OCTOBER 2018 MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Remedial Environmental Social Impact
Statement for the Katembula Dam under the Water Resources Development
Programme
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SO CIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ( ADDENDUM TO THE ALR EADY APPROVED EPB BY ZEMA)
ADDRESS COWI Zambia Limited Plot 45/5b Reedbuck Road, Off Kabulonga Road P.O.Box 34528 Lusaka Zambia
TEL +260 211 26 53 78 +260 977 74 03 47 +260 977 74 03 50 FAX +260 211 26 53 80 EMAIL [email protected]
OCTOBER 2018 WWW cowi.com
MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Remedial Environmental Impact
Statement for the Katembula
Dam under the Water
Resources Development Programme
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ADDENDUM TO THE ALREADY APPROVED EPB BY ZEMA)
PROJECT NO. DOCUMENT NO.
3037.03 1
VERSION DATE OF ISSUE DESCRIPTION PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED
0.1 October 2018 Report Pilila Chongo Litumelo Mate Derek Mwape Litumelo Mate
7 EIS
CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS 9 1 Background 10 1.1 Purpose of the Report 11 2 Policy and Legal Framework 11 2.1 National and Policy and Legislation Framework 12 2.2 International Policies, Standards and Guidelines 13 2.3 Institutional Context for Project Implementation 14 3 Study Approach 14 3.1 Baseline Studies and Consultation Activities 15 3.2 Impact Identification 15 3.3 Study experts 16 4 Project Site and Scope of Work 16 5 Environment and Social Conditions 20 5.1 Social Economic Environment 20 5.2 Biophysical Environment 20 6 Environmental and Social Impacts 28 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan 33 8 Stakeholder Engagement 51 9 Demobilisation and Restoration of the Dam Sites 51 10 Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans 59 10.1 Hazards 59 10.2 General Roles and Responsibilities in an 60 Emergency Planning Response Situation 60 10.3 Local Emergency Authorities 61 10.4 Five Step Emergency Determination 62 10.5 EPRP Maintenance 68 Appendices 69 Appendix A Institutional Roles 69 Appendix B Attendance sheets and Meeting Notes 76
8 EIS
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Dam site 17 Figure 2: A typical soil profile at Katembula dam, taken from one of the borrow pits. 22 Figure 3 First Storey on Lower part of Transect 24 Figure 4 First Storey on Middle part of Transect 25 Figure 5 Second Storey of the Transect 25 Figure 6 The Northwestern Fringe of the Dam 25 Figure 7 Imisenga and A local boy fishing in the dam 26 Figure 8 Upward shifting of the Dambo and slowly drying non-water loving trees; a factor of economic development at the expense of ecological preservation 29 Figure 9 Affected trees 29 Figure 10: A Cooking Pavilion and a Kimberly bricks and iron sheet roofed structure proposed to be left for the Local Dam Committee by the Contractor (Source; Site supervisor) 52 Figure 11: Iron sheet structures structure proposed to be demolished by the Contractor 52 Figure 12 Pit latrines to be decommissioned 53 Figure 13: One of the A heaps of spoil/overburden material which is supposed to be used to back-fill the borrow pits 54 Figure 14: Stock-piled trees at one of the properly rehabilitated borrow pits at Katembula Dam 54
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Main features of the dam 18 Table 2: Fish Species 26 Table 3: Birds in the Project Area 26 Table 4: Snakes and Reptiles of the Project Area 27 Table 5: Mammals of the Project Area 28 Table 6: Insect species of the Project Area 28 Table 7: Katembula Dam ESMP 35 Table 8 Proposed demobilisation and restoration Activities 49
9 EIS
LIST OF ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank
ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CWUA Community Water User Association
DC District Commissioner
DERP District Emergency Response Plan
DWO District Water Officer
DWRD Department of Water Resources Development EMA Environmental Management Act EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPB Environmental Project Brief EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan ESS Environmental and Social Safeguards ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
FAO Food Agricultural Organisation IFC International Finance Corporation MWDSEP Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection NWASCO National Water Supply and Sanitation Council PAPs Project Affected Persons PPE Personal Protective Equipment PS Performance Standard PWO Provincial Water Officer RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework USD United States of America WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WRDP Water Resources Development Project
ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency
10 EIS 1 Background Despite Zambia’s significant arable land and water resources, and favourable climatic conditions that provide potential for expansion of agriculture, livestock and industrial sector, the country faces challenges in improving citizenry livelihoods with 60% of the population living below the poverty line. One of the challenges is the country’s vulnerability and constraints related to water availability and accessibility. Whilst water demand from different sectors increases, water availability is limited by hydrological variability worsened by floods and droughts, seasonal water shortages, and lack of infrastructure placing serious constraints on economic development.
In order to address the challenges of water deficits particularly in the rural areas the Government of the Republic of Zambia received World Bank financing to support the Zambia Water Resources Development Project (WRDP). This programme is a response to the central features of the Government’s vision and strategy as described in the National Water Policy, its Vision 2030, the Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Implementation Plan (2005- 2030) and the National Development Plan (2013-15).
The Project development objective is to support the implementation of an integrated framework for water resources management that promotes infrastructure development in support of economic growth, poverty reduction and climate resilience. The WRDP project has three components as follows: Component A whose objective is to enhance capacity at the national and regional level to address the challenges of water resources management in Zambia; Component B whose objective is to address the infrastructure deficit. This aims at providing support to development and rehabilitation of small-scale water resources infrastructure throughout the country; Component C’s objective is to strengthen the institutional capacity for water resources management and development.
Component B, which is the focus of this report, has been under implementation since 2016. The DWRD personnel were fully engaged in identifying dam sites, designing and supervising construction of 12 dams in 6 provinces namely Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, and North Western, Southern, and Western provinces. In addition to the engineering tasks, the department conducted additional Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and developed Environmental Project Briefs (EPB’s), which were subsequently approved by ZEMA in 2017.
The world bank required that a compliance audit be conducted and any remedial actions be defined and supplementary Environmental and Social Studies (ESS) be prepared. A consortium of consultants was contracted to conduct a review of the technical/engineering, environmental, and social aspects of 10 dams out of the 12. These dams are at different stages of completion. The Consultant observed some omissions in the environmental assessment and accompanying Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) for the dams with FSL larger than 25ha. Based on the screening and guidance from ZEMA then, EPBs were prepared by DWRD. During project implementation it was noted that the inundated area triggered schedule two of ZEMA EIA regulations requiring that an ESIA be developed. Therefore, this is Katembula Dam’s remedial Environmental
11 EIS
Impact Statement (ESIA) with additional environmental and social baseline information and impacts to supplement the already approved Environmental Project Briefs (EPBs) by ZEMA.
1.1 Purpose of the Report The main objective of this report is to provide additional environmental and social baseline information and the environmental and social management measures for Katembula Dam. Katembula Dam has an inundation area greater than 25ha at 43.5ha, in line with schedule 2 of ZEMA EIA regulations requiring a full ESIA. Therefore, the resulting report is an addendum of the initial EPB. This was done in order to ensure sufficient compliance with the World Bank requirements. The report contains a section on the policy and legal framework that can be triggered and complied with by the project implementers. Furthermore, an elaborated emergency preparedness response plan has been included. The purpose of the plan is to help reduce the risk of injury and minimize property damage during an unusual or emergency event at the dam. It will ensure that the community are aware of the steps to follow in an event of a major dam failure. The scoping/ stakeholder engagement meeting notes have been included and they also informed the baseline information and ESMP.
The report therefore consists of eight sections arranged as illustrated in the layout below. Section 1 - Background and Purpose of the report
Section 2 - Policy and legal framework
Section 3 - Project sites and scope of works
Section 4 - Environment and Social Conditions
Section 5 - Overall Environmental and Social Impacts
Section 6 - Environmental and Social Management Plans
Section 7 - Stakeholder Engagement
Section 8 - Demobilisation and Restoration Plans
Section 9 - Emergency Preparedness Plans
Section 10 - Conclusions
2 Policy and Legal Framework Environmental and social sustainability is vested in a number of international and national policies, laws, regulations, guidelines and standards that guide the
12 EIS implementation of the WRDP in general. Some of the key legal instruments that should have been triggered to ensure integration of environmental and social aspects during dam construction through to the operational phases have been outlined below.
2.1 National and Policy and Legislation Framework Relevant national polices promoting environmental management include the following: The National Policy on Environmental of 2007, National Water Policy of 2010, National Land Policy of 1995, National Wildlife Policy of 2015, Agricultural Policy of 2016, National Forestry Policy of 2015, National Resettlement Policy of 2016 and the National Climate Change Policy of 2017. These policies and others are actively implemented through compliance with the legislative frameworks described below.
The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) is charged with enforcement of environmental regulations in Zambia. The Zambia Environmental Management Act of 2011 is the principal environmental law that primarily focuses on integrated environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment, as well as the sustainable management and use of natural resources. In particular, Parts I and Section 5 of the Act state that, “every person has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment and to inform the Agency of any activity or phenomenon that affects or may affect the environment.”
A second major aspect of the regulatory framework is the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations, No. 28 of 1997. Section 3 (1) states that “a developer shall not implement a project for which an Environmental Project Brief (EPB) or an Environmental Impact Statement is required, unless the EPB or an Environmental Impact Assessment has been concluded in accordance with the regulations and the Agency has issued a decision letter.” Related regulations of significance include the Hazardous Waste Management Regulations of 2013, Water pollution Control (Effluent and Wastewater) Regulations of 2013, Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emissions Standards) Regulations of 2013 and Waste Management (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and Waste Disposal Sites) Regulations 2013.
Additional legislation of relevance includes the Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011, Water and Sanitation Act No. 28 of 1997, National Heritage and Conservation Commission Act of 1989, Forest Act of 2015, Zambia Wildlife Act No.14 of 2015, Fisheries Act No.22 of 2011, Local Government Act of 1991, Public Health Act Cap 535, Plumage Birds Act cap 310, Occupational Health and Safety Act No.36 of 2010, Workers Compensation Act No.10 of 1999, The Petroleum Act, Cap 424, Employment Act of 1999, Explosives Act Cap 115, Energy Regulation Act No. 16 of 1995.
In relation to resettlement, Zambia has several pieces of legislation that support resettlement and restoration of livelihoods of persons affected by project activities. The principal policy on resettlement is the National Resettlement Policy of 2015. Relevant legislation include: the Disaster Management Act No. 13 of
13 EIS
2010; The Lands Act (Cap 184) of 1995; Lands Acquisition Act (Cap. 189) of 1996; Agricultural Lands Act No 13 of 1994 (Cap. 187), The National Heritage Conservation Commission Act (Cap 173) of 1989; Local Government Act (Cap. 281) No. 30 of 1995; Urban and Regional Planning Act No. 3 of 2015; The Arbitration Act No. 19 of 2000; Valuation Surveyor’s Act (Cap 207); Land and Deeds Registry Act (Cap 287) No.13 of 1994.
Like any other development, dam construction has environmental, economic and social impacts that would be significantly mitigated by complying with the above mentioned policies and legislative frameworks. This has been partially achieved through the preparation of various environmental and social frameworks and assessment documents including these remedial ESMPs and resettlement action plans.
