resided in a big temple in Emesa. Elagabalus, at that time a fourteen-year-old boy, performed ritual dances in honour of his god. By doing so, he drew the attention of Roman soldiers who were stationed near the town. They proclaimed the boy emperor under the false pretense that he was a bastard son of emperor Caracalla (211-217 AD). Elagabalus won sufficient military support, defeated the reigning emperor and thus gained the throne. He installed himself in Rome and took his god with him.
  • ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES and COMMUNICATIONS in LATE ROMAN and BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (Ca

    ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TÜLİN KAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. D. Burcu ERCİYAS Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Suna GÜVEN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lale ÖZGENEL (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ufuk SERİN (METU, ARCH) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe F. EROL (Hacı Bayram Veli Uni., Arkeoloji) Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine SÖKMEN (Hitit Uni., Arkeoloji) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Tülin Kaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT ROUTES AND COMMUNICATIONS IN LATE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ANATOLIA (ca. 4TH-9TH CENTURIES A.D.) Kaya, Tülin Ph.D., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.
  • The Villas of the Eastern Adriatic and Ionian Coastlands

    The Villas of the Eastern Adriatic and Ionian Coastlands

    Chapter 17 The villas of the eastern Adriatic and Ionian coastlands William Bowden (University of Nottingham) Introduction The eastern coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian seas – the regions of Istria, Dalmatia and Epirus – saw early political and military intervention from Rome, ostensibly to combat Illyrian piracy but also to participate in the internecine struggles between Macedonia and its neighbors, sometimes at the request of one or other of the protagonists. Istria fell to Rome in 177 BCE and was ultimately incorporated into regio X (Venetia et Histria) of Italia by Augustus in 7 BCE. After 168 BCE, much of the coast to the south was effectively under Roman control, with merchant shipping able to operate under Roman protection.1 The Illyrian tribes, however, notably the Delmatae, continued to exist in periodic conflict with Rome until they were finally subdued by Octavian (who later took the name of Augustus) from 35-33 BCE. Further to the south, many of the tribes of Epirus sided with the Macedonians against Rome in the Third Macedonian War, consequently suffering significant reprisals at the hands of Aemilius Paullus in the aftermath in 167 BCE. Epirus was formally incorporated within the Roman province of Macedonia after 146 BCE. The founding of Roman colonies in Epirus (at Butrint, Photike, Dyrrhachium, and Byllis), Dalmatia (at Iader, Narona, Salona, Aequum, possibly Senia, and Epidaurum), and Istria (at Tergeste, Parentium, and Pula) is likely to have had a decisive effect on land-holding patterns because land was redistributed
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries

    The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries

    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
  • "On the Relations of Canaanite Exploration to Pre-Historic Classic

    "On the Relations of Canaanite Exploration to Pre-Historic Classic

    176 ON THE RELATIONS OF CANAANITE EXPLORATION These inecriptions, and the bas-reliefs on the monument called Kamna Hurmill, in Crelo-Syria, near the source of the Orontes, and possibly of the same pe1·iod, are an enigma, as yet, to the most learned Orientaliots. It is to be hoped, however, now that attention is again called to the subject, that the clue may be found that shall unlock their meaning, and that Northern 8yI"ia will be no longer overlooked by tho explorer. DISCOVERY AT THE l\IOSQUE EL AKS.A, JERUSALEM.-llo A DISCOVERY of considerable interest has been made in this :Mosque by the Rev. J. Neil, who has only recently gone to Jerusalem for the Society for the Conversion of the Jews. "In the Mosque of El Aksa," he writes, "you will remember that there is a long plain room opening out at the south-east angle, called the Mosque of Omar, in which the only object of interest whatever is a recess supported by two twisted pillars, and called the Mihrab, or Praying-place of Omar. You may, perhaps, remember that the pillars on each side of this recess, of Solomonic twisted pattern and polished marble, appear to have been turned upside down, and to have their capitals of greyish stone in broken leaf-like patterns below. On vi~iting this the day before yesterday, July 5th, I discovered that a great part of the yellowish plaster had been removed from the top of these pillars, and that rich grotesquely carved capitals were exposed to view in an admirable state of preserva­ tion.
  • NEA-Annual-Report-1980.Pdf

    NEA-Annual-Report-1980.Pdf

    National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Arts Washington, D.C. 20506 Dear Mr. President: I have the honor to submit to you the Annual Report of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Council on the Arts for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 1980. Respectfully, Livingston L. Biddle, Jr. Chairman The President The White House Washington, D.C. February 1981 Contents Chairman’s Statement 2 The Agency and Its Functions 4 National Council on the Arts 5 Programs 6 Deputy Chairman’s Statement 8 Dance 10 Design Arts 32 Expansion Arts 52 Folk Arts 88 Inter-Arts 104 Literature 118 Media Arts: Film/Radio/Television 140 Museum 168 Music 200 Opera-Musical Theater 238 Program Coordination 252 Theater 256 Visual Arts 276 Policy and Planning 316 Deputy Chairman’s Statement 318 Challenge Grants 320 Endowment Fellows 331 Research 334 Special Constituencies 338 Office for Partnership 344 Artists in Education 346 Partnership Coordination 352 State Programs 358 Financial Summary 365 History of Authorizations and Appropriations 366 Chairman’s Statement The Dream... The Reality "The arts have a central, fundamental impor­ In the 15 years since 1965, the arts have begun tance to our daily lives." When those phrases to flourish all across our country, as the were presented to the Congress in 1963--the illustrations on the accompanying pages make year I came to Washington to work for Senator clear. In all of this the National Endowment Claiborne Pell and began preparing legislation serves as a vital catalyst, with states and to establish a federal arts program--they were communities, with great numbers of philanthro­ far more rhetorical than expressive of a national pic sources.