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Historical Commentary on Galatians

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Historical Commentary on Galatians A Historical Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. The Church In the Roman Empire, before A.D. 170. With Maps and Illustrations. Fifth Edition. 8vo, cloth. 12s. St. Paul the Tranller and the Roman Citizen. With Maps. Fourth Edition. 8vo. ros. 6d. Impressions of Turkey. Crown 8vo, cloth. 6s. Was Christ Born at Bethlehem? A Study In the Credibility of St. Luke. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. 5s. LoNDoN: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27 PATERNOSTER Row. I--Iistorical Commentary on A St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, by w. M. RAMSAY, D.C.L., Professor in Aberdeen University; Hon. Fellow of Exeter and Lincoln· Colleges, Oxford LONDON: HODDER AND STOUGHTON + + 27 PATERNOSTER ROW 1899 ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS TO MY DEAREST AUNT, MRS. MARGARET DRAKE, AND IN MEMORY OF JOHN VANDERSTEEGEN DRAKE. TRUE FIUENl)S IN NEED, PREFACE. THE attempt is made in this book to show how much light the Epistle to the Galatians throws on contemporary history in the widest sense-the history of religion, society, thought, manners, educa­ tion-in the Eastern Provinces of the Empire. The introductory study of society and religion in Central Asia Minor may seem perhaps too elaborate; but it could not be put more briefly if any adequate con­ ception were to be given of the forces acting on the minds of Paul's Galatian hearers. The Commentary is intended to be complete in itself, able to be read and folly understood without continually looking back to the Introduction. The Commentary was written first, and published in the Expositor, June, r 898-September, I 899. Many passages have now been completely rewritten (after the Introduction had been composed), three chapters have been suppressed and eleven added. My first intention was tacitly to carry out the South Galatian Theory, leaving the reader to con, trast the flood of light thrown on South Galatia by the Epistle with its barrenness as regards North Galatia. But it might .be stigmatised as unscholarly Vlll Preface if no reference were made to the view still widely assumed as true in Germany and wherever fashion­ able Ge~man views (yet seep. 316) are taken as final. Hence I am, as Lightfoot says, "distracted between the fear of saying too much and the fear of saying too little". Probably I say too little ; but the cause (an accident preventing work) is stated on p. 478. The same cause prevented the proper final revision of proofs, which may perhaps have left some errors unremoved. In former works I applied simply the principles of Imperial history learned from Prof. Mommsen. On this book Prof. Mitteis's Imperial Law and National Law (Reichsrecht und Volksrecht) has left a strong impression. His title emphasises the opposition between Roman and National, which I have been for years entreating the North Galatian champions to notice. As to my novel theory of Seleucid law in Galatians, ignoring Halmel, those who want German authority for everything may find it in Prof. Mitteis's words : jedenfalls wird auch durch I hre A usfuiwungen dasjenige was Halmel " das rom. Recht i"m Galaterbri"e_f" sagt, aus dem Feld geschlagen. We must all study German method, and practise it day and night ; but the first principle in German method is to disregard authority (even German) and follow after truth. I have not seen Mr. Askwith's recent work on the Galatian Question (see p. 478). CONTENTS. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION: PAGE SOCIETY AND RELIGION IN CENTRAL ASIA MINOR IN THE TIME OF ST.PAUL 1-234 Section 1. Preliminary l 2. North Galatia: Land and Peoples - 12 3• Pre-Galatic History of North Galatia 19 4• The Pre-Gaulish Inhabitants of Galatia - 26 5• The Religion of Asia Minor 35 6. Settlement of the Gauls in Galatia - 45 7• The History of Galatia B.c. 232-64 53 8. The North Galatian State 72 9• The Religion of North Galatia 86 10. Galatia as a Roman Client State 95 II. Origin of the Province Galatia . 103 12. History of the Province Galatia, B.C. 25-A.D. 50 II3 13. Civilisation of North Galatia under the Roman Empire 128 14. Language and Letters in North Galatia - . 147 15. The Influence of Christianity in North Galatia . 165 16. Later History of the Province Galatia 175 17. The Cities and the Peoples of South Galatia 180 18. The Jews in South Galatia . 18g 19, Pisidian Antioch . 197 20. Iconium - 214 21. Lystra 223 22 Derbe . 