2.2 International Policies, Standards and Guidelines A number of key international policy and guidelines on environmental and social safeguards and assessments and involuntary resettlement exist. For instance, the World Bank has set Environmental and Social Safeguards (ESS) for all projects that receive funding whose main objective amongst others is to avoid negative impacts where possible. The key safeguards relating to dam infrastructure development include those concerned with involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12), indigenous people (OP 4.10), natural habitats (OP 4.04), , biodiversity and ecosystems (OP 4.36), dam safety (OP 4.37), pesticide management (OP 4.09), and preservation of cultural heritage (OP 4.11). Other key instruments include the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability that are a part of the sustainability framework that is recognised globally as a benchmark for environmental and social risk management. Notably, the Zambian laws adequately cover the 8 Performance Standards. The African Development Bank (AfDB) has also developed an Integrated Safeguards System of 2013, which gives further guidance on the types of resettlement plans to prepare. This general legal framework provides adequate guidance on environmental and social performance in the WRDP.
Given that the World Bank is providing finances for the WRDP, the recommended World Bank safeguards have been a major reference point in the preparation of EPBs, EIS and accompanying ESMPs and ARAP under the WRDP.
Other relevant international agreements include:
› African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers, 1968), (Maputo, 2003);
14 EIS › Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) ratified in 1992; › The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ratified in 1997; › Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; › Paris Agreement on Climate Change (Nov 2015); › Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); and › Convention on Migratory Species and the African –Eurasian Water Bird Agreement
2.3 Institutional Context for Project Implementation The project isexecuted by the MWDSEP that hosts the water resoruces regulatory entities in the country. These include: (i)The Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA), a statutory institution responsible for regulating, monitoring and coordinating environmental issues in the country. ZEMA is also responsible for guiding guidance, reviewing and enforcing environmental management compliance. (ii) The Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) responsible for awarding water permits for surface and ground water abstraction. (iii) The National Water Supply and Santation Council (NWASCO) responsible for issuing licenses to water supply and sanitation service providers. Other institutions that play a major role in environmental management include the following:
› Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources › Ministry of Agriculture › Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries › Ministry of Local Government › Ministry of Health › Ministry of Community Development and Social Services › Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs › Ministry of Gender Specific responsibilities of these institutions are outlined in Appendix A.
3 Study Approach The methodology presented below is an outline of the stages of conducting this remedial ESIA, namely the baseline studies, consultation activities and impact analysis. A variety of methods were used to collect data and information documented in this EIS.
The environmental and social assessment consideration was an integral part of the entire WRDP implementation. As indicated the DWRD formulated an ESMF which outlined the procedures and processes to be considered during dam construction and operation. As a result a team consisting of dam engineers, environmental and social safeguards was constituted. The initial environmental and social screening and baseline studies exercise was conducted in 2016. With
15 EIS
the available engineering information generated at the same time, preliminary mitigation measures for the identified impacts were recommended to further inform the water infrastructure designs. For the remedial studies, follow up site visits and discussions with the beneficiary community and other stakeholders were held.
Methodologies used in the study included literature review, observations, community meetings and stakeholder interviews. The tools used were document review of the prior documents and legislation, interview guides, observation checklists and group discussion guides. A detailed impact analysis and evaluation technique was not employed at this stage of the remedial ESIA.
3.1 Baseline Studies and Consultation Activities These activities were undertaken in July 2018. This step involved further documentation of the biophysical impacts, stakeholder and community consultations and project information dissemination.
To determine the baseline conditions at the site, current impcts due to progressing construction activities, important environmental variables such as surface water resources, vegetation cover, soils, fauna, human settlements and other land use activities near to the dam site were observed. Random samples of tree species were analysed to identify tree species in the area. Basic interviews were also conducted to find out major economic activities, fauna, land uses and cultural and other sites of sentimental value in the area around the area.
Further interviews were held with secondary stakeholders from public and private institutions. Discussions were held with personnel from departments of DWRD, Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Forestry, Community Development and Social Services and District Administration. Verifiable stakeholder and community meeting discussion points and attendance registers are available in Appendix B and C respectively.
Community meetings were held with local communities. These meetings were used to provide project updates to the community and other stakeholders. Further, the community was informed of the need to form a Dam Committees.
3.2 Impact Identification During the exercise both positive and negative impacts were identified and recorded. However, more attention was accorded to the negative impacts. Therefore, the negative environmental and social impacts were analysed using that environmental risk assessment and classification methods. This in-depth analysis was conducted in order to draw proposed mitigation measures. The last level of analysis involved a qualitative consideration of the social and cultural issues raised by the Interested and Affected Persons (IAPs).
16 EIS 3.3 Study experts The remedial ESIA was carried out by the following experts;
› Litumelo Mate – Lead Environmental and social safeguards Expert
› Derek Mwape – Ecologist
› Pilila Chongo – Environment and social Specialist
4 Project Site and Scope of Work The Katembula Dam is located roughly 63 km west of Kitwe in the Lufwanyama District of the Copperbelt Province. It is located on the perennial Katembula stream which is a tributary of the Lufwanyama River which in turn flows into the Kafue River. The co-ordinates confirmed by GPS on site are -12.844504° S, 27.676823° E (refer to Figure 1). The site is located in Kansoka Ward of Lufwanyama District. The immediate project area is also located in Chieftainess Shimukunami’s area of the Lamba Speaking people. The estimated area to be inundated at full supply level is more than the 25ha specified above the threshold for a ZEMA EPB which was initially prepared by the DWRD personnel in 2016. The project site therefore required an ESIA and these additional studies undertaken in 2018 are aimed at addressing the gaps identified in the initial studies.
Left flank Right
M18
Figure 1 : Dam site
The data and information of the dam was sourced from the existing dam design reports, EPB of 2016 and review reports of 2018. It has a full supply area of 43.5ha and a throwback of 1.44km. Katembula Dam is a zoned earth-fill embankment dam being constructed to a maximum wall height of 10.4 m with a gross storage capacity of 2,030,000 m³. The dam will be filled by means of the runoff from its own catchment that spans an area of 286 km2. This “multipurpose” dam is to provide water for livestock, aquaculture, domestic watering
17 EIS
requirements for the townships well as new developments and eventually for irrigation development. The construction work at the time of the site inspection was near completion with approximately one month of work left to be done.
The main features of the dam are listed in the table below. Where a statistic has been confirmed by the review team it is in italics. The other statistics were obtained from the DWRD documentation and must still be verified.
Table 1: Main features of the dam Main features of the dam
General Information
Type of dam Zoned earthfill embankment
Designer DWRD
Contractor Jearmy Enterprises
Commencement date April 2016
573441.90 m E, 8579963.90 m S, Location UTM 35L
Nearest town Kitwe (63 km east of the dam)
District Lufwanyama District
Classification in terms of Zambian Water Resources Management Act of 2011:
Size Small
Katembula stream (Perennial tributary River name of Lufwanyama River)
Purpose Domestic, aquaculture and irrigation
Dam Characteristics and Dimensions
Gross storage capacity 2,030,000 m3
Nett storage capacity above low flow pipe To be confirmed
Surface area at full supply level (FSL) 43.5 ha
Catchment Area 265 km2 (286.3 km2 in design report)
Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) 1123 mm
Natural Mean Annual Runoff (MAR) 17,178,000 m3
Dam yield at 80% assurance To be confirmed
18 EIS Annual sediment volume 88,000 m3
Throwback 2.6 km
Maximum wall height in terms of Zambian Water Act 10.4 m
Non overspill crest (NOC) RL 1204.0 m
Full supply level (FSL) RL 1201.0 m
River bed level RL 1193.6 m
Low flow pipe level To be confirmed
Water depth at FSL 7.4 m
Crest width 4 m
Total wall length 190 m
Embankment fill volume (including core trench) 26 800 m3
Upstream face slope 1V:3H
Downstream face slope 1V:2.5H
Upstream face slope protection Medium dia rip-rap
Downstream face slope protection Topsoil and vegetation
Spillway Characteristics
Service spillway
Open channel at end of left flank with Type reinforced concrete drop structures
Crest length 30 m
Freeboard above FSL 3.0 m
Discharge channel length 92 m
Auxiliary spillway
Type Open channel on right flank
Crest length 130 m
Freeboard above FSL 1.5 m
668 m3/s (calculated based on design Total Spillway capacity report)
Design Flood 544 m3/s (1 in 50 year flood)
Design Flood maximum water level To be confirmed
19 EIS
Three reinforced concrete and Energy dissipation masonry drop structures in service spillway
Other Aspects
Kundelungu undifferentiated: Foundation Predominantly Shales, siltstones, sandstones and mixtites
Core cut-off trench and mortaring/ Foundation treatment slushing of cracks
Drainage System Sand blanket drain with rock toe
Two pipes equal unconfirmed diameter, concrete encased. Upstream inlet tower with inlet at Outlet works & scour ±2.5 m above river bed level. Flow is controlled at the downstream end of the pipe via three gate valves in a valve chamber.
Monitoring instruments None
The 1 in 50-year design flood is listed as 544 m3/s in the design report. It is not clear why this return period was used however the Safety Evaluation Flood (SEF) should be determined based on the size, hazard potential and category of the dam. The spillway capacity should then be checked using this value. The annual sediment deposit was estimated to be 88,700 m3 in the design report. No drawing has been provided to show the full basin contours however, at this rate the dam would theoretically be almost completely silted up in less than 25 years. It is understood that the environmental low flow pipe will be left open which will ensure that the inlet works does not become silted up locally. Hydrology is very important for an ESIA of a dam as flooding and dam failure have to be considered. Such dams will also require firm monitoring and maintenance. The dam was constructed with minimal environmental and social guidance despite the availability of draft and approved EPBs prepared by the DWRD. This was because the project had no full-time safeguards person and implementation and supervision of ESMP’s was limited. However, the contractor’s experience and specific specification on the construction contract assisted in implementing some of the environmental and social safeguards. In order to ensure full compliance with both the national and World Bank requirements all contractors should adopt the contained ESMP and a modify it to contractors ESMP.
20 EIS 5 Environment and Social Conditions The section provides a description of the environmental and social conditions and impacts. This section relied on the present conditions, previously documented EPBs and particular attention has been on the omitted and sparingly described environmental and social impacts.
5.1 Social Economic Environment Katembula site was selected as the best option for the new dam for the newly established Lufwanyama urban centre that has no reliable water supply. Therefore, the dam was built for the sole purpose of serving the township.
The project scope included construction of a new zoned earth fill dam. Construction of the embankment and spillway is complete, although a few technical improvements have been recommended.
The dam is located in Kasonka ward, which has an estimated population of 6,360 (consisting of 48 per cent women and 52 per cent) with 1,267 households. The dam is surrounded by dispersed nucleated settlements inhabited by extended families forming villages. The project area population are settled along the main M18 road. The major villages where the beneficiaries live include Manda, Kanchigwe, Songo, Manjimela, Chaisa, Pungwa, Lundwe, Kambinji, Vambi, Chipimpi, Chifulo, Kangaye, Thomashi, Chishima, and Kaputula.
