DEncyclopediaISABILITY of DEncyclopediaISABILITY of GENERAL EDITOR GARY L. ALBRECHT University of Illinois at Chicago ASSOCIATE EDITORS JEROME BICKENBACH Queens University DAVID T. MITCHELL University of Illinois at Chicago WALTON O. SCHALICK III Washington University, St. Louis SHARON L. SNYDER University of Illinois at Chicago ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR SHARON L. SNYDER VOLUME III Copyright © 2006 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Portrayal of the Physician Hua T'o Scraping the Bone of the Warrior Guan Yu to Heal an Instance of Necrosis. 1853. Color woodblock print, ôban triptych, 15 in. × 10 in. each. Reprinted by permission of the Wellcome Trust. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver's Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of disability / general editor, Gary L. Albrecht. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7619–2565–1 (cloth) 1. People with disabilities—Encyclopedias. 2. Sociology of disability—Encyclopedias. 3. Disability studies—Encyclopedias. I. Albrecht, Gary L. HV1568.E528 2006 362.4′03—dc22 2005018301 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 05060710987654321 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Developmental Editor: Sara Tauber Project Editor: Diana E. Axelsen Copy Editor: Kate Peterson, Judy Selhorst, Gillian Dickens, Rachel Hile Bassett Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Colleen Brennan Indexer: Mary Mortensen Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny CONTENTS General Editor and Associate Editors vi Senior Editorial Board vii International Advisory Board viii List of Entries xi Reader’s Guide xix Primary Sources in Volume V xxxv List of Illustrations in Volume V xlv Volume I: A–D Volume II: E–I Volume III: J–R Volume IV: S–X Master Bibliography 1657 Index 1779 Volume V: Primary Sources Part One: Origins of Disability Part Two: Modernity and Normalization Part Three: Culture and Resistance Chronology C1 Searching for and Evaluating Websites W1 Anne Armstrong Assistant Reference Librarian, University of Illinois at Chicago GENERAL EDITOR Gary L. Albrecht University of Illinois at Chicago ASSOCIATE EDITORS Jerome Bickenbach Queens University David T. Mitchell University of Illinois at Chicago Walton O. Schalick III Washington University in St. Louis Sharon L. Snyder University of Illinois at Chicago vi SENIOR EDITORIAL BOARD Scott Campbell Brown United States Department of Education Dudley S. Childress Northwestern University Joseph Flaherty University of Illinois at Chicago Allen W. Heinemann Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Tamar Heller University of Illinois at Chicago Christopher B. Keys DePaul University Trevor R. Parmenter University of Sydney Mariam Scott-Hill Deceased Tom Shakespeare University of Newcastle vii INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Avard, Denise Frontera, Walter R. University of Montreal Harvard Medical School Barral, Catherine Fuhrer, Marcus J. Centre Technique National d’Etudes et de Recherche National Institutes of Health, sur les Handicaps et les Inadaptations Columbia, Maryland (CTNERHI), Paris, France Fujiura, Glenn T. Beresford, Peter University of Illinois at Chicago Brunel University/Shaping Our Lives, London Garland Thomson, Rosemarie Borell, Lena Emory University Karolinska Institutet Gerber, David A. Brubaker, Clifford E. State University of New York at Buffalo University of Pittsburgh Ghai, Anita Burch, Susan New Delhi, India Gallaudet University Gill, Carol J. Bury, Michael University of Illinois at Chicago Royal Holloway, University of London Gray, David B. Campbell, Suzann K. Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri University of Illinois at Chicago Grimby, Gunnar Corrigan, Patrick W. Göteborgs University and Sahlgrenska University University of Chicago Hospital, Sweden Davis, Lennard J. Groce, Nora Ellen University of Illinois at Chicago Yale University deLateur, Barbara J. Hedman, Glenn Johns Hopkins University University of Illinois at Chicago Enders, Alexandra Heumann, Judith E. University of Montana World Bank Ferguson, Philip M. Holland, Anthony University of Missouri at St. Louis Cambridge University, United Kingdom French, Sally Ito, Akiko Open University, United Kingdom United Nations viii List of International Advisory Board ix Kasnitz, Devva Scotch, Richard K. University of California, Berkeley University of Texas at Dallas Kielhofner, Gary Seelman, Katherine D. University of Illinois at Chicago University of Pittsburgh Kleijn–de Vrankrijker, Marijke W. de Shepherd, Roberta