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UNSC Play Their Part

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UNSC Play Their Part HASMUN’19 STUDY GUIDE The United Nations Security Council Khmer Rouge’s Cambodia Under-Secretary General : Egemen Büyükkaya Academic Assıstant : Ümit Altar Binici Table of Contents I) Introduction to the Committee: Historical Security Council……………………………...3 II) Introduction to the Agenda Item: Khmer Rouge’s Cambodia……………………………6 A. Historical Background…………………………………………………………………...9 1) French Colonialism and the Early Communist Movements in Cambodia………….....9 2) Independence of Cambodia and the Rule of Norodom Sihanouk……………………12 3) Cold War Period and 1970 Coup……………………………………………………..14 4) The Establishment and Destruction Lon Nol Government…………………………..15 B. Khmer Rouge Ideology…………………………………………………………………16 C. Internal Formation of the Communist Party of Kampuchea………………………..20 D. Foreign Relations of Democratic Kampuchea………………………………………...21 III) Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...22 Letter from the Secretary-General Dear Delegates and Advisors, It is a great pleasure and honor to officially invite all of you to HASMUN 2019 which will be held between 26th and 28th of April 2019 at Kadir Has University Haliç Campus in Istanbul which is located in the Golden Horn area. I am personally thrilled to take part in the making of this conference and I am sure that the academic and organisation teams share my passion about this installment of HASMUN in which we have chosen to focus on topics that bring humanity together. And we have also included committees which will simulate historical events that can be considered existential threats which brought the international committee or some nations together. The general idea that we would like to introduce is that humanity can achieve great things in little time if we are united, or can eliminate threats that threaten our very existence. I strongly believe that the first half of this century would be remembered in human history where we enter into a new era through technological advance. Unfortunately we haven’t quite grasped the importance of this generation, as we progress we leave a print on this world and for the first time modern world is facing an existential threat, for the first time every human being on the planet is facing the threat of a considerable change in their and their ancestors living or worse, our very existence is on the line. I believe it will be events like these marked down in history which bring humanity together if we unite with no ambition of national gains and handle these crises. Our highlighted special committee of World War Z will be based on the book with the same name written by Max Brook which tells the story of how world is affected by a Zombie outbreak and the Humanitarian Advancement and Security community or HASCOM will take place in the year of 2050 where the delegates will rebuild the world from it’s ashes and have the chance of changing how it works. The other committees will be focusing on current problems that are born out of neglect for an extensive amount of time either due to lack of public interest or because of economical reasons and solving these issues will have long lasting positive effects or if they are left unsolved they may have bigger consequences in the near future. With that I welcome and look forward to seeing all of our participants and guests on the 26th of April, at HASMUN 2019, hoping that you will have an exquisite time, debates and most importantly have fun while changing the world, only you can do it. Best Regards Ata Mavi Secretary-General of HASMUN’19 1 Letter from the Under Secretary-General Most distinguished participants, It is an overwhelming honour for me to welcome you all to Kadir Has University Model United Nations Conference 2019. My name is Egemen Büyükkaya and I am currently studying Political Science and International Relations at Boğaziçi University. I am very interested in world politics and international relations and conveying this enthusiasm through a diplomatic career is my ultimate aspiration. For this very purpose, I am attending Model United Nations conferences since 2013 in various positions and this activity has become a significant and indivisible part of my life. In today's world where politics is often misinterpreted as intrigue, MUN is a very important asset to fully understand this complicated concept and to develop a knowledgeable and inquisitive point of view for today's problems throughout the globe. In additions to these, I have the immense pleasure of sharing my experience and knowledge in MUN with new delegates and helping these delegates to comprehend the progress of finding a common ground for interstate conflicts through cooperation. I am extraordinarily excited and glad to the Under-Secretary-General of the Historical United Nations Security Council in HASMUN 2019. In this committee, delegates will be working hard to address a recent heart-wrenching human tragedy, Khmer Rouge’s Cambodia. The international community was not successful in addressing this issue. I sincerely believe that a full understanding of the past with its achievements and stains can help us to develop a better future. Therefore I am advising the delegates of Historical UNSC play their part. Lastly, I would like to thank Mr. Ümit Altar Binici for his unwavering support and companionship in the preparation of this committee. I have the tremendous honour of being a part of HASMUN 2019 and I sincerely wish that our participants will have a great time in this committee both academically and socially. Should you have any academic inquiry regarding this committee, do not hesitate to contact me via [email protected] With sincere appreciation, Egemen Büyükkaya Under-Secretary-General responsible for Historical United Nations Security Council 2 I) Introduction to the Committee: Historical Security Council The United Nations Security Council (hereinafter referred to as the Council) it the premier body of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the UN) for the matters of global crisis management. The Council is endowed with the authority to utilize binding impositions on all of the Member States to primarily maintain international security and peace.1 The Council is comprised of five permanent and ten elected members that are meeting regularly to evaluate and eliminate not only threats to international security, but also civil wars, natural disasters, and terrorism.2 The permanent members of the Council (P5) in 1975 are China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, and this privileged status was given to primarily to the United States of America and the Soviet Union - alongside with the United Kingdom - as they were the apparent victors of the World War II to restore the world order. P5 members hold the right to veto any resolution drafted within the boundaries of the Council. Additionally, the non-permanent ten members of the Council serve consecutive two-year terms, and they are elected with the consideration of "equitable geographical distribution" to maximize the representation of the Member States.3 Substantive decisions in the Council are made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of P5 countries, and if a member of the Council is directly involved with a conflict or dispute under discussion, the member must stain abstain on the matter.4 The Council has a permanent residence at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. It is essential for the Council to meet any time when a crisis arises; and consequently, for its members to be present at all times at the UN Headquarters.5 1 Council on Foreign Relations. (2018). The UN Security Council. [online] Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/un-security-council. 2 ibid 3 United Nations (2018). Chapter V, Article 23. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/en/sections/un- charter/chapter-v/index.html. 4 ibid, Chapter V, Article 27 5 United Nations (2018). About the United Nations Security Council. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/. 3 The Council primarily aims for the “pacific settlement of disputes” which may endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. The means that the Council may use to reach an agreement by peaceful means that include:6 - Setting forth or recommending principles for agreements, appropriate methods of adjustment;7 - Undertaking investigations and mediations, and if necessary carrying out a mission;8 - Bringing the issue to the attention of the international community, the General Assembly, and ultimately the Council;9 - Appointing special envoys to the conflict area or requesting the Secretary-General to utilize his good offices to achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute.10 If the dispute cannot be settled by the above-mentioned principles, or the conflict leads to grave hostilities and breaches of peace that must be brought to an end as soon as possible, the Council may utilize measures and actions including11 - Issuing ceasefires or sending a peacekeeping force (not to involve in armed conflict) for the purposes of reducing tension and ensuring the smooth implementation of the pacific settlement of disputes;12 - Providing provisional measures to the conflict area without favoring a side in the conflict;13 - Implementing additional measures (not involving an armed force) to give effect to previous decisions that may include complete or partial interruptions of the economic and diplomatic relations and means of communication such as blockades, economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties and
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