The dam is located at a sub centre, which is serviced by varied accessible social services. These include the Katembula primary, Katembula and Lufwanyama secondary schools, Katembula Rural Health Centre and the Lufwanyama district hospital located in Lufwanyama urban centre.
5.2 Biophysical Environment A description of the baseline environment is provided below with respect to ecological resources, geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, topography, soil and climate. › The study area is generally hilly and gently undulating with some low lying areas. The topography of Lufwanyama District is characterized by a series of mountains and valleys oriented generally in the north to south direction.
› There are three land tenures in the district, Viz; Traditional, State and Local Authority. The proposed project area is predominantly traditional land, which is administered by her Royal Highness Chieftainess Shimukunami. The remaining land is State owned.
› Agricultural activities in the proposed project area are of small scale farming which include rearing of domestic animals such as chickens, sheep, goats and cattle. Cultivated crops in the proposed project area include cassava, maize, millet, sorghum, beans, sweet potatoes, and groundnuts and most of them grown in an inter-cropping system to save time, land and labor.
21 EIS
› Borrow areas-The main borrow areas are above the dam on the left abutment (refer to figure 1). Ideally, all borrow areas should have been within the dam basin however in this case none of the borrow area fell within the basin.
› The predominant soil type in Lufwanyama District is Humic Ferralsols as shown in the Figure below. These are soils that form on geologically old parent material such as the basement complex geology of Lufwanyama District with the associated humid tropical climate and naturally occurring rainforest vegetation. Soil type is shown in Figure 2.
Soil Profile Description 15 to 20 cm agric layer of Redbrownish clay overlying a 30- 45cm stony/laterite layer rich in pink and dark brown Muscovite then followed by a deep layer -1m to 1.2m of fine reddish-yellow fine clay
Figure 2: A typical soil profile at Katembula dam, taken from one of the borrow pits. › The dam lies in Katembula Stream which flows into Lufwanyama River which flows into Luswishi River. Luswishi River flows into Chipupushi River which then sends its water into the Kafue River.
› This implies that Lufwanyama District is well drained and endowed with perennial surface water bodies which are Lufwanyama River and the Luswishi River.
› Like any area in the Copperbelt Province, the water table in Lufwanyama district generally ranges between 15 and 20m, depending on the time of the year. The water table around the fringes of the dam is likely to rise due to the influence of the dam.
› The district experiences a relatively moderate subtropical type of climate which is determined by the humid Congo Air Mass and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The annual rainfall average is about 1,232 mm whereas the relative humidity average is about 65%.
› Lufwanyama District has average annual temperatures ranging from 60C to 150C in June and 270C to 320C in December.
22 EIS › The ecology of a dam site can be broken into five distinct Niches, termed as transects:-
› The Upper Part of Transect
› The Middle Part of Transect
› The Lower Part of Transect,
› The Dambo/Wet-land Part of Transect
› The Aquatic/Water Part of Transect › The above parts are areas of Concern, which tend to be affected due to dam implementation and operation. This approach also assists in adequate and systematic understanding of the various ecological changes that occur; be it from natural phenomena or due to human influence. In this manner, it is easier to even render the required advice concerning environment preservation.
› Under normal circumstances, communities tend to settle in the Middle part of transect, which is nearer to the source for domestic water, they conduct their rain-fed crop production in the Upper part of transect and grow vegetables in the Dambo, using residual moisture. This section touches on the existing flora and fauna of the area of dam influence and where possible highlights the causes which result into alteration of the ecology. › Katembula dam area lies in the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands dominated with the Jubernadia Brachystegia and Isoberlinia tree species. To cover the following sections succinctly, the factor of classifying the forest (vegetation) into various storeys has been considered. Tropical forests have two major storeys:- › The first storey which is characterized with grass and regenerate trees. In some areas, creeping plants are common in this storey. This storey vigorously and naturally replenishes the existing woodland flora species.
› The second storey is characterized with big trees consisting of a wide range of Miombo woodland trees. The canopy cover ranges from 75% to 90% with lower levels occurring during the dry season and higher levels during the wet-hot season.
› The first storey in the Northeastern as well as the Southwestern fringes of the dam; and on the Lower part of transect, has abundant grass with reasonably rich in regenerate trees. It has undergone minimal human influence (only about 10%). There are no signs of agriculture activities there. The locals only cut a few trees for construction of grain storage bins. However, the Western fringe of the Katembula dam has undergone a lot of human influence due to crop production activities as shown in the figures below.
23 EIS
Figure 3 First Storey on Lower part of Transect
Figure 4 First Storey on Middle part of Transect
Figure 5 Second Storey of the Transect
24 EIS
Figure 6 The Northwestern Fringe of the Dam
› Fish Species in Katembula Stream
The table below shows the fish that are found in the Katembula Stream at present. The Misenga fish is a local delicacy and mostly caught by women using big baskets. These are shown in the Table 2 and figures 7 below.
Table 2: Fish Species Local name Scientific name Period of year when abundant 1 Imisenga Barbus spp March to April 2 Imita Clarias spp Beginning of Rain season 3 Ching’ong’o Synodontis spp November to December 4 Umuntotongwa (Eel fish) Aethiomastacembelus frenatus December 5 Amalemba/Mintesa Marcusenius spp April 6 Inkomo Ctenopoma Multispine Peters November 7 Insonga meno Hepsesetus odoe October 8 Yellow Machine Seranochromis altus Winemiller September to October 9 Pale (big breams) Sargochromis mortimeri September to October Source: KI; community consultative meeting
Figure 7 Imisenga and A local boy fishing in the dam
25 EIS
› Birds Around the Project Area are shown below in Table 3:
Table 3: Birds in the Project Area No. Common Name Scientific Name
1 Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator
2 African Grey Hornbill Tockus nasutus
3 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis
4 Red-colored Widowbird Euplectes ardens
5 Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii
6 Brown Falcon Falco berigora
7 Red-necked Francolin Francolinuus afer
8 Thick-billed Green Pegeon Treron curvirostra
9 Great Egret Egretta alba
10 Racket-tailed Roller Coracias spatulatus
11 Marabou Stock Leptoptilos crumeniferus
12 Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur 13 Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni 14 African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp
15 Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis 16 Bronze Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis 17 White-naked Raven Corvus albicollis 18 African Reed Warbler Acrocephalus baeticatus 19 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago 20 African Marsh Harrier Circus raniforus 21 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 22 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 23 Black Shouldered Night Jar Caprimulgus nigriscapularis 24 Dark Chanting Go-Hawk Melierax etabates 25 Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani 26 Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis 27 Crowned Plover Vanellus coronatus 28 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 29 Owl-Grass Owl Tyto capensis 30 Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus 31 Black-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus 32 Wax bill Serinus striolatus Source: KI; community consultative meeting
› Snakes and Reptiles of the Project Area are shown below in Table 4:
26 EIS Table 4: Snakes and Reptiles of the Project Area No Common name Scientific name 1. African Rock Python Python sebae 3. Southern Tree Agama Acanthocerus atricollis 4. Twig or Vine Snake Thelotornis capensis capensis 5. Boomslang Dispholidus typus 6. Common African Chameleon Chamaeleon chamaeleon 7. Monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus 8. African Puff-adder Bitis arietans arietans 9. Black–necked Spitting Cobra Naja nigricollis nigricincta 10. Black-mouthed Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis Source: KI; community consultative meeting
› Mammals of the Project Area are shown below in Table 5:
Like in many rural parts of Zambia where a lot of people are settled, most of the animals have been wiped out due to poaching and also some have run away and gone far in fear of human beings. There are mostly small animal species in the area with lots of barrowing rodents, the Rodentia rodentia type.
Table 5: Mammals of the Project Area
No Common name Scientific name
1 Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops
2. Bush Pig Potamochoerus porcus
3. Tree Squirrel Paraxerus cepapi
4. Water Mongoose Atilax paludinosus
5. Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia
6. Scrub hare Lepus saxatilis
7. Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus
8. Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus
9 Black Rat Rattus rattus
10 Bush Squirrel Xerus inauris Source: KI; community consultative meeting
› Insect species of the Project Area are shown below in Table 6:
Table 6: Insect species of the Project Area
No. Common name Scientific name Order/Family
1 Honey bee Apis mellifera Hymenoptera
2 Termite Microtermes goliath Isoptera
3 Ants Dorylus helveolus Formicidae
4 Red ants Solenopsis spp. Formicidae
27 EIS
5 Butterfly Papilionacea
6 Moths Papilionacea
7 Wasp Belonogastar junceus Vespidae
8 Beetle Coleoptera
9 Dung beetle Helicopris spp Scarabaeidea
11 Cicada Cicadetta spp. Cicadidea
12 Mosquito Anopheles spp. Culicidae
13 House fly Musca domestica Diptera
14 Honey bee Apis mellifera Hymenoptera
15 Termite Microtermes goliath Isoptera
16 Stink bugs Hemiptera
17 Grass hoppers Orthoptera 18 Odonata Dragonfly and Damselflies 19 Giant cricket Orthoptera Brachytrypas membraneus
20 Cicada Cicadetta spp. Cicadidea
› As pointed out earlier the Northeastern as well as the Southwestern fringes of the dam; and on the Lower part of transect, has abundant grass with reasonably rich in regenerate trees. It has undergone minimal human influence (only about 10%). There are no signs of agriculture activities there. The locals only cut a few trees for construction of grain storage bins. However, the Western fringe of the Katembula dam has undergone a lot of human influence due to crop production activities as shown in the picture below.
› At Katembula dam, the installation of the dam has resulted into outward shifting of the Dambo area. The original Dambo has been submerged and this might take some time for the establishment of an adequate Wetland which acts as an ideal breeding area for fish. Furthermore, the upland trees species which used to fall in the lower part of transect have been submerged and are slowly drying out; they are not water loving plants (refer to Figures 8 and 9).
28 EIS
Figure 8 Upward shifting of the Dambo and slowly drying non-water loving trees; a factor of economic development at the expense of ecological preservation
Some Affected upland trees
The new transition point as at time of survey; June, 2018
Figure 9 Affected trees
There is no gazzeted Forest or protected areas near Katembula dam.
6 Environmental and Social Impacts This section is a presentation of all the social and environmental impacts that are likely to be experienced in the project area. It can be noted that both new and rehabilitation project sites would have the same impacts. Peculiar impacts for specific areas have been highlighted where necessary. Both construction and operational positive and negative impacts have been described in the same section. Appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed as indicated in the ESMPs.
6.1.1 Social Environmental Impacts Some of the envisaged positive impacts include the following
29 EIS
› Availability of water for productive use - the constructed and rehabilitated reservoirs will provide water supplies that the community will utilise throughout the year and they plans by the local municipalities to abstract water for treatment and distribution for domestic use. › Employment creation during construction and operational phases - the local community had an opportunity to be engaged in short term employed during construction.