228 23. Summary 233 b X Contents PAGE HISTORICAL COMMENTARY 237-278 § I. The Introductory Address - 237 § II. The Epistle Authorised by the Church in Antioch - 238 § III. Persons mentioned in the Epistle - 246 § IV. Relation of Paul to Barnabas - 248 § V. "I Marvel" - 249 § VI. "Ye are so quickly Removing" - - 251 § VII. Cause of the Galati;n Movement 254 § VIII. Paul as a Judaistic Preacher, I 6-10 - 256 § IX. Another Gospel, I 6-7 260 § X. "Seeking to please Men," I 10 266 § XI. Tone of Address to the Galatians 267 § XII. The Gospel which ye Received - - 26g § XIII. Dates of the Autobiography 271, § XIV. The Province of Syria and Cilicia, I 21 275 § XV. The Klimata of Syria and Cilicia 278 § XVI. The Visits to Jerusalem, I 18, II r ff - 280 § XVII. The First Visit to Jerusalem, I 18-20 - 283 § XVIII. The Second Visit to Jerusalem, II 1-10 285 § XIX. Limits and Purpose of the Autobiography - 301 § XX. St. Peter in Antioch - 3o4 § XXI. Spirit of Chapters III, IV 306 § XXII. The Address "Galatians," in III 1 308 § XXIII. Galatia the Province - 314 § XXIV. Galatians and Gauls - 318 § XXV. St. Paul's Roman Point of View - - 320 § XXVI. Foolish Galatians 321 § XXVII. The Twq Stages, III 3 324 § XXVIII. The Marvellous Powers, III 2-5 - - 326 § XXIX. The Teaching of Paul - 328 § XXX. The Me.ssage to the Galatians - - 329 • § XXXI. Sons of Abraham, III 6-9 - 337 § XXXII. OI iK 11'lO'TEQ/S - 344 § XXXIII. A Man's Will, Diatheke, III 15-18 - 349 § XXXIV. The Use of Diatheke in the Pauline Epistles 356 § XXXV. Greek Law in Galatian Cities - 37° Contents XI PAGE § XXXVI. The Argument from Seed, III 16 - 375- § XXXVII. Function of the Law, III 19-22 - 377 § XXXVIII. The Mediator, III 20 - - 379 § XXXIX. Law the Child-Guardian, III 23-25 381 § XL. Equality in the Perfect Church, III 26-30 - 385- § XLI. The Infant Son and Heir, Gal. IV. 1-7 - 39 1 § XLII. The Rudiments of the World, Gal. IV 3 and 9 - • 394 § XLIII. He sent forth His Son, Gal. IV 4 • 396 § XLIV. The Address at Pisidian Antioch 399 § XLV. Paul's Visits to Galatia in Acts - - 401 § XLVI. Paul's Visits to the Churches of Galatia - 405- § XLVII. Cause of the First Galatian Visit 417 § XLVIII. The Thorn in the Flesh 422 § XLIX. Sequence of Thought in IV 12-20 - 428 § L. The Allegory of Hagar and Sarah, IV 21, V 1 - 43° § LI. The Conclusion, V 1 - - 434 § LII. Personal Recapitulation, V 2-12 - 435 § LIII. The Whole Law, V 2-4. · 44° § LIV. Freedom and Love, V 13-15 • 441 § LV. The Spiritual Life, V 16-26 - 445 § L VI. The Faults of the South Galatic Cities 446 § LVII. The Unforgiving Phrygians, VI 1-5 - • 454 § LVIII. Voluntary Liberality to Teachers, VI 6-10 • 456 § LIX. Was there a Letter from the Galatians? - 461 § LX. The Large Letters, VI II-17 • 464 § LXI. The Parting Message - 467 § LXII. The Concluding Blessing and Denunciation, VI 16-17 47° § LXIII. The Stigmata of Jesus, VI 17 - 472 § LXIV. Result of the Epistle - 474 ERRATA. P. 68, note 2, delete the reference top. r. P. 71, line r, for Cecilia read Cilicia. P. 81, note 2, for a' read a'. In the first map, for Pisidiac Phrygia read Pisidic Phrygia. 26 'Ml 30 :n 32 33 34 35 36 37 42 - i\'LAl' OF s E u X A~l1d\\ [email protected]. ,_,_ u with_ the ~ POLITICAL DIVISIONS, A.D. 40-63 ]'{ s to ~ccmup8.lly · 0 HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ONTHE EPISTLE TOTHEGALATIANS" p by W.M.RAMSA.Y rkelhwin~ Galaii.a,i,s coWureil _ ·-· ·-••-•- ['7 Hon, .Rom.~ Ierrimry gm,un«J, l!Y .Jrutgs U col.oure«,c.::J s~rru.il:Yrou.t&, a.cro.sa .AJ>i.a.lfut.0ran.,j/wwn. ___ ---- Sule or Stahtle }tile" 'bJ )le-----------4! LJ a, "'·· a•n----.:'·;..___ _ -r----- 2,- 28 31 32 33 35 l,ondon : liodder & SLoagb.ton. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Soc£ety and Religion in Central Asia, Minor zn the time o/ St. Paul. SECTION 1. PRELIMINARY. THE Epistle to the Galatians is a document of the highest importance for students of history. Not merely is it- a peculiarly important authority for all who study the early stages in the Christianisation of the Roman Empire : it also throws much light on the condition and society of one of the Eastern Roman Provinces during the first century of the Empire-a difficult subject and an almost unknown land. The study of this document is encumbered with a great preliminary difficulty. It is not certain who were the per­ sons addressed. While some scholars maintain that the "Churches of Galatia," to whom the Epistle is addressed, were planted in the four cities of Southern Galatia, Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch, others assert that those Churches were situated in North Galatia. These two opposite opinions are conveniently designated as the South­ Galatian and the N orth-Galatian Theory. This doubt as to the destination of the Epistle hardly 2 Historical lntroductz'on.
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