WHO Collaborating Centre for the Family of University of Sydney, Cumberland International Classifications, the Netherlands Siebers, Tobin Kraus, Marilyn University of Michigan, Ann Arbor University of Illinois at Chicago Simeonsson, Rune J. Mak, Arthur F. T. University of North Carolina at Hong Kong Polytechnic University Chapel Hill Mann, Lynn Summerfield Stiker, Henri-Jacques South Bank University Paris VII, Paris, France Margherita, Anthony Swain, John Radiant Research, St. Louis, Missouri University of Northumbria at Newcastle Meekosha, Helen University of New South Wales Takeda Kawasaki, Noriaki University of Medical Welfare Murthy, R. Srinivasa BMS College of Engineering, Thomas, Carol Bangalore, India Lancaster University Newell, Christopher Ustun, T. Bedirhan University of Tasmania World Health Organization, Geneva Ravaud, Jean-Francois Van Hove, Geert CERMES, Paris, France Universiteit Gent Richards, Penny L. Vanderheiden, Gregg C. University of California, Los Angeles University of Wisconsin–Madison Rieser, Richard Waldschmidt, Anne Disability Equality in Education, London University of Cologne Rimmer, James H. Walsh, Patricia Noonan University of Illinois at Chicago University College Dublin Rose, M. Lynn Wasserman, David F. Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri University of Maryland at College Park Schriner, Kay Zhuoying, Qui University of Arkansas China Rehabilitation Research Center LIST OF ENTRIES AAATE. See Association for the Agoraphobia Association for the Advancement Advancement of Assistive Aids for Activities of Daily of Assistive Technology in Technology in Europe Living Europe (AAATE) Ableism AIDS/HIV. See HIV/AIDS Asthma Abu 'l-`Ala al-Ma`arri Air Carrier Access Asylums. See Brigham, Amariah; Abu 'l Aswad ad-Duwali Alienation Dix, Dorothea; Fernald, Abuse and Hate Crimes Alternative Medicine. Walter; Fuller, Margaret Accessibility See Complementary and `Ata ibn Abi Rabah Accessibility Codes and Standards Alternative Medicine Attitudes Accessible Internet Alzheimer’s Disease Audio Description Accidents Americans Disabled for Audism Accountability Accessible Public Transit. Augmentative Communication Activism See ADAPT Augustine, Saint Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) American Disabled for Attendant Austin, Mary Hunter Acupuncture Programs Today. See ADAPT Australia. See Disability in Acute and Chronic Conditions Americans with Disabilities Act Contemporary Australia; ADAPT of 1990 (United States) Disability Studies: Australia ADLs. See Activities of Daily Amor Hereos (Lovesickness) Australian Rehabilitation Living. Amputation Assistive Technology Adoption and Foster Care Amputees at Persepolis Association (ARATA) Advertising Anthropology Autism Advocacy Antidiscrimination Law: Judicial Autobiography Advocacy, International Interpretations Aversive Therapies Advocacy Movements: France Antipsychiatry Movement Ayres, A. Jean Advocacy Movements: Germany Antisocial Personality Disorder Aesop Anxiety Disorders Baby Bollinger Aesthetic Surgery Aphasia Bank-Mikkelsen, Niels Erik Aesthetics Apraxia Barbellion, W. N. P Affirmative Action. See Quota ARATA. See Australian Barker, Roger Garlock Hiring Policy Rehabilitation Assistive Bashshar ibn Burd Affirmative Businesses Technology Association Beecher, Henry Knowles Africa. See Deaf People in Archaeology Beers, Clifford Whittingham African Histories; Disability in Aristotle Begging Contemporary Africa; Arnold, Ivan Karlovich Behavior Therapy Experience of Disability: Art Therapy Behavioral Disorders Sub-Saharan Africa Arthritis and Cartilage Diseases Bell, Alexander Graham Agassiz, (Jean) Louis (Rodolphe) and Injuries Bell’s Palsy Aging Asperger Syndrome Biesalski, Konrad Aging, International Assistive Technology Binet, Alfred xi xii Encyclopedia of Disablility Bioethics Charity Costa Rica. See Experience of Biological Determinism Child Abuse Disability: Costa Rica Biomechanics Child Care Council of Europe Disability Bipolar Disorder Childhood, Youth, and Policy Black Report Adolescence Counsell, John Bladder Control Children of Disabled Parents Cretinism Blind, History of the Children with Disabilities, Crime and Delinquency Blindness and Visual Impairment Rights of Cripple Bobath, Berta and Karel China. See Disability in Crothers, Bronson Body, Theories of Contemporary China; Cruickshanks, William Borderline Personality Disorder Experience of Disability: Culture. See Deaf Culture; Bourne, Randolph China Disability Culture Bourneville, Désiré Magloire Chiropractic Care Cultural Context of Disability Bowel Control Christoffel-Blindenmission