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1 Re-Envisioning Germany's Mapped Space: (Re RE-ENVISIONING GERMANY’S MAPPED SPACE: (RE)CONSTRUCTING NATIONAL IDENTITY, 1945-1961 By MATTHEW D. MINGUS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 1 © 2013 Matthew D. Mingus 2 To Lindsey 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great number of people were critical to the completion of this project. In fact, had it not been for particular individuals, I doubt that I could have withstood a great deal of the institutional nonsense that passes for ‘administration’ in American academia today. I am, however, obligated to say kind things about ‘the hand that feeds’ and so I admit it: the University of Florida subsidized my ability to eat, rent an apartment, and do very little else. There have been other, more reasonable sources of financial support for my research. The UF History Department provided me with a dissertation research grant which helped launch me across the Atlantic and into the German archives. The Leibnitz-Institut für Länderkunde in Leipzig was also kind enough to help fund my trip abroad and provide me access to their wonderful library and archive. Ute Wardenga, Norman Henniges, and Bruno Schelhaas were particularly helpful and enthusiastic about my project. I hope that this dissertation does not disappoint them. The American Geographical Society Library awarded me the Helen and John S. Best Research Fellowship which allowed me to visit its archive in Milwaukee (where I ended meeting two of the finest geographical minds I have ever had the pleasure of encountering: those of Geoffrey Martin and Norman Stewart). These trips, along with quick jaunts to the National Archives & Records Administration in Washington, D.C., and to the University of Nebraska’s map collection in Lincoln, provided the foundational research upon which this entire project rests. Any bits I got right throughout the following pages, I owe to the incredible individuals who staff such institutions. Omissions and errors are mine alone. 4 The individuals most integral to the design and content of this dissertation have been my Committee members. My advisor, Geoffrey Giles, provided excellent guidance to this project, demanding from me both academic rigor and a level of intellectual deference that has never been natural to me. In this same way, Peter Bergmann (who advised my Master’s Thesis) served as a constant reminder of what historians should be: patient, thorough, thoughtful, and kind. Sheryl Kroen forced me to constantly re- learn how to write (and, often, how to think) while providing me with invaluable source material. Alice Freifeld changed the way I ask questions about postwar Europe, and for that I will always be grateful. I hope that this dissertation reflects the generosity and intelligence this Committee, nearly by default, put at my disposal. I would not have made it this far without the emotional release of friendship. My colleagues in the history department were particularly supportive and helpful. Lisa Booth, Jen Lyon, Johanna Mellis, Rachel Rothstein, Elana Thurston-Milgram, and Wesley White have been great friends and intellectual allies. Greg Mason, in particular, has been one of my most constant sources of support. I could not have asked for a more competent, reliable, and challenging person with which to share an advisor. This dissertation would not exist without inspiring teachers and scholars like Tammy Bowman, Norman Goda, Louis Mancha, John Moser, and William Vaughan. My studies would have never gone in such interesting directions without the influences of Wesley Beal, Jordan Dominy, Paige Fowler, Yen Loh, Regina Martin, Mike Mayne, Emily McCann, Patrick McHenry, and Christina Van Houten. Moreover, I am grateful to Bobby Bond, Johannes Eichholz, Kathleen Hartman, Michael Hartman, Jeff Hoskins, 5 Rich Ottens, and Aaron Spector for their ability to make me, at times, completely forget about this dissertation. I am most indebted to my partner, Lindsey. Her support (emotional and financial) for this project never wavered, but it has been nice to spend so much time with someone who so easily maintains a healthy skepticism towards academic work. While working on this project, she has (unwittingly) been a constant source of inspiration, my most ferocious friend, and my most important influence. It is to her that I dedicate this dissertation; she is (and will always be) my favorite audience. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 14 Orientation .............................................................................................................. 20 Fractals and History: A Proposition ......................................................................... 26 Making It Spatial ..................................................................................................... 31 Doing It with Germany ............................................................................................ 36 2 GERMANY’S CARTOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE ......................................................... 42 Geography: A German Profession .......................................................................... 60 Mapping World War II and Its Aftermath: German Geography under the Third Reich ................................................................................................................... 72 Mapping World War II and Its Aftermath: American Geographers Go to War ......... 94 3 REBUILDING GERMANY’S GEOGRAPHY: AN OCCUPATION .......................... 127 Displacing the Spatial Imagination of National Socialism...................................... 138 Interrogation and Internment: the Denazification of the AfL .................................. 154 From Abteilung to Amt: Meynen’s New Independence ......................................... 165 4 THE END OF OCCUPATION? ............................................................................. 185 Geography Education in the New Federal Republic ............................................. 200 Meynen and the Marshall Plan ............................................................................. 202 Tightening the Borders, or Turning Lines into Fences .......................................... 211 5 MAPPING/SELLING THE TWO STATE SOLUTION ............................................ 221 Polarization: Americans, Soviets, Germans, and Geography ............................... 222 Growing Academic Exchanges ............................................................................. 235 From Amt to Bundesanstalt: Emil Meynen’s Ascension ........................................ 240 Selling the New German Map ............................................................................... 245 6 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 280 APPENDIX DER LANDKREIS SCHEINFELD .......................................................... 294 7 WORKS CITED ........................................................................................................... 310 Archive List ........................................................................................................... 310 Primary Sources ................................................................................................... 310 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................. 312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 325 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1-1 Koch’s Snowflake. .............................................................................................. 39 1-2 One of many depictions of the Mandelbrot Set ................................................... 40 1-3 A “close-up” of one part of the Mandelbrot Set .................................................. 41 2-1 Reproduced by the New York Times. A Geography Lesson for Young Germany ........................................................................................................... 120 2-2 Deutsches Reich .............................................................................................. 121 2-3 Map Patronage and Inquiries at the American Geographical Society Library ... 122 2-4 Research and Analysis Branch, OSS. Germany: Party Gau Boundaries ....... 123 2-5 Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s Concept of Postwar Occupation Zones for Germany drawn in pencil by the President himself on a National Geographic Society map while en route to the Cairo conference ..................... 124 2-6 Department of State, Division of Geography and Cartography. Germany: Zones of Occupation, International Frontiers 1937, Internal Boundaries 1944 ................................................................................................................. 125 2-7 Department of Research & Analysis, OSS. Berlin: Zones of Occupation ....... 126 3-1 Author Unknown. Occupied Germany, 1945-49 .............................................. 177 3-2 Photograph
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