› Livelihood improvement through the irrigation and fish farming interventions - the reservoir will provide an opportunity for fish farming interventions. These activities will either directly or indirectly ensure household food security and increased incomes.
› Capacity building and knowledge transfer - the dam project consists of capacity building aspects that will benefit all the project implementers and beneficiaries. For instance, the DWRD staff’s capacity to combine engineering, environmental and social and livelihood aspects has been enhanced. The community will similarly be able to obtain training in good governance, agricultural practice and acquire knowledge on how a dam is constructed, rehabilitated and maintained.
› Enhanced community organisation through establishment of the dam committees - establishment of dam committee and other related structures will result in enhancement of community organisation and leadership skills that can be transferred to other development activities. It will also enhance ownership as the committees have been engaged since inception.
The key negative social impacts to be anticipated and seen include:
› Destruction of cultivated crops and other assets – Construction of the new dam has led to flooding of existing privately-owned fields and access routes. This has given rise to the preparation of an ARAP in accordance with the national and World Bank involuntary resettlement stipulations. A total of 30 PAPs have been identified. Although a cut-off date was not formally set, the Ministry of Agriculture valued all the destroyed crops and a list of PAPs
was generated on the 27th July 2016. This is assumed to be the official date although no formal procedure for announcing the date was done. › Increased population – availability of water will attract more people to project areas. This will result in increased stress on the limited social services such as health and school facilities, and natural resources such as land in some project areas.
30 EIS › Health impacts –there is a likelihood of increased cases of water borne diseases such as malaria and bilharzia as stagnant clean water provides a bleeding haven for mosquitoes and other microbes. Linkages with the Ministry of Health personnel in respective project areas are critical.
Dam safety – For an earth dam this size, they may be a likelihood of dam failure due to construction flaws and natural events such as floods. › 6.1.2 Biophysical Environmental Impacts The key potential positive biophysical environmental impacts to be anticipated and observed include the following: › Creation of stable flow of water downstream; the proposed dam once in operation is likely to provide stable flow of water downstream, through the year. This will be through the release of water from the dam. This is positive in the sense that stable flow will adequately sustain downstream uses of water especially, in dry season or when there is a drought. The stable water flow will sustain food and income for those households whose livelihood depends on gardening.
› The flow may also encourage vegetation growth that shall tend to stabilize new deposits, trap further sediments and reduce riverbank erosion.
› Increased availability of water for the survival of animals; once the proposed dam is operational, animals such as cattle shall have enough water for drinking. If there is a drought, for example, cattle deaths related to drought will be eliminated by allowing cattle to access the water impounded by the dam.
› Increased Water Availability for Fish Stocking; the availability of water all year round can boost the interest of stocking the dam with fish by the Department of Fisheries. This can assist in improving the protein status in the daily diet of the locals and boost their household income base considering the fact that fish has been depleted in most of the surface water bodies.
› Creation an improved habitat for Avifauna; the increased availability of water throughout the year will turn the dam into bird sanctuaries – like established Chembe Bird sanctuary located in the adjacent Kalulushi district.
› Improved underground water availability; The availability of water all year round could result into the raising of the water table in places surrounding the dam especially in drought prone areas.
The key negative potential environmental impacts to be anticipated include: › Alteration of the Wet-land and the lower part of transect; damming of the stream has resulted into outward shifting of the transition point between the wet-land and the lower part of transect of the surrounding Miombo woodlands. Most of the up-land trees have been forced into the Dambo area and rapidly drying out. The post operational phase of the project shall ensure that no further damage is done to these ecological features.
31 EIS
›
Deforestation within the fringes of the dam and the canal; as a result of land clearing for camp construction, paving of access roads, and cutting of regenerate trees for wet-land vegetable production as well as crop production. Contractor shall select an area with minimal vegetation cover or an already cleared area; shall preserve big trees of 1m diameter during land clearing for camp construction; Conduct revegetation of the camp and all access roads after decommissioning. The locals will be sensitized on the importance of regenerate and to use better methods of staking Tomato plants. One of the measures is using the Espalier method which is being used by the Chibalashi Dam community which is part of the WRDP, using more ropes and fewer tree stakes.
› Reduction of natural attenuation - A sufficiently good allowance for the canal to be used for Dambo/wet-land irrigation water has been factored in the dam capacity. The construction of spill-way shall be sufficient to reduce flooding and their devastating effects, both upstream of the dam where water surface elevations may be raised due to the impoundment, and downstream by eliminating the ability of the Katembula Stream to attenuate floods.
› Impacts on riparian habitat -Ensure that the site of dam has been carefully chosen, taking into consideration the underlying geology and other associated factors so that there is minimal impact on the Katembula Stream’s ability to transport nutrients, sediment and debris. During operation, it shall be the responsibility of the community in collaboration with department of Agriculture/water affairs District offices to regularly monitor both inflow and outflow of the nutrients in water, to ensure that the Katembula Stream’s ability to transport nutrients is maintained to the required extent.
› Dam failure –there is no noteworthy population/ settlements downstream to be affected incase of a failure. Unless, settlements relocate towards the stream due to readily available water after construction. Two main events during the dam operation could impact the safety of people around the dam are event of important flood and event of dam break. The Dam interference with the natural river is changing the intensity of a flood peak in a safe way. In this situation, the dam has a significant positive impact on the safety downstream of the dam. Moreover, installation of monitoring instruments will permit to reduce the potential consequence of an important flow by warning locals in advance.
The potential dam failure can result from faults in the design, use of substandard material during construction, etc. According to the design, the dam is designed for the probable maximum flood (see section 4). The design is 544 m3/s (1 in 50 year flood). According to the design life of the dam, the design flood chosen must make the dam safe against flood.
32 EIS The dam was constructed using a reputable contractor – with good work manship, using high quality materials, in order to reduce the chances of the dam rupturing. There shall always be adequate monitoring and scheduled maintenance of the dam, to reduce the chances of the dam rupturing. Relevant plans (plan for construction supervision and quality assurance, an instrumentation plan, an operation and maintenance plan are in place). The local community Dam Committee shall be trained in adequate monitoring of the sediments in the dam for possible contamination and institute appropriate clean up measures at local level. › Operation and maintenance related impacts -The operators shall, as much as possible, use existing roads to access the dam construction site, to reduce on the impacts that the new construction of access road would have. Thus, best practices shall always be implemented in conducting the dam repairs based on to avoid possible contamination of the Katembula Stream.
› Increased public hazard in flood prone areas - No developments shall be allowed in the flood prone area of the dam. The DWRD and Agriculture at district level – coupled with advice from COWI consultant’s team during community consultative meeting, have taken up the responsibility to educate the community, being the ultimate users of the dam, on the dangers of floods. This is supposed to be a continuous activity.
› Soil erosion and compaction - Vegetation clearance was confined to the area that shall be inundated to prevent soil erosion in the areas adjacent to the specific area that shall be inundated. Re-vegetation programme shall be implemented when in the rehabilitation period, especially in the areas that would have been exposed to erosion. Furthermore, the locals shall be sensitized on proper farming activities to preserve the Dambo/wetlands and the interface area between the lower- parts of transect and the wet-land. These areas are vital in replenishing the water in the Rivers and streams. Activities that lead to soil compaction to the area that shall be inundated shall be restricted as much as possible. In case the soil compaction takes place in undesired areas, ploughing shall be conducted to loosen up the soil.
› Impacts at the borrow-pits; Borrow pits act as Mosquito breeding grounds and pit-falls for people and livestock once left un-attended to. The contractor shall back-fill all borrow pits created and replant with selected indigenous tree species – in collaboration with the District Forestry department Office. This implies that borrow pits as well as access roads shall be rehabilitated adequately at the end of the material extraction using the over-burden material. This material shall be properly stockpiled at the borrow-pit sites for rehabilitation of the borrow pits after material extraction. Furthermore, the excavation of the borrow-pit shall be limited to 1.6m deep and the contractor shall keep the gradient of the borrow-pit reasonably low to ensure safety of people and animals. Access of the surrounding communities to the borrow pits shall be limited during utilization. In addition, the borrow-pit areas shall be restricted during material extraction to prevent public and occupational accidents. In addition, borrow pits shall be contoured and backfilled with stockpile subsoil and topsoil when material extraction is completed. Thereafter, natural vegetation growth shall be allowed and supported to grow at the borrow pits.
33 EIS
7 Environmental and Social Management Plan
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
Physical Environment Impacts
34 EIS Excavation Excavation Dust suppression measures Daily Throughout Dust levels Project Engineer Included in activities resulting in through watering the work sites. project suppressed project cost release of dust, However, care must be taken to construction Contractor gas and ensure that water used for this phase
particulate activity does not deprive local emissions communities.
This section contains the updated remedial ESMP. The purpose of each ESMP is to ensure that social and environmental impacts, risks and liabilities identified during the environmental assessment process are effectively managed during the construction and operation of the WRDP. The ESMP specifies the mitigation and management measures to which the DWRD is committed and shows how the project will mobilise organisational capacity and resources to implement these measures. The ESMP also shows how mitigation and management measures will be scheduled. An ESMP is a monitoring tool to be used by the site engineer and other participating stakeholders to assess implementation of mitigation measures by the contractor during construction. The project implementer and the communities can consequently use the plan to monitor and mitigate impacts emerging in the operational phase. A typical ESMP is an active plan that outlines the nature of impact, mitigation and enhancement measures, monitoring frequency, performance indicators, timeframe, responsible entity and cost.
Table 7: Katembula Dam ESMP
35 EIS
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
Soil • Maintenance of access roads destabilisation and imposing low speed limits. leading to erosion and • Earthworks should be confined land on land that is not required for subsidence. roads, camps or borrow pits,
• Site installation, quarrying and any other soil movement activity should not be done during the rainy season.
36 EIS Vegetation Degradation of • Trimming or stamping of trees Weekly During dam Availability of Contractor Included in and fauna flora and loss rather than complete removal. site and vegetation on project cost of fauna and • Installation of drainage irrigation unused land, Project Engineer its habitats structures to reduce preparation during uncontrolled runoff. stages Number of new construction of • Fast growing trees and shrubs to Forestry input in trees planted the dam and be planted in erosion prone the first one irrigation areas and as windbreakers in month of site infrastructure. consultation with the Forestry Number and preparation Department. types of Fauna • All forms of wildlife should be conserved, Soil erosion, protected during construction induced and no terrestrial, aquatic siltation in the upstream where animal or bird should be killed. monthly cultivation Nests should not be exterminated. activities are • Introduction of sediment traps likely to in appropriate locations. continue. • Landscaping borrow pits areas with top soil and planting of special grass or fast growing
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
trees.
37 EIS
Ground and Water Quality • Constant monitoring of Daily During dam Maintained/ Contractor Included in surface Water and quantity machinery and vehicles for construction improved water project cost spillages and leakages and flush and irrigation quality the dam timely to remove the spillages. • Construction debris and any wooded debris to be disposed off in a proper manner and not thrown into the water body. Commnuity • Septic tank to be constructed at the yard and at the worker’s Agriculture camp for all wastewater and Weekly sewage. • Conservation farming practices employed in the irrigation area during operation. Diversion of Change in water • Provision of an all year round quarterly Construction Available and DWRD (Project Included in water flow regime in environmental flow. and operation effective Coordinator and project cost the river • Installation of gauge plates phases drainage engineer)
• Construction of well-designed structures and maintained drainage Designated structures. Gauge reader
38 EIS Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
Water Fluctuating • Provision of an all year round Quarterly Construction Available and DWRD (Project Included in temperature water environmental flow. and operation effective Coordinator and project cost temperatures • Installation of low outflow pipes Annually phases. drainage engineer) affects macro for flushing cold water from the structures. vertebrate and reservoir. Dam committee aquatic resources growth
Excavation, Noise pollution • Adequate use of Personal Daily Throughout Minimised Contractor Included in movement of affecting the Protective Equipment (PPE) site preparation accumulated the project heavy current provided by the Contractor to and dust. Project Engineer cost machinery tranquil workers with strict adherence to construction atmosphere. HSE rules. and vehicles phases Acceptable • Repairing and proper during audible noise maintenance of construction construction Air pollution levels around plant machinery and heavy caused by dust sites and in equipment. and particulates the • Locating the plant downwind of communities. the settlements. The sites should not operate during the night. While noise from some operations cannot be avoided, the community and workers around those areas must be forewarned. • Latest blasting techniques, which emit the lowest levels to be used. • Clearly visible speed limit signage to be installed.
39 EIS
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
40 EIS Waste Solid waste and • Segregating waste, creating Bi –weekly Site Properly Contractor Included in hazardous proper waste disposal sites and preparation, designated the project waste setting up bins conveniently construction waste Engineer cost generation and around the project area with and operation collection and releases into appropriate disposal methods phases. disposal points. the for each type of waste. environment. • All bulk oil storage tanks must be contained in a concrete bond that can accommodate 110% of the total volume of oil product that is stored in the tank, with a concrete floor, no drain outlet. Any rainwater collecting in the bonded area that does not evaporate within a short time must be pumped into drums for disposal through oil separators and oil recovered put into the waste oil collection tank. The fuel dispensing pumps must also stand in a concreted area, with drains to an oil interceptor. • Ventilated Improved Pits and septic tanks to be constructed.
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
41 EIS
Dam and Visual impact • Dam infrastructure will have a Once off From design to Minimised DWRD (Project Included in irrigation and reduction in sympathetic design taking into construction visual impact Coordinator and project cost infrastructure aesthetics value account the visual landscape. phases and aesthetics engineer) • Low pressure conduit value connecting to the irrigation maintained Dam committee canal constructed • The borrow area will be landscaped and restored to its original state. • The dam area will be vegetated and grass planted on the downstream side of the embankment will significantly improve the physical environment.
Biological environment
42 EIS Vegetation Disturbance to • Vegetation clearance and Daily Site Limited Project Included in clearance wildlife construction activities to be preparation disturbance to Engineer, project cost and (mammals, restricted to the project extents and wildlife habitats. construction reptiles, • Noise to be controlled so as to construction. Department of insects and limit the disturbance to fauna. Forestry birds) and • Conservation awareness Community their habitat campaigns to be carried out for awareness in during both the contractor and Contractor the operation construction. community members. phases during irrigation activities will be necessary.
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
Vegetation Destruction to • Vegetation clearance to be Daily Site Limited Project N/A loss and permanent limited to the dam embankment preparation vegetation Engineer, loss of some and irrigation canal sites. and destruction. Contractor vegetation • Vegetation elsewhere to be construction stamped as opposed to being phase. Department of uprooted. Forestry • Camp site clearing will be Community restricted to shrub clearing in awareness in order to retain the rootstock. Dam Committee the operation phases during irrigation activities will be necessary.
43 EIS
Chemical Pesticides and Farmers to be educated on good Bi-annual Operation phase No presence of Department of N/A control animal dipping chemical handling and disposal pesticide and Agriculture, chemical methods other poisonous leading to containers Department of human, soil and around the Livestock and air irrigation and Fisheries contamination project area.
Use of organic pest and animal disease
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
control.
44 EIS Construction Disruption of • Removal of riparian zone Daily During Limited Project N/A and related the surrounding (aquatic, dambo, lower construction aquatic Coordinator, human aquatic transects) vegetation should be phase ecosystem Contractor, activities ecosystem minimal. disturbed • The disturbed down stream Dam Committee transect to be restored through vegetatiion. • Use of heavy equipment to be minimised to reduce the rate of siltation that may affect fish habitat. • Fishing by workers to be controlled to avoid depletion of the resource. • Upstream agriculture activities to be restricted. These must be 50m away from the flooding area. • Application of minimum tillage techniques in erosion prone areas.
Social Economic Environment
Resettlement Construction of • A resettlement action plan to Periodically Pre Compensation DWRD 9,196.44 and relocation the dam be prepared to ensure until construction, payments made (ZMW resulted in compensation for the lost compensation Construction Traditional 95,800.15) displacement assets and income. packages are and operation Replacement • Replacement land to be made
45 EIS
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
of 30 persons available by the traditional paid out. phases land allocated leadership leadership. The PAPs to be allocated plots in the irrigation area. Community Poor governance • Instituting a strong dam and Monthly Throughout Evidence of DWRD 2,000 governance and irrigation community the project constitution or management of organisation structure (e.g. dam cycle certification of Department of the dam committee or cooperative) to community Agriculture interventions manage the activities. structures, leading to failure • Devised rules and regulations of the project complied with by the Department of Minutes and participating farmers. Livestock and accounts of • Organised livelihood activities Fisheries activities such as irrigation, fishing and taking place water utilisation. around the Dam committee • Formalised project structures dam. provided support by respective public institutions.
46 EIS Increased Enhanced • Establishment of a functional Annual Operational Increased DWRD, N/A water agricultural irrigation scheme phase and agricultural availability activities through • Clear dam and water entire life of the production and Department of irrigation management rules and dam. products. Agriculture regulations
Increased in Stress on social Local community to be given Monthly Pre site Number of Project Engineer Included in population services and priority for employment during preparation local members natural construction phases and employed over
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD) in search of resources such as Irrigation intervention to provide construction, the project and Contractor project cost employment land, fish, an opportunity for local and operation period education and community members. phase. health
Land Increased • Sensitisation of the local Anuualy until Planning, Title deed for DWRD N/A ownership community leadership on the operations of the land is construction the dam and conflicts due to an irrigation scheme. converted to and operation irrigation area Dam committee limited land • Conversion of irrigation land leasehold phases. sites obtained. availability. from customary to leasehold.
47 EIS
Health Spread of Health personnel at from the Regular Throughout Reduced Project 2,000 communicable nearest health facility to intervals during the project incidence of Coordinator diseases and conduct regular health construction cycle, communicable unplanned awareness sessions for the and operation planning, site and water Ministry of pregnancies due contractor’s team and phases preparation, washed Health to the presence community. construction diseases. of new migrants and operation including workers phases
Increased • Sensitisation of the community Regular Throughout Reduced Project 2,000 prevalence of on dam water utilisation and the intervals during the project incidence of Coordinator water borne related negative impacts of construction cycle, communicable disease such as utilising the water for domestic and operation planning, site and water Ministry of bilharzia and uses e.g. drinking and phases preparation, washed Health malaria swimming. construction diseases. • Community to apply for and operation boreholes through the Kaoma phases District Council
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
48 EIS Safety Occupational • The Contractor should adhere to Daily Throughout Records of Project Engineer Included in health and safety safety and health procedures training and project cost and prepare all the HSE minimised Contractor documents to prevent and occupational Workers and minimize accidents at work. accidents. community • Hired labour should go through member will be all safety procedures and exposed to inductions. hazards at • Fire prevention plans and project site emergency preparedness plans should be at hand. • Good housekeeping and firebreaks should be employed at all times. • Noise management and development of a traffic management plan. • First aid training and first aid kits to be provided and made available on site respectively. • Provision of personal protective equipment to all project staff including the local workers both males and females. • Clear readable signage and safety symbols to be placed in respective areas to warn
Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
visitors and any passers-by or visitors of any hazards that may exist.
49 EIS
• Awareness and sensitization Bi-monthly Throughout Records of Contractor Included in programmes need to be put in meetings and the project place for the children in maintenance DWRD, cost Dam safety particular. • Enforcement of security Consideration for measures around the dam. Dam committee downstream • Dam to be maintained as and local indicated in the “dam operation Community community and maintenance manual’. • Care should be instituted from Local schools and design through to operation to health prevent failures. facilities • Warning/informative signs should be erected; • Adequate warning prior to opening the overflow pipes in the event of flooding. • Adhere to the preparedness plan made available in this document. Culture and Exhuming and • Any such features that may be During Construction Undisturbed Contractor, The N/A archaeolog destruction of found (e.g. during excavation planning and phase resources traditional rulers, y cultural and works) that were not apparent construction DWRD, archaeological on surface investigation should ZEMA and the relics. be reported. National • Spillway to be directed away Heritage and from sensitive cultural sites. Conservation Commission
50 EIS Aspect Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Frequency of Timeframe Performance Responsible Cost measure monitoring indicator person/Institu tion (USD)
Disturbance of • Fencing of the graveyard. During Construction Fenced and Ministry of N/A the graveyard • Confining the irrigation area in operation phase and operation undisturbed Agriculture on the left bank. the lower transect on the left phase graveyard bank. Dam committee
51 EIS
8 Stakeholder Engagement A Public Participation Process was followed to ensure that input was derived from IAPs (who may have an interest in, or may be affected by the on going dam project). The IAP consultation process included:
• Pre-consultation with the relevant authorities and stakeholders, • Public consultation in accordance with the required Public Participation Process (PPP).
The ESS team acknowledges the issues that emerged during the PPP. There is a high degree of acceptance of the project, but there concerns of negative impacts of the project. These concerns have been considered in the ESMP.
In order to mobilise stakeholder involvement and support, the ESS team held discussions with the relevant departments at the district and local level. These included, DWRD, Agriculture, Livestock, Veterinary, Fisheries, Forestry, Health, Education, District Council, District Administration, and Community Development and Social Services. In addition, the beneficiaries were requested to form a Water User Committee that would act as a liaison between the Contractor, the DWRD Supervising Engineer and the local community. The attendance register and minutes of the meetings are shown in Appendix B.
In order to ensure effective implementation and realisation of the intended purposes of the dam, DWRD will have to ensure that government departments and other stakeholders are involved from the inception through implementation to the operational stage.
9 Demobilisation and Restoration of the Dam Sites The end of project activities usually involves demobilisation of the contractor's services and equipment used in performing the work required under the contract. It also involves rehabilitation and/ or restoration of the work areas through various exercises as outlined in Table 8 below. Essentially dam demobilisation and restoration plans are developed with and in consultation with ZEMA and other respective government agencies.
A demobilisation and restoration plan provides a description of the progressive measures that will occur during the operation of the project, with specific reference to infrastructure and associated auxiliary fittings that would no longer be required after the construction phase. A demobilising and restoration plan is based on the following: › A review of the types of activities carried out on the site, including material extraction, machinery, buildings erected, waste handling and recovery operations.
› Identification of potential hazards, including an evaluation of the raw materials and waste products typically stored on-site, site hydrogeology, ecological effects and many more.
52 EIS
› Identification of control measures for dam safety to prevent incidents. › Identification of all items of plant and other materials, including buildings that may be decommissioned, rendered safe or removed from site for disposal or recovery in the event of demobilisation and closure.
› Identification of all possible on-site locations where cleaning, decontamination or remediation works may be required to prevent environmental pollution.
Successful demobilisation and restoration will only be complete when all buildings, equipment, materials, wastes or any other materials, which could result in environmental contamination, are removed from the site and recycled, recovered or disposed of in accordance with all ZEMA regulations. The Plan includes, but may not be limited to, the following activities:
Table 8 Proposed demobilisation and restoration Activities Proposed Demobilisation Activities Proposed Responsibility Disturbed work areas - Rehabilitation of areas disturbed during DWRD to ensure that the construction activities. Disturbed areas shall be restored as close as item is included in the contractor’s documents for reasonably possible to their original contours and the soils shall be demobilisation and restored to a condition consistent with other resource uses. rehabilitation works.
Borrow pit rehabilitation - These will have to be partially filled with acceptable material to form a safe landform and covered with topsoil. Drainage should be ensured to avoid accidents and public health risks. The areas of disturbance and steep slopes must be stabilized.
Other disturbed site areas - disturbed areas, slopes shall be replanted with native plant seed mixes suited to the area. Topsoil that has been stripped and stored as part of the construction activities is to be levelled out as part of stabilization and DWRD (environmental and rehabilitation activities. Correctly preserved topsoil provides viable social representative) to sources of seeds stock, biological life and nutrient conditions that ensure that the item is lead to vegetation establishment. included in the contractor’s documents. Contractor to be assisted by the Department of Forestry in restoring the sites. Over ground access areas - Restoration of any over ground access DWRD (environmental and areas through replanting of native plant seed mixes suited to the social representative) to area. Natural regeneration is advantageous over assisted vegetation ensure that the item is as these are locally adapted vegetation. Where natural regeneration included in the contractor’s is ineffective assisted revegetation can be practiced. documents and the Contractor restores the sites.
53 EIS
Access roads and paths - Repair of any existing roads used in DWRD to ensure that the accessing the dam site for decommissioning activities. The dam has item is included in the in addition to designated access roads a number of bush paths contractor’s documents and around the dam. These accelerate erosion and contribute to siltation of the dam as well as water turbidity of the reservoir especially in the contractor reinstates the the rainy season. Some of the unnecessary paths around the dam roads. should be close by ripping and planting of vegetation. The dam committees to be trained on how to close off unnecessary paths.
Built up or permanent structures -This will include removal of all DWRD in liaison with the housing and office units retaining those that need to be handed over local community to ensure to the community /dam committee (if there will be any), for use. that the item is included in After accomplishing the dam construction works and before handing the contractor’s documents over, the campsite should be rehabilitated in an environmentally and that the Contractor sound and acceptable manner to satisfy ZEMA requirements. closes off the sites.
Hydrocarbons contaminated materials - It may be possible to Contractor supervised by return some materials to the suppliers, e.g. diesel and disinfectants DWRD environmental and for resale or reuse. The remaining materials may have to be disposed social representative of as waste, some of which may be deemed hazardous waste due to their composition e.g. oils. Such materials will be disposed off-site in accordance with appropriate waste management regulatory requirements and facility waste management procedures. Soil contaminated with Hydrocarbons shall be excavated up to the contamination plume and bioremediated in a land farm. Where the contamination plume is shallow, in-situ bio-remediation will be conducted using nutrients and enzymes. Such sections shall be backfilled with fresh soils.
Pit latrines - All pit latrines that were constructed shall be Contractor supervised by dismantled and the pits buried after applying lime. DWRD environmental and social representative
Landscape rehabilitation - The contractor shall ensure that rubble Contractor supervised by including vehicle and machinery parts and derelict components are DWRD environmental and removed from the site and transported for disposal at a ZEMA/ local social representative authority certified damp site. All the heaps of soil shall be levelled and areas that were used as workstations will be re-vegetated.
54 EIS
Heaps of overburden material - All heaps of overburden material DWRD to ensure that the should be used to back-fill the borrow pits and the sections properly item is included in the levelled to suit the natural landscape. contractor’s documents and that the Contractor restores the sites.
Stock-pilling/preservation of the felled trees - The DWRD to ensure that the recommended practice is that the contractor is supposed to stockpile item is included in the all the felled trees. Contractors are not supposed to bury or burn any contractor’s documents and felled trees. They are supposed to be left for the community and the the that the Contractor site workers to use as source of energy to avoid further felling of restores the sites trees for firewood and thus causing further environment degradation.
Safety and health - Dam safety talks/ sensitisation and dam safety DWRD training for the local community including the dam committee.
Impact monitoring - Performance monitoring and mitigation for DWRD environmental and adaptive management in order to quantify and evaluate social representative accumulative environmental impacts after demobilisation.
All demobilisation work is to be completed within a stipulated period right after construction activities are completed or when a site is no longer in use. Costs of demobilisation and restoration are supposed to be foreseen during the project planning stages. Depending on the contract terms, a provisional sum should be set aside for such works and the developer shall decide on who implements all or some of the tasks mentioned in Table 8.
Decommissioning will include the following:
› Structures
Removal of all housing units (refer to Figures 10 and 11), save those which will be handed over to the community for use, for example an office for the dam attendant, who will be opening and closing the valves for the irrigation canal. Implying that built up structures will be left intact and handed over to the local community dam committee.
55 EIS
Figure 10: A Cooking Pavilion and a Kimberly bricks and iron sheet roofed structure proposed to be left for the Local Dam Committee by the Contractor (Source; Site supervisor)
Figure 11: Iron sheet structures structure proposed to be demolished by the Contractor
› Hydrocarbons contaminated materials
All the soil contaminated with Hydrocarbons shall be excavated up to the contamination plume and bio-remediated in a land farm. Where the contamination plume is shallow, In-Situ bio-remediation will be conducted using nutrients and Enzymes. Such sections shall be backfilled with fresh soils.
› Pit latrines
All pit latrines such as the ones in Figure 12 shall be dismantled and the pits buried after applying lime.
56 EIS
Right: A pit latrine to be demolished and below: A pit latrine in the Northeastern part of the dam ( in the bush), which requires proper remediation and burying
Figure 12 Pit latrines to be decommissioned
› Aesthetic gratification
The contractor shall ensure that all rubble - inclusive of vehicle and machinery parts and components - is removed from the site and transported for disposal at a ZEMA/Council certified damp site. All the heaps of soil shall be leveled and areas that were used as work stations should be re-vegetated.
› Heaps of overburden material
All heaps of overburden material such as the one Figure 13 should be used to back-fill the borrow pits and the places properly leveled to suit the natural land scape.
57 EIS
Figure 13: One of the A heaps of spoil/overburden material which is supposed to be used to back-fill the borrow pits
› Borrow pit Rehabilitation
At Katembula, some borrow pits have been properly rehabilitated while some still need attention. The borrow areas should be rehabilitated by cutting the slopes to stable angles and making the areas free-draining preferably into the dam basin.
› Stock-pilling/Preservation of the cut trees
At Katembula dam, the contractor had been stock-pilling the cut trees shown in Figure 14. This is a recommended practice. All contractors are not supposed to burry or burn the cut trees. They are supposed to be left for the community and the site workers to use as source of energy to avoid going into the bush to cut more trees for fire wood and thus causing further environment degradation
Figure 14: Stock-piled trees at one of the properly rehabilitated borrow pits at Katembula Dam
58 EIS
59 EIS
10 Emergency Preparedness and Response Plans This standard summary dam Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) is applicable to the dams to be rehabilitated and constructed by the MWDSEP under the Water Resources Management Program. Site specific EPRPs should be prepared by the contractors prior to project implementation. The EPRP sets out the measures to ensure that there will be an appropriate preparedness and response to any unexpected accidental actions or incidents arising from dam constructions and operations that would result into adverse environmental, economic and public health impacts.
Hazards and resultant risks associated with small dams range from natural, meteorological, biological to technology, accidental and human intentionally caused events. These may include natural disasters and external hazards such as flooding and earthquakes, structural failures such as dam failures, breaches, release of water as a result of structural failure, mishandled operation, or any other cause. Potential consequences of the occurrence of any of the risks may include loss of life, injury and general disruption of the lives of the population in the affected areas, environmental and cultural impacts and damage to infrastructure and economic assets. To assess the potential consequences, the probable failure modes for the dam and the existing conditions downstream from the dam should be determined. In addition, the resulting discharge characteristics estimated, the impacted areas mapped and the consequences quantified. The dam consequences category should be determined by the highest potential consequences, whether population at risk, infrastructure, economic and social factors, or environmental and cultural factors.
The purpose of this EPRP, therefore, is to reduce the risk of human life loss and injury and minimize property damage during an unusual or emergency event at the dam site. This EPRP has been prepared with the intent of meeting the requirements of the Environmental Management Act of 2011 and the Water Resources Management Act of 2011. The dam committees or Community Water User Association (CWUA), local, provincial and national response agencies all play a role in responding to an emergency under this EPRP.
10.1 Hazards Hazards may change in nature and significance at different stages of a dam's life. External hazards originating outside the boundary of the reservoir and considered to be trans-boundary in nature would be beyond the control of the dam committees of CWUA. External hazards may include the following:
› Meteorological events, such as floods, intense rainstorms (causing local erosion or landslides), temperature extremes, lightning strikes, and windstorms;
› Seismic events, either natural, caused by economic activity such as mining, or even reservoir induced;
60 EIS › The reservoir environment, including reservoir rim features, such as upstream dams and slopes around the reservoir that pose a threat and vandalism and security threats.
Internal hazards may arise from the ageing process or from errors and omissions in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam and water conveyance structures. Internal hazards can be subdivided by source in the following manner. › Components that retain or interface with the body of water; › Water conveyance structures required to direct water around or through the dam in a controlled way;
› Mechanical, electrical, and control sub-systems; and
› Infrastructure and plans, including instruments, operating orders, maintenance strategies and procedures, surveillance procedures, and emergency plans, as well as inflow forecasts.
Performance analysis and assessment tasks during the life cycle of a dam should be carried out by an approved Dam Engineer or an approved Dam Engineer supported by a team of specialists with appropriate experience for the particular tasks whether it be design, construction, and operation of the dam. Dam safety risk management should be directed to:
› Prevention of the initiation of a failure sequence;
› Control of a deteriorating situation; and
› Mitigation of situations where the failure sequence cannot be stopped.
10.2 General Roles and Responsibilities in an Emergency Planning Response Situation The following are the basic emergency planning and response roles and responsibilities for the key agencies involved when different levsl of emergencies occur. The different actors that assume different roles and responsibilities from the local to the national level include the dam committees, CWUAs, the technical expert at the local level, the District Water Officer and Engineering Assistant. The Engineering Assistant can be appointed to be the Dam Safety Officer.
Community Water User Association/ dam committee
› As soon as an emergency event is observed or reported, the CWUA/dam committee should immediately determine the emergency level. The levels include the following:
Level 1: unusual event, slowly developing,
Level 2: potential dam failure situation, rapidly developing,
Level 3: dam failure appears imminent or is in progress.
61 EIS
The community representatives should immediately notify the personnel in the appropriate emergency level. This includes “persons in the immediate vicinity of the dam to be evacuated”, › Undertake appropriate remedial actions for Level 2. Remedial actions may be recommended by the CWUA/dam committee tehnical representative or as required by the District Water Officer and Dam Safety Engineer.
› Provide updates of the situation to the local emergency authority to assist them in making timely and accurate decisions regarding warnings and evacuations.
› Provide leadership to assure the EPRP is reviewed and updated annually and copies of the revised EPRP are distributed to all members that received copies of the original EPRP including the records for the local emergency authorities. Undertake EPRP exercises as appropriate.
10.3 Local Emergency Authorities Local emergency authorities support and coordinate the overall emergency response activities within its geographical or functional jurisdiction. These serve as the primary contacts responsible for coordination of all emergency actions for potentially affected communities.
When a Level 2 situation occurs they should perform the following functions.
› Prepare emergency response personnel for possible evacuations that may be needed if a Level 3 situation occurs.
› Consider drafting a “State of Local Emergency” in preparation for Level 3.
› Provide resources as necessary to the Community Water User Associations/dam committee.
When a Level 3 situation occurs they should perform the following functions. › Initiate warnings and order evacuation of people at risk downstream of the dam.
› Declare a “State of Local Emergency” if required. › Direct local emergency response services (may include local law enforcement) to carry out the evacuation of people and close roads within the evacuation area.
› Provide resources as necessary to the Community Water User Associations/ dam committees.
› Decide when to terminate the emergency.
› Participate in review, updates and exercises of the EPRP.
62 EIS
› 10.3.1 Community Water User Association’s Technical Representatives
› Undertake an engineering assessment of the safety hazard at the dam.
› Assist the Community Water User Association/dam committee to determine the emergency level, if time permits.
› Advise the Community Water User Association/dam committee of remedial actions to take if Level 2 event occurs, as required.
10.3.2 Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection. › The ministry through the District Water Officer Engineer (DWO) is responsible for the District “Dam Emergency Preparedness Response Plan (DEPRP)”
› The DWO is the first point of contact in the Ministry for Level 1, and is required to inform the District Commissioner (DC) and other stakeholders if a dam is considered to be at Level 1. The DC will thereafter trigger the District Emergency Response at their discretion.
› The DWO hands over to the Provincial Water Engineer (PWO) if the impacts of an emergency involve more than one district. In that instance, the PWE alerts the Provincial Minister and Provincial Permanent Secretary who will coordinate the emergency response with the help of the District Mitigation and Management Unit under Vice President’s Office.
› The DWO/PWO may advise the Community Water User Association of remedial actions to take if Level 2 event occurs.
10.4 Five Step Emergency Determination
10.4.1 Step 1 - Event Detection This step describes the detection of an unusual or emergency event and provides information to assist the Community Water User Association/dam committee in determining the appropriate emergency level for the event. Unusual or emergency events may be detected by: › Observations at or near the dam by Community Water User Association/dam committee, government personnel (local, Provincial or National), landowners, visitors to the dam, or the general public.
› Dam safety review, formal inspection or site surveillance and routine Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) audits.
› Evaluation of instrumentation data.
› Earthquakes or seismic activities felt or reported in the vicinity of the dam.
63 EIS
Forewarning of conditions that may cause an unusual event or emergency event at the dam (for example, a severe weather or flash flood forecast).
10.4.2 Step 2 - Emergency Level Determination After an unusual or emergency event is detected or reported, the Community Water User Association/dam committee or DWO is responsible for classifying the event into one of the following three emergency levels.
Emergency Level 1 - Non-emergency, unusual event, slowly developing
This situation is not normal and has not yet threatened the operation or structural integrity of the dam, but possibly could if it continues to develop. A dam safety engineer or technical expert should be contacted to investigate the situation and recommend actions to take. The condition of the dam should be closely monitored, especially during storm events, to detect any development of a potential or imminent dam failure situation. The District Emergency Team should be informed if it is determined that the issue may possibly develop into a worse condition that may require emergency actions.
Emergency Level 2 - Potential dam failure situation, rapidly developing
This situation may eventually lead to dam failure and flash flooding downstream, but there is not an immediate threat of dam failure. A Dam Safety Engineer or technical expert should be contacted to investigate the situation, if time permits and recommend actions to take. The Community Water User Association/dam committee should closely monitor the condition of the dam, modify the operation of the dam if needed and undertake other appropriate hazard response activities. The Community Water User Association should periodically update the status of the situation to appropriate emergency response authorities. If the dam condition worsens and failure becomes imminent, evacuation procedures must be implemented under Level 3.
Emergency Level 2 is also applicable when flow through the spillway has caused or is expected to cause flooding of downstream areas and people near the stream channel could be endangered. The Community Water Use Association may need to refer to flood release operations as outlined in the Operation, Maintenance and Surveillance manual.
Persons in the immediate vicinity of the dam, local emergency authorities and the dam safety officer should be on alert to initiate evacuations or road closures if the flooding increases or the level 2 emergency escalates.
Emergency Level 3 - Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress
This is an extremely urgent situation where a dam failure is occurring or obviously is about to occur and cannot be prevented. This situation is also applicable when flow through the spillway is causing downstream flooding and creates a hazardous condition that places persons in danger. Persons in imminent danger should be evacuated from the endangered area, roads closed as needed and other
64 EIS
› emergency response activities can be undertaken when the communities in the immediate vicinity of the dam, Emergency Response Teams and the Dam Safety Officer have been notified.
10.4.3 Step 3 - Notification and Communication
Notification After the emergency level has been determined, the people on the Notification Chart for the appropriate emergency level shall be notified immediately. There is chain of command for communication in the various emergency scenarios.
Communication Chain of Command
The Dam Emergency Situation Report should be used as a guide for the information that should be communicated with the various emergency personnel.
Emergency Level 1 - Non-emergency, unusual event, slowly developing:
The Community Water User Association should contact their Technical Expert and must notify the Dam Safety Officer to describe the situation and request technical assistance on next steps to take.
Emergency Level 2 - Potential dam failure situation, rapidly developing:
The Community Water User Association should contact their Technical Expert if time permits but must notify the following of this emergency situation:
› Engineering Assistant (Dam Safety Officer).
› District Water Officer
› District Emergency Response Team
› Communities in the Immediate Vicinity of the Dam and the
Emergency Level 3 – Urgent: dam failure appears imminent or is in progress:
The following actions should be taken: › Contact all persons in the immediate vicinity of the dam to advise them to vacate the endangered area and call the Local Emergency Authorities. Be sure to say, “This is an emergency.” The Local Emergency Authority will implement their mandated emergency plan and begin the evacuation.
› Do whatever is necessary to bring people in imminent danger (anyone on the dam, downstream from the dam, fishermen or evacuees) to safety.
65 EIS
› Keep in frequent contact with the Local Emergency Authorities and to keep them up-to-date on the condition of the dam. They can help handle the emergency.
If all means of communication are lost: (i) try to find out why, (ii) try to get to another radio or telephone that works, or (iii) get someone else to try to re-establish communications. If these means fail, handle the immediate problems as best as you can, and periodically try to re-establish contact with Local Emergency Authorities.
10.4.4 Step 4- Expected Actions following notification
› If the Community Water User Association becomes aware of an unusual or emergency event at their dam, they should immediately determine the emergency level and the following actions should be taken. If time permits, the Community Water User Association’s Technical Expert should be contacted for technical consultation.
Emergency Level 1 - Non-emergency, Unusual event, slowly developing › The Community Water User Association should inspect the dam at a minimum, inspect the full length of the upstream slope, crest, downstream toe, and downstream slope. Also, check the reservoir area, abutments, and downstream channel for signs of changing conditions. If increased seepage, erosion, cracking, or settlement is observed, immediately report the observed conditions to their Technical Expert.
› The Community Water User Association must notify the Dam Safety Officer and prepare a plan, through their Technical Expert, that sets out any actions required to rectify this potential safety hazard.
› Record all contacts that were made and record all information, observations and actions taken. Note the time of changing conditions. Document the situation with photographs and video, if possible.
Emergency Level 2 - Potential dam failure situation, rapidly developing › The Community Water User Association should contact their Technical Expert, if time permits, to report the situation and request technical staff to investigate the situation and recommend corrective actions.
› The Community Water User Association must contact the Local Emergency Authorities and Persons in the Immediate Vicinity of the Dam to inform them that the EPRP has been activated and if current conditions get worse an emergency situation may require evacuation. Preparations should be made for possible road closures and evacuations.
› Provide updates to the persons in the immediate vicinity of the dam and Local Emergency Authorities to assist them in making timely decisions concerning the need for warnings, road closures, and evacuations.
66 EIS
›
› If time permits, the Community Water User Association should inspect the dam. At a minimum, inspect the full length of the upstream slope, crest, downstream toe and downstream slope. Check the reservoir area, abutments, and downstream channel for signs of changing conditions. If piping, increased seepage, erosion, cracking, or settlement are observed, immediately report the observed conditions to the Technical Expert.
› Record all contacts that were made and record all information, observations and actions taken. Note the time of changing conditions. Document the situation with photographs and video, if possible.
› If time permits, follow the Emergency Remedial Actions for Level 2 Conditions as appropriate.
Emergency Level 3 - Urgent; dam failure appears imminent or is in progress: › The Community Water User Association shall immediately advise the Local Emergency Authorities of the urgent condition of the dam and request that they lead the efforts to evacuate persons in the endangered area, carry out warnings and close roads to safeguard persons in imminent danger. The Community Water User Association shall also immediately advise Persons in the Immediate Vicinity of the Dam to vacate the endangered area.
› The Community Water User Association shall immediately contact others shown on the Notification Chart.
› The Community Water User Association shall maintain continuous communication and provide the Local Emergency Authorities with updates of the situation to assist them in making timely decisions concerning warnings and evacuations.
› The Community Water User Association should record all contacts that were made to Persons in the Immediate Vicinity of the Dam and record all information, observations, and actions and note the time of changing conditions. Document the situation with photographs and video, if possible.
› Advise people monitoring the dam to follow safe procedures. Everyone should stay away from any of the failing structures or slopes and out of the potential breach inundation areas.
10.4.5 Step 5 - Termination
› Whenever the EPRP has been activated, an emergency level has been declared, all actions have been completed and the emergency is over, the operations must eventually be terminated and follow-up procedures completed.
Termination responsibilities › The Local District Emergency Team is responsible for terminating operations and relaying this decision to the Community Water User Association. It is then the responsibility of each person to notify the same group of contacts that were notified during the original event notification process to inform those people that the event has been terminated.
67 EIS
› Prior to termination of a Level 3 event that has not resulted in an actual dam failure, the Community Water User Association’s Technical Expert or the Dam Safety Officer will inspect the dam or require the inspection of the dam to determine whether any damage has occurred that could potentially result in loss of life, injury, or property damage. If it is determined those
68 EIS
conditions do not pose a threat to people or property, the Local Emergency Team will be advised to terminate EPRP operations as described above. The Community Water User Association shall ensure that a final Dam Emergency Situation Report is completed, and document the emergency event and all actions that were taken.
10.5 EPRP Maintenance › The management of a dam EPP would be achieved by:
› Identifying the responsibilities of owners’, governments’ and dams’ personnel;
› Ensuring adequate funding and resources are available for dam safety management;
› Making the public aware of dams and dam safety issues; › Maintaining information about the dam for public and stakeholder reference, and for use in future investigation, surveillance and reviews;
› Responsible management of risks posed by dams;
› Implementing appropriate planning, design and construction procedures;
› Implementing appropriate dam operation / maintenance procedures and practices;
› Educating and training dams’ personnel in emergency procedures and responses;
› Having a quality management program;
› Revising procedures and outputs as required;
› Consulting the public about their concerns; and
› Applying appropriate expertise
69 EIS
Appendices
Appendix A Institutional Roles Ministries and Relevant Mandates Statutory bodies
Ministry of Water Overall implementation responsibility of the WRDP lies with the Development, MWDSEP through the DWRD. The department is responsible for Sanitation and water resources development in the country. Some of the Environmental functions of the DWRD include developing hydraulic Protection infrastructures such as dams, weirs, levees, canals for harnessing water resources to support all sectors and conducting exploratory drilling to facilitate development of well fields and production boreholes for strategic interventions.
Relevance to the project: This is the implementing ministry and its decentralised provincial and district officers shall and have been fully engaged in the implementation of the project including overseeing the enforcement of proposed environmental and social management plan.
Ministry of Lands The ministry is the key institution entrusted with natural resource and Natural conservation and is responsible for formulation and administration of Resources land policy that includes land use planning. Moreover, the Ministry oversees operations of Department of National Parks and Wildlife and Department of forestry.
Relevance to the Project: This ministry will ensure land conversion and provide title to the land used for the dam and irrigation schemes.
70 EIS
Ministry of The Department of Agriculture is responsible for the pivotal role of Agriculture providing agricultural extension services in order to promote adoption of improved farming technology for farmers to achieve high production, productivity, maintain and improve the agriculture resource base. The Department of Agriculture is a critical department in the ministry that coordinates all the agricultural activities such as disseminating technical and other information to the farming community, providing technical services in irrigation, farm power, mechanization and land husbandry, providing technical information and extension services in crop production, ii horticultural production, nutrition, crop protection and soil fertility.
Relevance to the project: the ministry has the relevant expertise and
experience in the agricultural practice and establishing and managing irrigation schemes. The lessons learnt over the years would be valuable to the project.
Ministry of The ministry has a number of sections such as veterinary services, Livestock and disease control, epidemiology and research and livestock development Fisheries that promote, regulate and facilitate livestock production for socio- economic development and industrialization. The Department of Fisheries is responsible for the aadministration and enforcement of the fisheries legislation, coordinating aquaculture research and development, building capacities for fish farmers, private and local communities in order to improve the performance of the sub-sector.
Relevance to the project: The departments have enormous experience in fisheries and livestock management critical to project targeted communities. Most rural communities have abandoned good fisheries management systems, which have led to depletion of fish stocks. Further more uncontrolled animal watering and loitering around the dam has contributed to siltation, pollution and deterioration of most dams. Therefore coordination with the departments would be critical.
71 EIS
Ministry of Local The Ministry of Local Government falls under the Local Government and Government Decentralization Sector of the national economy. The Ministry is charged with the administration of the local government system and ensuring that the citizens are provided with the necessary municipal services (sanitation, public health, infrastructure, valuation etc.). The Ministry functions also form the basis for the Local Government Act.
Relevance: The local authorities that are institutions under the ministry are critical in providing community infrastructure such as markets and access roads that are critical for marketing of agricultural products of the irrigation activity. The local authorities are also responsible for provision of domestic water supply which is vital in deterring use of dam water that might be polluted.
Ministry of Health
The Ministry of Health seeks to improve, promote and protect the
health and wellbeing of communities. Through the Primary Health Care approach, health facilities are found in all parts of rural Zambia. All the project areas under the project are served with health centres, health posts and first level hospitals in some instances.
Relevance to the project: Health education is critical in the project areas as target communities require health information on water washed disease such as malaria, bilharzia, eye infection, skin ailments and so on. During construction, awareness of communicable diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned
pregnancies is critical.
72 EIS
Ministry of The ministry consist of two main departments namely the Departments Community of Community Development and Social Welfare. The ministry has the Development and overall mandate of alleviating the suffering of the poor and empowering Social services the very poor and vulnerable social groups in the communities. The Community Development Department provides food security packs, women empowerment programmes, self help initiative and non-formal education and skills training services. The Social Welfare Department is mandated to provide and promote quality social welfare services aimed at alleviating poverty, reducing destitution, promoting family values and reducing juvenile delinquency.
Relevance: like elsewhere in the rural parts of Zambia, the selected project areas are in need of community development and social protection programmes.
Ministry of Ministry of Gender is committed to protecting and promoting women's Gender rights, curbing gender-based violence and reducing gender inequalities by making progressive changes to legislation to strengthen the protective environment.
Relevance to the project: the dam shall produce benefits that would accrue to both male and female members. However, there is need to sensitise the community on the need to involve female members and other vulnerable groups in benefit sharing. The ministry is critical in providing guidance on how optimal benefits can be achieved and sensitisation on other gender and social issues.
Ministry of Chiefs The Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs administers and promotes and Traditional chief’s affairs, traditional governance systems, conservation and Affairs preservation of Zambia’s heritage, culture and arts. It supervises the National Heritage and Conservation Commission (NHCC).
Relevance to the project: The ministry provides legitimacy and guidance for involving and traditional leadership. Traditional leaders are custodians of land which is a critical assets in irrigation schemes. Therefore obtaining consent for the construction and establishment of irrigation schemes is important
Ministries and Relevant Mandates Statutory bodies
Ministry of Water Overall implementation responsibility of the WRDP lies with the Development, MWDSEP through the DWRD. The department is
73 EIS
Sanitation and responsible for water resources development in the country. Environmental Some of the functions of the DWRD include developing Protection hydraulic infrastructures such as dams, weirs, levees, canals for harnessing water resources to support all sectors and conducting exploratory drilling to facilitate development of well fields and production boreholes for strategic interventions.
Relevance to the project: This is the implementing ministry and its decentralised provincial and district officers shall and have been fully engaged in the implementation of the project including overseeing the enforcement of proposed environmental and social management plan.
Ministry of Lands The ministry is the key institution entrusted with natural resource and Natural conservation and is responsible for formulation and administration of Resources land policy that includes land use planning. Moreover, the Ministry oversees operations of Department of National Parks and Wildlife and Department of forestry.
Relevance to the Project: This ministry will ensure land conversion and provide title to the land used for the dam and irrigation schemes.
Ministry of The Department of Agriculture is responsible for the pivotal role of Agriculture providing agricultural extension services in order to promote adoption of improved farming technology for farmers to achieve high production, productivity, maintain and improve the agriculture resource base. The Department of Agriculture is a critical department in the ministry that coordinates all the agricultural activities such as disseminating technical and other information to the farming community, providing technical services in irrigation, farm power, mechanization and land husbandry, providing technical information and extension services in crop production, ii horticultural production, nutrition, crop protection and soil fertility.
Relevance to the project: the ministry has the relevant expertise and experience in the agricultural practice and establishing and managing irrigation schemes. The lessons learnt over the years would be valuable to the project.
74 EIS
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries The ministry has a number of sections such as veterinary services, disease control, epidemiology and research and livestock development that promote, regulate and facilitate livestock production for socio- economic development and industrialization. The Department of Fisheries is responsible for the aadministration and enforcement of the fisheries legislation, coordinating aquaculture research and development, building capacities for fish farmers, private and local communities in order to improve the performance of
the sub-sector.
Relevance to the project: The departments have enormous experience in fisheries and livestock management critical to project targeted communities. Most rural communities have abandoned good fisheries management systems, which have led to depletion of fish stocks. Further more uncontrolled animal watering and loitering around the dam has contributed to siltation, pollution and deterioration of most dams. Therefore coordination with the departments would be critical.
Ministry of Local The Ministry of Local Government falls under the Local Government Government and Decentralization Sector of the national economy. The Ministry is charged with the administration of the local government system and ensuring that the citizens are provided with the necessary municipal services (sanitation, public health, infrastructure, valuation etc.). The Ministry functions also form the basis for the Local Government Act.
Relevance: The local authorities that are institutions under the ministry are critical in providing community infrastructure such as markets and access roads that are critical for marketing of agricultural products of the irrigation activity. The local authorities are also responsible for provision of domestic water supply which is vital in deterring use of dam water that might be polluted.
Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health seeks to improve, promote and protect the health and wellbeing of communities. Through the Primary Health Care approach, health facilities are found in all parts of rural Zambia. All the project areas under the project are served with health centres, health posts and first level hospitals in some instances.
Relevance to the project: Health education is critical in the project areas as target communities require health information on water washed disease such as malaria, bilharzia, eye infection, skin ailments and so on. During construction, awareness of communicable diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies is critical.
75 EIS
Ministry of Community Development and Social services The ministry consist of two main departments namely the Departments of Community Development and Social Welfare. The ministry has the overall mandate of alleviating the suffering of the poor and empowering the very poor and vulnerable social groups in the communities. The Community Development Department provides food security packs, women empowerment programmes, self help initiative and non-formal education and skills training services. The Social Welfare Department is mandated to provide and promote quality social welfare services aimed at alleviating poverty, reducing destitution, promoting family values and reducing juvenile delinquency.
Relevance: like elsewhere in the rural parts of Zambia, the selected project areas are in need of community development and social protection programmes.
Ministry of Ministry of Gender is committed to protecting and promoting women's Gender rights, curbing gender-based violence and reducing gender inequalities by making progressive changes to legislation to strengthen the protective environment.
Relevance to the project: the dam shall produce benefits that would accrue to both male and female members. However, there is need to sensitise the community on the need to involve female members and other vulnerable groups in benefit sharing. The ministry is critical in providing guidance on how optimal benefits can be achieved and sensitisation on other gender and social issues.
Ministry of Chiefs The Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs administers and promotes and Traditional chief’s affairs, traditional governance systems, conservation and Affairs preservation of Zambia’s heritage, culture and arts. It supervises the National Heritage and Conservation Commission (NHCC).
Relevance to the project: The ministry provides legitimacy and guidance for involving and traditional leadership. Traditional leaders are custodians of land which is a critical assets in irrigation schemes. Therefore obtaining consent for the construction and establishment of irrigation schemes is important
76 EIS
Appendix B Attendance sheets and Meeting Notes